Design Manual - Kemrock - New

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012
2012
KEMROCKDESIGNMANUAL
DESIGNDEPARTMENT
AtVillageAsoj,VadodaraHalolExpressWay,Ta.
Waghodia,Dist.Vadodara391510,Gujarat,India.
Ph.:+912668281154,
Fax:+912668281159,281111.
Email:info@kemrock.com.
www.kemrock.com
Page1of235
Contents
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................8
1.1.
KEMROCKDESIGNMANUAL................................................................................................................................9
1.2.
INTRODUCTIONTOPULTRUSION...........................................................................................................................9
1.3.
WHATISPULTRUSION......................................................................................................................................10
1.4.
INTRODUCTIONTOKEMROCKPULTRUSIONPROFILES.............................................................................................11
1.4.1.
MajorRawMaterials.........................................................................................................................11
1.4.2.
Advantagesofprocess:.....................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER2:VALUEDSERVICES........................................................................................................................15
2.1.PROPERTIES&BENEFITSOFKEMROCKPULTRUDEDPROFILES........................................................................................16
2.2.APPLICATIONSOFPULTRUSIONPROFILES....................................................................................................................16
2.3.COSTANALYSISOFVARIOUSPROFILES........................................................................................................................17
2.3.1.ToolingCost:.............................................................................................................................................17
2.3.2.RawMaterials:..........................................................................................................................................17
2.3.3.FabricationAdvantages:...........................................................................................................................17
2.3.4.TransportationAdvantages:.....................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER3:PHYSICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIES....................................................................................18
3.1.CONSTRUCTIONOFFRPPULTRUSION........................................................................................................................19
3.1.1.FiberGlassProperties:..............................................................................................................................19
3.1.2.ResinProperties........................................................................................................................................20
3.1.3.Fillers.........................................................................................................................................................20
3.1.4.StructuralVSConventionalmaterials.......................................................................................................20
3.1.5.Anisotropic................................................................................................................................................20
3.1.6.Relativelylowshearmodulus...................................................................................................................20
3.1.7.Theeffectoftemperature........................................................................................................................21
3.1.8.Corrosionresistance.................................................................................................................................21
3.2.COUPONPROPERTIESSTRUCTURALSHAPES....................................................................................................21
3.2.1.Mechanicalproperties..............................................................................................................................22
3.2.2.PhysicalProperties...................................................................................................................................23
3.3.VARIOUSMETHODSOFTESTINGPROPERTIES:.............................................................................................................24
3.3.1.TensileProperties(ASTMD638)..............................................................................................................24
3.3.2.FlexuralProperties(ASTMD790).............................................................................................................24
3.3.3.Compressivestrength(ASTMD695)........................................................................................................25
3.3.4.ShearStrength(ASTMD2344).................................................................................................................25
3.3.5.IzodImpact(ASTMD256)........................................................................................................................25
3.3.6.BarcolHardness(ASTMD2583)...............................................................................................................26
3.3.7.SpecificGravity(ASTMD792)..................................................................................................................26
3.3.8.WaterAbsorption(ASTMD570)..............................................................................................................26
3.3.9.Weathering(ASTMG155,G54)...............................................................................................................26
3.3.10.FlammabilityofPlastics(ASTMD635)...................................................................................................27
3.3.11.SurfaceBurningCharacteristicofBuildingMaterials(ASTME84).........................................................27
3.3.12.ArcResistance(ASTMD495)..................................................................................................................27
3.3.13.DiElectricStrength(ASTMD149)..........................................................................................................27
3.3.14.CoEfficientofThermalExpansion(ASTMD696)...................................................................................27
3.3.15.ThermalConductivity(ASTMC177).......................................................................................................27
3.3.16.SheerStrengthbyPunchingTool(ASTMD732).....................................................................................27
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CHAPTER4AVAILABILITYLIST..........................................................................................................................28
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.
4.9.
4.10.
4.11.
4.12.
4.13.
4.14.
4.15.
4.16.
4.17.
4.18.
4.19.
4.20.
4.21.
4.22.
4.23.
4.24.
4.25.
FRPCCHANNEL..........................................................................................................................................29
FRPCCHANNEL(CABLETRAY/COVER).............................................................................................................30
FRPCCHANNEL(CUSTOM)...........................................................................................................................31
FRPECHANNEL..........................................................................................................................................31
FRPEQUALANGLE..........................................................................................................................................32
FRPEQUALANGLE(CUSTOM)..........................................................................................................................32
FRPUNEQUALANGLE.....................................................................................................................................33
FRPEZANGLE...............................................................................................................................................33
FRPSQUAREBOXSECTION..............................................................................................................................34
FRPSQUAREBOXSECTION(CUSTOM)................................................................................................................35
FRPRECTANGLETUBESECTION.........................................................................................................................35
FRPRECTANGULARTUBESECTION(CUSTOM)......................................................................................................36
FRPROUNDTUBE..........................................................................................................................................36
FRPSOLIDSQUAREROD..................................................................................................................................37
FRPFLAT......................................................................................................................................................37
FRPIBEAM..................................................................................................................................................38
FRPWIDEFLANGEBEAM.................................................................................................................................38
FRPDECKPANELTYPE1.................................................................................................................................39
CHAPTER5:LOADTABLESFORCOMPRESSIONMEMBERS................................................................................42
5.1.
THEOBJECTIVE................................................................................................................................................43
5.2.
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................43
5.3.
THEOBJECTIVESOFTHERESEARCHARETOPROVIDE...............................................................................................44
5.4.
THEALLOWABLECOMPRESSIVESTRESSES.............................................................................................................44
5.5.
COLUMNSWITHGEOMETRICSECTIONS................................................................................................................44
5.6.
FRPCOLUMNTESTPROGRAM..........................................................................................................................45
5.6.1.
DesignEquationsforBoxSections....................................................................................................45
5.6.2.
ColumnswithWideFlangeSections.................................................................................................45
5.6.3.
ColumnswithAngleSections............................................................................................................46
5.6.4.
DesignEquationsforLongColumns..................................................................................................46
5.7.
TABLESFORALLOWABLECOMPRESSIVESTRESSESANDLOADS.................................................................................47
5.7.1.
TUBE1.5X1.5X0.13inch...................................................................................................................48
5.7.2.
TUBE1.5X1.5X0.25inch...................................................................................................................49
5.7.3.
TUBE1.5X1.5X0.25inch...................................................................................................................50
5.7.4.
TUBE2X2X0.13inch.........................................................................................................................51
5.7.5.
TUBE2X2X0.25inch.........................................................................................................................52
5.7.6.
TUBE2.27X2.27X0.14inch...............................................................................................................53
5.7.7.
TUBE2.5X2.5X0.25inch...................................................................................................................54
5.7.8.
TUBE3X3X0.25inch.........................................................................................................................55
5.7.9.
TUBE3X3X0.38inch.........................................................................................................................56
5.7.10. TUBE4X4X0.25inch.........................................................................................................................57
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5.7.11.
5.7.12.
5.7.13.
5.7.14.
5.7.15.
5.7.16.
5.7.17.
5.7.18.
5.7.19.
5.7.20.
5.7.21.
5.7.22.
5.7.23.
5.7.24.
5.7.25.
5.7.26.
5.7.27.
5.7.28.
5.7.29.
5.7.30.
5.7.31.
5.7.32.
5.7.33.
5.7.34.
5.7.35.
5.7.36.
5.7.37.
5.7.38.
5.7.39.
5.7.40.
5.7.41.
5.7.42.
5.7.43.
5.7.44.
5.7.45.
5.7.46.
5.7.47.
5.7.48.
5.7.49.
5.7.50.
5.7.51.
5.7.52.
TUBE1X1X0.13inch.........................................................................................................................58
TUBE0.99X0.99X0.24inch...............................................................................................................59
TUBE1.26X1.26X0.24inch...............................................................................................................60
PIPE1,0.12inchthk.......................................................................................................................61
PIPEE1.25,0.12inchthk................................................................................................................62
PIPE2X0.16thkinch........................................................................................................................63
PIPE2,0.24thkinch.......................................................................................................................64
PIPE3,0.19thkinch.......................................................................................................................65
SOLIDROD1inch.............................................................................................................................66
SOLIDROD1.25inch........................................................................................................................67
SOLIDROD1.75inch........................................................................................................................68
SOLIDROD2inch.............................................................................................................................69
TUBE2X1X0.13inch........................................................................................................................70
TUBE4X1X0.13inch........................................................................................................................71
TUBE6X4X0.25inch........................................................................................................................72
EA1X1X0.1inch................................................................................................................................73
EA1.5X1.5X0.25inch........................................................................................................................74
EA2X2X0.25inch..............................................................................................................................75
EA3X3X0.25inch..............................................................................................................................76
EA3X3X0.38inch..............................................................................................................................77
EA4X4X0.25inch..............................................................................................................................78
EA4X4X0.38inch..............................................................................................................................79
EA6X6X0.38inch..............................................................................................................................80
I4X2X0.25inch................................................................................................................................81
I6X3X0.25inch................................................................................................................................82
I8X4X0.38inch................................................................................................................................83
I12X6X0.5inch................................................................................................................................84
C3X0.88X0.25inch...........................................................................................................................85
C3.5X1.5X0.25inch..........................................................................................................................86
C3.5X1.5X0.25inch..........................................................................................................................87
C4X1.13X0.25inch...........................................................................................................................88
C3.97X1.18X0.17inch......................................................................................................................89
C4X1.38X0.19inch...........................................................................................................................90
C6X1.63X0.25inch...........................................................................................................................91
6X1.69X0.38inch...............................................................................................................................92
C8X2.19X0.38inch...........................................................................................................................93
C10X2.75X0.5inch...........................................................................................................................94
W3X3X0.25inch.............................................................................................................................95
W4X4X0.25inch.............................................................................................................................96
W6X6X0.25inch.............................................................................................................................97
W8X8X0.38inch.............................................................................................................................98
W12X12X0.38inch.........................................................................................................................99
CHAPTER6:SAFETYFACTORS..........................................................................................................................100
CHAPTER7:ELEMENTSOFSECTIONS.............................................................................................................102
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
SQUARETUBESECTION..................................................................................................................................103
PIPESECTION...............................................................................................................................................104
SOLIDRODSECTION......................................................................................................................................105
CCHANNELSECTION.....................................................................................................................................106
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7.5.
7.6.
7.7.
7.8.
RECTANGULARTUBESECTION.........................................................................................................................107
ANGLESECTION............................................................................................................................................108
WBEAMSECTION........................................................................................................................................109
BEAMSECTION.............................................................................................................................................110
CHAPTER8:FORFLEXURALMEMBERS..........................................................................................................111
8.1.LOADTABLESFORFLEXURALMEMBERSANDCONNECTIONS.........................................................................................112
8.1.1.BeamDeflectioncalculation...................................................................................................................112
8.1.2.AllowableStresses..................................................................................................................................112
8.1.3.Safetyfactor............................................................................................................................................112
8.1.2.BEAMDEFLECTIONFORMULA.............................................................................................................................113
8.1.2.1.Uniformloadonsimplysupportedbeam............................................................................................113
8.1.2.2.Uniformloadonfixedatboththesupportsofthebeam....................................................................113
8.1.2.3.Pointloadonsimplysupportedbeam.................................................................................................113
8.1.2.4.Pointloadonfixedatboththesupportsofthebeam.........................................................................113
8.1.2.5.Pointloadoncantileverbeam.............................................................................................................114
8.1.2.6.Uniformloadoncantileverbeam.......................................................................................................114
8.1.2.7.Twopointloadsequallyspacedonasimplysupportedbeams..........................................................114
8.2.ShearAreasShearCoefficientsforVariouscrossSections........................................................................115
8.3.BeamAllowableUDLTable........................................................................................................................116
CHAPTER9ENVIRONMENTALCONSIDERATIONS............................................................................................145
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
TEMPERATURE.............................................................................................................................................146
CORROSIONEFFECTS......................................................................................................................................146
CONCENTRATIONOFSOLUTION........................................................................................................................146
TIMEOFCHEMICALEXPOSURE.........................................................................................................................146
STANDARDPOLYESTER(ISO)RESINSYSTEM.......................................................................................................146
CHEMICALCOMPATIBILITYGUIDE.....................................................................................................................147
CHAPTER10CONNECTIONDETAILS.............................................................................................................148
10.1.TYPICALBEAMCONNECTIONDETAILS...................................................................................................................149
10.1.1. BeamtoBeamConnection..............................................................................................................149
10.1.2. BeamOverBeamConnection.........................................................................................................150
10.1.3. BeamtoBeamConnection..............................................................................................................150
10.1.4. BeamtoChannelConnection..........................................................................................................150
10.1.5. BeamtoChannelConnection..........................................................................................................151
10.1.6. WideFlangeColumnBase...............................................................................................................151
10.2. VERTICALPOSTMOUNTINGDETAILS................................................................................................................152
10.2.1. TopMountSteelStanchionbase.....................................................................................................152
10.2.2. HandrailtoFRPStructure...............................................................................................................152
10.3. VERTICALPOSTMOUNTINGDETAILS................................................................................................................153
10.4. KICKPLATESPLICECONDITION........................................................................................................................154
10.5. STAIRSTINGERDETAIL...................................................................................................................................154
10.5.1. TopStairStringerMount.................................................................................................................155
10.5.2. FloorStairStringerMount...............................................................................................................155
10.6. LADDERSYSTEM...........................................................................................................................................156
10.6.1. LadderSpliceJoints&LadderMountKit.........................................................................................156
10.7. CAGELADDERSYSTEM...................................................................................................................................157
10.7.1. FloorMountingAssembly...............................................................................................................158
10.7.2. StandardHoopAssembly................................................................................................................158
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CHAPTER11CORROSIONGUIDE.....................................................................................................................159
11.1.A....................................................................................................................................................................160
11.2.B....................................................................................................................................................................163
11.3.C....................................................................................................................................................................165
11.4.D...................................................................................................................................................................168
11.5.E....................................................................................................................................................................170
11.6.F....................................................................................................................................................................171
11.7.G...................................................................................................................................................................172
11.8.H...................................................................................................................................................................173
11.9.I.....................................................................................................................................................................175
11.10.J...................................................................................................................................................................175
11.11.K..................................................................................................................................................................175
11.12.L..................................................................................................................................................................176
11.13.M................................................................................................................................................................177
11.14.N.................................................................................................................................................................178
11.15.O.................................................................................................................................................................179
11.16.P..................................................................................................................................................................179
11.17.Q.................................................................................................................................................................182
11.18.R..................................................................................................................................................................182
11.19.S..................................................................................................................................................................183
11.20.T..................................................................................................................................................................187
11.21.U.................................................................................................................................................................188
11.22.V..................................................................................................................................................................188
11.23.W................................................................................................................................................................188
11.24.X..................................................................................................................................................................188
CHAPTER12FABRICATIONTECHNIQUES.......................................................................................................190
12.1 MANYPROFILESAREPREFABRICATED,MAKING ONSITEINSTALLATIONEASY.......................................................191
12.2 FABRICATIONOFKEMROCKSTRUCTURALPROFILES..............................................................................................191
12.3 ADHESIVES/BONDING...................................................................................................................................193
12.4 ADVANTAGESOFADHESIVES...........................................................................................................................193
12.5 BONDEDSHEARJOINTCONCEPTS.....................................................................................................................193
12.5.1.JointStresses.........................................................................................................................................194
12.6 SURFACEPREPARATION..................................................................................................................................194
12.7 GUIDELINESFORSURFACEPREPARATION...........................................................................................................195
12.8ADHESIVECOMPARISONGUIDEUSEDWITHKEMROCKSTANDARDSTRUCTURALANDKEMROCKSUPERSTRUCTURALPROFILES.
(TABLE:111)...........................................................................................................................................................196
12.9COMPARISONOFJOININGTECHNIQUES.(TABLE:112).............................................................................................196
12.10MACHININGOPERATIONS.(TABLE:113).............................................................................................................197
12.11
CUTTINGPROCEDURES..............................................................................................................................197
12.12
OPERATINGTIPS.......................................................................................................................................198
12.13
PARAMETERSFORDRILLING........................................................................................................................198
12.14
OTHERUSEFULGUIDELINESFORPUNCHING...................................................................................................199
12.15
SHEARING...............................................................................................................................................200
12.16
PAINTING................................................................................................................................................200
12.17
SURFACEPREPARATION.............................................................................................................................200
12.18
JOININGKEMROCKSTRUCTURALPROFILES.....................................................................................................201
12.20.1. ChannelJoints.................................................................................................................................201
12.20.2. TubeJoints......................................................................................................................................202
