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Chapter 1 EC601
Chapter 1 EC601
less integrity
high complexity in updating of database
Travel Agency
(Online Booking)
Data Independence
The data is held in such a way that changes to the structure of the
database do not effect any of the programs used to access the data.
Consistency of Data
Each item of data is held only once therefore no danger of item
being updated on one system and not on another.
Control Over Redundancy
In a non-database system, the same information may be held on
several files. This wastes space and makes updating more timeconsuming. A database system minimizes these effects.
Integrity of Data
The DBMS provides users with the ability to specify constraints on
data such as making a field entry essential or using a validation
routine.
Larger Size
More disk space is required and probably a larger and
Greater Complexity
For optimum use the database must be very carefully
A.Personal
B.Workgroup
C.Department
D.Enterprise
a)Record base
b)Object base
c)Physical base
Entity-Relationship
Semantic
Functional
Object-Oriented.
Entity-Relationship
Semantic
Sebenarnya hampir sama dengan ER MODEL, perbezaannya hanya terletak
pada pernyataan adanya relationship antara objeknya.
Jika pada ER MODEL menyatakan adanya relationship antara objek
menggunakan simbol-simbol namun pada SEMANTIC MODEL
menggunakan kata-kata. Berikut contoh dari SEMANTIC MODEL
Object-Oriented.
fifth generation: languages used for artificial intelligence and neural networks.
Functions of a DBMS
System Catalog :
Hardware
Can range from a PC to a network of computers.
Software
DBMS, operating system, network software (if
Data
Used by the organization and a description of this
Procedures
Instructions and rules that should be applied to the
People
First-generation
Hierarchical and Network
Second generation
Relational
Third generation
Object-Relational
Object-Oriented
Complexity
Size
Cost of DBMS
Additional hardware costs
Cost of conversion
Performance
Higher impact of a failure
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Teleprocessing
File-server
Client-server
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Traditional architecture.
Single mainframe with a number of
terminals attached.
Trend is now towards downsizing.
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complex.
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Advantages:
Thin client, requiring less expensive hardware.
Application maintenance centralized.
affecting others.
Separating business logic from database functions
makes it easier to implement load balancing.
Maps quite naturally to Web environment.
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DBMS
What?
How? (Advantages)
Architectures
Database
Language
Database System
What?
Where (Applications)
Who? (Roles)
File-Based
System
DATABASE
Differentiate
between Data Model
Schema and Data
Model Instances
Schema
-The description of the database.
-Include description of the database structure
and constraints that should hold on the
database.
Data
Model
Instances
- The actual data stored in a database at a
Schema
-Change very infrequently
-Schema is called intension
Data
Model
Instances
-Change every time the database is updated
-Instances is called extension
DBMS
DATABASE SYSTEM
DATA MODEL
DATA MODEL SCHEMA vs DATA MODEL
INSTANCES
TERMS related to Database
Entities
Relationship
Constraints
Average()
Count()
Maximum()
Median()
Minimum()
Mode()
Sum()