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Dầu Khí Việt Nam
Dầu Khí Việt Nam
Va u tin pht hin 1947 Ty Canada, thuc mt hng thng m tiu bao
gm 4 khong sn, sn lng hng nm 2,5 triu m3.
Khong sng K pht hin 1953, l mt by a tng rt rng tri ra 1.250 km2 vi
3 tng ct K trn.
Ngoi du v kh thin nhin, Canada cn cha ngun quan trng Asphalt.
Venezuela (M Latin)
Sn lng khai thc pht trin ng k sau CTTG2, kh thin nhin c nh gi khong
1.000 t m3 vi 3/5 sn lng ny c s dng, cn li b t b.
Cc khong sn i din cho 85% sn lng Nam M v 12% sn lng Th
gii.
Venezuela cng c nhng tr lng ct asphalt quan trng (tar sand).
Din tch cc bn trm tch khong 1,1 triu km2 vi hn du c pht hin
thuc bn Maracaibo, phn ln cn li thuc pha ng.
Bn Maracaibo l mt bn trng vng a mng tri rng khong
560.000 km2 t pha Ty Bc Venezuela xung quanh h Maracaibo, c lp y bi cc
trm tch K v Tam tng ven bin. Du ch yu gp trong ct kt bin tin Eocen.
Gn y pht hin du trong ct kt K.
Bn pha ng: thuc a mng ph 128.000 km2, sn lng ch yu t ct
Oligocen trn sn pha Nam v Neogen pha Bc. Trn ra pha Nam tng s chm
xung ca phn nn Giana. By a s to nn bi hai h thng phay lm cnh pha Nam
thp xung.
I.1.2 Du khi ng Nam A
I.1.2.1 c im kin to khu vc
Cu trc ng Nam A gm nhiu vi mng nm kp gia 3 mng ln: mng u - A, nUc v Thi Bnh Dng. Cng hot ng ca cc mng ny kh mnh.
I.1.2.2 Cac bn trung Tam ng Nam A
Bn ni ia (craton)
B khng ch bi cc t gy thng song song vi lc a. Cc giai ng kin
to nh sau:
u tin l giai on tch gin vi cc t gy to nn i ny v sp ln. Vt
liu i nng cung cp cho cc a ho trm tch sng h, delta c lin quan n lc a.
Vt cht hu c c ngun gc thc vt cp cao (Kerogen III). vng h do iu kin
lng ng yn tinh to ra Kerogen I. ngun vt liu set lin quan va than. Cc vt liu
sapropentit to nn du kh xen ke nhau nhng kh l c bn, c lin quan n tui Eocen
Oligocen.
Giai on sp ln tng i ng u (giai on on vong) hot ng cc t
gy yu hn lin quan Miocen to hot ng bin tin. Cc trm tch t delta chuyn tip
n trm tch bin nng hnh thnh phong ph trm tch cacbonat. Giai on ny xut
hin cc by cu to tch t du Miocen l ph bin. Kt thc Miocen l s nng ln to
b mt bc mn.
Giai on to thm lc a vi hot ng bin tin, bn lc a c xu hng
khng r rng. Vt liu c bn l trm tch lc nguyn, cng v bin cng tng dn vai tr
carbonat.
+
o
yu cho Philippin). Thuc khu vc ny cng pht hin cc bn bin ven tng t.
Bn trng tin trin rng ri v kch thc v hnh dng, bao ph din tch ti
cn vi ra bn, chiu dy trm tch mng dn khi ra ti bin. Theo thi gian, trung tm
tch t dch chuyn theo chiu ngang v tin ra xa ra bn, tin n ni thp nht ca bn.
-
trng nhau.
V d: Trong bn trng cacbonat, a s trung tm tch t ra bn (Sinh vt
v vi thng sng thm lc a, bin nng).
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Nhm trm tch cha cacbonat c th tin ra bin su hn trong cc tng bn vi.