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12.20.3. FabricatedBeams...........................................................................................................................203
12.20.4. IbeamJoints....................................................................................................................................204
12.20.5. PlatformsSupports..........................................................................................................................204
12.21.
MECHANICALFASTENINGS..........................................................................................................................204
CHAPTER13AVAILABLECERTIFICATION.......................................................................................................208
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10.
ASTME84FORPULTRUDEDSTRUCTURALPROFILES............................................................................................209
USCGAPPROVALFORSAFETSPANI6015TYPEPHENOLICPULTRUDEDGRATING....................................................213
ABSCERTIFICATEFORSAFETSPANI6015TYPEPHENOLICPULTRUDEDGRATING...................................................214
DNVAPPROVALFORCABLETRAYS...................................................................................................................215
BSIAPPROVALFORMOBILEACCESS&WORKINGTOWERS....................................................................................218
MILANOTESTCERTIFICATESFORPROFILES.........................................................................................................220
ASTME84FORFRPLAMINATEWITHKPR6640RESINSYSTEM...........................................................................224
CHANNELBENDINGTEST.................................................................................................................................228
APPLICATIONSOFFRPPRODUCTS...........................................................................................................232
CONTACTKEMROCK..................................................................................................................................235
Page7of235
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION
Page8of235
1.1.
KemrockDesignmanual.
KemrockIndustriesandExportsLimited,isworldsoneofthemostintegratedfacilitiesfor
producingvarietiestypesofFRPproductsfornumberofapplications.Pultrusionisoneofthekeyareas
atKemrocksproductportfolio.KemrockPultrudedproductsaremadeofThermosettingResinsand
Reinforcements,whichclassifytheseproductsasastructuralengineeringmaterial.Asaresultofthis,
Kemrockpultrudedproductsarewidelyusedforvariousindustrieslikecoolingtower,
electrical/electronic,chemical,water/wastewatermanagement,consumeretc.
ThisPultrusionDesignManualisdevelopedtohelpDesignengineerstouseasauserfriendlyguidefor
alltypesofdesignsusingFRPpultrusionproducts.Thedataprovidedinthismanualisspecificallyfor
theprocessandproductsproducedinKemrockanditsimprovedandbestproductionprocess
techniques.Thedatadevelopedbysystematicallytestedandformulatedtomatchwiththestandard
proceduresofcalculatingthedesignrequirements.Thismanualprovidesthedatasufficientlyenoughto
getgoodknowledgeabouttheprocessaswellasdifferentapproachestocalculatethestructural
designs.
1.2.
IntroductiontoPultrusion.
Fiberglassreinforcedpolymer(FRP)ismostoftenreferredtosimplyasFiberglassinpractice.
FRPisacompositematerialmadeofapolymermatrixreinforcedwithfibers.Thestrengthoffiberglass
partisdeterminedprimarilybythetype,orientation,quantityandlocationofthefiberswithinthepart.
Allofthesefactorsmustbetakenintoaccountwhendesigningafiberglasscompositeproductssothat
therequiredphysicalpropertystrengthsinadesireddirectionaremet.
Resinusedtobindglasstogetherandthiscombinationofresinglassaidsindevelopingstiffnessinpart.
Dependingonresinselectionitwillgivepropertieslikecorrosionresistance,flameretardance,
Page9of235
maximumoperatingtemperatureaswellasstrengthcharacteristicsincludingresistancetoimpactand
fatigue.
1.3.
WhatisPultrusion.
Pultrusionisaprocesswhichcontinuouslyfeedsfiberreinforcementinthermosettingreins
throughaheateddietoformafinalshape.Fiberglassrovingsandmatsaredrawnthrougharesinbath
inwhichallthematerialsareproperlymixedwithathermosettingresin.
Thebasicpultrusionprocessconceptisdescribedinthefollowingschematicdiagram.
Thecreelspositionthereinforcementsforsubsequentfeedingintotheguides.Thereinforcementmust
belocatedproperlywithinthecompositeandcontrolledbythereinforcementguides.
Theresinimpregnatorsaturates(wetsout)thereinforcementwithasolutioncontainingthe
resin,fillers,pigment,andcatalystpullsanyotheradditivesrequired.Theinterioroftheresin
impregnatoriscarefullydesignedtooptimizethewetout(completesaturation)oftheonexitingthe
resinimpregnator,thereinforcementsareorganizedandpositionedfortheeventualplacementwithin
thecrosssectionformbytheperformer.Theperformerisanarrayoftoolingwhichsqueezesaway
excessresinastheproductismovingforwardandgentlyshapesthematerialspriortoenteringthedie.
Inthediethethermosettingreactionisheatactivated(energyisprimarilysuppliedelectrically)andthe
compositeiscured(hardened).
Onexitingthedie,thecuredprofileispulledtothesawforcuttingtolength.Itisnecessaryto
coolthehotpartbeforeitisgrippedbythepullblock(madeofdurableurethanerubber)toprevent
crackingand/ordeformationbythepullblocks.KEMROCK(KIEL)usestwodistinctpullingsystems;one
isacaterpillarcounterrotatingtypeandtheotherahandoverhandreciprocatingtype.
IncertainapplicationsanRF(radiofrequencywavegenerator)unitisusedtopreheatthe
compositebeforeenteringthedie.Wheninuse,theRFheaterispositionedbetweentheresin
impregnatorandtheperformer.
Page10of235
1.4.
IntroductiontoKemrockPultrusionProfiles.
1.4.1. MajorRawMaterials.
TherearetwomajorrawmaterialusedforPultrusion,(1)Resin(2)Glass.Belowaresomedetails
abouttheboth,
1.4.1.1.
Resin.
Variousresinsaremixedwithsuitablefillers,catalysts,UVinhibitorsandrequiredpigmentsto
formulatethemixturewhichbindsthefiberstogetherandprovidethepropertiesrequired.Althoughall
theapplicationsareservedbyvarioustypesofPolyesterresins,someotherresinsystemsareavailable
toservethoserequirements.
Differentresinformulationscanbeusedtomeetfinalpropertiesrequirements.Kemrockhasitsown
resinmanufacturingplantswhichhelpstoachievetherequirementseasily.
Table1:VariousResinSystems
Sr.No.
Resin
System
Properties
Applications
Isophthalic
Polyester
Goodchemicalresistanceand
highmechanical
Standard
Structuralproducts
Teraphthalic
Polyester
Goodchemicalresistanceand
highmechanical
Standard
Structuralproducts
VinylestersI
(Bisphenol
EpoxyBase)
Betterchemicalresistance&
mechanicalpropertiesevenat
elevatedservicetemperatures.
Goodelectricalproperties.
Highperformancestandard
structures
Betterchemicalresistance&
VinylestersII
mechanicalpropertiesevenat
(NoralacEpoxy
elevatedservicetemperatures.
Base)
Goodelectricalproperties.
Bisphenol
Fumerate
Electricalproperties.
Betterchemicalresistancethan
isophthalicpolyester
Highperformancestandard
structuresforseverelycorrosive
Environmentsstandardstructural
products
Note:Alltheaboveresinsalsoavailablewithfireretardantversionsmeetingthefireproperties
requirementofASTME84,UL94RatingVO,andASTMD635etc.
Page11of235
1.4.1.1.1.
StandardPolyester(ISO)Resinsystem.
Thestandardpolyesterresinsystemreferstoanonflameretardantisophthalicpolyesterresin
system.Thisresinsystemismanufacturedinlightgreyandincorporatesultravioletinhibitors.Polyester
resinsexhibitgoodcorrosionresistance,goodelectricalproperties,lowthermalconductivityand
excellentmechanicalproperties.
1.4.1.1.2.
FlameRetardantPolyester(ISOFR)Resinsystem.
ThisresinsystemexhibitsthesamecharacteristicsasthestandardpolyesterresinsystemPLUSa
flamespreadratingof25orlesswhentestedinaccordancewithASTME84.TheFlameretardantresin
systemismanufacturedingrayandyellowcolor.
1.4.1.1.3.
FlameRetardantVinylester(VEFR)ResinSystem.
Thisresinsystemismanufacturedfromvinylesterresinwhichexhibitshigher&improved
strengthandstiffnessretentionatelevatedtemperatures,andimprovedcorrosionresistance.This
systemalsomeetsaflamespreadratingof25orlesswhentestedinaaccordancewithASME84
Otherspecialresinsystemsareavailable.PleasecontactKemrockforthesame.
1.4.1.2.
Glass.
GlassFiberisusedindifferentformintheprocessofPultrusion.Thevarioustypesofglassused
anditsimportanceisasunder,
Page12of235
1.4.1.2.1.
Rovings.
Thelongitudinalstrengthofpultrudedprofilesisprovidedbyrovings.Thequantityandlocation
isdecidedattheinitialstageofmanufacturingorasperthestandardworkinstructions.Ravingsalso
helpsinimprovingtensileproperties.
1.4.1.2.2.
Mat.
Matsareusedincombinationwithrovingstoimprovetransversepropertiessuchasbearing,
tearingagainstboltconnectionsetc.,canbeimproved.AtKemrockwehaveFabricUnitforstitching
variousmats,dependingonthetransversepropertiesrequirement.Thishelpstoimprovethe
propertiesasrequiredindifferentdirections.
Page13of235
1.4.1.2.3.
Veil:
Astherovingsmayappearonthesurfaceofthepultrusion,Veilisusedtoimprovesurfacefinish
ofpultrudedprofilesandalsotoprotectloadbearingrovingstoexposetosurfaceofthepultrusion.It
holdsmoreresintogivegoodfinishandhelpagainstcorrosion.
Fig:DifferenttypeofGlass
1.4.2. Advantagesofprocess:
Beingacontinuousprocess,lengthofproductscanbeadjustedasrequired.Asofnowprofilesupto70
incheswideand20incheshighareachieved,andfurtherdimensionsareunderprogress.Uniformcolor
ispossiblesopaintingiseliminated.Bothsimpleandcomplexprofilesarepossible,thiscanhelpto
reducepostassemblyoperations.
Page14of235
CHAPTER2:VALUEDSERVICES
Page15of235
TherearemanyadvantagesofKemrockPultrudedprofilescomparedtovariousconventional
materialslikewood,steel,Aluminumandanyotherplastics.Somefeatures,benefitsandapplications
arementionedbelow.
2.1.Properties&BenefitsofKemrockPultrudedProfiles
Properties
Description
Benefits
Strengthachievedindesireddirection
Structuraldesigncapabilities,impactstr.,
Strength
HighStrengthtoweightratio
Lightweight
HigherPerformanceatlessweight
Densityisabout20%ofsteeland60%of
Reducedinstallationcosts,shippingcost
aluminum
Reducedoperationalenergydemands
Corrosion
Resistance
Unaffectedbymanychemicalsand
differentenvironments
Electrical
Insulation
Nonmagnetic
Structuralstrengthandrigidityprovided
Lessassemblyparts
withmaterial
Predictableinsulationvalues
Thermal
Insulation
Lowerthermalconductivity1/250times Reducedinsulationthicknessrequired
ofaluminumand1/60timesofsteel
Nocondensationproblem
Dimensional
Stability
Stretch,Wrapandswellresistantovera
widerangeoftemperaturesand
physicalstress
Minimummaintenancecosts
Installationlongevityandincreasedservicelife
Outdoorstoragecapabilities,longlife
Nopermanentsetunderhighstress
Easytorepairmisusedparts
Closetolerancepossible
2.2.Applicationsofpultrusionprofiles.
APPLICATIONS
INDUSTRIAL/CONSTRUCTION
CONSUMER
Cableladders&Cabletrays
Gratings
PipeSupports
WalkWays
Platforms
LightPoles
Ladder
Varioustypehandles
Doors
Handrailsystems
WindMills
WindowFrames
Laddersystems
Coolingtowerparts
Bridges
CellPartitions
Screens
Platforms
WASTEWATER
AUTOMOTIVE
InteriorPanelsforrailway,Bus
FrontendsofRailways
ELECTRICAL
Utilitypoles
Cabletrays
Crossarms
Switchgearcomponents
TelecomTowers
MARINE
BoatDeckpowerposts
Fenderpilings
Seawalls
Page16of235
2.3.Costanalysisofvariousprofiles.
ThecostanalysisforKemrockPultrudedprofilesisbeingdonewithconventionalmaterials.This
analysismustincludecostsinvolvedrightfromthedesignstagetothelifeoftheproduct.Thiswillhelp
toevaluatetheuseofKemrockprofilesinvariousapplicationswithcosteffectiveness.Someshapesare
standardwheresomecostsareeliminated.
2.3.1.ToolingCost:
IftheproductrequiredisfromthestandardKemrockprofilelistthereisnotoolingcost
involved.Butifitisacustomprofileitdependsonthecomplexityoftheprofileandvolume
requirements.FortheproductwhichisunderIPconstraints,thespecialdiscussionshouldhappenfor
thepricingtheproduct.
2.3.2.RawMaterials:
Whensomespecialapplicationsrequirehigherperformanceratingsforstandardorcustom
profiles,thesamecanbeengineeredwithspecialreinforcementsandresins.
AtKemrocktheVerticalintegrationofmanufacturingResinsandmultiaxialfabricshelpsalotin
thisarea.Thisalsohelpsinreducingcostsofthefinalproducts.
2.3.3.FabricationAdvantages:
Kemrockprovidesfullfabricationservicesandinstallationservicesasrequired.Ifonewantsto
dofabricationattheirownrecommendationsforfabricationcanbeprovided.ChapterXXXwillhelpyou
tounderstandthefabricationrequirements.
2.3.4.TransportationAdvantages:
ThelowweightsduetodensityandproductshapeinrequiredlengthsforPultrusionhelptoplan
transportationsinbestway.Whiletransportationthisproducts,almostatallthetimesmaximum
weightisachievedpervehicle.
Page17of235
CHAPTER3:PHYSICALANDMECHANICAL
PROPERTIES.
Page18of235
3.1.ConstructionofFRPPultrusion.
PultrusionCompositeDiagram
PultrusionisaprocesswheretwomajormaterialsResinandGlassaremixedwithsomefillerto
formafinalproductandspecificpropertiesrequirement.Typicalstructuralproductscontain45%to75
%glassbyweight.Thiscanbemodifiedaccordingtothefinalmechanicalpropertiesrequirements.
3.1.1.FiberGlassProperties:
Varioustypesofglassvarietiesareavailablesodesignerscanusethesametoachievedesired
properties.ThefourmajortypeofglassareEglass,Sglass,Aramid,Carbon.MostcommonlyusedisE
glass
3.1.1.1.Typicalpropertiesofglass
Table1PropertiesofFibersUsedinKemrockPultrudedStructuralProfiles
Propertiesaredisplayedbelowforvirginfibers,asmanufactured
Property
EGlass
SGlass
Aramid
Carbon
Densitylbs/in3
TensileStrength(psi)
TensileModulus(106psi)
Elongationtobreak(%)
0.094
500,000
10.5
4.8
0.90
665,00
12.6
5.4
0.053
400,000
9.0
2.3
0.064
275,000450,000
3355
0.61.2
Fiberreinforcementsareavailableindifferentvarietyofsinglestrandwoven,stitchedandknitted
goods,whichaddtotherangeofpropertiesoftheendproducts.
Page19of235
3.1.2.ResinProperties
Selectionisresinisdonebasedontheenvironmentalconditions,wateranalysisandfire
performancerequired.
PolyestersarethemostcommonresinsusedforPultrsuion.Verywiderangeofpolysters
manufacturedatKemrockwithdifferentcharacteristicstosuitendproductrequirements.Kemrockcan
helpcustomersselectingresinsystemslookingtotherequirements..
WithabovecommonpolyesterresinsFireretardantpolyestersarealsoavailable.Fire
retardancycanbealteredwiththeproperblendingofdifferentresins.Someoftheobtainableresultson
flammabilityspecificationsandtestsarepresentedfurtherinthematerialproperties.Forbetterfire
propertiesPhenolicresinsareused.KemrockisalsomanufacturingPhenolicresininhouse.Vinylester
resinisusedtoimprovethephysicalproperties.Theincreaseinpropertiesisapprox.10to15%.Epoxy
resinisusedwithEglasstofurtherimprovethephysicalproperties.
3.1.2.1.PropertiesofResinsUsedinKemrockpultrudedStructuralprofiles
Property
Polyester Vinylester Epoxy
TestMethod
TensileStrength
11,200
11,800
11,000 ASTMD638
%Elongation
4.5
5
6.3
ASTMD638
FlexuralModulus
0.43
0.54
0.47
ASTMD790
HeatDistortion(F)
160
220
330
ASTMD648
ShortBeamShear(psi) 4,500
5,500
8,000
ASTMD2344
3.1.3.Fillers
DifferentfillersarealsousedwithResinandreinforcementtoproduceKemrockpultruded
profiles.PropertieslikeChemicalresistance,Surfacefinish,Insulation,fireretardancycanbeimproved
usingvariousfillers.
3.1.4.StructuralVSConventionalmaterials
Designingusingthismanualdesignershouldkeepfollowingdifferenceinmind.
RelativelyLowmodulusofElasticity.ThemodulusofelasticityofKIELstructuralisapproximately
onetenththatofsteel.Asaresult,deflectionisoftenacontrollingdesignfactor.
3.1.5.Anisotropic
Pultrudedcompositesarenothomogeneousornonisotropic.Therefore,themechanical
propertiesofKIELstructuralprofilesaredirectional.WhendesigningwithKIELstructuralprofiles,itis
importanttoconsiderstressinboththetransverseandlongitudinaldirections.
3.1.6.Relativelylowshearmodulus
Theshearmodulusofpultrudedfiberglassshapesislowcomparedtometals.Accordinglythe
designershouldbeawarethatshearstressaddsdeflectiontoloadedbeamsabovetheclassicalflexural
deflection.
Page20of235
3.1.7.Theeffectoftemperature
KIELstructuralshapesaremoresusceptibletopropertydegradationathightemperaturesthan
aremetals.Thedesignershouldkeepthisinmindwherethedesigntemperatureisabove150Ffor
polyesterand200Fforvinylester.
3.1.8.Corrosionresistance
KIELstructuralshapesareoftenplacedincorrosiveenvironments.GenerallyKIELstructural
shapesofersuperiorcorrosionresistancewhencomparedtoconventionalbuildingmaterials.See
chapter11corrosionresistanceguidetoKIELforguidance.
3.2.COUPONPROPERTIESSTRUCTURALSHAPES
InthenextpagearethetestresultsfortypicalcouponpropertiesofStructuralshapes.
PropertiesarederivedpertheASTMtestmethodshown.Syntheticsurfacingveilandultraviolet
inhibitorsarestandard.
Page21of235
3.2.1.Mechanicalproperties.
MECHANICALPROPERTIES
ASTM
TensilestressLW
D638
TensilestressCW
D638
TensileModulus,LW
D638
TensileModulus,CW
D638
Compressivestress,LW
D695
Compressivestress,CW
D695
CompressiveModulus,LW
D695
CompressiveModulus,CW
D695
FlexuralStress,LW
D790
FlexuralStress,CW
D790
FlexuralModulus,LW
D790
FlexuralModulus,CW
D790
ModulusofElasticity,E
FULL
SECTION
ShearModulus
Shortbeamshear
D2344
UltimateBearingstress,LW
D953
UltimateBearingstress,CW
D953
Poisson'sRatio,LW
D3039
Poisson'sRatio,CW
D3039
PunchShear,LW
D732
IzodImpact,LW
IzodImpact,CW
D256
D256
STDSTRUCTUREVALUE
35,000psi
240Mpa
8,750psi
60Mpa
2.9X106psi
20Gpa
1.5X106psi
10.34Gpa
35,000psi
241Mpa
15,000psi
103Mpa
2.5X106psi
17.24Gpa
1.0X106psi
6.89Gpa
45,000psi
310Mpa
15,000psi
103Mpa
2.0X106psi
13.79Gpa
1.0106psi
6.89Gpa
33106psi
23.00Gpa
0.42106psi
2.9Gpa
4,500psi
31Mpa
35,000psi
241Mpa
30,000psi
206Mpa
0.33in/in
0.33mm/mm
0.11in/in
0.11mm/mm
10,000psi
69Mpa
30ftlbs/in
10ftlbs/in
SUPERSTRUCTURE
VALUE
40,000psi
275Mpa
9,750psi
67Mpa
2.9X106psi
20.0Gpa
1.5X106psi
10.34Gpa
40,000psi
275Mpa
15,000psi
103Mpa
2.5X106psi
17.24Gpa
1.0X106psi
6.89Gpa
50,000psi
345Mpa
17,000psi
117Mpa
2.0X106psi
13.79Gpa
1.0106psi
6.89Gpa
3.3106psi
23.00Gpa
0.45psi
3.1Gpa
4,500psi
31Mpa
40,000psi
275Mpa
35,000
241Mpa
0.33in/in
0.33mm/mm
0.11in/in
0.11mm/mm
10,000psi
69Mpa
30ftlbs/in
10ftlbs/in
Page22of235
3.2.2.PhysicalProperties.
PHYSICALPROPERTIES
ASTM
STDSTRUCTUREVALUE
SUPERSTRUCTUREVALUE
BarcolHardness
24hourswaterAbsorption
D2583
D570
45
0.45%max
45
0.45%max
Density
D729
CoefficientofThermal
Expansion,LW
D696
7106in/in/0F
12.6106mm/mm/0C
7106in/in/0F
12.6106mm/mm/0C
ThermalConductivity,LW
C177
4.0BTU/SF/Hr0F/in
0.57W/mk
4.0BTU/SF/Hr0F/in
0.57W/mk
ELECTRICALPROPERTIES
ASTM
STDSTRUCTUREVALUE
SUPERSTRUCTUREVALUE
ArcResistance,LW
DielectricStrength,LW
DielectricStrength,PF
D495
D149
D149
120seconds
35kv/in
200volts/mil
120seconds
40kv/in
200volts/mil
FLAMMABILITYPROPERTIES
ASTM
STDSTRUCTUREVALUE
SUPERSTRUCTUREVALUE
TunnelTest
FlammabilityTest
VerticalBurningTest
E84
D635
UL94
25Flamespread
CC1mm/Minute
V0
25Flamespread
CC1mm/Minute
V0
0.071lbs/in3
2gm/cc
0.071lbs/in3
2gm/cc
Page23of235
3.3.VariousMethodsofTestingProperties:
Thetypicalpropertieslistedinthemanualareobtainedusingbatchwiserandomtestingof
samplesthroughvarioustestmethods.Belowisshortdescriptionaboutthestandardwithsomesnaps.
Detailsaboutthesameareavailableinreferencestandards.
3.3.1.TensileProperties(ASTMD638).
AsampleisusedtodeterminethetensileStrengthandmodulusofelasticityoftheMaterial
basedonstressandstrain.
3.3.2.FlexuralProperties(ASTMD790).
ThisismeasuredbyplacingthespecimenontwoSupports.Loadfromcentreisapplieduptothe
failureoccurs.Theloadatfailureisconsideredtobetheultimateflexuralstrength.
Page24of235
3.3.3.Compressivestrength(ASTMD695).
TheultimatecompressivestrengthofamaterialistheForcerequiredtoruptureaspecimen.
3.3.4.ShearStrength(ASTMD2344).
ThistestmethoddeterminestheshortbeamShearstrengthofthehighmodulusfiber
reinforcedCompositematerials.
3.3.5.IzodImpact(ASTMD256).
Anotchedspecimenisclampedinadevice,whereitishitbyaswingingpendulum.Thistest
methodcoverthedeterminationoftheresistanceofplasticstostandardizedmachinedinbraking
standardnotchedandunnotchedspecimenwithonependulumswing.
Page25of235
3.3.6.BarcolHardness(ASTMD2583).
ThisisdeterminedbytheresistanceofasampletotheindentationofanIndenter.Thismaterial
Widerangeofsovaluesmorereadingsaretakenandaveragedout.
3.3.7.SpecificGravity(ASTMD792).
SpecificGravityistheratiooftheweightofamaterialtoanequalamountofwater.
3.3.8.WaterAbsorption(ASTMD570).
Forthistestsamplesareimmersedinwaterfor24hrsormore.Theincreaseinpercentage
weightisreportedaswaterabsorption.Thisisveryimportantpropertyforcoolingtowerapplications.
3.3.9.Weathering(ASTMG155,G54).
Thistestisdonebyexposingthesamplestoartificialweatheringconditions,simulatingthe
deteriorationcausedbydifferentclimaticconditions.Basedontheresultsbehavioroftheproductcan
beassumedaftercertainperiodoftime.Thisisveryusefulwhentheapplicationisoutdoor.
Page26of235
3.3.10.FlammabilityofPlastics(ASTMD635).
ThetestsampleisexposedtoFlamefor30secondsthenremovingandrecordingtherateof
burning.Thistestmethodcoversthesmallscalelaboratoryscreeningprocedureforcomparingthe
linearrateofburningandtimeofburning.
3.3.11.SurfaceBurningCharacteristicofBuildingMaterials(ASTME84).
Thefiretestresponseforthecomparativesurfaceburningbehaviorofbuildingmaterials,this
methodintendedtoprovidecomparativemeasurementsurfaceflamespreadandsmokedensity
measurementoftheFRPmaterials.
3.3.12.ArcResistance(ASTMD495).
Methodisapplicablefordeterminingtheabilityofamaterialtoresisttheactionofahigh
voltageelectricalarcusuallystatedintermsofthetimerequiredtorenderthematerialelectrically
conductive.
3.3.13.DiElectricStrength(ASTMD149).
ThistestmethodcoverstheprocedureforthedeterminationofDielectricstrengthofsolid
insulatingmaterialsatthecommercialpowerfrequenciesunderspecifiedcondition.Itcommonlyused
todeterminedbreakdownvoltagetothicknessofthetestspecimen.
3.3.14.CoEfficientofThermalExpansion(ASTMD696).
Thistestmethodisusedfordeterminingthecoefficientoflinearthermalexpansionofplastics
byusingtemperatureextremestoChangemolecularenergywithinthematerial.Thistestmethod
describeshowthesizeofanobjectchangeswithachangeintemperature.Thethermalexpansionof
plasticiscomposedofreversiblecomponentonwhicharesuperimposedchangesinthelengthdueto
changesinmoisturecontent,curing,lossofplasticizersothistestmethodisintendedfordetermining
thethermalexpansionundertheexclusionofthisfactors.
3.3.15.ThermalConductivity(ASTMC177).
Thistestmethodmeasuredtherateatwhichheatistransferredbyconductionthroughaunit
crosssectionalareaofmaterialwhenatemperaturegradientexistperpendiculartothearea
3.3.16.SheerStrengthbyPunchingTool(ASTMD732).
Shearstrengthvaluesareobtainedbymountingaspecimeninapunchtypefixturewitha1
inchdiameterpunch.Thestrengtharethendeterminedbyforce/areaandreportedaspsivalues.
Page27of235
Chapter4AvailabilityList.
Page28of235
4.1.
FRPCChannel.
SIZE(inch)
lb/foot
SIZE(mm)
Wt/m
1.45"x1.1"x0.12"
0.343
37x28x3
0.51
1.77"x1"x0.12"
2.165"x1.1"x0.098"
1.9"x1.18"x0.12"
1.97"x0.55"x0.098"
3"x7/8"x1/4"
3.17"x1.18"x0.12"
0.331
0.418
0.39
0.295
0.885
0.539
45.5x24x3
55x28x2.5
48.5x30x3
50x14x2.5
76.2x22.22x6.35
80.7x30x3
0.49
0.62
0.58
0.44
1.32
0.8
31/2"x11/2"x3/16"
31/2"x11/2"x1/4"
3.94"x1.18"x0.16"
4"x13/16"x1/4"
4"x11/8"x3/8"
4"x13/8"x3/16"
0.964
1.263
0.8
1.204
1.716
1.005
88.9x38.1x4.76
88.9x38.1x6.35
100x30x4
101.6x30.15x6.35
101.6x28.575x9.525
101.6x34.93x4.76
1.44
1.88
1.19
1.79
2.56
1.5
41/2"x21/2"x0.24"
4.72"x1.97"x1/4"
4.77"x2"x1/4"
51/2"x11/2"x1/4"
5.9"x1.97"x0.24"
6"x15/8"x1/4"
1.882
1.722
1.761
1.668
1.851
1.828
114.3X63.5X6.35
120.65x50.8x6.35
121.28x50.8x6.35
139.7x38.1x6.35
150x50x6
152.4x41.275x6.35
2.81
2.57
2.63
2.49
2.76
2.73
6"x111/16"x1/4"
6"x111/16"x3/8"
8"x23/16"x1/4"
8"x23/16"x3/8"
14"x31/2"x3/8"
8.21"x4.72"x0.16"
1.87
2.74
2.488
1.549
6.326
2.339
152.4x42.86x6.35
152.4x42.86x9.525
203.4x55.56x6.35
203.2x55.56x9.525
355.6x88.9x9.525
208.5x120x4
2.79
4.09
3.71
2.31
9.43
3.49
Page29of235
4.2.
FRPCChannel(Cabletray/Cover).
SIZE(inch)
1.97"x1.97"x0.12"
4.17"x2.09"x0.12"
4.41"x1.1"x0.12"
6.41"x1.1"x0.12"
7.87"x1.97"x0.12"
lb/foot
0.568
0.809
0.636
0.838
1.166
SIZE(mm)
50x50x3
106x53x3
112x28x3
163x28x3
200x50x3
Wt/m
0.85
1.21
0.95
1.25
1.74
8.15"x1.1"x0.12"
11.81"x3.94"x0.18"
12.04"x1.3"x0.12"
29.76"x0.984"x0.12"
1.91"x1.97"x0.1"
1.97"x0.417"x0.1"
1.015
2.946
1.449
3.18
0.515
0.2265
207x28x3
300x100x4.5
306x33x3
756x25x3
50x50x2.6
50x10.6x2.6
1.51
4.39
2.16
4.736
0.767
0.337
3.94"x1.97"x0.1"
3.94"x3.94"x0.1"
3.94"x0.417"x0.1"
7.87"x3.94"x0.1"
7.81"x0.53"x0.1"
0.67
1.018
0.39
1.64
0.742
100x50x2.6
100x100x2.6
100x10.6x2.6
200x100x2.6
198x13.4x2.5
0.998
1.516
0.58
2.441
1.11
Page30of235
4.3.
FRPCChannel(Custom).
SIZE(inch)
lb/foot
SIZE(mm)
Wt/m
3.46"X1.57"X0.12"
3.94"X1.57"X0.16"
5.27"X1.57"X0.12"
5.9"X2.08"X0.24"
5.04"X1.57"X0.24"
3.3"X1.18"X0.197"
0.644
0.99
0.831
2.02
1.525
0.672
88x40x3
100x40x4
134x40x3
150x53x6
128x40x6
84x30x5&3
0.96
1.477
1.24
3.013
2.27
1
5X13/8X1/4
10X23/4X1/2
12X3X1/2
1.716
5.898
7.175
127x34.93x6.35
254x69.85x12.70
304.8X76.2X12.70
2.555
8.78
10.68
lb/foot
0.781
0.9105
1.864
SIZE(mm)
101.6x27.7x4
101.6x28.7x4
152.4x40x6.35
Wt/m
1.163
1.355
2.774
1.444
152.4x40x4&5
152.4x40x5
2.15
4.4.
FRPEChannel.
SIZE(inch)
4"X1.09"X0.157"
4"X1.13"X0.157"
6"X1.57"X1/4"
6"X1.57"X0.157"
6"X1.57"X0.197"
Page31of235
4.5.
FRPEqualAngle.
SIZE(inch)
lb/foot
SIZE(mm)
Wt/m
0.98"X0.98"X0.1"
1.46"X1.46"X0.24"
11/2"x11/2"x1/4"
1.57"X1.57"X0.098"
1.97"X1.97"X0.24"
2"x2"x1/4"
0.16
0.53
0.58
0.25
0.75
0.79
25x25x2.5
37x37x6
38.1x38.1x6.35
40x40x2.5
50x50x6
50.8x50.8x6.35
0.23
0.8
0.86
0.38
1.12
1.18
2.95"X2.95"X0.24"
3"x3"x1/4"
3"x3"x3/8"
4"x4"x1/4"
4"x4"x3/8"
6"x6"x3/8"
1.149
1.21
1.79
1.63
2.458
3.747
75x75x6
76.2x76.2x6.35
76.2x76.2x9.525
101.6x101.6x6.35
101.6x101.6x9.525
152.4x152.4x9.525
1.71
1.815
2.675
2.44
3.658
5.577
lb/foot
SIZE(mm)
Wt/m
1.219
1.36
76.2x76.2x6.35
85x85x6
1.81
2.03
4.6.
FRPEqualAngle(Custom).
SIZE(inch)
3"x3"x1/4"
3.35"x3.35"x0.24"
Page32of235
4.7.
FRPUnequalAngle.
SIZE(inch)
2.36"x1.57"x0.24"
3.54"x1.98"x0.24"
lb/foot
0.74
1.05
SIZE(mm)
60x40x6
90x50x6
Wt/m
1.1
1.57
SIZE(inch)
lb/foot
SIZE(mm)
Wt/m
23/16"x125/32"x1/4"
3"x21/2"x1/2"
0.95
1.62
55.56x45.24x6.35
76.2x63.5x12.7
1.41
2.41
4.8.
FRPEZAngle.
Page33of235
4.9.
FRPSquareBoxSection.
SIZE(inch)
0.98"X0.98"X0.12"
0.98"X0.98"X0.24"
1"x1"x1/8"
1.26"X1.26"X0.24"
11/2"x11/2"x1/8"
11/2"x11/2"x1/4"
13/4"x13/4"x1/8"
1.77"X1.77"X0.24"
1.97"X1.97"X0.12"
2"x2"x1/8"
2"x2"x1/4"
2"x2"x1/4"
2"x2"x3/16"
21/8"x21/8"x3/16"
2.26"X2.26"X0.14"
2.48"X2.48"X0.197"
2.47"X2.47"X0.16"
21/2"x21/2"x0.24"
2.52"X2.52"X0.1"
2.56"X2.56"X0.14"
3"X3"X0.12"
3"x3"X0.16"
3"x3"x1/4"
3"x3"x3/8"
3"X3"X0.24"
31/2"x31/2"x1/4"
4"x4"x1/8"
4"x4"x1/4"
4"x4"X0.39"
4.49"X4.49"X0.24"
4.49"X4.49"X0.31"
6"X6"X0.39"
31/2X31/2X1/4
lb/foot
0.34
0.58
0.36
0.8
0.55
1.07
0.64
1.13
0.72
0.79
0.72
1.45
1.17
1.2
0.97
1.61
1.26
1.72
0.72
0.99
1.13
1.46
2.28
3.19
2.31
2.69
1.64
2.9
4.02
3.32
4.35
6.97
2.694
SIZE(mm)
25x25x3
25x25x6
25.4x25.4x3.175
32x32x6
38.1x38.1x3.175
38.1x38.1x6.35
44.45x44.45x3.175
45x45x6
50x50x3
50.8x50.8x3.175
50.8x50.8x6.35
50.8x50.8x6.35
50.8x50.8x4.76
53.97x53.97x4.76
57.5x57.5x3.5
63x63x5
62.9x62.9x4
63.5x63.5x6
64x64x2.6
65x65x3.5
76.2x76.2x3
76.2x76.2x4
76.2x76.2x6.35
76.2x76.2x9.525
76.2x76.2x6
88.9x88.9x6.35
101.6x101.6x3.175
101.6x101.6x6.35
101.6x101.6x10
114x114x6
114x114x8
152.5x152.5x10
88.90X88.90X6.1
Wt/m
0.51
0.87
0.544
1.19
0.82
1.6
0.95
1.69
1.08
1.18
1.08
2.16
1.75
1.79
1.45
2.4
1.88
2.56
1.07
1.48
1.69
2.18
3.4
4.76
3.45
4.01
2.45
4.33
6
4.95
6.48
10.39
4.01
Page34of235
4.10. FRPSquareBoxSection(Custom).
SIZE(inch)
1.496"X1.496"X0.24"
7.63"X7.63"X0.15"
lb/foot
1.01
3.96
SIZE(mm)
38x38x6
193.77x193.77x3.91
Wt/m
1.5
5.9
9.6"X9.6"X0.15"
11.63"X11.63"X0.154"
5.53
5.27
244.58x244.58x3.91
295.37x295.37x3.93
8.25
7.86
4.11. FRPRectangleTubeSection.
SIZE(inch)
2"x1"x1/8"
lb/foot
0.58
SIZE(mm)
50.8x25.4x3.175
Wt/m
0.86
2.36"X1.18"X0.12"
2.95"X1.18"X0.12"
2.95"X1.77"X0.15"
2.95"X1.77X0.19"
3.35"X0.98"X0.12"
31/2"x11/2"x1/8"
0.66
0.78
1.1
1.38
0.82
1
60x30x3
75x30x3
75x45x3.75
75x45x4.76
85x25x3
88.9x38.1x3.175
0.98
1.16
1.65
2.05
1.22
1.49
4"x1"x1/8"
4"x2"x1/4"
5.91"X3.94"X0.24"
7.56"X1.97"X0.14"
7.56"X3.94"X0.14"
7.87"X1.97"X0.14"
1
2.32
3.74
2.15
2.61
2.22
101.6x25.4x3.175
101.6x50.8x6.35
150x100x6
192x50x3.5
192x100x3.5
200x50x3.5
1.49
3.46
5.57
3.21
3.89
3.32
7.87"X3.94"X0.14"
2.68
200x100x3.5
Page35of235
4.12. FRPRectangularTubeSection(Custom).
SIZE(mm)
88.9x38.1x3.175
139.7x38.1x3.175
127x51x4
Wt/m
1.49
2.12
2.65
SIZE(inch)
31/2"x11/2"x1/8"
51/2"x11/2"x1/8"
5"X2"X0.16"
lb/foot
1
1.42
1.78
4.13. FRPRoundTube.
SIZE(inch)
0.63"x0.1"
1"x0.1"
1.25"x0.1"
1.32"x0.1"
1.73"x0.24"
1.73"x0.16"
1.9"x0.13"
2"x0.16"
2"x0.24"
2"x0.1"
2.38"x0.13"
2.38"x0.28"
2.38"x0.37"
3"x0.19"
3.27"x0.14"
3.43"x0.22"
5.91"x0.24"
5.91"x0.39"
5.91"x0.59"
2X1/4
lb/foot
0.14
0.24
0.3
0.33
0.96
0.66
0.59
0.77
1.11
0.5
0.75
1.58
1.99
1.4
1.14
1.84
3.55
5.76
8.33
0.974
SIZE(mm)
16ODx2.5THK
25.4ODx2.5THK
31.75ODx2.5THK
33.5ODx2.6THK
44ODx6.2THK
44ODx4THK
48.36ODx3.2THK
50.8ODx4THK
50.8ODx6THK
50.8ODx2.5THK
60.4ODx3.2THK
60.4ODx7.2THK
60.4ODx9.5THK
76.2x4.76THK
83ODx3.5THK
87ODx5.5THK
150ODx6THK
150ODx10THK
150ODx15THK
50.8X5THK
Wt/m
0.21
0.35
0.45
0.49
1.43
0.98
0.88
1.15
1.65
0.74
1.12
2.35
2.96
2.08
1.7
2.74
5.29
8.57
12.4
1.45
Page36of235
4.14. FRPSolidSquareRod.
lb/foot
0.84
SIZE(mm)
25.4SQ
Wt/m
1.26
1.32
1.9
2.58
3.38
5.27
31.75SQ
38.10SQ
44.45SQ
50.80SQ
63.50SQ
1.97
2.83
3.85
5.03
7.86
SIZE(inch)
1"SQ
11/4"SQ
11/2"SQ
13/4"SQ
2"SQ
21/2"SQ
4.15. FRPFlat.
SIZE(inch)
1"X0.1"
11/2"x3/8"
1.57"x0.2"
1.97"x0.1"
1.97"x0.39"
1.97"x0.63"
2.56"x0.38"
2.76"x0.31"
2.76"x0.16"
3"x0.24
3"x0.38"
3"x0.12"
3.94"x0.19"
3.94"x0.24"
3.94"x0.47"
4.72"x0.12"
5.91"x0.24"
6.54"x0.31"
48"x3/8"
48X1/8
48X1/2
48X1/4
lb/foot
0.08
0.47
0.26
0.16
0.65
1.05
0.81
0.73
0.37
0.6
0.95
0.3
0.62
0.78
1.57
0.47
1.18
1.74
15.19
4.897
21.1
10.634
SIZE(mm)
25.4x2.5
38.1x9.525
40x5
50x2.5
50x10
50x16
65x9.525
70x8
70x4
76.2x6
76.2x9.525
76.2x3
100x4.76
100x6
100x12
120x3
150x6
166x8
1219.2x9.525
1219.2X3.175
1219.2X12.50
1219.2X6.35
Wt/m
0.12
0.71
0.39
0.24
0.98
1.56
1.21
1.09
0.55
0.89
1.42
0.45
0.93
1.17
2.34
0.7
1.76
2.59
22.65
7.29
31.41
15.83
Page37of235
4.16. FRPIBeam.
SIZE(inch)
4"x2"x1/4"
6"x3x1/4"
8"x23/16"x3/8"
8"x4"x3/8"
12"x6"x1/2"
6x3x3/8
lb/foot
1.58
2.43
3.68
4.82
SIZE(mm)
101.6x50.8x6.35
152.4x76.2x6.35
203.2x55.56x9.525
203.2x101.6x9.525
Wt/m
2.36
3.62
5.48
7.19
9.71
3.66
9.61
304.8x152.4x12.7
152.4x76.2x9.525
457X114X10&12
14.47
5.45
14.3
lb/foot
1.82
2.47
3.78
SIZE(mm)
76.2x76.2x6.35
101.6x101.6x6.35
152.4x152.4x6.35
Wt/m
2.71
3.68
5.64
5.56
152.4x152.4x9.525
8.3
4.17. FRPWideFlangeBeam.
SIZE(inch)
3"x3"x1/4"
4"x4"x1/4"
6"x6"x1/4"
6"x6"x3/8"
Page38of235
4.18. FRPDeckPanelType1.
SIZE(inch)
TYPE1
lb/foot
4.47
SIZE(mm)
500X40X4
Wt/m
6.654
SIZE(inch)
TYPE2
lb/foot
SIZE(mm)
Wt/m
4.557
640X38X3
6.783
SIZE(inch)
TYPE3
lb/foot
SIZE(mm)
Wt/m
5.495
616X30X4.50
8.18
Page39of235
SIZE(inch)
TYPE4
lb/foot
5.781
SIZE(mm)
500X40X3.50/4
Wt/m
8.606
SIZE(inch)
TYPE5
lb/foot
6.837
SIZE(mm)
600X40X3.50/4
Wt/m
10.178
SIZE (inch)
TYPE - 7
lb/foot
SIZE (mm)
Wt/m
4.232
635 X 28.70 X 3.30
6.3
Page40of235
SIZE (inch)
TYPE - 8
lb/foot
SIZE (mm)
Wt/m
2.687
304.85 X 54 X 3.175
SIZE (inch)
TYPE - 9
lb/foot
SIZE (mm)
Wt/m
6.348
647.70 X 31.75 X 3.175
9.45
Page41of235
CHAPTER5:LOADTABLESFORCOMPRESSION
MEMBERS
Page42of235
5.1.
Theobjective.
To provide a baseline for designing with kemrock FRP columns. Kemrock pultrusions, through
its comprehensive column load test program conducted by group of Design and R & D departments
within Kemrock.
The test is done on the short, intermediate and long columns, ranging from 300mm or one foot to
6000 mm or twenty foot section lengths. The tests were conducted in a reaction frame in the vertical
position, using pinned-pinned end conditions, with the corresponding effective length coefficient (K) of
one.
The columns are axially compressive loaded, with calibrated measurements taken of the axial
deflections and lateral center displacements. Axial load versus lateral displacements were plotted and the
ultimate loads determined. The load is defined as the points on the plots, where the loads no longer
increase due to local, global or bearing failure.
5.2.
Introduction.
In the load tables for compression members represents a thorough investigation on the behavior
of Kemrock FRP columns, to be used as supporting members for engineering structures.
Five section configurations of Kemrock FRP composite columns are studied in the research, as shown in
Figure (a). square tube, round tube, wide-flange, I, and angle sections.
Page43of235
5.3.
Theobjectivesoftheresearcharetoprovide.
The column load data for five section configurations, taking into consideration the length of the column
and the effective length factor, K;
5.4.
Theallowablecompressivestresses.
The allowable axial compressive loads can be calculated based on Software and/or design
equations for predicting load capacity of columns with various section configurations; and Written
explanations to relate experimental data with the design equations and procedures.
5.5.
Columnswithgeometricsections.
Bearing strength of the composite material and the column cross-sectional area is limitation for
the short column. In general, the bearing strength of a structural composite is approximately 35000 psi;
therefore, the ultimate strength of short columns with box sections depends upon the cross-sectional area;
for a given area, the columns with box sections appear to have the highest ultimate load capacities among
the columns with other section configurations.
Slenderness ratio KL/r is the function of ultimate column strength for the long columns. The
column strength decreases with an increase in the slenderness ratio. The dividing line at the slenderness
ratio for short and long columns for box sections, appears to be 35. For Columns with Round Sections it
Page44of235
is observed 30, for columns with wide flange sections this vaule is about 40 and for I-Sections it is about
30, for angles it will be about 45 are observed to divide the Short columns and Long columns.
5.6.
FRPColumnTestProgram.
The length of the composite column varies from 1' to 20' to include short, intermediate, and long
column members. Full scale column tests are performed by an axial compressive load in a vertical
position
The composite materials for the column members are constructed of polyester-based and vinyl
ester-based resin matrices, with and without filler for fire retardancy, and with E-glass fibers.
5.6.1. DesignEquationsforBoxSections.
For short columns with box sections, a bearing failure due to axial compressive loading governs the
design equation as follows:
Columns with Round- and I-Sections
For short columns with round- and I-sections, the columns fail due to a combination of axial load and
bending moment. The design equations consider the interaction of bearing and flexural buckling failure.
A linear equation is developed from the test results for the transition behavior as follows:
5.6.2. ColumnswithWideFlangeSections.
For short columns with Wide Flange Sections, local buckling or crippling occurs on the flanges.
According to the test results, the ultimate local buckling stress, ult,l of Wide Flange Section column can
Page45of235
be predicted by the modified buckling equation of thin plate for

