Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ballast Water Management
Ballast Water Management
Ballast Water Management
MEPC 62/2/1
25 November 2010
Original: ENGLISH
Strategic direction:
7.1
High-level action:
7.1.2
Planned output:
7.1.2.6
Action to be taken:
Paragraph 15
Related documents:
Introduction
1
Regulation D-3.2 of the International Convention for the Control and Management of
Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments stipulates that ballast water management systems that
make use of Active Substances to comply with the Convention shall be approved by the
Organization.
2
Japan herewith submits an application for Basic Approval according to the
Procedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active
Substances (G9). This Procedure stipulates the required information (MEPC 57/21, annex 1,
paragraph 4.2.1), which, according to section 6, should be evaluated by the Organization. In
accordance with BWM.2/Circ.13, the annex to this document contains the non-confidential
part of the manufacturer's application dossier including the following:
The original document is over 20 pages long and can be found in English only in the annex hereto.
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Page 2
.1
summary of the application dossier of the "JFE BallastAce that makes use
of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM" according to the Procedure (G9);
.2
.3
The complete dossier will be made available to the experts of the GESAMP-BWWG with the
understanding of confidential treatment.
3
The receiving competent authority in Japan has verified the application dossier and
believes it to satisfy the data requirements of Procedure (G9) adopted by resolution
MEPC.169(57).
Summary of non-confidential information on "JFE BallastAce that makes use of
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM" (JAPAN)
4
JFE Engineering Corporation has developed the chemical system for treating ships'
ballast water and sediments in collaboration with TG Corporation, a chemical manufacturer.
The Final Approval by IMO and Type Approval by the Japanese government of this chemical
system were acquired in March 2010 and May 2010, respectively.
5
However, after starting the business with this product, JFE Engineering Corporation
often heard from the clients operating the tramp vessel service that they prefer powder form
of the chemical to liquid form because of ease in storage and handling. Further study for
satisfying the clients' needs, JFE Engineering Corporation discovered NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM (sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate available from Shikoku Chemicals
Corporation, used as the disinfectant for the swimming pool, food, and drinking water), which
can replace the TG Ballastcleaner (sodium hypochlorite) in the above IMO-approved ballast
water management system.
6
JFE Engineering Corporation decided to apply to IMO for approval. It has been
confirmed that NEO-CHLOR MARINETM has nearly the same disinfection power to generate
similar amount of the disinfection by-products as TG BallastCleaner, sodium hypochlorite,
since NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is converted to both sodium hypochlorite and isocyanuric acid
by dissolving in water.
7
In the present chemical system, sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, a main
component of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM, is used as the disinfectant for killing the aquatic
organisms, whereas sodium sulfite is used to reduce, neutralize, and eliminate TRO
remained in the ballast water after disinfection with NEO-CHLOR MARINETM (hereafter
referred to as the ballast water after primary treatment). The process of the present chemical
system is described below:
.1
A ballast pump feeds the ballast water passing through the filter system
capable of the backwash flow into the ship, eliminating the organisms and
suspended matters larger than a particular size, followed by injecting
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM into the ballast water. The organisms collected
on the filter are returned with the backwash water to the waters in the
region where they were inhabited.
.2
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Page 3
.3
.4
During de-ballasting, sodium sulfite is fed as the reducing agent through the
injector in order to remove the chlorine that remained in the treated ballast
water. The TRO sensors determine the FAC concentration in the ballast
water after the primary treatment in the ballast tank, adjusting the amount
of sodium sulfite to be fed. The FAC concentration in the treated ballast
water after reduction with sodium sulfite (hereafter referred to as the ballast
water after secondary treatment) is then determined.
.5
8
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM was selected as the disinfectant, constructing a new
ballast water management system based on JFE BallastAce. Use of a powder form in
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM allows long-term storage stability in smaller space.
9
Sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, the "Active Substance" of NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM, is decomposed into sodium hypochlorite (hypochlorous acid) and isocyanuric
acid upon dissolution with water. The risk assessment of disinfection by-products was also
performed.
10
At first, the PBT criteria of the chemical substance contained in the ballast water
after secondary treatment were investigated.
All of "Active Substance", "Relevant
Chemicals" and "other components" do not belong to the PBT substance.
11
Next, the risk assessment of 20 chemical substances was performed using the
PEC/PNEC ratio. Among 20 substances, the dilution factor evaluated from the MAMPEC
model was used for 11 substances (isocyanuric acid, chloroform, bromoform, etc.), whereas 182
dilution factor was used for the rest of 9 substances (haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, etc.)
The PEC/PNEC ratio estimated for all of 20 substances did not exceed 1. This result clearly
indicates that there was no need for further risk assessment.
12
The substances of high concern are isocyanuric acid generated by hydration of
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM and bromoform generated in the chlorine treatment of seawater.
Isocyanuric acid is very low in toxicity, stable under an aerobic condition, and resistant to
hydrolysis. However, it is trapped by the floating organic sludge in seawater and the bottom
sediment to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions. The PEC/PNEC ratio of isocyanuric
acid was estimated to be 0.315 using the MAMPEC model. The PEC/PNEC ratio of
bromoform by MAMPEC model was estimated to be 0.108.
13
The effects of these chemicals on ships and crew members have also been studied
with MOS/MOSref and by corrosion tests. Management of chemicals is very important.
In particular, the dissolving process of granular NEO-CHLOR MARINETM has to be carefully
controlled. At any time and circumstance, a proper response to the present system is critical
for the safe operation of ships and the safety of crew members.
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Page 4
14
The risk assessment above clearly indicates that the present system has no adverse
effect on organisms or the safe discharge of ballast water by use of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM
and sodium sulfite, assuring its risk to the environment and human health is extremely low.
Action requested of the Committee
15
The Committee is invited to consider the proposal for approval and decide as
appropriate.
***
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Annex, page 1
ANNEX
NON-CONFIDENTAL INFORMATION ON "JFE BALLASTACE THAT MAKES USE
OF NEO-CHLOR MARINETM" (JAPAN)
The contents of this annex are as follows:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
INTRODUCTION
OUTLINE OF CHEMICAL SYSTEM
DATASET FOR APPLICATION
USE OF "ACTIVE SUBSTANCE" OR "PREPARATIONS"
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)
RISK CHARACTERIZATION
RISK ASSESSMENT
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
LIST OF APPENDICES:
APPENDIX 1 STATEMENT
APPENDIX 2 QUALITY ASSURANCE STATEMENT
1
INTRODUCTION
JFE Engineering Corporation has developed the chemical system for treating ships' ballast
water and sediments in collaboration with TG Corporation, a chemical manufacturer.