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Ranh gii bt chnh hp hoc t gy thng to ra qu trnh dch chuyn. S bin dng
v cu trc xy ra trong giai on mun ca qu trnh tch t trong bn trm tch gip ch
trong vic sinh du do to ra dng nhit cao hn bnh thng.
Giai on sau khi hnh thnh tch t du trong bn, qu trnh kin to gy ra hiu
ng ngc, nghia l ph hy. V d: nng tng cha ln b mt, s xm nhp ca nc
ngm hoc s bo mn, s ph hy v tht thot du kh c th xy ra.
i khi kin to to ra dng nhit cao, tng cha b chn vi su, gy ra bin cht
du (du c th chn i vi nhng loi cha nhit ).
Theo thi gian, bn pht trin dn nlp trm tch tin trin v cu trc
I.2.1.4 C ch hnh thnh bn
Cc bn hnh thnh l do nhng qu trnh dch chuyn ngang v ng theo quy m ln
ca nhng lp b mt tri t.
Nguyn nhn: kin to mng.
Lp ngoi ca v tri t l lp cng rn (thch quyn) gm lp v v manti
trn. Vng a hnh thp hnh thnh trn b mt tri t ni lp v mng l loi bazan,
to thnh lp v i dng . V lc a dy, cu to bi nhng loi nh, hn a
hnh cao hn . Bn trm tch hnh thnh ranh gii v i dng v lc a v nm trn
v lc a.
Lp thch quyn cng nm trn quyn mm t nht hn, to s dch chuyn. Do
cc dng i lu trong quyn mm gy s gy v cc mnh cng.
C 8 mng chnh v mt s mng nh chia 2 phn: Ni mng thng n nh v
ra mng c hot ng kin to. Ph v mng sng ni i dng lm cho bazan tri
ln, y bin tch ra. Cc lc lin quan m rng v tc ng ln v lc a.
Mi giai on nh du s sinh ra, ln ln v tiu hy ca bn.
I.2.1.5 Tui bn
Bn sinh ra khi bt u b st ln, thnh to trm tch cha ln, chuyn ng m lm
xung se m rng din ln cn theo s dch chuyn ly tm theo np on ven ra.
Thi k trng thnh ca bn: Phn ni trn b mt trc c xu hng h thp,
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4 loi lin quan mng hi t trc cung, sau cung, khng cung va mng.
du kh ring)
Ngoi ra cn c tam gic chu Tam ph ln bn trm tch.
I.2.2 Bn trng min nn (ni mang)
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Tnh cht: Chng c dng trn, elip (m rng theo cc chiu), kch thc thay
lin quan n qu trnh m rng -> chiu rng ln hn nhiu so vi chiu su.
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c trng: trong vng c qu trnh to rift khng pht trin, vt liu nng c
I.2.3
-
gin on bi qu trnh nng ln, thng trong Pz mun hoc trong Mz. Chu k th 2 bt
u theo hng khc, c nh du bi mt bt chnh hp.
Bn trng c bt u bng mt qu trnh m rng, nhng trong chu k th 2
ch yu l giai on nen ep lin quan n vic nng ln v chuyn ng to ni
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Tnh cht: Thng c dng elip hoc keo di, c s thay i chiu rng, trc din
i xng.
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Mt s bn trng ln: Bn trng min trc ni ang khai thc thuc vng Bc
Mt s bn trng ln: Bn Sirte (Libi), Rhine (Chu u), vnh Siam, Suez (Ai
xung bn di mng lc a.
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Tnh cht kch thc nh, dng tuyn ko di, hnh thnh trn lp v chuyn
tip; tui Kreta v Tam; c lp y phin set, phin st; pht trin nhanh chng
v ng thi ph hy nhanh do cc qu trnh va mng xy ra lin tc bi qu trnh kin
to phc tp.