isotropic materials as follows:
It should be noted that the ultimate local buckling strength needs to be checked against bearing
strength. The lower value will be used for the ultimate strength of the short composite column with the
Wide Flange Section. Then, the ultimate strength of the short column is compared with the flexural
buckling strength to determine the dividing point for short and ling columns.
5.6.3. ColumnswithAngleSections.
For short columns with angle sections, the local buckling of the flange occurs, as in the column
with the Wide Flange Section. Thus, the design Equation (4) can also be applied to predict the ultimate
strength of the short columns with angle sections.
5.6.4. DesignEquationsforLongColumns.
The flexural buckling, known as Euler buckling, is the general behavior of long, slender
Kemrock FRP columns under axial compression loads. According to the test results, the ultimate
buckling strength of the composite columns was in agreement with the Euler buckling equation:
(psi) for all long kemrock FRP columns (5)
The equation can be applied to the long FRP composite columns with square-, round-, I-, W-,
and anglesections; however, for columns with angle-sections, flexural-torsional buckling governs the
ultimate strength. In the test, the coupling of the flexural and torsional buckling was observed in a form
of lateral deflection and global twisting for the angle-section columns. The ultimate flexural-torsional
buckling stress can be approximated by the lower value from equation (5) for flexural buckling strength
about the weak axis, or from the torsional buckling equation as follows:
According to the test results, the coefficient = 0.8 is recommended for Equation (6) to account
for the orthotropic material of the composite, where bf is the width of the local flange element (in); one
Page46of235
half the width for Wide Flange Sections; whole leg width for angle sections.
The effective length coefficient, K-value, in the equation, accounts for the different end
conditions. The K-value is recommended in Table 1. for Kemrock FRP composite columns with
various end supports
Table 5-1 Effective Length Coefficient, K-Value
End Conditions
1. Pinned-Pinned
2. Fixed-Fixed
3. Pinned-Fixed
4. Fixed-Translation Fixed
5. Fixed-Translation Free
6. Pinned-Translation Fixed
Recommended K-Value
1.00
0.65
0.80
1.20
2.10
2.00
Note:BuckledShapeofColumnDisplayedbyDashedLine
5.7.
TablesforAllowableCompressiveStressesandLoads.
The following tables provide information for the allowable stresses (Fa) and the allowable loads (Pa)
for columns with square tube sections, round sections, Wide Flange Sections, I-sections and anglesections. The tables represent sections used as compressive members (columns). The tables were
developed based on the following criteria
1. Experimental test results are taken to compare theoretical calculations.
2. A safety factor of S.F. =3.
3. Safety factor is taken as 3.0.
4. Value of K is taken as 1.0.
5. Value of E is taken as 3.5X10 psi.
Page47of235
5.7.1. TUBE1.5X1.5X0.13inch.
Column Allowable Axial Load Table

TUBE- 38.1X38.1X3.18 mm / TUBE- 1.5X1.5X0.13 inch
A
444.1824 mm^2
91022 mm^4
14.32 mm
0.69 inch^2
0.22 inch^4
0.57 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
F.S: 3
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
10.6
21.3
31.9
42.6
11667
11667
11667
6046
80
80
80
42
8032
8032
8032
4162
35729
35729
35729
18515
53.2
63.9
74.5
85.1
95.8
106.4
117.1
127.7
138.4
149.0
159.6
170.3
180.9
191.6
202.2
212.8
223.5
234.1
244.8
255.4
266.1
276.7
287.3
298.0
308.6
319.3
329.9
340.6
351.2
361.8
372.5
383.1
393.8
404.4
415.1
425.7
3869
2687
1974
1511
1194
967
799
672
572
494
430
378
335
299
268
242
219
200
183
168
155
143
133
123
115
107
101
94
89
84
79
75
71
67
64
60
27
19
14
10
8
7
6
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
2664
1850
1359
1041
822
666
550
462
394
340
296
260
230
206
184
166
151
138
126
116
107
99
91
85
79
74
69
65
61
58
54
51
49
46
44
42
11850
8229
6046
4629
3657
2962
2448
2057
1753
1511
1317
1157
1025
914
821
741
672
612
560
514
474
438
406
378
352
329
308
289
272
256
242
229
216
205
195
185
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page48of235
5.7.2. TUBE1.5X1.5X0.25inch.

A
806.45 mm^2
140912 mm^4
13.22 mm
1.25 inch^2
0.34 inch^4
0.53 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
kl/r
F.S: 3
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
11.5
23.1
34.6
46.1
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
5155
(Mpa)
80
80
80
36
(lbs)
14583
14583
14583
6444
64870
64870
64870
28663
(N)
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
57.6
69.2
80.7
92.2
103.8
115.3
126.8
138.3
149.9
161.4
172.9
184.4
196.0
207.5
219.0
230.6
242.1
253.6
265.1
276.7
288.2
299.7
311.3
322.8
334.3
345.8
357.4
368.9
380.4
392.0
403.5
415.0
426.5
438.1
449.6
3299
2291
1683
1289
1018
825
682
573
488
421
367
322
285
255
228
206
187
170
156
143
132
122
113
105
98
92
86
81
76
71
67
64
60
57
54
23
16
12
9
7
6
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4124
2864
2104
1611
1273
1031
852
716
610
526
458
403
357
318
286
258
234
213
195
179
165
153
141
132
123
115
107
101
95
89
84
80
75
71
68
18344
12739
9359
7166
5662
4586
3790
3185
2714
2340
2038
1791
1587
1415
1270
1147
1040
948
867
796
734
678
629
585
545
510
477
448
421
397
374
354
335
318
302
20.0
6096.0
461.1
52
64
287
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page49of235
5.7.3. TUBE1.5X1.5X0.25inch.

TUBE- 45X45X6 mm / TUBE- 1.78X1.78X0.24 inch
A
936 mm^2
242892 mm^4
16.11 mm
1.46 inch^2
0.59 inch^4
0.64 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
F.S: 3
9.5
18.9
28.4
37.8
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
7656
(Mpa)
80
80
80
53
(lbs)
16926
16926
16926
11107
(N)
75291
75291
75291
49407
47.3
56.8
66.2
75.7
85.1
94.6
104.1
113.5
123.0
132.4
141.9
151.4
160.8
170.3
179.7
189.2
198.7
208.1
217.6
227.0
236.5
246.0
255.4
264.9
274.3
283.8
293.3
302.7
312.2
321.6
331.1
340.6
350.0
359.5
368.9
378.4
4900
3403
2500
1914
1512
1225
1012
851
725
625
544
478
424
378
339
306
278
253
232
213
196
181
168
156
146
136
127
120
112
106
100
95
89
85
81
77
34
23
17
13
10
8
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7109
4937
3627
2777
2194
1777
1469
1234
1052
907
790
694
615
549
492
444
403
367
336
309
284
263
244
227
211
197
185
174
163
154
145
137
130
123
117
111
31621
21959
16133
12352
9759
7905
6533
5490
4678
4033
3513
3088
2735
2440
2190
1976
1793
1633
1494
1372
1265
1169
1084
1008
940
878
823
772
726
684
645
610
577
547
520
494
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page50of235
5.7.4. TUBE2X2X0.13inch.