IMO's Final Approval and the Type Approval by the Japanese government of this chemical
system were acquired in March, 2010 and May, 2010, respectively. However, after starting
the business with this product, we often heard from the clients operating the tramp vessel
service that they prefer powder form of the chemical to liquid form because of ease in
storage and handling. Further study for satisfying the client's needs, JFE Engineering Co.
discovered NEO-CHLOR MARINETM (sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate available from
Shikoku Chemicals Corporation, used as the disinfectant for the swimming pool water, food,
and drinking water), which can replace the TG BallastCleaner (sodium hypochlorite) in the
above IMO-approved ballast water management system, JFE BallastAce. With this
discovery, JFE Engineering Corporation decided to apply to IMO for approval. It has been
confirmed that NEO-CHLOR MARINETM has nearly the same disinfection power to
generate similar amount of the disinfection by-products as TG BallastCleaner, sodium
hypochlorite, since NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is converted to both sodium hypochlorite and
isocyanuric acid by dissolving in water.
2
In the present chemical system (see Figure 2-1), sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, a
main component of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM, is used as the disinfectant for killing the
aquatic organisms, whereas sodium sulfite is used to reduce, neutralize, and eliminate the
residual chlorine remained in the ballast water after disinfection with NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM (hereafter referred to as the ballast water after primary treatment).
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Annex, page 2
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM
Cl2CyNa 2H2O Na
Ballast tank
Sodium sulfite
Na2SO3
Ballast piping
Filter
NaClO
Ballasting
NaClO
De-ballasting
Na2SO3 Na2SO4
Treated ballast water
Backwash water
Treated ballast water
Na
Na
Seawater/
fresh water
Marine
environment
A ballast pump feeds the ballast water passing through the filter system
capable of the backwash flow into the ship, eliminating the organisms and
suspended matters larger than a particular size, followed by injecting
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM into the ballast water. The organisms collected
on the filter are returned with the backwash water to the waters in the
region where they inhabit.
.2
.3
.4
The FAC concentration in the ballast water tank has to be kept above a
certain level for preventing the regrowth of organisms (reproduction of
organisms and incubation of eggs) during sailing.
.5
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Annex, page 3
.6
.7
Most of sodium sulfite fed in excess of the theoretical amount for assuring
the neutralization of the residual chlorine is consumed by reaction with the
residual chlorine. The excess sodium sulfite is quickly reacted with
dissolved oxygen in the seawater where the ballast water is discharged,
converting to sodium sulfate.
TRO
Sensor
Dissolving
Equipment
Computer
Inverter
P
Filter
From
Sea Chest
Flow Rate
Control
To Ballast
Water Tank
Ballast
Pump
Injector
Venturi
Tubes
Backwash
Flow
Meter
Sodium Sulfite
Dissolving
Equipment
Store
Inverter
Computer
P
Flow Rate
Control
TRO
Sensor
Discharge
Flow
Meter
Ballast
Pump
Complete
mixing
TRO
Sensor
Injector
From Ballast
Water Tank
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Annex, page 4
Figure 24 illustrates the relationship of the above chemical injection system with the flow
of ballast water within the ship. (This is an outline of the chemical injection system based
on the TRO sensors.)
IP
SC
C/D
BP
S1
BT
IP
SC
C/D
BP
S1
BT
During discharge of
ballast water
C/D
SC
BP
S2
S1
BT
Legend
S1,S2TRO Sensor
BT Ballast water tank
BP Ballast pump
I P Injection pump
SC Sea chest
C/D Controller / Data logger
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Annex, page 5
3
3.1
Chemical substances relevant to the present chemical system were identified for screening
of the risk.
3.1.1
Isocyanuric acid
Sodium hypochlorite
+
Cl2CyNa2H2O
NaClO
Hypochlorous acid
HClO
------(2-1)
------(2-2)
Chemical
formula
Sodium
C3Cl2N3NaO3.
dichloroisocyanurate
2(H2O)
dihydrate
Sodium chloride
NaCl
CAS Number,
etc.
CAS No. 5158086-0
EINECS No.
220-767-7
UN No. 3077
CAS No. 764714-5
Content (%)
>99.0
Free
available
chlorine: >55
<1.0
Class
Active
substances
Other
components
When the present "Active Substance" is used in the ballast water treatment, the potential
by-products or products likely formed due to the nature and condition of the ballast water
used, that is "Relevant Chemicals", include sodium hypochlorite, isocyanuric acid (including
its sodium salt), hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid, sodium hypobromite, sodium
bromate, chloramines, trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and haloacetonitriles.
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Annex, page 6
Other chemicals in the present chemical system, sodium sulfite and its neutralized
chemical, sodium sulfate, belong to the "other components". The amount of sodium sulfite
added and mixed is 1.6 times (the value obtained through experiments) of the theoretical
amount required for reducing and completely detoxify the free chlorine remained in the
ballast water after primary treatment. Unreacted sodium sulfite discharged into seawater is
reacted with dissolved oxygen to rapidly convert to sodium sulfate.
Na2SO3 + NaClO Na2SO4 + NaCl
2Na2SO3 + O2 2Na2SO4
--------(2-3)
--------(2-4)
Table 3-1-2 illustrates the results in identification of the "Active Substances" in the present
chemical system along with those in the "other components" and "Relevant Chemicals".
Table 3-1-2: Identification of Chemical Substances
Symbol Name of
Chemical
Substance
Active Substance
AS
Sodium
dichloroisocyanurate
dihydrate
Relevant Chemicals
Sodium
RC1
hypochlorite
RC2
RC3
IUPAC
CAS No.
1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5triazine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)- 51580-86-0
trione sodium salt
Dihydrate
Sodium
Hypochlorite
Molar
Mass
Chemical
Formula
Structural
Formula
Na
255.98
Cl2(CNO)3Na
2(H2O)
N
OC
CO
ClN
NCl
CO
7681-52-9
74.45
NaClO
Na-O-Cl
Hypochlorous
acid
84.64
HClO
H-O-Cl
Isocyanuric
acid
1,3,5-Triazine2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)trione
2H2O
NH
108-80-5
129.1
H2(CNO)3H
CO
OC
NH
NH
CO
RC4
Sodium
isocyanurate
CO
2624-17-1
151.08
C3H2N3O3Na
NH
NNa
OC
CO
NH
Cl
RC5
Chloroform
Trichloromethane
67-66-3
119.4
CHCl3
H C
Cl
Cl
RC6
Bromodichloro- Dichlorobromomethane
methane
Cl
75-27-4
163.82
CHBrCl2
C Cl
Br
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MEPC 62/2/1
Annex, page 7
Symbol Name of
Chemical
Substance
IUPAC
CAS No.