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nhng i Sutu hnh thnh ni Chu Phi chm ln mng u . 2 kiu bn trng khng
tm thy gn i ht chm m pht trin gn cc cung o .
Bn sau cung nm trong cung o v lc a nhn ch yu trm tch mi trng
bin nng, dng nhit o c trng sau cung t cao n rt cao do s nng chy v
hot ng ni la cung o.
Bn trc cung nm trong cung o v mng i dng, cc trm tch pht trin
kh nhiu, c th l 1 di trm tch nng n qut bin su, tng phn vi bn sau cung,
bn trc cung c dng trm tch thp d thng do s dch chuyn ca mng i dng
lnh. 1 v d v bn trng thuc i ht chm l Indonesia, 1 s bn trng sau cng c
pht trin sau cung o nm k cn thm lc a bnh n Sunda.
Bn trng Sumatra (sau cung) v Mentawai (trc cung) mng Thi Bnh Dng
chi xung di mng n c.
Trm tch ct Miocen mi trng bin nng c ngun gc t lc a . Hot ng
kin to lm chuyn sang mi trng bin su hn, tng st v cc thu knh ct (do cc
dng nc mnh theo ma) nm mi trng bin nng gn b.
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ln bi mng u- .
Mt mt ct xuyn qua bn trng trc cung Mentawai v sau cung Sumatra
minh ho tng.
Bn trng Sumatra c lp y trn 5km trm tch ht vn Tam mun v
mt t vi nm ra cung o.
Tuy nhin do dng nhit rt cao nn cc trm tch tr c th to ra du
su nh hn 1 km. Tng sn phm ch yu nm trong ct kt Miocen mun v Pliocen
c by trong cu trc nn a hnh khng bng phng ca mng v cao hn na l
trong cc np li.
I.2.7 Bn trng khng cung v va mang
Bn trng va mng
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Bn do v i dng va v
lc a i khi c xem l
bn trc cung
c im: hp v su, tch cht nhuyn c hnh thnh 4 kiu bn trng cho
mt s c trng du kh.
cha: Sn phm ch yu trong tng ct kt su nng khng dy hoc
trong a tng sn phm.
Cc by c kch thc bnh thng, hu nh l cc np li c nng ln dng
khi v mt s by kt hp.
m bn trng ny thng tr, cha chn mui, nhng gradient a nhit cao
to trin vng tt trong bn sau cung, khng cung v va mng ni c tng cha dy v a
tng sn phm phin.
Bn trng trc cung thng trin vng km do phn ln Kerogen cha chn
mui, gradient a nhit thp, rng ngho ca trm tch ht vn ni la.
Ri ro trong khai thc: Qu trnh bin dng qu mnh, hot ng ni la v tnh
cht tng cha km (cu trc giu set) cha trng thnh l nhng vn trong bt k
bn trng hi t no dn n ging kh.
I.2.8 Bn trng sp ln (downwarp basin)
Hnh thnh do s sp ln i dng nh to mt kiu bn trng ring bit do trm tch
v c tnh du kh thng rt khc bit lin quan v ngun gc so vi cc bn hi t
khc.
Kch thc t ln n trung bnh, dng tuyn khng xc nh , tm thy dc ra
ca nhng i dng nh trong qu kh v hin nay. Mt s tc gi cho rng cc bn
trng sp ln l mt kiu ring. Mt s bn trng ny lin quan n vic m ra cc bn
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trng i dng nh m khng tip tc tch gin (m ra theo mt hng nhng khng
thc ko di).
Mt s khc cho rng bn trng c xem l mt loi ca bn trng keo toc.
Bn trng sp ln hnh thnh trong cc i dng ang khep kn, mt s phn
loi khc bn trng li c xem l va mng, sau cung, trc ni.
Bn trng sp ln khp kn tm thy dc a Trung Hi v mt s vng khc
bin Tethyan v hu ht cc bn trng giu du kh trn th gii (vd: Arabian Iran).
