Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chap 11 StatesofMatter Liquids Solids PDF
Chap 11 StatesofMatter Liquids Solids PDF
Chap 11 StatesofMatter Liquids Solids PDF
2.
3.
Eventually P can get sufficiently high or T low enough that intermolecular forces
dominate and gas condenses to liquid.
4.
5.
Random, chaotic motion of molecules remains in liquid phase. Molecules slide past
each other and diffuse as in gases, but more slowly.
6.
Liquids diffuse slowly into other liquids with which they are miscible. (example: food
coloring and water)
7.
Some liquid mixtures separate out due to immiscibility. (example: oil and water)
8.
9.
Solids have ordered arrangement of particles with very restricted motion. Have
definite shapes.
Part One: Changes of State (Sections 11.2-3)
Chapter 11
Page 1
1.
Figure 11.5
Chapter 11
b.
c.
Since only high energy molecules are escaping, the molecules left behind are the
cooler ones.
d.
Page 2
2.
Vapor Pressure = (vp) pressure of gas molecules above surface of the liquid when
equilibrium exists between gas and liquid.
a.
b.
Easily vaporized liquids are called volatile liquids, have high vapor pressures.
Figure 11.7
c. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation. (Calculating vapor pressure vs T)
ln
P2 H vap 1 1
=
P1
R T1 T2
3.
4.
Boiling Point.
Chapter 11
a.
b.
5.
c.
d.
ii)
6.
Specific heat capacity (Cs) = amount of heat needed to raise T of gram of substance
1C.
Cs (for H2O liquid) = 1.0 calorie/g C (specific heat)
7.
Molar heat capacity (Cm) = amount of heat needed to raise T of mole of substance
1C.
For water Cm = 18.0 calorie/mol C = 75.3 J/mol C
1 cal = 4.184 J
8.
Freezing point (or melting point of the solid) = T at which solid and liquid phases coexist in equilibrium.
freezing
liquid solid
melting
9.
Molar heat of fusion (Hfus) = amount of heat required to melt 1 mole of solid at its
melting point.
Hfus (H2O) = 6.02 kJ/mol
Chapter 11
Page 4
10. Summary: Heating Curve for 1 gram of H2O (from -50C to 150C).
a.
b.
melting ice:
heat required
c.
= m Cs T
= 1.0g x 4.184 J/g C x 100C = 418.4 J
e.
= n Hfus
= (1.0g/18.0g) x 6.02 kJ/mol
= 0.334 kJ = 334 J
d.
= m Cs T
= 1.0g x 2.09 J/g C x 50C = 104.5 J
= m Cs T
= 1.0g x 2.03 J/g C x 50C = 101.5 J
Page 5
11. Sublimation = process in which solids vaporize without first becoming a liquid.
B.
a.
b.
Plot of P versus T (or other variables) showing conditions under which a system can
exist in solid, liquid or gas phases.
2.
3.
Figure 11.11
Chapter 11
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
i.
Note that ice near the melting temperature can be melted by applying pressure.
(This is because ice is less dense than liquid water. Applying pressure causes a
stress which can be relieved by melting into a more compact liquid.)
H2O is the only substance like this. Ice floats. All other solid substances sink in
their own liquids!
4.
CO2 diagram:
note the different slope
Figure 11.12
Chapter 11
Page 7
2.
b.
Viscosity low when molecules can easily slide past one another (weak
intermolecular forces).
c.
d.
Surface tension - forces that must be overcome to increase the surface area of a liquid.
a.
Chapter 11
Capillary action:
a.
b.
c.
Capillary action occurs when a liquid creeps up or down a capillary tube (caused
by adhesion between liquid and the glass) until gravity forces eventually stop it.
Page 8
Figure 11.19
B.
2.
3.
Strength of these weak forces vary from species to species. Thus, boiling temperature
(condensation temp.), melting temp., etc., are different for different substances.
4.
Dipole-Dipole Interactions:
Two molecules with permanent dipole moment interact.
Page 9
b.
Hydrogen Bonding:
A special case of very strong dipole-dipole interactions.
In general:
X = F, O, or N (highest Electronegativities)
Most important examples:
water
ammonia
methane (NOT!)
C is not highly EN.
Chapter 11
Page 10
Accounts for high boiling points of hydrogen bonded liquids. (called associated
liquids)
Figure 11.24
Importance in biology:
Figure 11.26
c.
Chapter 11
Page 11
Figure 11.22
-instantaneous, temporary dipole-dipole interaction creates weak attraction
-strength depends on polarizability (distortability) of the electron cloud
around a species
Polarizability as number of electrons as MolarMass
Chapter 11
Page 12
1.
2.
metallic solids
ionic solids
molecular solids
covalent (network) solids
Metallic Solids:
a.
b.
c.
fcc (cubic close-packed) versus hexagonal close-packed. (See Figures 11.38 and
11.39)
imagine stacking layers of marbles:
Chapter 11
Page 13
Figure 11.40
3.
Ionic Solids.
a.
b.
Figure 11.42
4.
5.
Molecular Solids.
a.
b.
c.
Held together by Hydrogen bonds in case of H2O and NH3; by very weak London
forces in case of CO2, O2, CH4, and noble gas solids.
Chapter 11
b.
c.
Figure 11.28
6.
C.
Summary of Properties:
Chapter 11
Solids come as either crystalline or amorphous. The latter has a disordered structure
(glass is an example).
Page 15
2.
Crystals contain orderly repeating arrays of atoms, molecules, or ions, called a crystal
lattice.
3.
4.
See Figure 11.32 for the 7 different crystal system. We will focus on the cubic crystal
system for times sake.
5.
Figure 11.33
In simple cubic:
a.
b.
Each site is shared by 8 other unit cells, so only 1/8 of that atom belongs to a
given unit cell:
8 sites/cell x (1/8 occupation) = 1 atom per unit cell
Chapter 11
Page 16
7.
In bcc:
a.
b.
8 corner sites x 1/8 occup = 1 atom per unit cell from corner sites
1 central site x 1/1 occup = 1 atom per unit cell from center site
= 2 atoms per unit cell
c.
8.
In fcc:
a.
b.
8 corner sites x 1/8 occup = 1 atom per unit cell from corner sites
6 face sites x 1/2 occup = 3 atom per unit cell from faces
= 4 atoms per unit cell
c.
9.
b.
c.
Chapter 11
Problem: Titanium crystallizes in a body centered cubic unit cell with an edge
length of 3.306 . The density is 4.401 g/mL. Use these data to calculate
Avogadros number.
Page 17
b.
through the face centered Br site. Determine the ionic radius of the Br ion.
Chapter 11
Page 18