Molar
Mass
Chemical
Formula
Structural
Formula
Cl
Dibromochloro- Dibromochloromethane
methane
RC7
124-48-1
208.27
CHBr2Cl
H C Br
Br
Br
RC8
Bromoform
Tribromomethane
75-25-2
252.7
CHBr3
C Br
Br
RC9
Hypobromous
acid
Hydrobromous
acid
13517-11-8
96.91
HBrO
H-OBr
RC10
Sodium
hypobromite
Sodium
hypobromite
13824-96-9
118.89
NaBrO
Na-OBr
RC11
Bromate ion
(CAS number,
molar mass,
etc., based on
sodium
bromate.)
Bromate
Monochloroacetic acid
Monochloroacetic acid
RC12
O
7789-38-0
150.9
NaBrO3
NaO Br
O
H O
79-11-8
94.5
CH2ClCOOH
C C OH
Cl
RC13
Dichloroacetic
acid
Dichloroacetic
acid
Cl O
79-43-6
128.9
CHCl2COOH
C C OH
Cl
RC14
Trichloroacetic
acid
Trichloroacetic
acid
Cl O
76-03-9
163.4
CCl3COOH
Cl
C C OH
Cl
RC15
Bromochloroacetic acid
Bromochloroacetic acid
Cl O
5589-96-8
173.39
CHBrClCOOH
C C OH
Br
RC16
Cl O
71133-14-7
207.84
CBrCl2COOH
Cl
C C OH
Br
RC17
Br O
5278-95-5
138.95
Br2ClCCOOH
Cl
C C OH
Br
RC18
Monobromoacetic acid
Monobromoacetic acid
H O
79-08-3
138.95
BrCH2COOH
H C C OH
Br
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Annex, page 8
Symbol Name of
Chemical
Substance
RC19
Dibromoacetic
acid
IUPAC
Dibromoacetic
acid
CAS No.
Molar
Mass
Chemical
Formula
Structural
Formula
Br O
631-64-1
217.84
CHBr2COOH
H C C OH
Br
RC20
Tribromoacetic
acid
Tribromoacetic
acid
Br O
75-96-7
296.74
Br3CCOOH
Br
C C OH
Br
RC21
Chloroacetonitrile
Chloroacetonitrile
Cl
107-14-2
75.47
CH2ClCN
H C C N
H
RC22
Dichloroacetonitrile
Dichloroacetonitrile
Cl
3018-12-0
109.94
CHCl2CN
H C C N
Cl
RC23
Trichloroacetonitrile
Trichloroacetonitrile
Cl
545-06-2
154.39
CCl3CN
Cl
C C N
Cl
RC24
Dibromoacetonitrile
Dibromoacetonitrile
Br
3252-43-5
198.84
CHBr2CN
H C C N
Br
RC25
Bromochloroacetonitrile
Bromochloroacetonitrile
Cl
83463-62-1
154.39
CHBrClCN
H C C N
Br
RC26
Monochloramine
Other Components
Sodium
OC1
chloride
H
Chloramide
10599-90-3
51.48
NH2Cl
Cl
H
Sodium Chloride
7647-14-5
58.44
NaCl
NaCl
NaO
OC2
Sodium sulfite
Sodium Sulfite
7757-83-7
126.06
Na2SO3
S O
NaO
OC3
Sodium sulfate
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Sodium Sulfate
7757-82-6
142.04
Na2SO4
O
NaO S ONa
O
MEPC 62/2/1
Annex, page 9
It was confirmed that NEO-CHLOR MARINETM generates nearly same amount of the
disinfection by-products (Relevant Chemicals) as TG BallastCleaner (sodium hypochlorite)
(see Table 3-1-3).
Table 3-1-3: Concentration of disinfection by-products
(Initial FAC: 20 mg/L, after 5 days)
Symbol
Disinfection by-product
NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM
g/L
TG
BallastCleaner
g/L
RC5
RC6
RC7
RC8
RC12
RC13
RC14
RC15
RC16
RC17
RC18
RC19
RC20
RC21-25
Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Monochloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
Bromochloroacetic acid
Bromodichloroacetic acid
Dibromochloroacetic acid
Monobromoacetic acid
Dibromoacetic acid
Tribromoacetic acid
Haloacetonitriles
0.2
0.7
14
320
1.8
0.3
0.3
4.6
1.1
8.5
3.2
62
65
Below lower
limit of
detection
0.3
0.7
13
380
1.6
0.2
0.4
3.7
0.5
8.0
3.0
58
60
Below lower limit
of detection
Lower limit
of detection
in analysis
g/L
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
3.2
3.2.1
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Table 3-2-1: Aquatic acute toxicity of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate
Dihydrate to the most sensitive species
Class
Species
Endpoint
Duration
Fish
Bluegill
(Lepomis
macrochirus)
LC50
96h
Fish
Japanese
Medaka
(Oryzias
latipes)
LC50
96h
Fish
Bluegill
(Lepomis
macrochirus)
LC50
4d
LC50
4d
LC50
4d
EC50
Intoxicatio
n
2d
EC50
Motality
2d
LC50
48h
LC50
LC50
24h
48h
Fish
Fish
Crustacean
Crustacean
Crustacean
Crustacean
Rainbow Trout
(Oncorhynchus
mykiss)
Rainbow Trout
(Oncorhynchus
mykiss)
Water flea
(Daphnia
magna)
Water flea
(Daphnia
magna)
Water flea
(Daphnia
magna)
Water flea
(Daphnia
magna)
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Concentration
Reference
(mg/L)
Ref.2.1-DICD-1
< 1.0
IUCLID
(22.01.2002)
Ref.2.1-DICD-2
MSDS from
0.42
Shikoku
Chemical
Corporation
0.283
0.46
1.72
Ref.2.1-DICD-3
1.77
ECOTOX
2.4
database Ref.
No.344
0.217
0.25
0.358
Ref.2.1-DICD-4
ECOTOX
0.29
database
Ref.No14413
Ref.2.1-DICD-3
0.11
ECOTOX
0.19
database Ref.
0.28
No.344
Ref.2.1-DICD-4
ECOTOX
0.15
database Ref.
No14413
Ref.2.1-DICD-5
MacKellar D G,
0.196
Weiner M L
(1978)
Ref.2.1-DICD-6
0.199
Ad Hoc EPA
0.196
report (2003)
MEPC 62/2/1
Annex, page 11
Table 3-2-2: Aquatic acute toxicity of Isocyanuric acid (H2CyH)
to the most sensitive species
Class
Species
Bluegill
(Leopomis
macrochirus)
Japanese
Medaka
Fish
(Oryzias
latipes)
Water flea
Crustacean (Daphnia
magna)
Green algae
Algae
(Selenastrum
capricornutum)
Fish
3.2.2
Endpoint
Duration
Concentration
(mg/L)
LC50
24h, 48h
96h
>1,000
LC50
96hr
> 100
LC50
14 d
> 100
EC50
Behaviour
48h
1,000
EC50
Growth
rate
72h
620
Reference
Ref.2.1-H2CyH-1
Ad Hoc EPA
report(2003)
Ref.2.1-H2CyH-2
OECD SIDS Initial
Assessment
Report for
9th SIAM
(France, June 29July 1, 1999)
A literature survey was performed on the aquatic chronic toxicity of the chemical
substances and groups selected in the previous section, i.e. isocyanuric acid, sodium
bromate, trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, and chloramines, which are
shown in Table 3-1-2. The literature surveyed on the chronic toxicity of sodium hypochlorite
and monochloramine in order to identify their disinfection effect on the aquatic organism.