Cc trm tch v cu trc tng t trong mi bn trng sp ln d i dng
ang m hoc ng.
M vn cn tin trin theo thi gian, sau tr thnh bn trng sp ln do hi t
cc mng lc a, qu trnh va mng tng cng c th lm cho bn ny tr thnh bn
sp ln nh Bc Phi, Ploiesti- Rumani.
I.2.9 Bn Delta Tam
Gn lin vi k Tam.
Mt s tc gi khng cho y l mt kiu bn trng do chng c th hnh thnh
bt k mi trng no v c hi tm thy bt k ra hi t v phn k l nh nhau.
Do s c mt ca n l mt trung tm tch t dc theo ch ni gia b ba cc
mng c hoc ti ranh gii gia lc a v i dng. iu kin nhit do cc h thng
dn lu lc a ln vi cc dng chy xung cc vng rift vi cc cnh khng pht trin.
khu vc, delta c kch thc t nh n trung bnh nhng c tch t dy. Ton
b vt liu l ht vn ngun gc lc a vi mt t l gia khi lng trm tch v din
tch l rt cao do qu trnh tch t rt nhanh v ln dn ra bin cng vi qu trnh nn cht
dn n hnh thnh t gy, np li.
Gradient a nhit thp, to nn do b dy trm tch qu nng
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Kekwa Ci Nc, Bung Ry, Bungga Seroja cng chng ln gia Vit Nam v Malay
ang khai thc.
Nhn chung, cc pht hin du kh thng mi thm lc a v t lin Vit
Nam cho n nay thng l cc m nhiu tng cha du, kh trong cc dng play c tui
khc nhau: mng nt n trc Tam, ct kt Oligocene, ct kt Miocen, carbonat
miocen v phun tro, trong play mng phong ha nt n trc Tam l i tng
cha du ch yu bn Cu Long vi cc m khng l.
c bit nhn mnh rng vic pht hin cc m du ln trong mng granitoit nt
n trc Tam, l thn du khng tin l v mt cu trc, v c trng thm cha, v
c ch hnh thnh, v mc v phn b to ra bc ngoc lch s v m ra hng
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Hinh 3. Vi tr v phn vng cu trc ia cht b Sng Hng (1) Vng Ty Bc; (2) Vng
Trung Tm ; (3) Vng Pha Nam.
y l mt b c lp ph trm tch Tam dy hn 14 km, c dng hnh thoi keo di t
min vong H Ni ra vnh Bc B v bin min Trung. Dc ra pha Ty b tri l cc
mng Paleozoi-Mesozoi. Pha ng Bc tip gip b Ty Li Chu (Weizou Basin), pha
ng l mng Paleozoi-Mesozoi o Hi Nam, ng Nam l b ng Nam Hi Nam v
b Hong Sa, pha Nam gip b trm tch Ph Khnh.
II.2.1.2 H thng du kh
B Sng Hng l b dng pull- apart keo tch c cu trc a cht phc tp, keo di t
min vong H Ni ra bin theo hng Ty Bc- ng Nam, chim phn ln vnh Bc B
n khu vc bin min trung tip gip vi b Ph Khnh. S hnh thnh v pht trin b
Sng Hng c lin quan trc tip n hot ng ca h thng t gy Sng Hng theo
hng TB- N v A Bc Nam thuc ra Ty Bc Bin ng. Chnh cc h thng t gy
ny phn chia v khng ch cc n v cu trc chnh ca b Sng Hng.
H thng du kh ti b Sng Hng c nghin cu v c cc c im sau:
sinh: c hai tng sinh chnh c tui Miocen v Oligocen:
nhng l dng VCHC loi III l chnh, mt s mi c gp VCHC loi II, I c kh nng
sinh du tt hn. Hu ht m Oligocen tri qua tt c cc pha to sn phm v di c
cch y 10-20 triu nm.
