Construction of PML

Mark Fischer

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 1

Contents

Introduction

Maxwellian PML

Non-Maxwellian PML

Anisotropic absorber as a PML

PML using differential forms

Maxwells equations in differential forms formulation

Equivalence of Maxwellian and non-Maxwellian PMLs

New PML formulations

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 2

Introduction
Non-Maxwellian PML using complex coordinate stretching
xi 7 x
i =

xi

si (
xi )d
xi

with
si (
xi ) = ai (
xi ) + ii (
xi )/

1
1
/x
/ x

s1

2 = s12 /x2
/ x
3
1
/ x
3
/x
s3

Modified Maxwell equation (frequency domain):

E
~

H
~

E
~

H
~

~
iH

~
iE

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 3

We have seen that this complex coordinate stretching

offers a PML with great accuracy.

can be easily used for 1, 2 or 3 dimensions.

involves a modification of Maxwells equations!

cant be implemented easily in existing FEM code.

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 4

We have seen that this complex coordinate stretching

offers a PML with great accuracy.

can be easily used for 1, 2 or 3 dimensions.

involves a modification of Maxwells equations!

cant be implemented easily in existing FEM code.
Solution: use material constants and to provide the needed additional degrees
of freedom.

Maxwellian PML

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 4

Maxwellian PML
Maxwells equations in time harmonic form:
~
E
~

H
~
E

~
H

~ M H
~
iH

~ + E E
~
iE

with
M : magnetic conductivity

x +

x
E
i

0
0
x +
0
0

E : electric conductivity
0
y +
0

x
M
i

0
y
E

0
y +
0

0
z

z + iE
0

y
M

0
z
M
z + i

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 5

Nessecary condition for a PML:

q
p
= Z0 = 00
Impedance matching : Z =

=
== 0

0
0
0

0
b
0

0
c

with some complex numbers a,b,c

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 6

Nessecary condition for a PML:

q
p
= Z0 = 00
Impedance matching : Z =

=
== 0

0
0
0

0
b
0

0
c

with some complex numbers a,b,c

Maxwells equations reduce to
~
E
~
H

~
H

~
i0 H

~
E

~
i0 E

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 6

This equations lead to plane waves

~ r, t)
E(~

~ r, t)
H(~

~ i(~k~rt)
Ee

~ i(~k~rt)
He

with the dispersion relation

ky2
kz2
kx2
+
+
= k02 = 2 0 0 ,
bc
ac
ab
which is the equation of an ellipsoid
kx

ky

kz

k0 bc sin cos

k0 ac sin sin

k0 ab cos

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 7

Example
free space
0, 0

PML

Dispersion relation:

Er, Hr
r

Et, Ht

i
x

Ei, Hi

kx

k0 bc sin

ky

kz

k0 ab cos

~ i, H
~i
E
~r, H
~r
E
~ t, H
~t
E

eik0 (sin i x+cos i z)

r eik0 (sin r x+cos r z)

te

ik0 ( bc sin t x+ ab cos t z)

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 8

Example
free space
0, 0

PML

Dispersion relation:

Er, Hr
r

Et, Ht

i
x

Ei, Hi

kx

k0 bc sin

ky

kz

k0 ab cos

~ i, H
~i
E
~r, H
~r
E
~ t, H
~t
E

eik0 (sin i x+cos i z)

r eik0 (sin r x+cos r z)

te

ik0 ( bc sin t x+ ab cos t z)

Continuity of the solutions on interface: Ei + Er = Et and Hi + Hr = Ht

Phase matching yields a generalization of Snells law
sin i = sin r =

bc sin t

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 8

TM and TE waves
TM
Hr

Hr

Et
z

Er
i
Hi

Ht

Er

Ht
r

Ei

TE

t
Hi

Et

i
Ei

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 9

TM and TE waves
TM

TE

Hr

Et

Hr

Er

Er

Ht
r

Ei

Ht

Hi

Hi

Et

i
Ei

Reflection coefficients (using continuity of the solutions on the interface):