Tables 3-2-3 and 3-2-4 indicate the toxicity data of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM and
isocyanuric acid not described in the application of JFE BallastAce from JFE Engineering
Corporation, which had already acquired the IMO approval.
Table 3-2-3: Aquatic chronic toxicity of Free Chlorine (NaClO + HClO) derived from
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM to the most sensitive species
Class
Species
Endpoint Duration
Fish
Fathead minnow
(Pimephales
promelas)
NOEC
14d
Crustacean
Cladoceran
(Daphnia magna)
NOEC
14d
Mmollusk
Eastern oyster
(Crassostrea
virginica)
LC50
60d
Concentration
Reference
(mg/L)
Ref. 2.2NaClO-2
0.014
J.W. Arthur
et al. (1975)
Ditto
0.002 - 0.004
0.211
Ref. 2.2NaClO-3
IUCLID
p.56(88)
The aquatic chronic toxicity in Table 3-2-3 indicates Cladoceran (Daphnia magna) and
fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) are the most sensitive aquatic species to the
residual chlorine in the ballast water having the 14 d NOEC of 2-4 g/L and 14 g/L,
respectively. The toxicity data listed in the table clearly demonstrate needs of sodium
sulfite for completely removing the residual chlorine from the ballast water after primary
treatment. On the other hand, the most sensitive species in the chronic toxicity to
isocyanuric acid (including its sodium salt) is Daphnia magna having the NOEC of 32 mg/L,
confirming the low toxicity of isocyanuric acid (see Table 3-2-4).
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Table 3-2-4: Aquatic chronic toxicity of Isocyanuric acid (including its Sodium salt)
to the most sensitive species
Class
NOEC
21d
NOEC
LOEC
EC50
21d
Concentration
Reference
(mg/ L)
65.9
Ref.2.2-H2CyH-1
OECD SIDS
Initial Assessment
32.0
Report for 9th SIAM
(France, June 9July 1, 1999)
160
Ref.2.2-H2CyH-2
Sewell I G,
500
Hill J W F (2007)
2,800
NOEC
28d
1,000
Species
Endpoint Duration
Water flea
(Daphnia
magna)
EC50
Crustacean
Fish
Water flea
(Daphnia
magna)
(Rreproduction
inhibition)
Rainbow trout
(Development
toxicity
Ref.2.2-H2CyH-3
Sewell I G,
Hill J W F (2007)
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is added to the ballast water to adjust the maximum FAC
concentration to 20 mg/L. To prepare the solution at the FAC concentration of 20 mg/L,
granular NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is added to part of the ballast water to prepare 0.5-10%
FAC aqueous solution, which is injected into the main line of the ballast water. For
example, 364 kg of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is added to 10,000 tons of the ballast water.
In actual use, the TRO sensors are used to control the amount of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM
to be added.
To neutralize the ballast water after primary treatment, the detoxification system has
developed involving the addition of an appropriate volume of sodium sulfite to neutralize
and reduce the free available chlorine, whose concentration is determined in advance by
the TRO sensors. An aqueous solution of sodium sulfite prepared with fresh water
(in a range of 10% solution) is injected into the discharge line of the ballast water after
primary treatment.
5
The material safety data sheet is given as appendix 8 in this assessment report
(see confidential dossier).
6
RISK CHARACTERIZATION
6.1
The PBT criteria (see Table 6-1-1) were used to organize the results of assessing the
persistency, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of each substance. Table 6-1-2 clearly indicates
there is no substance having characteristics as PBT substance.
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Annex, page 13
Table 6-1-1: Criteria for identification of PBT Substances
Criterion
Persistency
Bioaccumulation
Toxicity
*
PBT criteria
Half-life:
> 60 days in seawater, or
> 40 days in fresh water*, or
> 180 days in seawater sediment, or
> 120 days in freshwater sediment*
BCF > 2,000 or Log Pow 3
Chronic NOEC < 0.01 mg/L
Toxicity (T)
Yes or No
No
RC5: Chloroform
Yes
No
No
RC6: Bromochloromethane
Yes
No
Not available
RC7:
RC8:
RC11:
RC12:
RC13:
RC14:
RC15:
RC16:
Yes
Yes
Not available
No
No
Not available
Not available
Not available
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Not available
No
No
Yes
No
No
Not available
Not available
Not available
No
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Substance of concern
RC17:
RC18:
RC19:
RC20:
RC21:
RC22:
RC23:
RC24:
RC25:
6.2
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Sodium bromate
Monochloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Tribromoacetic acid
Bromochloroacetic acid
Bromodichloroacetic
acid
Dibromochloroacetic
acid
Monobromoacetic acid
Dibromoacetic acid
Tribromoacetic acid
Monochloroacetonitrile
Dichloroacetonitrile
Trichloroacetonitrile
Dibromoacetonitrile
Bromochloroacetonitrile
The test on the toxicity of the simulated ballast water discharge to the aquatic organisms
was performed for the Basic Approval at the BallastTech NIVA AS (NIVA) in Norway,
whereas the analysis of the by-products in the simulated ballast water discharge was
carried out at the Chemical Evaluation and Research Institute (CERI) in Japan, and others.
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Annex, page 14
6.2.1
Growth inhibition tests were carried out using the diatom of Skeletonema costatum
according to OECD 201/ISO10253.
The test results are demonstrated in Table 6-2-1, in which EC10 is 63.5%. This
value indicates there is no toxicity problem in the ballast water so far as the
simulated ballast water discharge is diluted twice the volume. EC50 is > 100%,
indicating the effects of discharged water on the growth of diatoms are extremely
low.
Table 6-2-1: Growth inhibition test in Skeletonema costatum
Test water
Brackish water
.2
Prepared condition of
water
Treated water after
neutralization
EC10 (%)
EC50 (%)
63.5
> 100
Acute toxicity tests were carried out using Acartia tonsa of the marine invertebrate
(crustacean) according to ISO 14669.
The test results are demonstrated in Table 6-2-2, indicating the effects of the
simulated ballast water discharge on the invertebrates are limited.
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Annex, page 15
Table 6-2-2: Acute Toxicity Test in Acartia tonsa
Test water
Prepared condition
of water
NOEC (%)
Note
Brackish water
100
.3
Prepared condition
of water
NOEC ()
Note
Brackish water
100
.4
Chronic toxicity tests were performed using Nitocra spinipes of the marine
invertebrate (crustacean) according to the draft guideline of Danish Standards.