TUBE- 50.8X50.8X3.18 mm / TUBE- 2X2X0.13 inch
A
605.7264 mm^2
229952 mm^4
18.34 mm
0.94 inch^2
0.56 inch^4
0.77 inch
Fa
Pa
F.S: 3
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
kl/r
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
7.8
15.6
23.5
31.3
39.1
11667
11667
11667
11667
7168
80
80
80
80
49
10954
10954
10954
10954
6730
48724
48724
48724
48726
29936
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
46.9
54.8
62.6
70.4
78.2
86.1
93.9
101.7
109.5
117.4
125.2
133.0
140.8
148.6
156.5
164.3
172.1
179.9
187.8
195.6
203.4
211.2
219.1
226.9
234.7
242.5
250.3
258.2
266.0
273.8
281.6
289.5
297.3
305.1
312.9
34
25
19
15
12
10
9
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4674
3434
2629
2077
1682
1390
1168
996
858
748
657
582
519
466
421
382
348
318
292
269
249
231
215
200
187
175
164
154
146
137
130
123
117
111
105
20789
15273
11694
9239
7484
6185
5197
4428
3818
3326
2923
2590
2310
2073
1871
1697
1546
1415
1299
1197
1107
1027
955
890
832
779
731
687
647
611
577
547
518
492
6096.0
4978
3657
2800
2212
1792
1481
1244
1060
914
796
700
620
553
496
448
406
370
339
311
287
265
246
229
213
199
186
175
165
155
146
138
131
124
118
112
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
468
Page51of235

A
1129.03 mm^2
379378 mm^4
18.34 mm
1.75 inch^2
0.92 inch^4
0.73 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
kl/r
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
8.3
16.6
24.9
33.3
41.6
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
49.9
58.2
66.5
74.8
83.1
91.5
99.8
108.1
116.4
124.7
133.0
141.3
149.7
158.0
166.3
174.6
182.9
191.2
199.5
207.9
216.2
224.5
232.8
241.1
249.4
257.7
266.1
274.4
282.7
291.0
299.3
307.6
315.9
324.3
20.0
6096.0
332.6
F.S: 3
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
6345
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
44
(lbs)
20417
20417
20417
20417
11103
4406
3237
2478
1958
1586
1311
1101
939
809
705
620
549
490
439
397
360
328
300
275
254
235
218
202
189
176
165
155
146
137
129
122
116
110
104
99
30
22
17
14
11
9
8
6
6
5
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7710
5665
4337
3427
2776
2294
1928
1642
1416
1234
1084
960
857
769
694
629
574
525
482
444
411
381
354
330
308
289
271
255
240
227
214
203
192
182
173
(N)
90818
90818
90818
90820
49389
34298
25198
19292
15243
12347
10204
8574
7306
6300
5488
4823
4272
3811
3420
3087
2800
2551
2334
2144
1976
1827
1694
1575
1468
1372
1285
1206
1134
1068
1008
953
902
855
812
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
772
Page52of235
5.7.6. TUBE2.27X2.27X0.14inch.

A
756 mm^2
1.18 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0

I
368960 mm^4
0.89 inch^4
kl/r
Fa
F.S: 3
r
22.1 mm
1.14 inch
Pa
6.9
13.8
20.7
27.6
34.5
41.4
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
6399
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
44
(lbs)
13671
13671
13671
13671
13671
7499
(N)
60812
60812
60812
60814
60814
33356
48.3
55.2
62.1
69.0
75.9
82.8
89.7
96.6
103.5
110.4
117.3
124.2
131.1
138.0
144.9
151.8
158.7
165.6
172.5
179.4
186.3
193.2
200.1
207.0
213.9
220.8
227.7
234.6
241.5
248.4
255.3
262.2
269.1
276.0
4702
3600
2844
2304
1904
1600
1363
1175
1024
900
797
711
638
576
522
476
435
400
369
341
316
294
274
256
240
225
212
199
188
178
168
160
151
144
32
25
20
16
13
11
9
8
7
6
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5509
4218
3333
2700
2231
1875
1597
1377
1200
1055
934
833
748
675
612
558
510
469
432
399
370
344
321
300
281
264
248
234
220
208
197
187
177
169
24506
18763
14825
12008
9924
8339
7105
6127
5337
4691
4155
3706
3326
3002
2723
2481
2270
2085
1921
1776
1647
1532
1428
1334
1250
1173
1103
1039
980
927
877
832
789
751
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page53of235
5.7.7. TUBE2.5X2.5X0.25inch.

A
1451.61 mm^2
2.25 inch^2
Length

I
r
799945 mm^4
23.48 mm
1.93 inch^4
Fa
kl/r
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
6.5
13.0
19.5
26.0
32.5
39.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
45.5
51.9
58.4
64.9
71.4
77.9
84.4
90.9
97.4
103.9
110.4
116.9
123.4
129.9
136.4
142.9
149.3
155.8
162.3
168.8
175.3
181.8
188.3
194.8
201.3
207.8
214.3
220.8
227.3
233.8
240.3
246.7
253.2
20.0
6096.0
259.7
F.S: 3
0.93 inch
Pa
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
7226
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
50
(lbs)
26250
26250
26250
26251
26251
16258
5309
4064
3211
2601
2150
1806
1539
1327
1156
1016
900
803
721
650
590
537
492
452
416
385
357
332
309
289
271
254
239
225
212
201
190
180
171
163
37
28
22
18
15
12
11
9
8
7
6
6
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
11945
9145
7226
5853
4837
4064
3463
2986
2601
2286
2025
1806
1621
1463
1327
1209
1106
1016
936
866
803
747
696
650
609
572
537
506
478
452
428
405
385
366
(N)
116766
116766
116766
116769
116769
72319
53132
40680
32142
26035
21516
18080
15405
13283
11571
10170
9009
8035
7212
6509
5904
5379
4922
4520
4166
3851
3571
3321
3096
2893
2709
2542
2391
2252
2125
2009
1902
1803
1712
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
1627
Page54of235

A
1774.19 mm^2
2.75 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0

I
1454643 mm^4
3.5 inch^4
kl/r
Fa
F.S: 3
r
28.64 mm
1.13 inch
Pa
5.3
10.6
16.0
21.3
26.6
31.9
37.3
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
7898
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
80
54
(lbs)
32083
32083
32083
32084
32084
32084
21720
(N)
142714
142714
142714
142718
142718
142718
96618
42.6
47.9
53.2
58.6
63.9
69.2
74.5
79.8
85.2
90.5
95.8
101.1
106.5
111.8
117.1
122.4
127.8
133.1
138.4
143.7
149.0
154.4
159.7
165.0
170.3
175.7
181.0
186.3
191.6
197.0
202.3
207.6
212.9
6047
4778
3870
3199
2688
2290
1975
1720
1512
1339
1195
1072
968
878
800
732
672
619
573
531
494
460
430
403
378
355
335
316
299
283
268
254
242
42
33
27
22
19
16
14
12
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
16630
13140
10643
8796
7391
6298
5430
4730
4157
3683
3285
2948
2661
2413
2199
2012
1848
1703
1574
1460
1358
1266
1183
1107
1039
977
921
869
821
777
737
700
665
73973
58448
47343
39126
32877
28013
24154
21041
18493
16382
14612
13114
11836
10735
9782
8949
8219
7575
7003
6494
6039
5629
5260
4926
4623
4347
4095
3865
3653
3458
3279
3113
2959
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page55of235

A
2541.4604 mm^2
1921222 mm^4
27.5 mm
3.94 inch^2
4.62 inch^4
1.09 inch
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
Fa
F.S: 3
Pa
5.5
11.1
16.6
22.2
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
(lbs)
45958
45958
45958
45959
204432
204432
204432
204438
(N)
27.7
33.3
38.8
44.4
49.9
55.4
61.0
66.5
72.1
77.6
83.2
88.7
94.2
99.8
105.3
110.9
116.4
122.0
127.5
133.1
138.6
144.1
149.7
155.2
160.8
166.3
171.9
177.4
182.9
188.5
194.0
199.6
205.1
210.7
216.2
221.8
11667
11667
7282
5576
4405
3568
2949
2478
2111
1821
1586
1394
1235
1101
988
892
809
737
675
620
571
528
489
455
424
396
371
348
328
309
291
275
261
247
235
223
80
80
50
38
30
25
20
17
15
13
11
10
9
8
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
45959
45959
28687
21964
17354
14057
11617
9762
8318
7172
6247
5491
4864
4339
3894
3514
3187
2904
2657
2440
2249
2079
1928
1793
1671
1562
1463
1373
1291
1216
1147
1085
1027
973
924
879
204438
204438
127608
97700
77195
62528
51676
43422
36999
31902
27790
24425
21636
19299
17321
15632
14179
12919
11820
10856
10004
9250
8577
7975
7435
6948
6507
6106
5742
5409
5104
4825
4567
4330
4111
3908
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page56of235
5.7.10. TUBE4X4X0.25inch

A
2419.35 mm^2
3.75 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0

I
3674544 mm^4
kl/r
8.83 inch^4
Fa
r
38.98 mm
F.S: 3
1.54 inch
Pa
3.9
7.8
11.7
15.6
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
(lbs)
45958
45958
45958
45959
(N)
204432
204432
204432
204438
19.6
23.5
27.4
31.3
35.2
39.1
43.0
46.9
50.8
54.7
58.7
62.6
66.5
70.4
74.3
78.2
82.1
86.0
89.9
93.9
97.8
101.7
105.6
109.5
113.4
117.3
121.2
125.1
129.1
133.0
136.9
140.8
144.7
148.6
152.5
156.4
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
6825
5640
4740
4038
3482
3033
2666
2362
2106
1891
1706
1548
1410
1290
1185
1092
1010
936
871
812
758
710
666
627
590
557
527
499
473
449
427
80
80
80
80
80
47
39
33
28
24
21
18
16
15
13
12
11
10
9
8
8
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
45959
45959
45959
45959
45959
26885
22219
18670
15908
13717
11949
10502
9303
8298
7447
6721
6096
5555
5082
4668
4302
3977
3688
3429
3197
2987
2798
2626
2469
2326
2195
2074
1964
1862
1768
1680
204438
204438
204438
204438
204438
119591
98836
83049
70764
61016
53152
46715
41381
36911
33128
29898
27118
24709
22607
20762
19135
17691
16405
15254
14220
13288
12444
11679
10982
10345
9763
9228
8736
8282
7863
7474
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page57of235
5.7.11. TUBE1X1X0.13inch

A
282.6384 mm^2
0.44 inch^2
Length

I
23735 mm^4
0.06 inch^4
kl/r
Fa
r
9.17 mm
0.37 inch
Pa
F.S: 3
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
16.6
33.3
49.9
66.6
(psi)
11667
11667
4404
2477
(Mpa)
80
80
30
17
(lbs)
5111
5111
1929
1085
22735
22735
8583
4828
(N)
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
83.2
99.8
116.5
133.1
149.7
166.4
183.0
199.7
216.3
232.9
249.6
266.2
282.8
299.5
316.1
332.8
349.4
366.0
382.7
399.3
415.9
432.6
449.2
465.9
482.5
499.1
515.8
532.4
549.0
565.7
582.3
599.0
615.6
632.2
648.9
665.5
1586
1101
809
619
489
396
328
275
235
202
176
155
137
122
110
99
90
82
75
69
63
59
54
51
47
44
41
39
36
34
32
31
29
27
26
25
11
8
6
4
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
695
482
354
271
214
174
144
121
103
89
77
68
60
54
48
43
39
36
33
30
28
26
24
22
21
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
13
12
11
11
3090
2146
1576
1207
954
772
638
536
457
394
343
302
267
238
214
193
175
160
146
134
124
114
106
99
92
86
80
75
71
67
63
60
56
53
51
48
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page58of235
5.7.12. TUBE0.99X0.99X0.24inch.

A
456 mm^2
0.71 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0

I
r
30172 mm^4
8.14 mm
0.08 inch^4
0.33 inch
Fa
Pa
kl/r
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
11667
80
8246
18.7
36680
7808
54
5519
37.5
24549
3470
24
2453
56.2
10911
1952
13
1380
75.0
6137
1249
9
883
93.7
3928
868
6
613
112.5
2728
637
4
451
131.2
2004
488
3
345
150.0
1534
386
3
273
168.7
1212
312
2
221
187.5
982
258
2
182
206.2
812
217
1
153
224.9
682
185
1
131
243.7
581
159
1
113
262.4
501
139
1
98
281.2
436
122
1
86
299.9
384
108
1
76
318.7
340
96
1
68
337.4
303
87
1
61
356.2
272
78
1
55
374.9
245
71
0
50
393.7
223
65
0
46
412.4
203
59
0
42
431.1
186
54
0
38
449.9
170
50
0
35
468.6
157
46
0
33
487.4
145
43
0
30
506.1
135
40
0
28
524.9
125
37
0
26
543.6
117
35
0
25
562.4
109
33
0
23
581.1
102
31
0
22
599.9
96
29
0
20
618.6
90
27
0
19
637.3
85
25
0
18
656.1
80
24
0
17
674.8
76
23
0
16
693.6
72
22
0
15
712.3
68
21
0
15
731.1
65
20
0
14
749.8
61
F.S: 3
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page59of235
5.7.13. TUBE1.26X1.26X0.24inch

A
624 mm^2
74048 mm^4
10.9 mm
0.97 inch^2
0.18 inch^4
0.43 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
kl/r
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
F.S: 3
14.0
28.0
42.0
56.0
(psi)
11667
11667
6224
3501
(Mpa)
80
80
43
24
(lbs)
11284
11284
6020
3386
(N)
50194
50195
26777
15062
70.0
84.0
98.0
112.0
126.0
139.9
153.9
167.9
181.9
195.9
209.9
223.9
237.9
251.9
265.9
279.9
293.9
307.9
321.9
335.9
349.9
363.9
377.9
391.8
405.8
419.8
433.8
447.8
461.8
475.8
489.8
503.8
517.8
531.8
545.8
559.8
2241
1556
1143
875
692
560
463
389
331
286
249
219
194
173
155
140
127
116
106
97
90
83
77
71
67
62
58
55
51
48
46
43
41
39
37
35
15
11
8
6
5
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2167
1505
1106
847
669
542
448
376
321
276
241
212
187
167
150
135
123
112
102
94
87
80
74
69
64
60
56
53
50
47
44
42
40
38
36
34
9640
6694
4918
3766
2975
2410
1992
1674
1426
1230
1071
941
834
744
668
602
546
498
456
418
386
357
331
307
287
268
251
235
221
208
197
186
176
167
158
151
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page60of235
5.7.14. PIPE1,0.12inchthk

PIPE- 25.4 , 3 mm thk / PIPE- 1 , 0.12 inch thk
A
211.12 mm^2
13479 mm^4
8 mm
0.33 inch^2
0.04 inch^4
0.32 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
kl/r
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
F.S: 3
19.1
38.1
57.2
76.3
(psi)
11667
11667
3349
1884
(Mpa)
80
80
23
13
(lbs)
3818
3818
1096
616
(N)
16982
16983
4874
2742
95.4
114.4
133.5
152.6
171.7
190.7
209.8
228.9
248.0
267.0
286.1
305.2
324.3
343.3
362.4
381.5
400.6
419.6
438.7
457.8
476.8
495.9
515.0
534.1
553.1
572.2
591.3
610.4
629.4
648.5
667.6
686.7
705.7
724.8
743.9
763.0
1205
837
615
471
372
301
249
209
178
154
134
118
104
93
83
75
68
62
57
52
48
45
41
38
36
33
31
29
28
26
25
23
22
21
20
19
8
6
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
394
274
201
154
122
99
82
68
58
50
44
39
34
30
27
25
22
20
19
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
10
9
9
8
8
7
7
6
6
1755
1219
895
685
542
439
363
305
260
224
195
171
152
135
122
110
99
91
83
76
70
65
60
56
52
49
46
43
40
38
36
34
32
30
29
27
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page61of235
5.7.15. PIPEE1.25,0.12inchthk

A
270.97 mm^2
0.42 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
PIPE- 31.75 , 3 mm thk / PIPE- 1.25 , 0.12 inch thk

I
28301 mm^4
0.07 inch^4
kl/r
Fa
r
10.22 mm
0.41 inch
Pa
14.9
29.8
44.7
59.6
(psi)
11667
11667
5478
3081
(Mpa)
80
80
38
21
(lbs)
4900
4900
2301
1294
(N)
21796
21796
10234
5757
74.6
89.5
104.4
119.3
134.2
149.1
164.0
178.9
193.9
208.8
223.7
238.6
253.5
268.4
283.3
298.2
313.2
328.1
343.0
357.9
372.8
387.7
402.6
417.5
432.4
447.4
462.3
477.2
492.1
507.0
521.9
536.8
551.7
566.7
581.6
596.5
1972
1370
1006
770
609
493
407
342
292
252
219
193
171
152
137
123
112
102
93
86
79
73
68
63
59
55
51
48
45
43
40
38
36
34
32
31
14
9
7
5
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
828
575
423
324
256
207
171
144
123
106
92
81
72
64
57
52
47
43
39
36
33
31
28
26
25
23
22
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
14
13
3684
2559
1880
1439
1137
921
761
640
545
470
409
360
319
284
255
230
209
190
174
160
147
136
126
117
110
102
96
90
85
80
75
71
67
64
61
58
F.S: 3
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page62of235
5.7.16. PIPE2X0.16thkinch.

PIPE- 50.8 , 4 thk mm / PIPE- 2 , 0.16 thk inch
588.11 mm^2
0.92 inch^2
Length
162188 mm^4
0.39 inch^4
Fa
16.61 mm
0.66 inch
Pa
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
5207
3616
2657
2034
1607
1302
1076
904
770
664
579
509
450
402
361
325
295
269
246
226
208
193
179
166
155
145
135
127
120
113
106
100
95
90
86
81
9.2
18.4
27.5
36.7
45.9
55.1
64.2
73.4
82.6
91.8
100.9
110.1
119.3
128.5
137.6
146.8
156.0
165.2
174.3
183.5
192.7
201.9
211.0
220.2
229.4
238.6
247.7
256.9
266.1
275.3
284.4
293.6
302.8
312.0
321.1
330.3
339.5
348.7
357.8
367.0
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
36
25
18
14
11
9
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(lbs)
10635
10635
10635
10635
4747
3296
2422
1854
1465
1187
981
824
702
605
527
464
411
366
329
297
269
245
224
206
190
176
163
151
141
132
123
116
109
103
97
92
87
82
78
74
F.S: 3
(N)
47307
47308
47308
47308
21114
14663
10773
8248
6517
5279
4362
3666
3123
2693
2346
2062
1826
1629
1462
1320
1197
1091
998
916
845
781
724
673
628
587
549
515
485
457
431
407
386
366
347
330
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page63of235
5.7.17. PIPE2,0.24thkinch.

PIPE- 50.8 , 6 thk mm / PIPE- 2 , 0.24 thk inch
A
844.47 mm^2
215659 mm^4
15.99 mm
1.31 inch^2
0.52 inch^4
0.63 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
F.S: 3
9.5
19.1
28.6
38.2
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
(lbs)
15271
15271
15271
15271
(N)
67929
67929
67929
67929
47.7
57.3
66.8
76.4
85.9
95.5
105.0
114.6
124.1
133.7
143.2
152.8
162.3
171.9
181.4
191.0
200.5
210.1
219.6
229.2
238.7
248.3
257.8
267.4
276.9
286.5
296.0
305.6
315.1
324.7
334.2
343.8
353.3
362.9
372.4
382.0
4822
3349
2460
1884
1488
1205
996
837
713
615
536
471
417
372
334
301
273
249
228
209
193
178
165
154
143
134
125
118
111
104
98
93
88
83
79
75
33
23
17
13
10
8
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6312
4383
3220
2465
1948
1578
1304
1096
934
805
701
616
546
487
437
394
358
326
298
274
252
233
216
201
188
175
164
154
145
136
129
122
115
109
104
99
28075
19497
14324
10967
8665
7019
5801
4874
4153
3581
3119
2742
2429
2166
1944
1755
1592
1450
1327
1219
1123
1038
963
895
835
780
730
685
645
607
573
542
513
486
461
439
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page64of235
5.7.18. PIPE3,0.19thkinch.

PIPE- 76.2 , 4.76 thk mm / PIPE- 3 , 0.19 thk inch
A
1068.32 mm^2
684566 mm^4
25.32 mm
1.66 inch^2
1.65 inch^4
1 inch
Fa
Pa
F.S: 3
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
6.0
12.0
18.1
24.1
11667
11667
11667
11667
80
80
80
80
19319
19319
19319
19319
85936
85936
85936
85936
30.1
36.1
42.1
48.2
54.2
60.2
66.2
72.3
78.3
84.3
90.3
96.3
102.4
108.4
114.4
120.4
126.4
132.5
138.5
144.5
150.5
156.6
162.6
168.6
174.6
180.6
186.7
192.7
198.7
204.7
210.7
216.8
222.8
228.8
234.8
240.9
11667
11667
6173
4726
3734
3025
2500
2101
1790
1543
1344
1182
1047
934
838
756
686
625
572
525
484
447
415
386
360
336
315
295
278
262
247
233
221
209
199
189
80
80
43
33
26
21
17
14
12
11
9
8
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
19319
19319
10222
7826
6184
5009
4139
3478
2964
2555
2226
1957
1733
1546
1387
1252
1136
1035
947
870
801
741
687
639
596
557
521
489
460
433
409
386
366
347
329
313
85936
85936
45469
34812
27506
22280
18413
15472
13183
11367
9902
8703
7709
6876
6172
5570
5052
4603
4212
3868
3565
3296
3056
2842
2649
2476
2318
2176
2046
1927
1819
1719
1627
1543
1465
1392
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page65of235
5.7.19. SOLIDROD1inch

SOLID ROD- 25.4 mm / SOLID ROD- 1 inch
A
506.71 mm^2
20432 mm^4
6.35 mm
0.05 inch^4
Fa
0.25 inch
Pa
0.79 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
F.S: 3
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
24.0
48.0
72.0
96.0
11667
4758
2115
1190
80
33
15
8
9163
3737
1661
934
40760
16624
7389
4156
120.0
144.0
168.0
192.0
216.0
240.0
264.0
288.0
312.0
336.0
360.0
384.0
408.0
432.0
456.0
480.0
504.0
528.0
552.0
576.0
600.0
624.0
648.0
672.0
696.0
720.0
744.0
768.0
792.0
816.0
840.0
864.0
888.0
912.0
936.0
960.0
761
529
388
297
235
190
157
132
113
97
85
74
66
59
53
48
43
39
36
33
30
28
26
24
23
21
20
19
17
16
16
15
14
13
13
12
5
4
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
598
415
305
234
185
149
124
104
88
76
66
58
52
46
41
37
34
31
28
26
24
22
21
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
12
11
10
10
9
2660
1847
1357
1039
821
665
550
462
393
339
296
260
230
205
184
166
151
137
126
115
106
98
91
85
79
74
69
65
61
58
54
51
49
46
44
42
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page66of235
5.7.20. SOLIDROD1.25inch.

SOLID ROD- 31.75 mm / SOLID ROD- 1.25 inch
A
791.74 mm^2
49883 mm^4
7.94 mm
0.12 inch^4
Fa
0.32 inch
Pa
0.79 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
F.S: 3
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
19.2
38.4
57.6
76.8
11667
11667
3304
1859
80
80
23
13
14318
14318
4055
2281
63688
63688
18038
10147
96.0
115.2
134.4
153.6
172.7
191.9
211.1
230.3
249.5
268.7
287.9
307.1
326.3
345.5
364.7
383.9
403.1
422.3
441.5
460.7
479.8
499.0
518.2
537.4
556.6
575.8
595.0
614.2
633.4
652.6
671.8
691.0
710.2
729.4
748.6
767.8
1190
826
607
465
367
297
246
207
176
152
132
116
103
92
82
74
67
61
56
52
48
44
41
38
35
33
31
29
27
26
24
23
22
21
20
19
8
6
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1460
1014
745
570
451
365
302
253
216
186
162
143
126
113
101
91
83
75
69
63
58
54
50
47
43
41
38
36
34
32
30
28
27
25
24
23
6494
4510
3313
2537
2004
1623
1342
1127
961
828
722
634
562
501
450
406
368
335
307
282
260
240
223
207
193
180
169
159
149
140
133
125
119
112
107
101
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page67of235
5.7.21. SOLIDROD1.75inch.