TM

b
a

cos t cos i
q
=
cos i + ab cos t

TE

cos i
cos i +

q
q

b
a

cos t

b
a

cos t

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 9

Imposing

bc = 1

and

a=b

the interface will be perfectly reflectionless for any frequency, angle of incidence
and polarization.
We now write a = b = 1c = + i
~ t (~r, t) = Ee
~ k0 cos t z eik0 (sin t x+ cos t z) eit
E

wave length in absorber

rate of decay in absorber

penetration depth =

1
k0 cos t

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 10

Physical Interpretation
optical axis

uniaxial crystal

k-surface

optical axis perpendicular to

interface

interface

electric conductivity E = 0 S

magnetic conductivity M = 0 S

S= 0
0

0
0

2 +
2

z - component is negative Jz = 2 +
2 Ez

dependent sources in the material!

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 11

Summary Maxwellian PML

We now have found a PML formulation
that uses an anisotropic material as an absorbing layer.

that is similar but not equal to the techniques showed before.

that is easy to implement in existing frequency-domain code.

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 12

Summary Maxwellian PML

We now have found a PML formulation
that uses an anisotropic material as an absorbing layer.

that is similar but not equal to the techniques showed before.

that is easy to implement in existing frequency-domain code.

Problems and Questions remaining:

Generalization to other geometries (e.g. cylindrical, spherical coordinates)?
Link between the 2 PML formulations?
Are there other PML formulations?

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 12

Summary Maxwellian PML

We now have found a PML formulation
that uses an anisotropic material as an absorbing layer.

that is similar but not equal to the techniques showed before.

that is easy to implement in existing frequency-domain code.

Problems and Questions remaining:

Generalization to other geometries (e.g. cylindrical, spherical coordinates)?
Link between the 2 PML formulations?
Are there other PML formulations?

Next Step:
Electromagnetics with differential forms

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 12

PML using differential forms

Non-Maxwellian PML formulation:
xi 7 x
i =

xi

si (
xi )d
xi

with
si (
xi ) = ai (
xi ) + ii (
xi )/

Re-Interpretation:
mapping on complex coordinates change of metric
2

(s1 )
x
x

7 gij = gkl i

=
0
x xj
0
k

gij = ij

0
(s2 )2
0

0
(s3 )2

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 13

General Case
Consider the general orthogonal curvilinear case (u1 , u2 , u3 )

gij is given in terms of the Lam coefficients hi : gij = h2i (u1 , u2 , u3 ) ij

R u3
3
3
3
Choose u to be analytically continued: u 7 u
= 0 s()d
1 )2
(h

gij = 0
0

0
2 )2
(h
0

0
3 )2
(h

1/2 = h1/2 (u1 , u2 , u

3 = sh3 (u1 , u2 , u
with h
3 ) and h
3 ).

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 14

Mapping forms to vectors

Given a metric gij = (hi )2 ij there is a natural isomorphism mapping
1-forms to vectors

= i du

gij

~ = i ~

ui
hi

2-forms to axial vectors

[i+1]

= i du

[i+2]

du

gij

~ =

i
~
ui
h[i+1] h[i+2]

with ~
ui the unit vector in ui direction and [i] i mod 3 for i 6= 3 and [3] = 3.

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 15

Maxwells equations
Maxwells Equations using differential forms (no sources!)
dE

iB

dH

dD

iD

dB

E,H : el., magn. field intensity 1-forms

D,B : el., magn. flux density 2-forms

d : exterior derivative, metric independent

d acts

on 1-forms (=vectors)

on 2-forms (=axial

vectors)

:
:

curl
div

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 16

Constitutive Parameters
For differential forms, the constitutive parameters are given in terms of Hodge star
operators:
D

?e E

?h H

The Hodge Star operator

establishes in the 3D case a natural isomorphism between the 1-forms E, H
and the 2-forms D, B.
depends on the metric

for the euclidean metric is given though ?dx = dydz, ?dy = dxdz and
?dz = dxdy.