Test results are demonstrated in Table 6-2-4, which indicate no effect of the
simulated ballast water discharge on invertebrates.
Table 6-2-4: Chronic toxicity test in Nitocra spinipes
Test water
Prepared condition
of water
NOEC (%)
Note
Brackish water
100
No difference in
reproduction with the
control group was
recognized.
.5
Chronic toxicity tests (reproduction test) were performed using marine rotifers
(Brachionus plicatillis) according to ISO/DC 20666.
Test results are demonstrated in Table 6-2-5, which indicate no effect of the
simulated ballast water discharge on the rotifers.
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Annex, page 16
Table 6-2-5: Chronic toxicity test in Brachionus plicatillis
Test water
Brackish water
.6
Prepared condition of
water
Treated water after
neutralization
NOEC ()
Note
>100
.7
Prepared condition of
water
Treated water after
neutralization
NOEC ()
Note
100
Chronic toxicity tests were performed using embryos of oyster (Crassostrea gigas)
according to the ASTM method E724.
Test results are demonstrated in Table 6-2-7, which indicate no effect of the
simulated ballast water discharge on the oyster embryos
Table 6-2-7: Chronic toxicity test of oyster embryos
Test water
Brackish
water
.8
Prepared
condition of
water
Treated water
after
neutralization
LC50 (%)
NOEC (%)
Note
> 100
100
Table 6-2-8 demonstrates the variation of the water quality when treating and
neutralizing the simulated ballast water discharge.
As demonstrated in the table, pH was varied little by the treatment and the water
quality of the treated water after neutralization varied little as compared with that of
the control water.
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Annex, page 17
Table 6-2-8: Water Quality
Sample
When
Water
collected temperature
pH
C
13.8
7.96
mg/L
8.8
PSU
21.7
mg/L
0.00
mg/L
0.01
mV
222
Total
suspended
solids
(TSS)
mg/L
64
14.6
7.81
8.5
21.7
12.5
9.6
818
60
14.4
7.96
8.9
21.7
0.02
0.02
298
54
1.4
1.0
804
0.02
0.00
256
0.38
0.16
433
17.0
7.01
8.1
21.7
0.02
0.01
219
17.0
7.45
6.3
21.7
0.01
0.02
234
Test water
Treated
water
Control
water
Treated
water
Control
water
Before
neutralization
After
neutralization
Control
water
Day 0
Day 2
Day 5
Dissolved
oxygen
(DO)
Salinity
Total
residual
oxidant
(TRO)
Free
residual
oxidant
(FRO)
Oxidation
reduction
potential
(ORP)
By-products in the simulated ballast water were analysed at the Chemical Evaluation
and Research Institute (CERI) in Japan. Details of the test are given in appendix 11
(see confidential dossier).
Results
Analytical results of by-products such as trihalomethanes and the quality of water
including the control water are summarized in Tables 6-2-9 and 6-2-10,
respectively.
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Annex, page 18
Table 6-2-9: Analysis of by-products
Symbol Chemical substance
RC5
RC6
RC7
RC8
RC11
RC12
RC13
RC14
RC15
RC16
RC17
RC18
RC19
RC20
RC21
RC22
RC23
RC24
RC25
Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Sodium bromate
Monochloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
Bromochloroacetic acid
Bromodichloroacetic acid
Dibromocloroacetic acid
Monobromoacetic acid
Dibromoacetic acid
Tribromoacetic acid
Monochloroacetonitrile
Dichloroacetonitrile
Trichloroacetonitrile
Dibromoacetonitrile
Bromochloroacetonitrile
Immediately
after
treatment
(mg/L)
0.0002
0.0002
0.0019
0.077
<0.002
<0.0005
0.0001
0.0002
0.0004
0.0003
0.0020
0.0023
0.0099
0.017
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
2 days
after
treatment
(mg/L)
0.0002
0.0004
0.0091
0.22
0.18
0.0023
0.0003
0.0004
0.0042
0.0013
0.0065
0.0060
0.043
0.062
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.002
<0.001
5 days
after
treatment
(mg/L)
0.0002
0.0007
0.014
0.32
0.42
0.0018
0.0003
0.0003
0.0046
0.0011
0.0085
0.0032
0.062
0.065
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Detection
limit (mg/L)
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.002
0.0005
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
1.026
Immediately after
treatment
(30 minutes after
treatment)
Control Treated
water
1.3
1.3
24.3
24.5
8.0
444
17,500
7.2
3.1
8.0
448
17,500
3.1
Control
Specific gravity
(15oC/4oC)
TOC (mg/L)
DOC (mg/L)
Water temperature
(oC)
pH
ORP (mV/Eh)
Cl(mg/L)
DO (mg/L)
TRO
Free
(mg/L)
Combined
SS (mg/L)
I:\MEPC\62\2-1.doc
2 days after
treatment
Control
Control
Treated
water
Treated
water
24.5
25.1
25.1
25.4
25.3
7.9
1,025
17,600
22
<1
2.4
8.0
484
4.0
7.7
1,039
18
<1
1.7
7.9
473
6.4
2.6
7.7
1,040
17
<1
3.0
MEPC 62/2/1
Annex, page 19
Evaluation of analytical results
Chemical analysis of seawater treated with sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate
indicates it contains nearly similar by-products to seawater treated with sodium
hypochlorite. The residual by-product levels 5 days after treatment were 320 g/L
for bromoform, the most concerned by-product in sodium hypochlorite, and in
haloacetic acids, 62 g/L for dibromoacetic acid and 65 g/L for tribromoacetic
acid, respectively. The concentration of haloacetonitriles was below the lower limit
of detection in all analytical items.
6.2.3
The chemical analysis was performed at the ISO 9001 certified organizations listed below:
6.2.4
Since the present ballast water management system always uses sodium sulfite before
discharging the ballast water assuring all of residual FAC to be reduced and detoxified,
thus, the retention time of ballast water is not regulated in particular.
6.3
6.3.1
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Annex, page 20
6.3.2
Concentration
in discharged
ballast water
(mg/L)
18.34
0.0002
0.0007
0.014
0.32
0.42
0.0018
0.0003
0.0003
0.0046
0.0011
0.0085
0.0032
0.062
0.065
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Dilution
ratio
PEC (g/L)
182
182
378
465
418
182
672
182
306
183
182
182
182
182
183
182
182
182
182
182
100.8
0.00110
0.00185
0.0301
0.766
2.308
0.00268
0.00165
0.000980
0.0251
0.00604
0.0467
0.0176
0.341
0.355
< 0.00549
< 0.00549
< 0.00549
< 0.00549
< 0.00549
Note: When the dilution ratio could not be calculated, the dilution ratio of 182
corresponding to the no migration into the atmosphere was used.