SOLID ROD- 44.45 mm / SOLID ROD- 1.75 inch
F.S: 3
1551.8 mm^2
191628 mm^4
11.12 mm
2.41 inch^2
0.47 inch^4
0.44 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
kl/r
ft
mm
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
13.7
27.4
41.2
54.9
11667
11667
6477
3643
80
80
45
25
28062
28062
15578
8763
124828
124828
69296
38979
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
68.6
82.3
96.0
109.7
123.5
137.2
150.9
164.6
178.3
192.0
205.8
219.5
233.2
246.9
260.6
274.3
288.1
301.8
315.5
329.2
342.9
356.7
370.4
384.1
397.8
411.5
425.2
439.0
452.7
466.4
480.1
493.8
507.5
521.3
535.0
548.7
2332
1619
1190
911
720
583
482
405
345
297
259
228
202
180
161
146
132
120
110
101
93
86
80
74
69
65
61
57
54
50
48
45
43
40
38
36
16
11
8
6
5
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5608
3895
2861
2191
1731
1402
1159
974
830
715
623
548
485
433
388
351
318
290
265
243
224
207
192
179
167
156
146
137
129
121
114
108
102
97
92
88
24947
17324
12728
9745
7700
6237
5154
4331
3690
3182
2772
2436
2158
1925
1728
1559
1414
1289
1179
1083
998
923
856
795
742
693
649
609
573
540
509
481
456
432
410
390
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page68of235
5.7.22. SOLIDROD2inch.

SOLID ROD- 50.8 mm / SOLID ROD- 2 inch
I
A
2026.83 mm^2
3.15 inch^2
Length
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
12.0
24.0
36.0
48.0
60.0
72.0
84.0
96.0
108.0
120.0
132.0
144.0
156.0
168.0
180.0
192.0
204.0
216.0
228.0
240.0
252.0
264.0
276.0
288.0
300.0
312.0
324.0
336.0
348.0
360.0
372.0
384.0
396.0
408.0
420.0
432.0
444.0
456.0
468.0
480.0
F.S: 3
326908 mm^4
12.7 mm
0.79 inch^4
Fa
0.5 inch
Pa
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
4758
3045
2115
1554
1190
940
761
629
529
451
388
338
297
263
235
211
190
173
157
144
132
122
113
104
97
91
85
79
74
70
66
62
59
56
53
50
48
(Mpa)
80
80
80
33
21
15
11
8
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(lbs)
36653
36653
36653
14949
9567
6644
4881
3737
2953
2392
1977
1661
1415
1220
1063
934
828
738
663
598
542
494
452
415
383
354
328
305
284
266
249
234
220
207
195
185
175
166
157
149
(N)
163041
163041
163041
66497
42558
29554
21713
16624
13135
10639
8793
7389
6296
5428
4729
4156
3681
3284
2947
2660
2413
2198
2011
1847
1702
1574
1459
1357
1265
1182
1107
1039
977
920
869
821
777
737
700
665
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page69of235

REC. TUBE- 50.8X25.4X3.2 mm / TUBE - 2X1X0.13 inch
I
138902 mm^4
17.64 mm
0.7 inch^2
0.34 inch^4
0.7 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
446.72 mm^2
kl/r
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
8.6
17.3
25.9
34.6
43.2
51.9
60.5
69.2
77.8
86.4
95.1
103.7
112.4
121.0
129.7
138.3
147.0
155.6
164.2
172.9
181.5
190.2
198.8
207.5
216.1
224.8
233.4
242.0
250.7
259.3
268.0
276.6
285.3
293.9
302.6
311.2
319.8
328.5
337.1
20.0
6096.0
345.8
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
5871
4077
2995
2293
1812
1468
1213
1019
868
749
652
573
508
453
407
367
333
303
277
255
235
217
201
187
175
163
153
143
135
127
120
113
107
102
96
92
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
40
28
21
16
12
10
8
7
6
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(lbs)
8078
8078
8078
8078
4065
2823
2074
1588
1255
1016
840
706
601
519
452
397
352
314
282
254
230
210
192
176
163
150
139
130
121
113
106
99
93
88
83
78
74
70
67
64
(N)
35935
35935
35935
35935
18083
12557
9226
7064
5581
4521
3736
3139
2675
2306
2009
1766
1564
1395
1252
1130
1025
934
855
785
723
669
620
577
538
502
470
441
415
391
369
349
330
313
297
F.S: 3
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
283
Page70of235

A
771.84 mm^2
853799 mm^4
33.26 mm
0.7 inch^2
2.06 inch^4
1.31 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
kl/r
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
4.6
9.2
13.7
18.3
22.9
27.5
32.1
36.7
41.2
45.8
50.4
55.0
59.6
64.1
68.7
73.3
77.9
82.5
87.1
91.6
96.2
100.8
105.4
110.0
114.6
119.1
123.7
128.3
132.9
137.5
142.0
146.6
151.2
155.8
160.4
165.0
169.5
174.1
178.7
20.0
6096.0
183.3
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
8159
6446
5222
4315
3626
3090
2664
2321
2040
1807
1612
1446
1305
1184
1079
987
907
835
772
716
666
621
580
543
510
479
452
426
403
381
362
343
326
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
56
44
36
30
25
21
18
16
14
12
11
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
(lbs)
13958
13958
13958
13958
13958
13958
13958
9761
7712
6247
5163
4338
3696
3187
2776
2440
2162
1928
1730
1562
1417
1291
1181
1085
1000
924
857
797
743
694
650
610
574
540
510
482
456
433
411
390
F.S: 3
(N)
62088
62088
62088
62088
62088
62088
62088
43418
34306
27788
22965
19297
16442
14177
12350
10855
9615
8576
7697
6947
6301
5741
5253
4824
4446
4111
3812
3544
3304
3088
2892
2714
2552
2404
2268
2144
2030
1924
1827
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
1737
Page71of235

A
3064.51 mm^2
9770600 mm^4
56.47 mm
23.48 inch^4
2.23 inch
Fa
Pa
4.75 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
2.7
5.4
8.1
10.8
13.5
16.2
18.9
21.6
24.3
27.0
29.7
32.4
35.1
37.8
40.5
43.2
45.9
48.6
51.3
54.0
56.7
59.4
62.1
64.8
67.5
70.2
72.9
75.6
78.3
81.0
83.7
86.4
89.1
91.8
94.5
97.2
99.9
102.6
105.3
108.0
F.S: 3
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
7679
6689
5879
5208
4645
4169
3763
3413
3110
2845
2613
2408
2226
2064
1920
1790
1672
1566
1470
1382
1302
1229
1161
1099
1042
989
941
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
53
46
41
36
32
29
26
24
21
20
18
17
15
14
13
12
12
11
10
10
9
8
8
8
7
7
6
55418
55418
55418
55418
55418
55418
55418
55418
55418
55418
55418
55418
55418
36473
31772
27925
24736
22064
19803
17872
16210
14770
13514
12411
11438
10575
9806
9118
8500
7943
7439
6981
6565
6184
5836
5516
5222
4951
4700
4468
246513
246513
246513
246513
246513
246513
246513
246513
246513
246513
246513
246513
246513
162241
141330
124216
110032
98146
88087
79498
72107
65701
60112
55207
50879
47040
43620
40560
37811
35333
33090
31054
29200
27508
25959
24536
23228
22022
20907
19875
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page72of235
5.7.26. EA1X1X0.1inch.

A
120.75 mm^2
0.19 inch^2
Length
EA- 25.4X25.4X2.5 mm / EA-1X1X0.1 inch

I
7391 mm^4
0.02 inch^4
Fa
kl/r
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
19.5
39.0
58.5
78.0
97.4
116.9
136.4
155.9
175.4
194.9
214.4
233.9
253.4
272.8
292.3
311.8
331.3
350.8
370.3
389.8
409.3
428.7
448.2
467.7
487.2
506.7
526.2
545.7
565.2
584.7
604.1
623.6
643.1
662.6
682.1
701.6
721.1
740.6
760.1
20.0
6096.0
779.5
r
7.83 mm
F.S: 3
0.31 inch
Pa
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
1806
1156
803
590
451
357
289
239
201
171
147
128
113
100
89
80
72
66
60
55
50
46
43
40
37
34
32
30
28
27
25
24
22
21
20
19
(Mpa)
80
80
80
12
8
6
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(lbs)
2184
2184
2184
338
216
150
110
84
67
54
45
38
32
28
24
21
19
17
15
14
12
11
10
9
9
8
7
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
18
(N)
9713
9713
9713
1503
962
668
491
376
297
241
199
167
142
123
107
94
83
74
67
60
55
50
45
42
38
36
33
31
29
27
25
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page73of235
5.7.27. EA1.5X1.5X0.25inch.

EA- 38.1X38.1X6.35 mm / EA-1.5X1.5X0.25 inch
A
443.55 mm^2
0.69 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
I
57659 mm^4
0.14 inch^4
kl/r
13.4
26.7
40.1
53.5
66.8
80.2
93.6
106.9
120.3
133.7
147.1
160.4
173.8
187.2
200.5
213.9
227.3
240.6
254.0
267.4
280.7
294.1
307.5
320.8
334.2
347.6
360.9
374.3
387.7
401.1
414.4
427.8
441.2
454.5
467.9
481.3
494.6
508.0
521.4
534.7
r
11.41 mm
0.47 inch
Fa
F.S: 3
Pa
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
11667
11667
11667
11667
2454
1704
1252
959
758
614
507
426
363
313
273
240
212
189
170
153
139
127
116
107
98
91
84
78
73
68
64
60
56
53
50
47
45
42
40
38
80
80
80
80
17
12
9
7
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8021
8021
8021
8021
1687
1172
861
659
521
422
349
293
250
215
187
165
146
130
117
105
96
87
80
73
67
62
58
54
50
47
44
41
39
36
34
33
31
29
28
26
35680
35680
35680
35680
7506
5213
3830
2932
2317
1877
1551
1303
1110
957
834
733
649
579
520
469
426
388
355
326
300
278
257
239
223
209
195
183
172
162
153
145
137
130
123
117
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page74of235
5.7.28. EA2X2X0.25inch.

EA- 50.8X50.8X6.35 mm / EA-2X2X0.25 inch
A
604.84 mm^2
144679 mm^4
15.47 mm
0.35 inch^4
0.61 inch
0.47 inch^2
Length
kl/r
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
9.9
19.7
29.6
39.4
49.3
59.1
69.0
78.8
88.7
98.5
108.4
118.2
128.1
137.9
147.8
157.6
167.5
177.3
187.2
197.0
206.9
216.7
226.6
236.4
246.3
256.1
266.0
275.8
285.7
295.5
305.4
315.2
325.1
334.9
344.8
354.6
364.5
374.4
384.2
20.0
6096.0
394.1
Fa
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2304
1764
1394
1129
933
784
668
576
502
441
391
348
313
282
256
233
213
196
181
167
155
144
134
125
117
110
104
98
92
87
82
78
74
71
F.S: 3
Pa
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
80
16
12
10
8
6
5
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
(lbs)
10938
10938
10938
10938
10938
10938
2160
1654
1307
1059
875
735
626
540
470
413
366
327
293
265
240
219
200
184
169
157
145
135
126
118
110
103
97
92
86
82
77
73
70
66
(N)
48654
48654
48654
48654
48654
48654
9610
7357
5813
4709
3891
3270
2786
2402
2093
1839
1629
1453
1304
1177
1068
973
890
817
753
697
646
601
560
523
490
460
432
407
384
363
344
326
310
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
294
Page75of235
5.7.29. EA3X3X0.25inch.

EA- 76.2X76.2X6.35 mm / EA-3X3X0.25 inch
I
A
927.42 mm^2
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
1.25 inch^4
0.94 inch
Fa
Pa
kl/r
6.4
12.9
19.3
25.8
32.2
38.7
45.1
51.6
58.0
64.5
70.9
77.4
83.8
90.3
96.7
103.2
109.6
116.1
122.5
129.0
135.4
141.9
148.3
154.8
161.2
167.7
174.1
180.6
187.0
193.5
199.9
206.4
212.8
219.3
225.7
232.2
238.6
245.1
251.5
258.0
F.S: 3
23.64 mm
1.44 inch^2
Length
517892 mm^4
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2636
2178
1831
1560
1345
1172
1030
912
814
730
659
598
545
498
458
422
390
362
336
313
293
274
257
242
228
215
203
193
183
173
165
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
18
15
13
11
9
8
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
16771
16771
16771
16771
16771
16771
16771
16771
16771
3789
3132
2631
2242
1933
1684
1480
1311
1170
1050
947
859
783
716
658
606
561
520
483
451
421
394
370
348
328
309
292
277
262
249
237
74603
74603
74603
74603
74603
74603
74603
74603
74603
16855
13930
11705
9974
8600
7491
6584
5832
5202
4669
4214
3822
3482
3186
2926
2697
2493
2312
2150
2004
1873
1754
1646
1548
1458
1376
1301
1231
1167
1108
1053
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page76of235
5.7.30. EA3X3X0.38inch.

EA- 76.2X76.2X9.53 mm / EA-3X3X0.38 inch
A
1361.56 mm^2
732752 mm^4
23.2 mm
1.77 inch^4
0.92 inch
2.12 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
6.6
13.1
19.7
26.3
32.8
39.4
46.0
52.6
59.1
65.7
72.3
78.8
85.4
92.0
98.5
105.1
111.7
118.2
124.8
131.4
137.9
144.5
151.1
157.7
164.2
170.8
177.4
183.9
190.5
197.1
203.6
210.2
216.8
223.3
229.9
236.5
243.1
249.6
256.2
262.8
Fa
F.S: 3
F.S: 3
Pa
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2540
2099
1764
1503
1296
1129
992
879
784
704
635
576
525
480
441
406
376
348
324
302
282
264
248
233
220
207
196
186
176
167
159
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
18
14
12
10
9
8
7
6
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
24622
24622
24622
24622
24622
24622
24622
24622
24622
5361
4431
3723
3172
2735
2383
2094
1855
1655
1485
1340
1216
1108
1013
931
858
793
735
684
637
596
558
524
492
464
438
414
392
371
352
335
109525
109525
109525
109525
109525
109525
109525
109525
109525
23848
19709
16561
14111
12167
10599
9316
8252
7361
6606
5962
5408
4927
4508
4140
3816
3528
3271
3042
2836
2650
2482
2329
2190
2063
1947
1840
1742
1652
1568
1491
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page77of235
5.7.31. EA4X4X0.25inch.

EA- 101.6X101.6X6.35 mm / EA-4X4X0.25 inch
I
A
1250 mm^2
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
3.04 inch^4
1.26 inch
kl/r
4.8
9.6
14.4
19.2
24.0
28.7
33.5
38.3
43.1
47.9
52.7
57.5
62.3
67.1
71.9
76.7
81.4
86.2
91.0
95.8
100.6
105.4
110.2
115.0
119.8
124.6
129.4
134.1
138.9
143.7
148.5
153.3
158.1
162.9
167.7
172.5
177.3
182.1
186.8
191.6
F.S: 3
31.82 mm
1.94 inch^2
Length
1265063 mm^4
Fa
Pa
(psi)
(Mpa)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2827
2437
2123
1866
1653
1474
1323
1194
1083
987
903
829
764
707
655
609
568
531
497
467
439
413
390
369
349
331
314
299
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
19
17
15
13
11
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
(lbs)
22605
22605
22605
22605
22605
22605
22605
22605
22605
22605
22605
22605
5477
4722
4114
3616
3203
2857
2564
2314
2099
1912
1750
1607
1481
1369
1270
1181
1101
1028
963
904
850
801
756
714
676
641
609
578
LONG / SHORT
100551
100551
100551
100551
100551
100551
100551
100551
100551
100551
100551
100551
24362
21006
18299
16083
14247
12708
11405
10293
9336
8507
7783
7148
6588
6091
5648
5252
4896
4575
4284
4021
3781
3562
3361
3177
3007
2851
2707
2573
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page78of235
5.7.32. EA4X4X0.38inch.

EA- 101.6X101.6X9.53 mm / EA-4X4X0.38 inch
A
1845.68 mm^2
1815022 mm^4
31.36 mm
4.37 inch^4
1.24 inch
2.87 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
4.9
9.7
14.6
19.4
24.3
29.2
34.0
38.9
43.7
48.6
53.5
58.3
63.2
68.0
72.9
77.8
82.6
87.5
92.3
97.2
102.1
106.9
111.8
116.6
121.5
126.4
131.2
136.1
140.9
145.8
150.7
155.5
160.4
165.2
170.1
174.9
179.8
184.7
189.5
194.4
Fa
F.S: 3
Pa
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2747
2368
2063
1813
1606
1433
1286
1160
1053
959
877
806
743
687
637
592
552
516
483
453
426
402
379
358
339
321
305
290
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
19
16
14
13
11
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
33377
33377
33377
33377
33377
33377
33377
33377
33377
33377
33377
33377
7858
6775
5902
5187
4595
4099
3679
3320
3011
2744
2510
2306
2125
1964
1822
1694
1579
1476
1382
1297
1219
1149
1084
1025
970
920
873
830
148469
148469
148469
148469
148469
148469
148469
148469
148469
148469
148469
148469
34954
30138
26254
23075
20440
18232
16363
14768
13395
12205
11167
10255
9451
8738
8103
7535
7024
6563
6147
5769
5424
5110
4822
4558
4315
4091
3884
3692
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page79of235
5.7.33. EA6X6X0.38inch.

EA- 152.4X152.4X9.53 mm / EA-6X6X0.38 inch
A
2813.93 mm^2
6407436 mm^4
47.72 mm
15.4 inch^4
1.88 inch
Fa
Pa
4.37 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
3.2
6.4
9.6
12.8
16.0
19.2
22.4
25.5
28.7
31.9
35.1
38.3
41.5
44.7
47.9
51.1
54.3
57.5
60.7
63.9
67.1
70.3
73.5
76.6
79.8
83.0
86.2
89.4
92.6
95.8
99.0
102.2
105.4
108.6
111.8
115.0
118.2
121.4
124.6
127.7
F.S: 3
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2977
2687
2437
2221
2032
1866
1720
1590
1474
1371
1278
1194
1118
1050
987
930
877
829
785
744
707
672
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
21
19
17
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
9
8
8
7
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
50887
50887
50887
50887
50887
50887
50887
50887
50887
50887
50887
50887
50887
50887
50887
50887
50887
50887
12986
11720
10631
9686
8862
8139
7501
6935
6431
5980
5574
5209
4878
4578
4305
4055
3827
3617
3424
3247
3082
2930
226355
226355
226355
226355
226355
226355
226355
226355
226355
226355
226355
226355
226355
226355
226355
226355
226355
226355
57766
52134
47287
43086
39421
36204
33366
30848
28606
26599
24796
23171
21700
20365
19149
18039
17023
16091
15233
14442
13710
13033
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page80of235
5.7.34. I4X2X0.25inch.

I - 101.6X50.8X6.35 mm / I - 4X2X0.25 inch
A
1209.68 mm^2
1837272 mm^4
38.98 mm
1.88 inch^2
4.42 inch^4
1.54 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
3.9
7.8
11.7
15.6
19.6
23.5
27.4
31.3
35.2
39.1
43.0
46.9
50.8
54.7
58.7
62.6
66.5
70.4
74.3
78.2
82.1
86.0
89.9
93.9
97.8
101.7
105.6
109.5
113.4
117.3
121.2
125.1
129.1
133.0
136.9
140.8
144.7
148.6
152.5
156.4
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
5925
4979
4242
3658
3186
2801
2481
2213
1986
1792
1626
1481
1355
1245
1147
1061
983
914
852
797
746
700
658
620
585
553
524
496
471
448
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
41
34
29
25
22
19
17
15
14
12
11
10
9
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
(lbs)
21876
21876
21876
21876
21876
21876
21876
21876
21876
21876
11110
9335
7954
6858
5974
5251
4651
4149
3724
3361
3048
2777
2541
2334
2151
1989
1844
1715
1598
1494
1399
1313
1234
1163
1097
1037
982
931
884
840
F.S: 3
(N)
97308
97308
97308
97308
97308
97308
97308
97308
97308
97308
49418
41525
35382
30508
26576
23358
20691
18455
16564
14949
13559
12354
11304
10381
9567
8846
8202
7627
7110
6644
6222
5839
5491
5173
4881
4614
4368
4141
3931
3737
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page81of235
5.7.35. I6X3X0.25inch.

I - 152.4X76.2X6.35 mm / I - 6X3X0.25 inch
A
1854.84 mm^2
6606590 mm^4
59.69 mm
2.88 inch^2
15.88 inch^4
2.35 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
2.6
5.1
7.7
10.2
12.8
15.3
17.9
20.4
23.0
25.5
28.1
30.6
33.2
35.8
38.3
40.9
43.4
46.0
48.5
51.1
53.6
56.2
58.7
61.3
63.8
66.4
68.9
71.5
74.1
76.6
79.2
81.7
84.3
86.8
89.4
91.9
94.5
97.0
99.6
102.1
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
6568
5818
5189
4657
4203
3812
3474
3178
2919
2690
2487
2306
2145
1999
1868
1750
1642
1544
1454
1372
1297
1228
1164
1105
1051
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
45
40
36
32
29
26
24
22
20
19
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
8
7
(lbs)
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
18882
16726
14919
13390
12084
10961
9987
9138
8392
7734
7151
6631
6166
5748
5371
5030
4720
4439
4181
3946
3730
3531
3347
3178
3021
F.S: 3
(N)
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
83991
74400
66363
59562
53754
48757
44425
40646
37329
34403
31807
29495
27426
25567
23891
22374
20998
19744
18600
17552
16591
15706
14890
14137
13439
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page82of235
5.7.36. I8X4X0.38inch.

I - 203.2X101.6X9.53 mm / I - 8X4X0.38 inch
A
3691.36 mm^2
23131779 mm^4
79.17 mm
5.73 inch^2
55.58 inch^4
3.12 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
1.9
3.9
5.8
7.7
9.6
11.6
13.5
15.4
17.3
19.3
21.2
23.1
25.0
27.0
28.9
30.8
32.7
34.7
36.6
38.5
40.4
42.4
44.3
46.2
48.1
50.1
52.0
53.9
55.8
57.8
59.7
61.6
63.5
65.5
67.4
69.3
71.2
73.2
75.1
77.0
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
6708
6112
5592
5135
4733
4376
4058
3773
3517
3287
3078
2889
2716
2559
2415
2282
2161
2048
1945
1849
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
46
42
39
35
33
30
28
26
24
23
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
13
(lbs)
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
66754
38378
34968
31994
29383
27079
25036
23216
21588
20124
18805
17611
16528
15541
14641
13816
13059
12363
11721
11127
10578
F.S: 3
(N)
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
296936
170713
155546
142315
130702
120455
111367
103271
96026
89518
83649
78340
73520
69132
65125
61457
58090
54992
52136
49497
47053
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page83of235
5.7.37. I12X6X0.5inch.

I - 304.8X152.4X12.7 mm / I - 12X6X0.5 inch
A
7419.34 mm^2
105705440 mm^4
119.37 mm
11.5 inch^2
253.96 inch^4
4.7 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
1.3
2.6
3.8
5.1
6.4
7.7
8.9
10.2
11.5
12.8
14.0
15.3
16.6
17.9
19.2
20.4
21.7
23.0
24.3
25.5
26.8
28.1
29.4
30.6
31.9
33.2
34.5
35.8
37.0
38.3
39.6
40.9
42.1
43.4
44.7
46.0
47.2
48.5
49.8
51.1
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
6568
6176
5818
5490
5189
4913
4657
4422
4203
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
45
43
40
38
36
34
32
30
29
(lbs)
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
134171
75528
71020
66904
63135
59676
56494
53560
50848
48338
F.S: 3
(N)
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
596820
335964
315911
297602
280839
265453
251298
238246
226185
215017
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page84of235
5.7.38. C3X0.88X0.25inch.