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cha: trong phm vi b Sng Hng c hai loi cha chnh l cc thnh
tui Oligocen v Miocen xen ke vi cc cha l nhng tng cha mang tnh cht a
phng. Ngoi ra, tng set c tui Pliocen sm ph bin phn trung tm v pha Nam
b l tng chn khu vc.
dng vm c k tha trn khi nng mng v chu mc nen ep khc nhau gia nh
v cnh. Tng chn l set ph ln mt trt t gy. Cc khi carbonate m tiu Miocene
v Oligocene trong cc by pht trin k tha cc g nng hay cc vm nng v cc a
ly.
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1981 cho n nay khai thc khong 450 triu m3 kh phc v cng nghip a phng
tnh Thi Bnh. Dng tim nng cacbonat Paleozoi b nt n c pht hin m du trong
cc b sng Hng.
II.2.2 B Ph Knh
II.2.2.1 Gii Thiu
B Ph Khnh l b trm tch nc su thm lc a min Trung Vit Nam, gii hn
bi vi tuyn 14-110 Bc v kinh tuyn 109020 1110 ng hoc cng c th pht trin
hn v pha ng. V phng din a cht , b Ph Khnh gip vi b Cu Long pha
Nam, b Nam Cn Sn pha ng Nam, b Sng Hng pha Bc, b Hong Sa pha
ng Bc, thm Nng, thm Phan Rang pha Ty v pha ng ni cha c
nghin cu , c th tn ti 1 b khc nm gia b Ph Khnh v phn su nht ca bin
ng.
26
thnh to carbonat tui Miocen v mng phong ha nt n cng l cha c tim nng.
27
chn: cc thnh to set kt, set kt xen bt kt tui Oligocen v Miocen cng
thng -
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vi m tiu san h pht trin trn cc cu trc dng c tui gi hn, cc m tiu ny
c chn bi cc lp set tui Pliocene, c ni tng cha ny b chn c bn phng.
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30
31
Hinh 9. S vi tr bn Cu Long
32
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Oligocen trn l tng sinh chnh ti b ny. Hm lng VCHC trung bnh 0,9- 6,1%, ch
yu l Kerogen loi III, ngoi ra c c loi I v II nn sinh du l ch yu. Trong
Oligocen di vt liu hu c cng phong ph, Kerogen loi II l chnh, rt t loi III,
ch yu chng c tch ly vng h, m ly. Phn ln din tch ca trm tch ny
nm i sinh du. Ch c cc khi st ng v Ty cu to Bch H nm trong i sinh
kh. Ngoi ra, cc tp set Miocen di vi TOC trn di 1% l tng sinh du kh tim
nng, tuy nhin chng ch mi bc vo pha trng thnh nhng vng trng su ca
b. Cc nghin cu m phng qu trnh sinh du kh cho thy pha di c ca du kh t
m sm nht c th bt du cch y 22 triu nm.
35
chn: tng set rotalia Miocen sm vi lng set chim 90- 95% i ch 100%
ph bin rng khp ton b, c b dy n nh 180- 200m l tng chn khu vc rt tt.
Ngoi ra cn c cc tng chn mang tnh a phng l cc tp set Oligocen di,
Oligocen trn v Miocen di.
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ng k bin cht. Mng granitoid l i tng cha du kh quan trng nht, lin
quan n nhng pht hin du kh ln trn m Bch H, Rng, Rng ng, S T en,
S T Vng, C Ng Vng, Ruby v hng lot cc cu to nh Tam o, u , Vi
Thiu, Diamond, Topaz, Emerald, Vng ng, Ba V, B en, Cam, Si, By thng
bt gp cc khi nng a phng thuc i nng trung tm v cc i phn d ven ra
ca b. y l cc khi mng nh dng a ly b chn vi, khep kn ba chiu bi cc tp
trm tch ht mn ph trn. By cha thuc dng by hn hp, c lien quan mt thit vi
t gy v ph hy kin to. Thn du dng khi, chiu cao thn du thng ln, c th
t ti khong 2000m, ty thuc vo mc chn v bin khep kn ca khi mng
nng cao. Ranh gii ca by c th l ranh gii du nc nh ng Nam Rng, Rng
ng, nhng a phn l i cht xt nm pha di nh mng Bch H, S T en,
S T Vng, ng Rng.