6.3.3
The values of logPow are lower than 3 for all chemical substances related to the present
ballast water management system. Hence, the chemical substances in the present system
are not bioaccumulative and there is no need to assess the bioaccumulation potential.
These chemical substances are metabolized in vivo or excreted intact in vitro.
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Annex, page 21
6.3.4
Effect assessment
The lowest toxicity (acute and chronic toxicities) values for Relevant Chemicals are
summarized in Table 6-3-2 in order to assess the effect of the treated ballast water on the
surrounding marine environment when discharged into the waters of the region after
treatment.
Table 6-3-2: Lowest values in chronic and acute toxicities
of Relevant Chemicals
Relevant chemical
RC3 Isocyanuric acid
RC5 Chloroform
RC6 Bromodichloromethane
RC7 Dibromochloromethane
RC8 Bromoform
RC11 Sodium bromate
RC12 Monochloroacetic acid
RC13 Dichloroacetic acid
RC14 Trichloroacetic acid
RC15 Bromochloroacetic acid
RC16 Bromodichloroacetic acid
RC17 Dibromochloroacetic acid
RC18 Monobromoacetic acid
RC19 Dibromoacetic acid
RC20 Tribromoacetic acid
RC21 Monochloroacetonitrile
RC22 Dichloroacetonitrile
RC23 Trichloroacetonitrile
RC24 Dibromoacetonitrile
RC25 Bromochloroacetonitrile
Acute toxicity
(mg/L)
> 100
13.3
33.5
34
7.1
32
0.028
106
1.2
Not available
52.8
55.6
1.4
69
101
1.35
Not available
Not available
0.55
Not available
Chronic toxicity
mg/L)
32.0
13
0.8
0.063
2.9
16
0.0058
Not available
0.01
Not available
Not available
Not available
3.2
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
The amount of isocyanuric acid contained relatively in large quantities in the treated ballast
water is 18.34 mg/L at a maximum. As compared to this value, the acute and chronic
toxicities of isocyanuric acid are > 100 mg/L (96 hr-LC50 for fish) and 32 mg/L (NOEC,
21 days for crustacean), respectively, indicating isocyanuric acid is safe even if discharged
at the maximum concentration. The concentration of bromoform in the treated ballast water
is 0.32 mg/L, whereas the acute and chronic toxicity values are 7.1 mg/L and 2.9 mg/L,
respectively. Monochloroacetic acid has the low values in both acute and chronic toxicities
indicating the large effect on the aquatic organisms, but the analysis of the simulated ballast
water discharge indicates only trace amounts of monochloroacetic acid remain in it. The
concentrations of haloacetic acids and haloacetonitriles contained in the treated ballast
water are also low, but their toxicity information are not available. Hence, the toxicity values
of structurally similar chemical substances have to be used for the effect assessment.
6.3.5
Table 6-3-3 demonstrates the assessment factors used for estimation of the predicted
no-effect concentration (PNEC) values of the Relevant Chemicals.
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Annex, page 22
The PNEC values were in principle obtained by dividing the acute toxicity values of the
Relevant Chemicals in Table 6-3-2 with the assessment factor of 1000.
Isocyanuric acid is generated as the hydrolyzed product of the chemical in the present
system and released in relatively large quantities into the environment. However, its
chronic toxicity value is available from three different sources and the assessment factor
of 100 will be applied for the evaluation of the PNEC value. Since the toxicity values were
unavailable for bromochloroacetic acid and haloacetonitriles, those for the structurally
similar chemical substances were used to evaluate the PNEC values.
Table 6-3-3: PNEC of Relevant Chemicals
Relevant chemical
PNEC (g/L)
320
13.3
33.5
34
7.1
32
0.028
106
1.2
52.8
52.8
55.6
1.4
69
101
1.35
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
Assessment
factor
100
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Koc values for all chemical substances of concern are <500 L/kg. This indicates these
chemical substances have the low potential to partition into the bottom sediment. It was
concluded that an assessment of the effect on the benthic organisms is redundant.
However, isocyanuric acid (its sodium salt) is released intact into seawater and the partition
of isocyanuric acid to the bottom sediment is hence of concern. However, the partition ratio
of isocyanuric acid (0.4%) is obtained using a generic Mackay level III fugacity model and
summarized in Table 6-3-4 below.
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Annex, page 23
Table 6-3-4: Partition ratio of Isocyanuric acid in 100% water discharge
Location
Air
Water
Soil
Bottom sediment
Source
Partition ratio, %
0.0
99.6
0.0
0.4
Ref.1-6 2)
Isocyanuric acid trapped at the bottom sediment is biodegraded by the anaerobic bacteria.
Absorption of trace amounts of isocyanuric acid to the bottom sediment followed by its
biodegradation is repeated, indicating the effect of isocyanuric acid on the benthic
organisms can be neglected. There is a report indicating no toxicity of isocyanuric acid to
the benthic organisms.1
6.3.7
Ref. 1-6 OECD SID Initial Assessment Report for 9th SIAM (France, June 29 July 1, 1999).
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Table 6-3-5: Evaluation of PEC/PNEC
Relevant chemical
RC3 Isocyanuric acid
RC5 Chloroform
RC6
Bromodichloromethane
RC7
Dibromochloromethane
RC8 Bromoform
RC11 Sodium bromate
RC12 Monochloroacetic
acid
RC13 Dichloroacetic acid
RC14 Trichloroacetic acid
RC15 Bromochloroacetic
acid
RC16 Bromodichloroacetic
acid
RC17
Dibromochloroacetic acid
RC18 Monobromoacetic
acid
RC19 Dibromoacetic acid
RC20 Tribromoacetic acid
RC21
Monochloroacetonitrile
RC22 Dichloroacetonitrile
RC23 Trichloroacetonitrile
RC24 Dibromoacetonitrile
RC25
Bromochloroacetonitrile
Observed
value
(mg/L)
18.34
0.0002
0.0007
Dilution PEC
factor
(g/L)
PNEC
g/L
PEC/PNEC
182
182
378
100.8
0.00110
0.00185
320
13.3
33.5
0.315
0.0000827
0.014
465
0.0301
34
0.32
0.42
0.0018
418
182
672
0.766
2.308
0.00268
7.1
32
0.028
0.108
0.0721
0.0003
0.0003
0.0046
182
306
183
0.00165
0.000980
0.0251
106
1.2
52.8
0.0000156
0.000817
0.0011
182
0.00604
52.8
0.0085
182
0.0467
55.6
0.0032
182
0.0176
1.4
0.062
0.065
182
183
0.341
0.355
69
101
0.00494
0.00351
<0.001
182
<0.00549
1.35
0.00407
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
182
182
182
<0.00549
<0.00549
<0.00549
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.00998
0.00998
0.00998
<0.001
182
<0.00549
0.55
0.00998
0.0000552
0.000885
0.0957
0.000475
0.000114
0.00084
0.0126
Note: When the dilution factor cannot be calculated, the minimum dilution factor of 182
was used, whereas when the toxicity values of chemical substances were unavailable,
the PNEC values evaluated from the toxicity value of the structurally similar chemical
substance were used.