C- 76.2X22.22X6.35 mm / C- 3X0.88X0.25 inch
A
686 mm^2
480648 mm^4
26.47 mm
1.07 inch^2
1.16 inch^4
1.05 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
5.8
11.5
17.3
23.0
28.8
34.5
40.3
46.1
51.8
57.6
63.3
69.1
74.8
80.6
86.4
92.1
97.9
103.6
109.4
115.1
120.9
126.7
132.4
138.2
143.9
149.7
155.5
161.2
167.0
172.7
178.5
184.2
190.0
195.8
201.5
207.3
213.0
218.8
224.5
230.3
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2733
2297
1957
1687
1470
1292
1144
1021
916
827
750
683
625
574
529
489
454
422
393
367
344
323
304
286
270
255
242
229
217
207
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
19
16
13
12
10
9
8
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
F.S: 3
LONG / SHORT
(lbs)
12406
12406
12406
12406
12406
12406
12406
12406
12406
12406
2906
2442
2081
1794
1563
1374
1217
1085
974
879
797
727
665
611
563
520
482
449
418
391
366
343
323
304
287
271
257
244
231
220
55183
55183
55183
55183
55183
55183
55183
55183
55183
55183
12928
10863
9256
7981
6952
6111
5413
4828
4333
3911
3547
3232
2957
2716
2503
2314
2146
1995
1860
1738
1628
1528
1436
1353
1277
1207
1143
1083
1028
978
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page85of235
5.7.39. C3.5X1.5X0.25inch.

C- 88.9X38.1X6.35 mm / C- 3.5X1.5X0.25 inch
A
968 mm^2
1060090 mm^4
33.1 mm
1.51 inch^2
2.55 inch^4
1.31 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
kl/r
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
4.6
9.2
13.8
18.4
23.0
27.6
32.2
36.8
41.5
46.1
50.7
55.3
59.9
64.5
69.1
73.7
78.3
82.9
87.5
92.1
96.7
101.3
105.9
110.5
115.1
119.7
124.4
129.0
133.6
138.2
142.8
147.4
152.0
156.6
161.2
165.8
170.4
175.0
179.6
20.0
6096.0
184.2
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2637
2298
2019
1789
1596
1432
1292
1172
1068
977
897
827
765
709
659
615
574
538
505
475
447
422
399
378
358
340
323
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
18
16
14
12
11
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
(lbs)
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
3957
3447
3030
2684
2394
2149
1939
1759
1603
1466
1347
1241
1147
1064
989
922
862
807
757
712
671
633
598
567
537
510
485
F.S: 3
(N)
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
17603
15334
13477
11938
10649
9557
8625
7823
7128
6522
5990
5520
5104
4733
4401
4102
3834
3590
3369
3168
2985
2816
2662
2520
2389
2268
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
2156
Page86of235
5.7.40. C3.5X1.5X0.25inch.

C- 88.9X38.1X6.35 mm / C- 3.5X1.5X0.25 inch
A
968 mm^2
1060090 mm^4
33.1 mm
1.51 inch^2
2.55 inch^4
1.31 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
kl/r
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
4.6
9.2
13.8
18.4
23.0
27.6
32.2
36.8
41.5
46.1
50.7
55.3
59.9
64.5
69.1
73.7
78.3
82.9
87.5
92.1
96.7
101.3
105.9
110.5
115.1
119.7
124.4
129.0
133.6
138.2
142.8
147.4
152.0
156.6
161.2
165.8
170.4
175.0
179.6
20.0
6096.0
184.2
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2637
2298
2019
1789
1596
1432
1292
1172
1068
977
897
827
765
709
659
615
574
538
505
475
447
422
399
378
358
340
323
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
18
16
14
12
11
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
(lbs)
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
17505
3957
3447
3030
2684
2394
2149
1939
1759
1603
1466
1347
1241
1147
1064
989
922
862
807
757
712
671
633
598
567
537
510
485
F.S: 3
(N)
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
77867
17603
15334
13477
11938
10649
9557
8625
7823
7128
6522
5990
5520
5104
4733
4401
4102
3834
3590
3369
3168
2985
2816
2662
2520
2389
2268
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
2156
Page87of235
5.7.41. C4X1.13X0.25inch.

C- 101.6X28.6X6.35 mm / C- 4X1.13X0.25 inch
A
928 mm^2
1196845 mm^4
35.92 mm
0.44 inch^2
2.88 inch^4
1.42 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
4.2
8.5
12.7
17.0
21.2
25.5
29.7
34.0
38.2
42.4
46.7
50.9
55.2
59.4
63.7
67.9
72.1
76.4
80.6
84.9
89.1
93.4
97.6
101.9
106.1
110.3
114.6
118.8
123.1
127.3
131.6
135.8
140.1
144.3
148.5
152.8
157.0
161.3
165.5
169.8
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2706
2378
2107
1879
1686
1522
1380
1258
1151
1057
974
901
835
777
724
676
633
595
559
527
497
470
445
422
400
380
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
19
16
15
13
12
10
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
(lbs)
16782
16782
16782
16782
16782
16782
16782
16782
16782
16782
16782
16782
16782
16782
3892
3421
3030
2703
2426
2189
1986
1809
1655
1520
1401
1295
1201
1117
1041
973
911
855
804
758
715
676
640
606
576
547
F.S: 3
(N)
74649
74649
74649
74649
74649
74649
74649
74649
74649
74649
74649
74649
74649
74649
17312
15216
13478
12022
10790
9738
8833
8048
7363
6763
6232
5762
5343
4968
4632
4328
4053
3804
3577
3370
3180
3006
2845
2698
2561
2435
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page88of235
5.7.42. C3.97X1.18X0.17inch.

C- 100.6X29.72X4.23 mm / C- 3.97X1.18X0.17 inch
A
642 mm^2
859889 mm^4
36.6 mm
1 inch^2
2.07 inch^4
1.45 inch
Fa
Pa
Length
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
4.2
8.3
12.5
16.7
20.8
25.0
29.1
33.3
37.5
41.6
45.8
50.0
54.1
58.3
62.5
66.6
70.8
75.0
79.1
83.3
87.4
91.6
95.8
99.9
104.1
108.3
112.4
116.6
120.8
124.9
129.1
133.2
137.4
141.6
145.7
149.9
154.1
158.2
162.4
166.6
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2810
2470
2188
1951
1751
1581
1434
1306
1195
1098
1012
935
867
806
752
702
658
617
581
547
516
488
462
438
416
395
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
19
17
15
13
12
11
10
9
8
8
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
(lbs)
11610
11610
11610
11610
11610
11610
11610
11610
11610
11610
11610
11610
11610
11610
2796
2458
2177
1942
1743
1573
1427
1300
1189
1092
1007
931
863
802
748
699
655
614
578
544
514
485
460
436
414
393
F.S: 3
(N)
51643
51643
51643
51643
51643
51643
51643
51643
51643
51643
51643
51643
51643
51643
12438
10932
9684
8638
7752
6996
6346
5782
5290
4859
4478
4140
3839
3570
3328
3110
2912
2733
2570
2421
2285
2159
2044
1938
1840
1749
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page89of235
5.7.43. C4X1.38X0.19inch.

C- 101.6X34.93X4.76 mm / C- 4X1.38X0.19 inch
A
771 mm^2
1089938 mm^4
37.6 mm
2.62 inch^4
1.49 inch
Fa
Pa
1.2 inch^2
Length
kl/r
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
4.5
9.0
13.5
18.0
22.5
27.0
31.5
36.0
40.5
45.0
49.5
54.0
58.5
63.0
67.6
72.1
76.6
81.1
85.6
90.1
94.6
99.1
103.6
108.1
112.6
117.1
121.6
126.1
130.6
135.1
139.6
144.1
148.6
153.1
157.6
162.1
166.6
171.1
175.6
180.1
F.S: 3
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2757
2402
2111
1870
1668
1497
1351
1225
1117
1022
938
865
799
741
689
643
600
562
528
496
468
441
417
395
374
355
338
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
19
17
15
13
12
10
9
8
8
7
6
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
17216
17216
17216
17216
17216
17216
17216
17216
17216
17216
17216
17216
17216
4069
3544
3115
2759
2461
2209
1994
1808
1648
1507
1384
1276
1180
1094
1017
948
886
830
779
732
690
651
615
583
552
524
498
76580
76580
76580
76580
76580
76580
76580
76580
76580
76580
76580
76580
76580
18098
15766
13857
12274
10948
9826
8868
8044
7329
6706
6159
5676
5247
4866
4525
4218
3941
3691
3464
3257
3069
2896
2737
2591
2457
2332
2217
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page90of235
5.7.44. C6X1.63X0.25inch

C- 152.4X41.27X6.35 mm / C- 6X1.63X0.25 inch
A
1412 mm^2
4239477 mm^4
54.8 mm
10.19 inch^4
2.16 inch
Fa
Pa
2.19 inch^2
Length
kl/r
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
2.8
5.6
8.3
11.1
13.9
16.7
19.5
22.3
25.0
27.8
30.6
33.4
36.2
38.9
41.7
44.5
47.3
50.1
52.8
55.6
58.4
61.2
64.0
66.8
69.5
72.3
75.1
77.9
80.7
83.4
86.2
89.0
91.8
94.6
97.4
100.1
102.9
105.7
108.5
20.0
6096.0
111.3
F.S: 3
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2928
2679
2461
2268
2097
1944
1808
1685
1575
1475
1384
1301
1226
1157
1094
1035
981
932
886
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
20
18
17
16
14
13
12
12
11
10
10
9
8
8
8
7
7
6
6
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
25534
6409
5864
5385
4963
4589
4255
3956
3688
3447
3228
3029
2848
2683
2532
2393
2266
2148
2039
1939
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
113583
28508
26083
23954
22076
20411
18927
17599
16406
15331
14358
13474
12670
11936
11263
10646
10079
9555
9071
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
8624
Page91of235
5.7.45. 6X1.69X0.38inch.

C- 152.4X42.86X9.53 mm / C- 6X1.69X0.38 inch
A
2088 mm^2
6057601 mm^4
53.87 mm
3.24 inch^2
14.56 inch^4
2.13 inch
Length
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
Fa
(psi)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2829
2589
2378
2191
2026
1879
1747
1628
1522
1425
1337
1258
1185
1118
1057
1000
948
900
856
2.8
5.7
8.5
11.3
14.1
17.0
19.8
22.6
25.5
28.3
31.1
34.0
36.8
39.6
42.4
45.3
48.1
50.9
53.8
56.6
59.4
62.3
65.1
67.9
70.7
73.6
76.4
79.2
82.1
84.9
87.7
90.5
93.4
96.2
99.0
101.9
104.7
107.5
110.4
113.2
F.S: 3
Pa
(Mpa)
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
20
18
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
10
9
9
8
8
7
7
7
6
6
(lbs)
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
37759
9157
8378
7695
7091
6556
6080
5653
5270
4925
4612
4328
4070
3834
3618
3420
3237
3069
2914
2770
(N)
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
167961
40733
37268
34227
31544
29164
27044
25147
23442
21906
20515
19253
18104
17054
16094
15212
14401
13653
12962
12322
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page92of235
5.7.46. C8X2.19X0.38inch.

C- 203.2X55.56X9.53 mm / C- 8X2.19X0.38 inch
A
2814 mm^2
14896595 mm^4
72.76 mm
35.79 inch^4
2.87 inch
Fa
Pa
4.37 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
2.1
4.2
6.3
8.4
10.5
12.6
14.7
16.8
18.9
20.9
23.0
25.1
27.2
29.3
31.4
33.5
35.6
37.7
39.8
41.9
44.0
46.1
48.2
50.3
52.4
54.5
56.6
58.6
60.7
62.8
64.9
67.0
69.1
71.2
73.3
75.4
77.5
79.6
81.7
83.8
F.S: 3
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2971
2776
2600
2440
2295
2162
2040
1928
1825
1731
1643
1562
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
13
12
11
11
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
50888
12960
12110
11342
10644
10008
9428
8897
8410
7961
7548
7166
6812
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
226361
57648
53869
50450
47346
44520
41940
39577
37409
35414
33575
31875
30301
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page93of235
5.7.47. C10X2.75X0.5inch.

A
C- 254X69.85X12.7 mm / C- 10X2.75X0.5 inch

I
4678 mm^2
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
7.26 inch^2
Length
mm
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
1.7
3.4
5.0
6.7
8.4
10.1
11.8
13.4
15.1
16.8
18.5
20.2
21.8
23.5
25.2
26.9
28.6
30.2
31.9
33.6
35.3
37.0
38.6
40.3
42.0
43.7
45.4
47.0
48.7
50.4
52.1
53.8
55.4
57.1
58.8
60.5
62.2
63.8
65.5
67.2
F.S: 3
38492736 mm^4
90.72 mm
92.48 inch^4
Fa
(psi)
(Mpa)
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
11667
80
3793
26
3567
25
3360
23
3171
22
2997
21
2837
20
2690
19
2554
18
2428
17
3.58 inch
Pa
(lbs)
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
84596
27504
25862
24363
22991
21731
20572
19504
18517
17602
(N)
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
376304
122342
115039
108372
102268
96665
91511
86758
82366
78299
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page94of235
5.7.48. W3X3X0.25inch.

W - 76.2X76.2X6.35 mm / W - 3X3X0.25 inch
A
1370.97 mm^2
2.13 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
4.9
9.8
14.7
19.7
24.6
29.5
34.4
39.3
44.2
49.2
54.1
59.0
63.9
68.8
73.7
78.7
83.6
88.5
93.4
98.3
103.2
108.2
113.1
118.0
122.9
127.8
132.7
137.7
142.6
147.5
152.4
157.3
162.2
167.1
172.1
177.0
181.9
186.8
191.7
196.6
I
1319151 mm^4
3.17 inch^4
Fa
(psi)
(Mpa)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2684
2314
2016
1772
1569
1400
1256
1134
1028
937
857
787
726
671
622
578
539
504
472
443
416
392
370
350
331
314
298
283
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
19
16
14
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
r
31.02 mm
1.23 inch
Pa
F.S: 3
(lbs)
(N)
24850
24850
24850
24850
24850
24850
24850
24850
24850
24850
24850
24850
5716
4928
4293
3773
3342
2981
2676
2415
2190
1996
1826
1677
1546
1429
1325
1232
1149
1073
1005
943
887
836
789
745
706
669
635
604
110537
110537
110537
110537
110537
110537
110537
110537
110537
110537
110537
110537
25425
21922
19097
16784
14868
13262
11902
10742
9743
8878
8122
7460
6875
6356
5894
5481
5109
4774
4471
4196
3946
3717
3508
3315
3139
2976
2825
2685
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page95of235
5.7.49. W4X4X0.25inch

W - 101.6X101.6X6.35 mm / W - 4X4X0.25 inch
A
1854.84 mm^2
3302754 mm^4
42.2 mm
2.88 inch^2
7.94 inch^4
1.67 inch
Length
ft
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
kl/r
Fa
F.S: 3
Pa
mm
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2908
2594
2328
2101
1906
1737
1589
1459
1345
1243
1153
1072
999
934
875
821
772
727
686
649
614
582
553
525
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
20
18
16
14
13
12
11
10
9
9
8
7
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
33543
8362
7458
6694
6041
5480
4993
4568
4195
3866
3575
3315
3082
2873
2685
2515
2360
2219
2090
1973
1865
1765
1673
1589
1510
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
149205
37194
33176
29776
26873
24374
22209
20320
18662
17199
15901
14745
13711
12781
11943
11185
10497
9871
9299
8775
8294
7852
7444
7067
6718
3.6
7.3
10.9
14.5
18.1
21.8
25.4
29.0
32.7
36.3
39.9
43.5
47.2
50.8
54.4
58.1
61.7
65.3
68.9
72.6
76.2
79.8
83.5
87.1
90.7
94.3
98.0
101.6
105.2
108.9
112.5
116.1
119.7
123.4
127.0
130.6
134.3
137.9
141.5
145.1
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page96of235
5.7.50. W6X6X0.25inch

W - 152.4X152.4X6.35 mm / W - 6X6X0.25 inch
A
2822.58 mm^2
11770462 mm^4
64.58 mm
28.28 inch^4
2.55 inch
Fa
Pa
4.38 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
2.4
4.7
7.1
9.4
11.8
14.2
16.5
18.9
21.2
23.6
26.0
28.3
30.7
33.0
35.4
37.8
40.1
42.5
44.8
47.2
49.6
51.9
54.3
56.6
59.0
61.4
63.7
66.1
68.4
70.8
73.2
75.5
77.9
80.2
82.6
85.0
87.3
89.7
92.0
94.4
F.S: 3
(psi)
(Mpa)
(lbs)
(N)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2912
2700
2511
2341
2187
2048
1922
1808
1703
1607
1519
1438
1363
1294
1230
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
20
19
17
16
15
14
13
12
12
11
10
10
9
9
8
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
51043
12740
11813
10985
10240
9569
8961
8410
7908
7450
7030
6645
6291
5964
5662
5382
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
227052
56669
52549
48862
45551
42564
39863
37410
35177
33138
31272
29559
27982
26529
25186
23942
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page97of235
5.7.51. W8X8X0.38inch

W - 203.2X203.2X9.53 mm / W - 8X8X0.38 inch
A
5627.85 mm^2
8.73 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
1.8
3.6
5.3
7.1
8.9
10.7
12.5
14.2
16.0
17.8
19.6
21.3
23.1
24.9
26.7
28.5
30.2
32.0
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.1
40.9
42.7
44.5
46.3
48.0
49.8
51.6
53.4
55.1
56.9
58.7
60.5
62.3
64.0
65.8
67.6
69.4
71.2
I
41304991 mm^4
99.24 inch^4
Fa
(psi)
(Mpa)
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
2828
2673
2531
2399
2278
2165
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
19
18
17
17
16
15
F.S: 3
r
85.68 mm
3.38 inch
Pa
(lbs)
(N)
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
101773
24670
23319
22075
20929
19869
18888
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
452711
109739
103727
98196
93096
88383
84019
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page98of235
5.7.52. W12X12X0.38inch.