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 17

Expressing the electric and magnetic 1-forms in terms of (u1 , u2 , u3 )

E = Ei hi dui

H = Hi hi dui

The flux 2-forms become

i

D = ?e (Ei hi du )

ij Ej h[i+1] h[i+2] du[i+1] du[i+2]

ij Hj h[i+1] h[i+2] du[i+1] du[i+2]

B = ?h (Hi hi du )

NB: the star operator depends on the metric!

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 18

Change of metric
Maxwells equations under a change on the metric

dE

dH

dD

dB

=
=

?e E

?h H

=
=
=
=

i B

i D
0
0

same as before.

modified operators
?e/h defined by new metric.

The PML in the diff. forms language is unique and unifies the various PML
formulations.
The different formulations can be derived by a simple choice on how to map
the forms to vector quantities.

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 19

The Maxwellian PML Formulation

Map from forms to corresponding dual vector quantities governed by original
metric tensor (gij ):
i
h
i (gij ) ~ m
m i

i ~
E = Ei hi du E = Ei ~
ui
u = E
hi
Xh
kh
l
(gij )
m
m i
j ~

~
ij E
ui
D D = Di ~
u =
hk hl
j
Modified constitutive tensors are given through
~ m = P M L E
~m
D
with
(P M L )ij

[i+2]
[i+1] h
h
hj
ij
=
j
h[i+1] h[i+2]
h

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 20

Example
free space

free space:

PML

Inside PML:

h1

h2

h3

1
z 7 z =
ij = 0 ij

t
z

Rz
0

1
h
2
h

3
h

s(z)

s()d

[i+1] h
[i+2] hi
h
(P M L )ii =
0
i
h[i+1] h[i+2] h

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 21

Example
free space

free space:

PML

Inside PML:

h1

h2

h3

1
z 7 z =
ij = 0 ij

P M L

t
z

Rz
0

1
h
2
h

3
h

s(z)

s()d

[i+1] h
[i+2] hi
h
(P M L )ii =
0
i
h[i+1] h[i+2] h

s(z)

= 0 0
0

In accordance with the result derived before!

0
s(z)
0

0
0
1
s(z)

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 21

Non-Maxwellian PML Formulation

Map from forms to corresponding dual vector quantities governed by modified,
complex metric tensor (
gij ):
ij )
i dui (g
=E
i h
~ c = Eic ~
i ~
E
E
ui = E
ui
X
(
gij )
c
c i
j ~

~
u =
ij E
ui
D D = Di ~

In contrary to the Maxwellian formulation, we obtain that

~ c = E
~ c and B
~ c = H
~c
the constitutive relations stay the same: D

Maxwells equations are modified to add additional degrees of freedom. In

the Cartesian case, we obtain
E
~

H
~

=
=

0
0

E
~

H
~

=
=

~
iH
~
iE

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 22

New Classes of PML

Other choices of metrics (
gij ) are also possible: e.g. hybridizations:
(
gij ) = (gij ) + (
gij )
P3
gkj )
(
gij ) = k=1 (gik ) (

The second choice leads to

~ (,)

~ (,)
D

=
=

(,) i
Ei
~
u

(,) i

Di

1
h
i ~
ui
= i E
hi

~
u =

1
1 h
Xh
[i+1] [i+2]
j

ij Ej ~
u

h
h
[i+1] [i+2]

and a permittivity
(,)
ij

1
1 h
h
[i+1] [i+2]

h
j

=
ij
1
h[i+1] h
h
[i+2]
j

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 23

Summary
vectors

(isomorphisms)

Original Maxwellian fields

[gij]

forms

E H D B

[gij]

non-Maxwellian,
complex space PML

Ec

Hc

Dc

Bc

Maxwellian PML

Em

PML: change
on the metric

~
[gij]
[gij]

~ ~ ~ ~
E H D B

[gij]

[gij]
Others PMLs

E(,) H(,) D (,) B(,)

(differing by metric factors)

(unique)

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 24

Conclusion

Change of variables change of constitutive

parameters
No change on Maxwells equations!
tedious calculation

Differential forms provide

a method independent of the field equations.

an elegant way to generalize a PML for different

geometries.
a unique formulation for a PML.
(different formulations correspond to different mappings)

Construction of PML - Mark Fischer p. 25