7
Risk Assessment
7.1
7.1.1
Effect on ship
Figure 7-1-1 illustrates the outline of the feed system for NEO-CHLOR MARINETM and
sodium sulfite related to the ballast water treatment.
Contact of the NEO-CHLOR MARINETM solution with parts of the ship other than the
storage tanks and pipelines where these are no anticorrosive treatment possibly causes
and accelerates the corrosion of parts of the ship. It has been confirmed in the durability
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Annex, page 25
test of the coating film that the present chemical system is not corrosive to ships including
pipelines at the concentration of the chemical substances injected into the ballast tanks if
epoxy resin linings or corrosion coatings are applied which it is resistant to the ballast water
after primary treatment.
In the present system, sodium sulfite reacts only with free chlorine derived from
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM for reduction and dissolved oxygen to be consumed, indicating it
does not have any adverse effect on the ships and pipelines, through which the treated
ballast water is circulated.
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM
stored
Dissolving Equipment
General service
water
Dissolving Equipment
(1)
(4)
From sea
(6)
Coaming
(6) Coaming
Coaming
Coaming
Coaming
(3)
(3)
(2)
Ballasting
Water
(5)
Deballasting
Water
Ballast
Tank
Coaming
(7)
(8)
(1) Supplying
(2) Disinfection
(3) Neutralization
(4) Supplying
Figure 7-1-1: Feed system for NEO-CHLOR MARINETM and Sodium Sulfite
7.1.2
The inner surface of the ballast tanks might be corroded with the ballast water containing
residual chlorine if the surface is not properly coated with the corrosion resistant paint.
Hence, they have to be applied with the coatings (inner surface of tanks) or liners
(pipelines) of the epoxy resin or other materials resistant to chlorine and salt water.
The surface treatment can prevent the ballast tanks from corrosion.
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7.1.3
During de-ballasting residual chlorine disappears while slight excess amounts of sodium
sulfite remains in the treated ballast water. At that time, sodium sulfite acts as a reducing
agent for residual chlorine in the ballast water after primary treatment. Its reducing power is
higher than that of the transition metals such as iron and zinc. Hence, the outer hull
constructed with steel is not attacked.
7.1.4
Locations for the potential chemical spill are listed in Table 7-1-1 below.
Table 7-1-1: Locations of Potential Chemical Spill
and Countermeasure
Location for potential
chemical spill
Chemical storage tanks
Cause of spill
Countermeasure
Tank failure
Chemical dissolving
equipment
Pipe joints
Locations such as chemical storage tanks, etc., where the chemical is potentially spilled
have to be visually checked every day for any leak and other measures have to be
implemented as follows:
.1
.2
apply a corrosion resistant paint to the inner wall and bottom of the
coaming;
.3
.4
treat properly any chemical spilled in the coaming and introduce it into the
WWCT;
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Annex, page 27
7.1.5
.5
.6
install a tray at any location for the potential chemical spill such as valves,
etc., and guide the treated water for the spilled chemical into the coaming
or WWCT; and
.7
confirm with the basic free residual chlorine analyzer the concentration of
residual chlorine in the treated water collected in the WWCT before any
treatment. If residual chlorine is detected in the treated water, neutralize it
with sodium sulfite.
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM and sodium sulfite are fed from each storage tank to the
dissolving equipment and then to the pipeline for the circulation of the ballast water by
remote operation of the valves and pumps. Injection of both chemicals occurs between the
ballast pump and the ballast tank. Hence, there is no chance for the crew members to
contact the chemicals during the ordinary operation of the ballast water for ballasting and
deballasting. A supply vessel for chemicals is positioned alongside the ship moored to load
a cartridge-type chemical container for replenishing the chemical. The chemical storage
space of the ship needs approximately 3 m3 for NEO-CHLOR MARINETM and 5 m3 for
sodium sulfite, respectively, provided that the ballast tank capacity is 100,000 m3.
Steel with coating or lining of polypropylene, polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride, or titanium
or a titanium alloy are suitable as the material of the dissolving equipments for
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM (parts contacting with liquid) since it has a proven track record.
Resin or steels are suitable as the material of the dissolving equipment for sodium sulfite.
The dissolving tank is equipped with a liquid level sensor and a level alarm, preventing the
liquid from overflow to spill when the chemical is replenished.
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7.1.7
The management system of ballast water loaded on the ship is remotely operated except
the chemical loading into the ship. This can prevent human from exposure to the chemical
when handling the ballast water on the ship. However, an error in operation or incident
could occur in any circumstance. Hence, it is important to educate and train the crew
members for the safety using the instruction manuals and material safety data sheet
(MSDS) provided by the chemical manufacturer in order to assure them for safety handling
and storage.
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM
Confirmation of water
quality
Ballast tank
Venturi tube
Ballasting
Ballast water
At sea
Deballasting
Waters of region
for discharge
Feed
pump
Ballast tank
Sodium sulfite
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7.1.8
Human exposure to the chemical is unlikely to occur in the normal operation, but could
occur only in the accidental release. This type of accidents, in which the chemical is
released by the failure of the ballast water management system, has a potential exposure
of crew members to NEO-CHLOR MARINETM or sodium sulfite.
7.2
The substances of concern for the risk assessment of human health include the chemical
related to the ballast water management system (BWMS), the treated ballast water prior to
the neutralization (ballast water after primary treatment), and the treated water neutralized
and discharged outboard (ballast water after secondary treatment). At first, the chemical
substances of concern related to the present BWMS were screened for their
carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and endocrine disruption properties, leaving 14 Relevant
Chemicals for further investigation.
Potential risks of human health with these chemicals particularly in intake or discharge of
the ballast water will be assessed below.
The margin of safety (MOS) of Relevant Chemicals was evaluated by simulating the
diffusion of Relevant Chemicals in the air vented from the ballast tank during ballast water
intake into the area where the crew members live and work.
The pipeline for the ballast water and the ballast tanks form a closed loop. Hence, there is
no chance for the crew member on board to be exposed to the ballast water after primary
treatment. The ballast tanks are equipped with a vent to equilibrate the air pressure in the
headspace of tank with the atmospheric pressure. The vent is generally installed on the
deck. Hence effects of the vented air on human health are assessed by the following
method, since air in the ballast tank is discharged from the vent during the ballast water
intake.
The software EUSES 2.1 was used to simulate the diffusion of chemical substances with
potential hazards to health of crew members when discharged from the vent and exposed
to the crew members. An exposure route in this scenario is as follows.