W - 304.8X304.8X9.53 mm / W - 12X12X0.38 inch
A
8532.6 mm^2
145195950 mm^4
130.45 mm
348.84 inch^4
Fa
(psi)
(Mpa)
5.14 inch
Pa
13.23 inch^2
Length
ft
mm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
152.4
304.8
457.2
609.6
762.0
914.4
1066.8
1219.2
1371.6
1524.0
1676.4
1828.8
1981.2
2133.6
2286.0
2438.4
2590.8
2743.2
2895.6
3048.0
3200.4
3352.8
3505.2
3657.6
3810.0
3962.4
4114.8
4267.2
4419.6
4572.0
4724.4
4876.8
5029.2
5181.6
5334.0
5486.4
5638.8
5791.2
5943.6
6096.0
kl/r
1.2
2.3
3.5
4.7
5.8
7.0
8.2
9.3
10.5
11.7
12.9
14.0
15.2
16.4
17.5
18.7
19.9
21.0
22.2
23.4
24.5
25.7
26.9
28.0
29.2
30.4
31.5
32.7
33.9
35.0
36.2
37.4
38.6
39.7
40.9
42.1
43.2
44.4
45.6
46.7
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
11667
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
F.S: 3
(lbs)
(N)
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
154302
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
686371
LONG / SHORT
SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN
Page99of235
Chapter6:Safetyfactors
Page100of235
SafetyfactorsdefinedastheratiooftheUltimatestresstotheworkingorallowablestress.
S.F=
SafetyFactorCompensatefor:
Allowabletolerancesofthepart.
Uncertaintyoftheanticipatedloading(Magnitude,typeofplacement).
Assumptionsinmethodsofanalysis.
Fabricationtolerances(Sharpnessofcuts,normaltolerances,etc.,)
Kemrockliststheminimumultimatestress,thesevaluesshouldnotbeutilizedfordesignpurposes
beforedividingthembytheappropriatesafetyfactor.
Thesafetyfactorsusedinthevariousdesigntableswerechosentopreventfirstdeformationofthe
part.Firstdeformationisdefinedasthefirstvisibledeformationincludinglocalflangeorwebbuckling,
twisting,crushing,etc.,Therecommendedsafetyfactorsusedfordesignare:
Areas
Flexuralmembers,beams
Compressionmembers,columns
Shear
ModulusofElasticity
ShearModulus
Recommendedsafetyfactors
2.5
3.0
3.0
Recommendedsafetyfactors
1.0
1.0
Thesafetyfactorsgivenareforstaticloadconditionsonly.Safetyfactorsforimpactloadsanddynamic
loadsaretypicallytwotimesthestaticloadsafetyfactor.Longtermserviceloadswhichresultincreep
deformationswillrequirehighersafetyfactorstoinsuresatisfactoryperformance.
Allowableloadtablesfoundinthisdesignmanualaretheresultoffullsectiontesting.Thistestingmore
accuratelyreflectstheperformanceofthecolumnorbeamandshouldbeusedinsteadofcoupon
properties.Thedesignershouldusetheallowableloadfoundintheappropriatetable,whichincludesa
safetyfactorof3.0forcolumnsand2.5forbeams.
Beamissimplysupportedatbothends
Uniformlydistributedloadisappliedonthebeam
Page101of235
CHAPTER7:ELEMENTSOFSECTIONS.
Page102of235
7.1.
SquareTubeSection.
SECTION
SECTIONDIMENSIONS
d
SquareTubeSection
TUBE25.4X25.4X3.18
TUBE25X25X6
TUBE32X32X6
TUBE38.1X38.1X3.18
TUBE38.1X38.1X6.35
TUBE45X45X6
TUBE50.8X50.8X3.18
TUBE50.8X50.8X6.35
TUBE57.5X57.5X3.5
TUBE63.5X63.5X6.35
th
tb
SECTIONPROPERTIES
A
Wt
2
Ixx
Sxx
Cxx
Iyy
Syy
ryy
Cyy
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
in
in
in
in
in
lbs
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
12.70
mm
rxx
mm
3
25.4
3.18
283
0.56
23735
1869
9.16
12.70
23735
1869
9.16
1.00
0.13
0.44
0.38
0.06
0.11
0.36
0.50
0.06
0.11
0.36
0.50
25
456
0.90
30172
2414
8.13
12.50
30172
2414
8.13
12.50
0.98
0.24
0.71
0.61
0.07
0.15
0.32
0.49
0.07
0.15
0.32
0.49
32
624
1.24
74048
4628
10.89
16.00
74048
4628
10.89
16.00
1.26
0.24
0.97
0.83
0.18
0.28
0.43
0.63
0.18
0.28
0.43
0.63
38.1
1.50
3.18
0.13
445
0.69
0.88
0.59
91022
0.22
4779
0.29
14.30
0.56
19.05
0.75
91022
0.22
4779
0.29
14.30
0.56
19.05
0.75
19.05
38.1
6.35
807
1.60
140912
7397
13.21
19.05
140912
7397
13.21
1.50
0.25
1.25
1.07
0.34
0.45
0.52
0.75
0.34
0.45
0.52
0.75
45
1.77
6
0.24
936
1.45
1.85
1.25
242892
0.58
10796
0.66
16.11
0.63
22.50
0.89
242892
0.58
10796
0.66
16.11
0.63
22.50
0.89
25.40
50.8
3.18
606
1.20
229952
9054
19.48
25.40
229952
9054
19.48
2.00
0.13
0.94
0.81
0.55
0.55
0.77
1.00
0.55
0.55
0.77
1.00
50.8
2.00
6.35
0.25
1130
1.75
2.24
1.50
379378
0.91
14937
0.91
18.32
0.72
25.40
1.00
379378
0.91
14937
0.91
18.32
0.72
25.40
1.00
28.75
57.5
3.5
756
1.50
368960
12834
22.09
28.75
368960
12834
22.09
2.26
0.14
1.17
1.01
0.89
0.78
0.87
1.13
0.89
0.78
0.87
1.13
63.5
2.50
6.35
0.25
1452
2.25
2.87
1.93
799945
1.92
25196
1.54
23.47
0.92
31.75
1.25
799945
1.92
25196
1.54
23.47
0.92
31.75
1.25
38.10
76.2
6.35
1775
3.51
1454643
38180
28.63
38.10
1454643
38180
28.63
3.00
0.25
2.75
2.36
3.49
2.33
1.13
1.50
3.49
2.33
1.13
1.50
TUBE76.2X76.2X9.53
76.2
3.00
9.53
0.38
2542
3.94
5.03
3.38
1921222
4.62
50426
3.08
27.49
1.08
38.10
1.50
1921222
4.62
50426
3.08
27.49
1.08
38.10
1.50
TUBE101.6X101.6X6.35
101.6
4.00
6.35
0.25
2420
3.75
4.79
3.22
3674544
8.83
72334
4.41
38.97
1.53
50.80
2.00
3674544
8.83
72334
4.41
38.97
1.53
50.80
2.00
TUBE76.2X76.2X6.35
Page103of235
7.2.
PipeSection.
SECTION
PipeSection
PIPE25.4X3thk
PIPE31.75X3thk
PIPE50.8X4thk
PIPE50.8X6thk
PIPE76.2X4.76thk
SECTIONDIMENSIONS
SECTIONPROPERTIES
th
tb
Wt
Ixx
Sxx
rxx
Cxx
Iyy
Syy
ryy
Cyy
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm2
Kg/m
mm4
mm3
mm
mm
mm4
mm3
mm
mm
in
in
in
in
in2
lbs
in4
in3
in
in
in4
in3
in
in
212
0.42
13479
1062
7.97
12.7
13479
1062
7.97
12.7
25.4
1.00
0.12
0.33
0.28
0.03
0.06
0.31
0.50
0.03
0.06
0.31
0.50
31.75
271
0.54
28301
1783
10.22
15.9
28301
1783
10.22
15.9
1.25
50.8
2.00
50.8
0.12
4
0.16
6
0.42
589
0.91
845
0.36
1.17
0.78
1.67
0.07
162188
0.39
215659
0.11
6386
0.39
8491
0.40
16.59
0.65
15.98
0.63
25.4
1.00
25.4
0.07
162188
0.39
215658
0.11
6386
0.39
8491
0.40
16.59
0.65
15.98
0.63
25.4
1.00
25.4
2.00
0.24
1.31
1.12
0.52
0.52
0.63
1.00
0.52
0.52
0.63
1.00
76.2
4.76
1069
2.12
684566
17968
25.31
38.1
684565
17968
25.31
38.1
3.00
0.19
1.66
1.42
1.64
1.10
1.00
1.50
1.64
1.10
1.00
1.50
Page104of235
7.3.
SolidRodSection.
SECTION
SECTIONDIMENSIONS
d
Solid Rod
mm
in
th
tb
SECTIONPROPERTIES
Wt
mm mm mm mm2 Kg/m
in
rxx
Cxx
Iyy
Syy
ryy
Cyy
mm4
mm3
mm
mm
mm4
mm3
mm
mm
lbs
in4
in3
in
in
in4
in3
in
in
25.4
507
1.00
20432
1609
6.35
12.70
20432
1609
6.35
12.70
1.00
0.79
0.67
0.05
0.10
0.25
0.50
0.05
0.10
0.25
0.50
PIPE-31.75
31.75
792
1.57
49883
3143
7.94
15.88
49882
3143
7.94
15.88
1.25
1.23
1.05
0.12
0.19
0.31
0.63
0.12
0.19
0.31
0.63
PIPE-44.45
44.45
1552
3.07
191628
8623
11.11
22.23
191627
8623
11.11
22.23
1.75
2.41
2.06
0.46
0.53
0.44
0.88
0.46
0.53
0.44
0.88
50.8
2027
4.01
326908
12871
12.70
25.40
326907
12871
12.70
25.40
2.00
3.14
2.70
0.79
0.79
0.50
1.00
0.79
0.79
0.50
1.00
PIPE-50.8
in
Sxx
in2
PIPE-25.4
in
Ixx
Page105of235
7.4.
CChannelSection.
SECTION
SECTIONDIMENSIONS
th
tb
Wt
Ixx
Sxx
rxx
Cxx
Iyy
ryy
Cyy
CChannelSection
mm
in
76.2
3.00
mm
in
22.22
0.87
mm
in
6.35
0.25
mm
in
6.35
0.25
mm
2
in
686
1.06
Kg/m
lbs
1.36
0.91
mm
4
in
480648
1.15
mm
3
in
12616
0.77
mm
in
26.47
1.04
mm
in
38.10
1.50
mm
4
in
23418
0.06
mm
3
in
1484
0.09
mm
in
5.84
0.23
mm
in
6.44
0.25
88.9
38.1
6.35
6.35
968
1.92
1060090
23850
33.09
44.45
121130
4488
11.19
11.11
3.50
101.6
4.00
100.6
3.96
101.6
4.00
152.4
6.00
152.4
6.00
203.2
8.00
254
10.00
1.50
28.6
1.13
29.72
1.17
34.93
1.38
41.27
1.62
42.86
1.69
55.56
2.19
69.85
2.75
0.25
6.35
0.25
4.23
0.17
4.76
0.19
6.35
0.25
9.53
0.38
9.53
0.38
12.7
0.50
0.25
6.35
0.25
4.23
0.17
7.76
0.31
6.35
0.25
9.53
0.38
9.53
0.38
12.7
0.50
1.50
928
1.44
642
1.00
952
1.48
1412
2.19
2088
3.24
2814
4.36
4678
7.25
1.29
1.84
1.23
1.27
0.85
1.88
1.27
2.80
1.88
4.13
2.78
5.57
3.74
9.26
6.22
2.55
1196845
2.88
859889
2.07
1089938
2.62
4239477
10.19
6057601
14.55
14896595
35.79
38492736
92.48
1.46
23560
1.44
17096
1.04
21456
1.31
55637
3.40
79497
4.85
146621
8.95
303093
18.50
1.30
35.91
1.41
36.60
1.44
33.84
1.33
54.79
2.16
53.86
2.12
72.76
2.86
90.71
3.57
1.75
50.80
2.00
50.30
1.98
50.80
2.00
76.20
3.00
76.20
3.00
101.60
4.00
127.00
5.00
0.29
54009
0.13
43914
0.11
79870
0.19
177811
0.43
272768
0.66
635520
1.53
1659562
3.99
0.27
2563
0.16
1942
0.12
2880
0.18
5624
0.34
8639
0.53
15083
0.92
31513
1.92
0.44
7.63
0.30
8.27
0.33
9.16
0.36
11.22
0.44
11.43
0.45
15.03
0.59
18.84
0.74
0.44
7.53
0.30
7.10
0.28
7.20
0.28
9.65
0.38
11.28
0.44
13.43
0.53
17.19
0.68
C76.2X22.22X6.35
C88.9X38.1X6.35
C101.6X28.6X6.35
C100.6X29.72X4.23
C101.6X34.93X4.76
C152.4X41.27X6.35
C152.4X42.86X9.53
C203.2X55.56X9.53
C254X69.85X12.7
SECTIONPROPERTIES
Syy
3
Page106of235
7.5.
RectangularTubeSection.
SECTION
RectangularTube
Section
SECTIONDIMENSIONS
SECTIONPROPERTIES
th
tb
Wt
Ixx
Sxx
rxx
Cxx
Iyy
Syy
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
in
in
in
in
in
lbs
in
in
in
in
in
50.8
25.4
3.2
3.2
447
0.89
138902
5469
17.63
25.40
2.00
1.00
0.13
0.13
0.69
0.59
0.33
0.33
0.69
101.6
25.4
3.2
3.2
772
1.53
853799
16808
4.00
1.00
0.13
0.13
1.20
1.03
2.05
152.4
101.6
6.35
6.35
3065
6.07
6.00
4.00
0.25
0.25
4.75
4.08
ryy
Cyy
mm
mm
in
in
in
43994
3464
9.92
12.70
1.00
0.11
0.21
0.39
0.50
33.26
50.80
84329
6640
10.45
12.70
1.03
1.31
2.00
0.20
0.41
0.41
0.50
9770600
128224
56.46
76.20
5140025
101182
40.95
50.80
23.47
7.82
2.22
3.00
12.35
6.17
1.61
2.00
TUBE50.8X25.4X3.2
TUBE101.6X25.4X3.2
TUBE152.4X101.6X6.35
Page107of235
7.6.
AngleSection.
SECTION
SECTIONDIMENSIONS
d
AngleSection
EA25.4X25.4X2.5
EA38.1X38.1X6.35
EA50.8X50.8X6.35
th
SECTIONPROPERTIES
tb
A
2
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
in
in
in
in
in
Wt
Ixx
Kg/m
Sxx
mm
mm
lbs
in
rxx
Cxx
Iyy
Syy
mm
mm
mm
in
in
in
in
ryy
Cyy
mm
mm
in
in
in
mm
3
25.4
25.4
2.5
2.5
121
0.24
7391
408
7.82
7.26
7391
408
7.82
7.26
1.00
1.00
0.10
0.10
0.19
0.16
0.02
0.02
0.31
0.29
0.02
0.02
0.31
0.29
38.1
38.1
6.35
6.35
444
0.88
57659
2195
11.40
11.82
57659
2195
11.40
11.82
1.50
50.8
1.50
50.8
0.25
6.35
0.25
6.35
0.69
605
0.59
1.20
0.14
144679
0.13
4045
0.45
15.46
0.47
15.02
0.14
144679
0.13
4045
0.45
15.46
0.47
15.02
2.00
2.00
0.25
0.25
0.94
0.80
0.35
0.25
0.61
0.59
0.35
0.25
0.61
0.59
76.2
76.2
6.35
6.35
928
1.84
517892
9448
23.62
21.38
517892
9448
23.62
21.38
3.00
3.00
0.25
0.25
1.44
1.23
1.24
0.58
0.93
0.84
1.24
0.58
0.93
0.84
76.2
76.2
9.53
9.53
1362
2.70
732752
13655
23.19
22.54
732752
13655
23.19
22.54
3.00
3.00
0.38
0.38
2.11
1.81
1.76
0.83
0.91
0.89
1.76
0.83
0.91
0.89
101.6
101.6
6.35
6.35
1250
2.48
1265063
17132
31.81
27.76
1265063
17132
31.81
27.76
4.00
4.00
0.25
0.25
1.94
1.66
3.04
1.05
1.25
1.09
3.04
1.05
1.25
1.09
101.6
101.6
9.53
9.53
1846
3.66
1815022
24970
31.36
28.91
1815022
24970
31.36
28.91
4.00
4.00
0.38
0.38
2.86
2.46
4.36
1.52
1.23
1.14
4.36
1.52
1.23
1.14
152.4
152.4
9.53
9.53
2814
5.57
6407436
57847
47.72
41.63
6407436
57847
47.72
41.63
6.00
6.00
0.38
0.38
4.36
3.74
15.39
3.53
1.88
1.64
15.39
3.53
1.88
1.64
EA76.2X76.2X6.35
EA76.2X76.2X9.53
EA101.6X101.6X6.35
EA101.6X101.6X9.53
EA152.4X152.4X9.53
Page108of235
7.7.
WBeamSection.
SECTION
SECTIONDIMENSIONS
th
tb
Wt
WBeamSection
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm2
Kg/m
in
in
in
in
in2
lbs
76.2
76.2
6.4
6.35
1375
2.72
W76.2X76.2X6.4
W101.6X101.6X6.35
W152.4X152.4X6.35
W203.2X203.2X9.53
W304.8X304.8X9.53
SECTIONPROPERTIES
Ixx
mm4
Sxx
rxx
Cxx
mm3
mm
mm
in4
in3
in
in
1320217
34652
30.99
38.10
Iyy
mm4
Syy
ryy
Cyy
mm3
mm
in4
in3
in
in
469648
12327
18.48
38.10
mm
3.00
3.00
0.25
0.25
2.13
1.83
3.17
2.11
1.22
1.50
1.13
0.75
0.73
1.50
101.6
101.6
6.35
6.35
1855
3.67
3302754
65015
42.20
50.80
1111847
21887
24.48
50.80
4.00
4.00
0.25
0.25
2.88
2.47
7.93
3.97
1.66
2.00
2.67
1.34
0.96
2.00
152.4
152.4
6.35
6.35
2823
5.59
11770462
154469
64.57
76.20
3749064
49200
36.44
76.20
6.00
6.00
0.25
0.25
4.38
3.76
28.28
9.43
2.54
3.00
9.01
3.00
1.43
3.00
203.2
203.2
9.53
9.53
5628
11.14
41304991
406546
85.67
101.60
13339679
131296
48.69
101.60
8.00
8.00
0.38
0.38
8.72
7.49
99.24
24.81
3.37
4.00
32.05
8.01
1.92
4.00
304.8
304.8
9.53
9.53
8533
16.90
145195950
952730
130.44
152.40
44997201
295257
72.62
152.40
12.00
12.00
0.38
0.38
13.23
11.35
348.83
58.14
5.14
6.00
108.11
18.02
2.86
6.00
Page109of235
7.8.
BeamSection.
SECTION
SECTIONDIMENSIONS
SECTIONPROPERTIES
th
tb
Wt
IBeamSection
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Kg/m
in
in
in
in
in
lbs
in
in
in
in
in
101.6
50.8
6.35
6.35
1210
2.40
1837272
36167
38.97
50.80
4.00
2.00
0.25
0.25
1.88
1.61
4.41
2.21
1.53
152.4
76.2
6.35
6.35
1855
3.67
6606590
86701
6.00
3.00
0.25
0.25
2.88
2.47
15.87
203.2
101.6
9.53
9.53
3692
7.31
8.00
4.00
0.38
0.38
5.72
304.8
152.4
12.7
12.7
12.00
6.00
0.50
0.50
ryy
Cyy
mm
mm
in
in
in
140641
5537
10.78
25.40
2.00
0.34
0.34
0.42
1.00
59.68
76.20
471241
12369
15.94
38.10
5.29
2.35
3.00
1.13
0.75
0.63
1.50
23131779
227675
79.15
101.60
1679081
33053
21.33
50.80
4.91
55.57
13.89
3.12
4.00
4.03
2.02
0.84
2.00
7420
14.69
105705440
693606
119.36
152.40
7539859
98948
31.88
76.20
11.50
9.87
253.96
42.33
4.70
6.00
18.11
6.04
1.26
3.00
Ixx
4
Sxx
3
mm
mm
4
rxx
mm
Cxx
mm
Iyy
4
mm
4
Syy
mm
I101.6X50.8X6.35
I152.4X76.2X6.35
I203.2X101.6X9.53
I304.8X152.4X12.7
Page110of235
CHAPTER8:FORFLEXURALMEMBERS.
Page111of235
8.1.LoadtablesforflexuralMembersandConnections.
8.1.1.BeamDeflectioncalculation.
Apultrudedbeamwillbedesignedforitsstrength,bucklinganddeflection.
Thefiberreinforcedcompositebeamsexhibitbothshearandflexuraldeflections.Sheardeflectioncanbeevident
whenthespantodepthratiosislessthan20.Compositematerialsarenothomogeneousandwillexhibitdifferent
propertiesinthecrosswisedirection.Deflectioncanbefinalizedbasedonfullsectiontesting.
ThederivationofAllowableUniformLoadTablesaredonebasedoncalculationsusingphysicalpropertiesoffull
section testing. The Load tables are based on simply supported end
conditionswithuniformlydistributedloads.
Thefollowingformulawasusedtopredictthedeflectionsintheallowable
uniformloadtables:
Where,
A=kAw(mm2/inch2)
Aw=web(shear)areaofprofile(mm2/inch2)
K=shearcoefficient
E=modulusofelasticity(N/mm2,psi)
G=modulusofrigidity(shearmodulus)(N/mm2,psi)
I=momentofinertia(mm4,inch4)
L=lengthofspan(mm,inch)
=deflection(mm,inch)
W=Loadonbeam(N/mm,lbs/inch)
8.1.2.AllowableStresses.
FRP composite beams exhibit flexural, compressive, and shear stresses under various load conditions. The
dominatingfailureforlongspanflexuralmemberswillhappenbylocalbucklingofthecompressiveflange,while
shortspansareobservedmostlybyinplaneshearfailures.
8.1.3.Safetyfactor.
Safetyfactorisafactorbywhichallowablestresscanbeachievedbydividingtoultimatestress.Typicallyweare
takingsafetyfactoras2forflexuralandlocalbuckling;andsafetyfactor3isusedforshear.
Page112of235
8.1.2.BeamDeflectionFormula.
8.1.2.1.Uniformloadonsimplysupportedbeam.
Load on beam
=
wl
max.
M max.
8.1.2.2.Uniformloadonfixedatboththesupportsofthebeam.
Load on beam
=
max.
M max.
8.1.2.3.Pointloadonsimplysupportedbeam.
Load on beam
=
max.
M max.
8.1.2.4.Pointloadonfixedatboththesupportsofthebeam.
Load on beam
=
max.
M max.
Page113of235
8.1.2.5.Pointloadoncantileverbeam.
Load on beam
=
max.
M max.
Pl
8.1.2.6.Uniformloadoncantileverbeam.
Load on beam
=
max.
M max.
8.1.2.7.Twopointloadsequallyspacedonasimply
supportedbeams.
Load on beam
=
max.
M max.
Pa
Page114of235
8.2.ShearAreasShearCoefficientsforVariouscrossSections.
Page115of235
8.3.BeamAllowableUDLTable.
8.3.1.Tube1x1x0.13inch.
Beam Allowable UDL Table
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
TUBE- H x H x T = 1x1x0.13 inch