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Hinh 14. M hinh minh ha hot ng kin to hinh thnh cac kiu by
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khai thc chnh trn m Bch H v Rng. Ct kt thch anh, feldspar ht th mu xm,
nu xm, c ngun gc ng bng bi tch, sng ngi, pht trin cnh cu to, nm gn
vo mng bo mn. i ch ct kt cng vi mng hp thnh mt thn du thng
nht. Ct lng sng ct x vo nhau, xp chng ln nhau to thnh cc tp ct dy. Cc
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by cha: cu to/ cu trc (Miocene h), phi cu to/ a tng (Oligocene) v loi by
hn hp (trong mng nt n v Miocene h).
II.2.3.3 Tim nng du kh
LSJOC 1/97
CLJOC
15-1
PETRONAS 1
PETRONAS V (85%),
PVEP (15%)
HLJOC
16-1
PETRONAS 2
16-2
VIETSOV 9-1
CONOCO (40%),
KNOC (30%), PVEP
(30%)
VIETSOV
9-3
(VRJ = Vietnam,Russian,Japan)
ZARUBEZ N (50%), PVEP (35%), IDEMITSU (15%),
Hinh 16. S cac l thuc bn trung Cu Long v cac cng ty ang thm do khai thac
(ngun PVEP)
Tr lng v tim nng du kh ca b Cu Long c d bo khong 820 triu
m3 quy du (18% tng tim nng du kh Vit Nam) ch yu tp trung mng nt n.
Tr lng du kh pht hin mng ct kt tui Miocen v Oligocen khong hn 500
triu m3 quy du (chim 61% tim nng du kh ca b). Trong tng lai, mng vn tht
s l i tng tm kim thm d cn c quan tm hn na khng ch bn Cu Long
m cn cc b ln cn. Ngoi ra, b Cu Long cc dng by hn hp, phi cu to
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II.2.4.2 H thng du kh
Malay- Th Chu v c cht lng kh tt, tuy nhin cc khu vc khc nhau cht lng
v vai tr ca cc tng cha khc nhau. Cc trng ven ra v ra ng Bc thuc thm lc
a Vit Nam cc tp cha ny ng vai tr quan trng.
chn: cc thnh to ht mn tui Oligocen v cc tp set dy Miocen trn c
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II.2.5.2 H thng du kh
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dng khi rn chc, set b bin i kh mnh dn tr thnh argilit, thnh phn set ch yu
l tng sinh du kh chnh ca b . Tuy nhin, ti hai trng su thuc b Nam Cn Sn
ni chiu dy lp ph Tam >10km c kh nng c mt cc trm tch Eocen vi cc
tng m h.
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v phn di Pliocen phn b rng khp trm ton b vi rng, thm tng i tt.
Cc trm tch carbonat tui Miocen pht trin ch yu pha ng ca b v l cc
cha tt vi rng , thm rt cao. ngoi ra, mng nt n, pht hin m i Hng,
cng l cha c tim nng.
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chn: tng set tui Pliocen sm vi b dy ti vi chc met, pht trin tng
i rng c kh nng l tng chn khu vc. Cc loi set kt acgilit, d set xen bt kt tui
Oligocen, cc thnh to set xen ke bt v nhng lp ct kt mng trong Miocen ch yu
gi vai tr chn a phng
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trin cc m Rng i-Rng i Ty, Hi Thch a vo khai thc trong thi gian
ti.. Ngoi ra cn mt s pht hin ang c thm lng.
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1988.
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