Ballast water in ballast tank
Inhalation
Figure 7-2-1 illustrates this sequence in a diagram. The ballast water intake raises the
water level in the ballast tank, pushing out through the vent the air in the headspace of the
ballast tank into the atmosphere. The diffusion of the air containing the chemicals was
simulated given the crew members in the living and working zone near the vent are
exposed to the chemicals in air at a certain concentration as follows.
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Two modes of possible exposure are investigated when discharging or diffusing through the
vent of ballast tank the Relevant Chemicals evaporated into the headspace of the ballast
tank as follows:
Mode A:
Mode B:
Note: As the hypothetical ship, a very large vessel with a gross tonnage of 200,000 tons
and the following geometry were used to simulate the diffusion of the chemicals.
Vent
Deck
Headspace
Vapour
Ballast tank
Ballast water
treatment
after
primary
Ship
bottom
Figure 7-2-1: Vapour discharged through the vent from the headspace of ballast
tank containing the treated ballast water
Among simulated results, the RCR (Risk Characterization Ratio = MOS/MOSref) values
smaller than 104 are shown in Tables 7-2-1 and 7-2-2. These results clearly indicate the
present ballast water in the ballast tank (ballast water after primary treatment) has no risk to
human health of crew members during ballasting.
Table 7-2-1: Risk of ballast water (after primary treatment) in ballast tank to health
of crew embers (Mode A: Under calm wind)
Class
Chemical substance
MOS
MOSref
RC6
RC7
RC8
RC11
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Sodium bromate
5.191 x 104
8.408 x 104
4.499 x 103
1.378 x 104
100
100
100
100
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RCR
(MOS/MOSref)
519
841
45
138
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Table 7-2-2: Risk of ballast water (after primary treatment) in ballast tank to health of
crew members (Mode A: Under Windy Conditions, velocity = 1 m/s)
Class
Chemical substance
MOS
MOSref
RC6
RC7
RC8
RC11
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Sodium bromate
2.812 x 105
4.555 x 105
2.438 x 104
7.468 x 104
100
100
100
100
RCR
(MOS/MOSref)
2812
4555
244
747
Evaporate
atmosphere
Discharge
into
Inhalation
Oral
ingestion
Dermal
absorption
General public
Ingestion as
food
Figure 7-2-2: Exposure route of treated ballast water (after secondary treatment)
discharge to general public
The Local MOS/MOSref values estimated by use of the software EUSES 2.1 were greater
than 104 (Detail described in the Application for basic approval) for all of Relevant
Chemicals and are greater than 1. These results clearly indicate the present ballast water
system has no risk to human health and no need for controlling the risk also during
deballasting.
These results confirmed there is no risk of the ballast water (after primary treatment) in the
ballast tank to health of general public.
7.3
7.3.1
Environmental assessment
Assessment of the chemical substances in the present ballast water management system
in the previous chapters clearly indicates the related chemicals are not the PBT substance
and their PEC/PNEC ratios are below 1 assuring no need for further risk assessment.
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8
CONCLUSION
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM, which has been well established for disinfecting swimming pool
water and drinking water similarly used as sodium hypochlorite, was selected as the
disinfectant, constructing a new ballast water management system based on
JFE BallastAce. While sodium hypochlorite used in JFE BallastAce is an aqueous solution
and degrades unless stored at low temperature, use of a powder form in NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM allows long-term storage stability in smaller space.
Sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, the "Active Substance" of NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM, is decomposed into sodium hypochlorite (hypochlorous acid) and isocyanuric
acid upon dissolution with water. Since sodium hypochlorite functions as the disinfectant
and has strong oxidizing power, the treated ballast water is reduced and neutralized with
sodium sulfite just before releasing into the environment. Trihalomethanes, etc., could be
potentially generated as the disinfection by-product of the ballast water of seawater or fresh
water.
Hence, the risk assessment of these by-products was also performed.
At first, the PBT criteria of the chemical substance contained in the ballast water after
secondary treatment were investigated. Some substances exceed the persistency criteria
and only monochloroacetic acid exceeds the toxicity criteria. However, no chemical
substance exceeds the bioaccumulation criteria. Hence, all of "Active Substance",
"Relevant Chemicals" and "other components" do not belong to the PBT substance.
Next, the risk assessment of 20 chemical substances was performed using the PEC/PNEC
ratio. Among 20 substances, the dilution factor evaluated from the MAMPEC model was
used for 11 substances (isocyanuric acid, chloroform, bromoform, etc.), whereas 182 was
used for the rest of 9 substances (haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, etc.) without the
numerical calculation due to low volatility into the atmosphere. The PEC/PNEC ratio
estimated for all of 20 substances did not exceed 1. This result clearly indicates no need
for further risk assessment.
Substances of high concern are isocyanuric acid generated by hydration of NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM and bromoform generated in the chlorine treatment of seawater.
Isocyanuric acid is very low in toxicity, stable under an aerobic condition, and resistant to
hydrolysis. However, it is trapped by the floating organic sludge in seawater and the bottom
sediment to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions. The PEC/PNEC ratio of isocyanuric
acid was estimated to be 0.315 using the MAMPEC model. The PEC/PNEC ratio of
bromoform by MAMPEC model was estimated to be 0.108. To reduce the residual
bromoform, the free available chlorine concentration to control the bacterial regrowth has to
be further reduced.
Effects of these chemicals on ships and crew members have also been studied with
MOS/MOSref and by corrosion tests. Management of chemicals is very important. In
particular, the dissolving process of granular NEO-CHLOR MARINETM has to be carefully
controlled. At any time and circumstance, a proper response to the present system is
critical for the safe operation of ships and the safety for crew members.
The risk assessment above clearly indicates the present system has both no adverse effect
on organisms and the safe discharge of ballast water by use of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM
and sodium sulfite, assuring its risk to the environment and human health is extremely low.
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9
REFERENCES
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ASTM(2004), E724 Standard Guide for Condducting Static Acute Toxicity Tests Starting
with Embryos of Four Species of Saltwater Bivalve Molluscs.
"Bioanalytical Methods for the Approval of Ballast Water Management Systems (Revised
Edition)", March 2007, The Ship Equipment Inspection Society of JAPAN (written in
Japanese).
BWM.2/Circ.13, 2008 "Methodology for Information Gathering and Conduct of Work of the
GESAMP-BWWG".
MEPC 60/2/2, 20 August 2009, "Application for Final Approval of JFE Ballast Water
Management System (JFE-BWMS) that makes use of
"TG Ballastcleaner and
TG Environmentalguard ".
***
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APPENDIX 1
STATEMENT
Example: Toxicity tests using aquatic species for discharge water
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***
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APPENDIX 2
QUALITY ASSURANCE STATEMENT
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An Example of SOP
___________
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