TUBE- H x H x T = 25.4X25.4X3.18 mm
Allowable UDL w (lbs/ft) / w (N/m)
L
L
L
L
100
150
180
240
37 lbs/ft
531 N/m
16 lbs/ft
228 N/m
9 lbs/ft
118 N/m
5 lbs/ft
68 N/m
3 lbs/ft
43 N/m
2 lbs/ft
29 N/m
2 lbs/ft
21 N/m
2 lbs/ft
15 N/m
0.9 lbs/ft
12 N/m
0.7 lbs/ft
9 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
7 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
6 N/m
0.4 lbs/ft
5 N/m
25 lbs/ft
354 N/m
11 lbs/ft
152 N/m
6 lbs/ft
79 N/m
4 lbs/ft
46 N/m
2 lbs/ft
29 N/m
2 lbs/ft
20 N/m
1 lbs/ft
14 N/m
0.7 lbs/ft
10 N/m
0.6 lbs/ft
8 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
6 N/m
0.4 lbs/ft
5 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
4 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
3 N/m
21 lbs/ft
295 N/m
9 lbs/ft
127 N/m
5 lbs/ft
66 N/m
3 lbs/ft
38 N/m
2 lbs/ft
24 N/m
2 lbs/ft
16 N/m
0.9 lbs/ft
12 N/m
0.7 lbs/ft
9 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
7 N/m
0.4 lbs/ft
5 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
4 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
3 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
3 N/m
16 lbs/ft
222 N/m
7 lbs/ft
95 N/m
4 lbs/ft
49 N/m
2 lbs/ft
29 N/m
2 lbs/ft
18 N/m
0.9 lbs/ft
12 N/m
0.7 lbs/ft
9 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
7 N/m
0.4 lbs/ft
5 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
4 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
3 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
3 N/m
0.2 lbs/ft
2 N/m
L
360
11 lbs/ft
148 N/m
5 lbs/ft
64 N/m
3 lbs/ft
33 N/m
2 lbs/ft
19 N/m
0.9 lbs/ft
12 N/m
0.6 lbs/ft
8 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
6 N/m
0.4 lbs/ft
5 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
4 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
3 N/m
0.2 lbs/ft
2 N/m
0.2 lbs/ft
2 N/m
0.2 lbs/ft
2 N/m
Page116of235
8.3.2.Tube0.98x0.98x0.24inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
TUBE-0.98X0.98X0.24 inch
TUBE-25X25X6 mm
L
L
L
L
100
150
180
240
47 lbs/ft
675 N/m
20 lbs/ft
289 N/m
11 lbs/ft
149 N/m
6 lbs/ft
87 N/m
4 lbs/ft
55 N/m
3 lbs/ft
37 N/m
2 lbs/ft
26 N/m
2 lbs/ft
19 N/m
2 lbs/ft
15 N/m
0.8 lbs/ft
11 N/m
0.7 lbs/ft
9 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
7 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
6 N/m
31 lbs/ft
450 N/m
14 lbs/ft
193 N/m
7 lbs/ft
100 N/m
4 lbs/ft
58 N/m
3 lbs/ft
37 N/m
2 lbs/ft
25 N/m
2 lbs/ft
18 N/m
0.9 lbs/ft
13 N/m
0.7 lbs/ft
10 N/m
0.6 lbs/ft
8 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
6 N/m
0.4 lbs/ft
5 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
4 N/m
26 lbs/ft
375 N/m
12 lbs/ft
161 N/m
6 lbs/ft
83 N/m
4 lbs/ft
49 N/m
3 lbs/ft
31 N/m
2 lbs/ft
21 N/m
2 lbs/ft
15 N/m
0.8 lbs/ft
11 N/m
0.6 lbs/ft
8 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
7 N/m
0.4 lbs/ft
5 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
4 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
4 N/m
20 lbs/ft
282 N/m
9 lbs/ft
121 N/m
5 lbs/ft
63 N/m
3 lbs/ft
37 N/m
2 lbs/ft
23 N/m
2 lbs/ft
16 N/m
0.8 lbs/ft
11 N/m
0.6 lbs/ft
8 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
6 N/m
0.4 lbs/ft
5 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
4 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
3 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
3 N/m
L
360
13 lbs/ft
188 N/m
6 lbs/ft
81 N/m
3 lbs/ft
42 N/m
2 lbs/ft
25 N/m
2 lbs/ft
16 N/m
0.8 lbs/ft
11 N/m
0.6 lbs/ft
8 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
6 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
4 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
4 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
3 N/m
0.2 lbs/ft
2 N/m
0.2 lbs/ft
2 N/m
Page117of235
8.3.3.Tube1.26x1.26x0.24inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
TUBE-32X32X6 mm
L
L
L
L
100
150
180
240
112 lbs/ft
1626 N/m
49 lbs/ft
702 N/m
25 lbs/ft
363 N/m
15 lbs/ft
212 N/m
10 lbs/ft
134 N/m
7 lbs/ft
90 N/m
5 lbs/ft
63 N/m
4 lbs/ft
46 N/m
3 lbs/ft
35 N/m
2 lbs/ft
27 N/m
2 lbs/ft
21 N/m
2 lbs/ft
17 N/m
1 lbs/ft
14 N/m
75 lbs/ft
1084 N/m
33 lbs/ft
468 N/m
17 lbs/ft
242 N/m
10 lbs/ft
141 N/m
7 lbs/ft
89 N/m
5 lbs/ft
60 N/m
3 lbs/ft
42 N/m
3 lbs/ft
31 N/m
2 lbs/ft
24 N/m
2 lbs/ft
18 N/m
1 lbs/ft
14 N/m
0.9 lbs/ft
12 N/m
0.7 lbs/ft
10 N/m
62 lbs/ft
903 N/m
27 lbs/ft
390 N/m
14 lbs/ft
202 N/m
9 lbs/ft
118 N/m
6 lbs/ft
75 N/m
4 lbs/ft
50 N/m
3 lbs/ft
35 N/m
2 lbs/ft
26 N/m
2 lbs/ft
20 N/m
2 lbs/ft
15 N/m
0.9 lbs/ft
12 N/m
0.7 lbs/ft
10 N/m
0.6 lbs/ft
8 N/m
47 lbs/ft
678 N/m
21 lbs/ft
293 N/m
11 lbs/ft
152 N/m
7 lbs/ft
88 N/m
4 lbs/ft
56 N/m
3 lbs/ft
38 N/m
2 lbs/ft
27 N/m
2 lbs/ft
20 N/m
2 lbs/ft
15 N/m
0.9 lbs/ft
12 N/m
0.7 lbs/ft
9 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
7 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
6 N/m
L
360
31 lbs/ft
452 N/m
14 lbs/ft
195 N/m
7 lbs/ft
101 N/m
5 lbs/ft
59 N/m
3 lbs/ft
38 N/m
2 lbs/ft
25 N/m
2 lbs/ft
18 N/m
0.9 lbs/ft
13 N/m
0.7 lbs/ft
10 N/m
0.6 lbs/ft
8 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
6 N/m
0.4 lbs/ft
5 N/m
0.3 lbs/ft
4 N/m
Page118of235
8.3.4.Tube1.5x1.5x0.13inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
TUBE-38.1X38.1X3.18 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
134 lbs/ft
1953 N/m
59 lbs/ft
851 N/m
31 lbs/ft
443 N/m
18 lbs/ft
258 N/m
12 lbs/ft
164 N/m
8 lbs/ft
110 N/m
6 lbs/ft
78 N/m
4 lbs/ft
57 N/m
3 lbs/ft
43 N/m
3 lbs/ft
33 N/m
2 lbs/ft
26 N/m
2 lbs/ft
21 N/m
2 lbs/ft
17 N/m
90 lbs/ft
1302 N/m
39 lbs/ft
567 N/m
21 lbs/ft
295 N/m
12 lbs/ft
172 N/m
8 lbs/ft
109 N/m
6 lbs/ft
74 N/m
4 lbs/ft
52 N/m
3 lbs/ft
38 N/m
2 lbs/ft
29 N/m
2 lbs/ft
22 N/m
2 lbs/ft
18 N/m
1 lbs/ft
14 N/m
0.9 lbs/ft
12 N/m
75 lbs/ft
1085 N/m
33 lbs/ft
473 N/m
17 lbs/ft
246 N/m
10 lbs/ft
144 N/m
7 lbs/ft
91 N/m
5 lbs/ft
61 N/m
3 lbs/ft
43 N/m
3 lbs/ft
32 N/m
2 lbs/ft
24 N/m
2 lbs/ft
19 N/m
2 lbs/ft
15 N/m
0.9 lbs/ft
12 N/m
0.7 lbs/ft
10 N/m
L
240
L
360
56 lbs/ft
814 N/m
25 lbs/ft
355 N/m
13 lbs/ft
185 N/m
8 lbs/ft
108 N/m
5 lbs/ft
69 N/m
4 lbs/ft
46 N/m
3 lbs/ft
33 N/m
2 lbs/ft
24 N/m
2 lbs/ft
18 N/m
1 lbs/ft
14 N/m
0.8 lbs/ft
11 N/m
0.7 lbs/ft
9 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
7 N/m
38 lbs/ft
543 N/m
17 lbs/ft
237 N/m
9 lbs/ft
123 N/m
5 lbs/ft
72 N/m
4 lbs/ft
46 N/m
3 lbs/ft
31 N/m
2 lbs/ft
22 N/m
2 lbs/ft
16 N/m
0.9 lbs/ft
12 N/m
0.7 lbs/ft
10 N/m
0.6 lbs/ft
8 N/m
0.5 lbs/ft
6 N/m
0.4 lbs/ft
5 N/m
Page119of235
8.3.5.Tube1.77x1.77x0.24inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
TUBE-1.77X1.77x0.24 inch
TUBE-45X45X6 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
349 lbs/ft
5081 N/m
154 lbs/ft
2236 N/m
81 lbs/ft
1169 N/m
47 lbs/ft
684 N/m
30 lbs/ft
434 N/m
21 lbs/ft
292 N/m
15 lbs/ft
206 N/m
11 lbs/ft
151 N/m
8 lbs/ft
113 N/m
7 lbs/ft
88 N/m
5 lbs/ft
69 N/m
4 lbs/ft
55 N/m
4 lbs/ft
45 N/m
233 lbs/ft
3388 N/m
103 lbs/ft
1491 N/m
54 lbs/ft
779 N/m
32 lbs/ft
456 N/m
20 lbs/ft
289 N/m
14 lbs/ft
195 N/m
10 lbs/ft
137 N/m
7 lbs/ft
101 N/m
6 lbs/ft
76 N/m
5 lbs/ft
59 N/m
4 lbs/ft
46 N/m
3 lbs/ft
37 N/m
3 lbs/ft
30 N/m
194 lbs/ft
2823 N/m
86 lbs/ft
1243 N/m
45 lbs/ft
649 N/m
27 lbs/ft
380 N/m
17 lbs/ft
241 N/m
12 lbs/ft
163 N/m
8 lbs/ft
115 N/m
6 lbs/ft
84 N/m
5 lbs/ft
63 N/m
4 lbs/ft
49 N/m
3 lbs/ft
39 N/m
3 lbs/ft
31 N/m
2 lbs/ft
25 N/m
L
240
L
360
146 lbs/ft
2117 N/m
64 lbs/ft
932 N/m
34 lbs/ft
487 N/m
20 lbs/ft
285 N/m
13 lbs/ft
181 N/m
9 lbs/ft
122 N/m
6 lbs/ft
86 N/m
5 lbs/ft
63 N/m
4 lbs/ft
48 N/m
3 lbs/ft
37 N/m
2 lbs/ft
29 N/m
2 lbs/ft
23 N/m
2 lbs/ft
19 N/m
97 lbs/ft
1412 N/m
43 lbs/ft
622 N/m
23 lbs/ft
325 N/m
14 lbs/ft
190 N/m
9 lbs/ft
121 N/m
6 lbs/ft
82 N/m
4 lbs/ft
58 N/m
3 lbs/ft
42 N/m
3 lbs/ft
32 N/m
2 lbs/ft
25 N/m
2 lbs/ft
20 N/m
2 lbs/ft
16 N/m
0.9 lbs/ft
13 N/m
Page120of235
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
TUBE-2x2x0.13 inch
TUBE-50.8X50.8X3.18 mm
L
L
L
L
100
150
180
240
320 lbs/ft
4666 N/m
143 lbs/ft
2080 N/m
75 lbs/ft
1094 N/m
44 lbs/ft
642 N/m
28 lbs/ft
408 N/m
19 lbs/ft
275 N/m
14 lbs/ft
194 N/m
10 lbs/ft
142 N/m
8 lbs/ft
107 N/m
6 lbs/ft
83 N/m
5 lbs/ft
65 N/m
4 lbs/ft
52 N/m
3 lbs/ft
43 N/m
214 lbs/ft
3111 N/m
96 lbs/ft
1387 N/m
50 lbs/ft
729 N/m
30 lbs/ft
428 N/m
19 lbs/ft
272 N/m
13 lbs/ft
184 N/m
9 lbs/ft
130 N/m
7 lbs/ft
95 N/m
5 lbs/ft
72 N/m
4 lbs/ft
55 N/m
4 lbs/ft
44 N/m
3 lbs/ft
35 N/m
2 lbs/ft
29 N/m
178 lbs/ft
2593 N/m
80 lbs/ft
1156 N/m
42 lbs/ft
608 N/m
25 lbs/ft
357 N/m
16 lbs/ft
227 N/m
11 lbs/ft
153 N/m
8 lbs/ft
108 N/m
6 lbs/ft
79 N/m
5 lbs/ft
60 N/m
4 lbs/ft
46 N/m
3 lbs/ft
37 N/m
2 lbs/ft
29 N/m
2 lbs/ft
24 N/m
134 lbs/ft
1945 N/m
60 lbs/ft
867 N/m
32 lbs/ft
456 N/m
19 lbs/ft
268 N/m
12 lbs/ft
170 N/m
8 lbs/ft
115 N/m
6 lbs/ft
81 N/m
5 lbs/ft
60 N/m
4 lbs/ft
45 N/m
3 lbs/ft
35 N/m
2 lbs/ft
28 N/m
2 lbs/ft
22 N/m
2 lbs/ft
18 N/m
L
360
89 lbs/ft
1297 N/m
40 lbs/ft
578 N/m
21 lbs/ft
304 N/m
13 lbs/ft
179 N/m
8 lbs/ft
114 N/m
6 lbs/ft
77 N/m
4 lbs/ft
54 N/m
3 lbs/ft
40 N/m
3 lbs/ft
30 N/m
2 lbs/ft
23 N/m
2 lbs/ft
19 N/m
2 lbs/ft
15 N/m
0.9 lbs/ft
12 N/m
Page121of235
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
TUBE-2x2x0.25 inch
TUBE-50.8X50.8X6.35 mm
L
L
L
L
100
150
180
240
530 lbs/ft
7733 N/m
236 lbs/ft
3440 N/m
124 lbs/ft
1807 N/m
73 lbs/ft
1061 N/m
47 lbs/ft
674 N/m
32 lbs/ft
454 N/m
22 lbs/ft
320 N/m
17 lbs/ft
234 N/m
13 lbs/ft
177 N/m
10 lbs/ft
136 N/m
8 lbs/ft
107 N/m
6 lbs/ft
86 N/m
5 lbs/ft
70 N/m
354 lbs/ft
5155 N/m
158 lbs/ft
2293 N/m
83 lbs/ft
1205 N/m
49 lbs/ft
707 N/m
31 lbs/ft
449 N/m
21 lbs/ft
303 N/m
15 lbs/ft
214 N/m
11 lbs/ft
156 N/m
9 lbs/ft
118 N/m
7 lbs/ft
91 N/m
5 lbs/ft
72 N/m
4 lbs/ft
58 N/m
4 lbs/ft
47 N/m
295 lbs/ft
4296 N/m
131 lbs/ft
1911 N/m
69 lbs/ft
1004 N/m
41 lbs/ft
590 N/m
26 lbs/ft
375 N/m
18 lbs/ft
253 N/m
13 lbs/ft
178 N/m
9 lbs/ft
130 N/m
7 lbs/ft
98 N/m
6 lbs/ft
76 N/m
5 lbs/ft
60 N/m
4 lbs/ft
48 N/m
3 lbs/ft
39 N/m
221 lbs/ft
3222 N/m
99 lbs/ft
1434 N/m
52 lbs/ft
753 N/m
31 lbs/ft
442 N/m
20 lbs/ft
281 N/m
14 lbs/ft
190 N/m
10 lbs/ft
134 N/m
7 lbs/ft
98 N/m
6 lbs/ft
74 N/m
4 lbs/ft
57 N/m
4 lbs/ft
45 N/m
3 lbs/ft
36 N/m
2.1 lbs/ft
30 N/m
L
360
148 lbs/ft
2148 N/m
66 lbs/ft
956 N/m
35 lbs/ft
502 N/m
21 lbs/ft
295 N/m
13 lbs/ft
188 N/m
9 lbs/ft
127 N/m
7 lbs/ft
89 N/m
5 lbs/ft
65 N/m
4 lbs/ft
49 N/m
3 lbs/ft
38 N/m
3 lbs/ft
30 N/m
2 lbs/ft
24 N/m
1.5 lbs/ft
20 N/m
Page122of235
8.3.8.Tube2.26x2.26x0.14inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
TUBE-2.26x2.26x0.14 inch
TUBE-57.5X57.5X3.5 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
496 lbs/ft
7238 N/m
225 lbs/ft
3270 N/m
119 lbs/ft
1731 N/m
70 lbs/ft
1021 N/m
45 lbs/ft
650 N/m
31 lbs/ft
439 N/m
22 lbs/ft
310 N/m
16 lbs/ft
227 N/m
12 lbs/ft
171 N/m
10 lbs/ft
132 N/m
8 lbs/ft
104 N/m
6 lbs/ft
84 N/m
5 lbs/ft
68 N/m
331 lbs/ft
4825 N/m
150 lbs/ft
2180 N/m
80 lbs/ft
1154 N/m
47 lbs/ft
681 N/m
30 lbs/ft
434 N/m
21 lbs/ft
293 N/m
15 lbs/ft
207 N/m
11 lbs/ft
152 N/m
8 lbs/ft
114 N/m
7 lbs/ft
88 N/m
5 lbs/ft
70 N/m
4 lbs/ft
56 N/m
4 lbs/ft
46 N/m
276 lbs/ft
4021 N/m
125 lbs/ft
1817 N/m
66 lbs/ft
962 N/m
39 lbs/ft
567 N/m
25 lbs/ft
361 N/m
17 lbs/ft
244 N/m
12 lbs/ft
172 N/m
9 lbs/ft
126 N/m
7 lbs/ft
95 N/m
6 lbs/ft
74 N/m
4 lbs/ft
58 N/m
4 lbs/ft
47 N/m
3 lbs/ft
38 N/m
L
240
L
360
207 lbs/ft
3016 N/m
94 lbs/ft
1363 N/m
50 lbs/ft
722 N/m
30 lbs/ft
426 N/m
19 lbs/ft
271 N/m
13 lbs/ft
183 N/m
9 lbs/ft
129 N/m
7 lbs/ft
95 N/m
5 lbs/ft
72 N/m
4 lbs/ft
55 N/m
4 lbs/ft
44 N/m
3 lbs/ft
35 N/m
2 lbs/ft
29 N/m
138 lbs/ft
2011 N/m
63 lbs/ft
909 N/m
33 lbs/ft
481 N/m
20 lbs/ft
284 N/m
13 lbs/ft
181 N/m
9 lbs/ft
122 N/m
6 lbs/ft
86 N/m
5 lbs/ft
63 N/m
4 lbs/ft
48 N/m
3 lbs/ft
37 N/m
2 lbs/ft
29 N/m
2 lbs/ft
24 N/m
2 lbs/ft
19 N/m
Page123of235
8.3.9.Tube2.5x2.5x0.25inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
TUBE-2.5x2.5x0.25 inch
TUBE-63.5X63.5X6.35 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
1046 lbs/ft 698 lbs/ft
15259 N/m 10173 N/m
478 lbs/ft
319 lbs/ft
6969 N/m 4646 N/m
255 lbs/ft
170 lbs/ft
3710 N/m 2474 N/m
151 lbs/ft
101 lbs/ft
2195 N/m 1463 N/m
96 lbs/ft
64 lbs/ft
1401 N/m
934 N/m
65 lbs/ft
44 lbs/ft
947 N/m
632 N/m
46 lbs/ft
31 lbs/ft
669 N/m
446 N/m
34 lbs/ft
23 lbs/ft
490 N/m
327 N/m
26 lbs/ft
17 lbs/ft
370 N/m
247 N/m
20 lbs/ft
14 lbs/ft
286 N/m
191 N/m
16 lbs/ft
11 lbs/ft
225 N/m
150 N/m
13 lbs/ft
9 lbs/ft
181 N/m
121 N/m
11 lbs/ft
7 lbs/ft
147 N/m
98 N/m
581 lbs/ft
8477 N/m
266 lbs/ft
3872 N/m
142 lbs/ft
2062 N/m
84 lbs/ft
1220 N/m
54 lbs/ft
779 N/m
37 lbs/ft
526 N/m
26 lbs/ft
372 N/m
19 lbs/ft
273 N/m
15 lbs/ft
206 N/m
11 lbs/ft
159 N/m
9 lbs/ft
125 N/m
7 lbs/ft
101 N/m
6 lbs/ft
82 N/m
L
240
L
360
436 lbs/ft
6358 N/m
199 lbs/ft
2904 N/m
106 lbs/ft
1546 N/m
63 lbs/ft
915 N/m
41 lbs/ft
584 N/m
28 lbs/ft
395 N/m
20 lbs/ft
279 N/m
15 lbs/ft
205 N/m
11 lbs/ft
154 N/m
9 lbs/ft
119 N/m
7 lbs/ft
94 N/m
6 lbs/ft
76 N/m
5 lbs/ft
62 N/m
291 lbs/ft
4239 N/m
133 lbs/ft
1936 N/m
71 lbs/ft
1031 N/m
42 lbs/ft
610 N/m
27 lbs/ft
390 N/m
19 lbs/ft
263 N/m
13 lbs/ft
186 N/m
10 lbs/ft
137 N/m
8 lbs/ft
103 N/m
6 lbs/ft
80 N/m
5 lbs/ft
63 N/m
4 lbs/ft
51 N/m
3 lbs/ft
41 N/m
Page124of235
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
TUBE-3x3x0.25 inch
TUBE-76.2X76.2X6.35 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
1762 lbs/ft
25708 N/m
829 lbs/ft
12089 N/m
448 lbs/ft
6537 N/m
268 lbs/ft
3902 N/m
172 lbs/ft
2505 N/m
117 lbs/ft
1699 N/m
83 lbs/ft
1204 N/m
61 lbs/ft
883 N/m
46 lbs/ft
667 N/m
36 lbs/ft
516 N/m
28 lbs/ft
407 N/m
23 lbs/ft
327 N/m
19 lbs/ft
266 N/m
1175 lbs/ft
17139 N/m
553 lbs/ft
8060 N/m
299 lbs/ft
4358 N/m
179 lbs/ft
2601 N/m
115 lbs/ft
1670 N/m
78 lbs/ft
1133 N/m
56 lbs/ft
803 N/m
41 lbs/ft
589 N/m
31 lbs/ft
445 N/m
24 lbs/ft
344 N/m
19 lbs/ft
271 N/m
15 lbs/ft
218 N/m
13 lbs/ft
178 N/m
979 lbs/ft
14282 N/m
461 lbs/ft
6716 N/m
249 lbs/ft
3632 N/m
149 lbs/ft
2168 N/m
96 lbs/ft
1392 N/m
65 lbs/ft
944 N/m
46 lbs/ft
669 N/m
34 lbs/ft
491 N/m
26 lbs/ft
371 N/m
20 lbs/ft
287 N/m
16 lbs/ft
226 N/m
13 lbs/ft
182 N/m
11 lbs/ft
148 N/m
L
240
L
360
735 lbs/ft
10712 N/m
346 lbs/ft
5037 N/m
187 lbs/ft
2724 N/m
112 lbs/ft
1626 N/m
72 lbs/ft
1044 N/m
49 lbs/ft
708 N/m
35 lbs/ft
502 N/m
26 lbs/ft
368 N/m
20 lbs/ft
278 N/m
15 lbs/ft
215 N/m
12 lbs/ft
170 N/m
10 lbs/ft
136 N/m
8 lbs/ft
111 N/m
490 lbs/ft
7141 N/m
231 lbs/ft
3358 N/m
125 lbs/ft
1816 N/m
75 lbs/ft
1084 N/m
48 lbs/ft
696 N/m
33 lbs/ft
472 N/m
23 lbs/ft
335 N/m
17 lbs/ft
246 N/m
13 lbs/ft
186 N/m
10 lbs/ft
144 N/m
8 lbs/ft
113 N/m
7 lbs/ft
91 N/m
6 lbs/ft
74 N/m
Page125of235
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
TUBE-3x3x0.38 inch
TUBE-76.2X76.2X9.53 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
2339 lbs/ft
34130 N/m
1098 lbs/ft
16018 N/m
593 lbs/ft
8652 N/m
354 lbs/ft
5161 N/m
227 lbs/ft
3312 N/m
154 lbs/ft
2246 N/m
110 lbs/ft
1591 N/m
80 lbs/ft
1167 N/m
61 lbs/ft
881 N/m
47 lbs/ft
681 N/m
37 lbs/ft
537 N/m
30 lbs/ft
431 N/m
25 lbs/ft
351 N/m
1560 lbs/ft
22754 N/m
732 lbs/ft
10679 N/m
396 lbs/ft
5768 N/m
236 lbs/ft
3441 N/m
152 lbs/ft
2208 N/m
103 lbs/ft
1498 N/m
73 lbs/ft
1061 N/m
54 lbs/ft
778 N/m
41 lbs/ft
588 N/m
32 lbs/ft
454 N/m
25 lbs/ft
358 N/m
20 lbs/ft
288 N/m
17 lbs/ft
234 N/m
1300 lbs/ft
18961 N/m
610 lbs/ft
8899 N/m
330 lbs/ft
4807 N/m
197 lbs/ft
2868 N/m
127 lbs/ft
1840 N/m
86 lbs/ft
1248 N/m
61 lbs/ft
884 N/m
45 lbs/ft
649 N/m
34 lbs/ft
490 N/m
26 lbs/ft
379 N/m
21 lbs/ft
299 N/m
17 lbs/ft
240 N/m
14 lbs/ft
195 N/m
L
240
L
360
975 lbs/ft
14221 N/m
458 lbs/ft
6675 N/m
248 lbs/ft
3605 N/m
148 lbs/ft
2151 N/m
95 lbs/ft
1380 N/m
65 lbs/ft
936 N/m
46 lbs/ft
663 N/m
34 lbs/ft
487 N/m
26 lbs/ft
367 N/m
20 lbs/ft
284 N/m
16 lbs/ft
224 N/m
13 lbs/ft
180 N/m
11 lbs/ft
147 N/m
650 lbs/ft
9481 N/m
305 lbs/ft
4450 N/m
165 lbs/ft
2404 N/m
99 lbs/ft
1434 N/m
64 lbs/ft
920 N/m
43 lbs/ft
624 N/m
31 lbs/ft
442 N/m
23 lbs/ft
325 N/m
17 lbs/ft
245 N/m
14 lbs/ft
190 N/m
11 lbs/ft
150 N/m
9 lbs/ft
120 N/m
7 lbs/ft
98 N/m
Page126of235
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
TUBE-4x4x0.25 inch
TUBE-101.6X101.6X6.35 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
3743 lbs/ft
54614 N/m
1871 lbs/ft
27301 N/m
1048 lbs/ft
15287 N/m
639 lbs/ft
9320 N/m
416 lbs/ft
6066 N/m
285 lbs/ft
4154 N/m
203 lbs/ft
2962 N/m
150 lbs/ft
2184 N/m
114 lbs/ft
1654 N/m
88 lbs/ft
1283 N/m
70 lbs/ft
1014 N/m
56 lbs/ft
815 N/m
46 lbs/ft
665 N/m
2495 lbs/ft
36409 N/m
1248 lbs/ft
18201 N/m
699 lbs/ft
10191 N/m
426 lbs/ft
6214 N/m
278 lbs/ft
4044 N/m
190 lbs/ft
2769 N/m
136 lbs/ft
1975 N/m
100 lbs/ft
1456 N/m
76 lbs/ft
1103 N/m
59 lbs/ft
855 N/m
47 lbs/ft
676 N/m
38 lbs/ft
544 N/m
31 lbs/ft
443 N/m
2080 lbs/ft
30341 N/m
1040 lbs/ft
15167 N/m
582 lbs/ft
8493 N/m
355 lbs/ft
5178 N/m
231 lbs/ft
3370 N/m
159 lbs/ft
2308 N/m
113 lbs/ft
1646 N/m
84 lbs/ft
1213 N/m
63 lbs/ft
919 N/m
49 lbs/ft
713 N/m
39 lbs/ft
563 N/m
32 lbs/ft
453 N/m
26 lbs/ft
370 N/m
L
240
L
360
1560 lbs/ft
22756 N/m
780 lbs/ft
11376 N/m
437 lbs/ft
6370 N/m
267 lbs/ft
3884 N/m
174 lbs/ft
2528 N/m
119 lbs/ft
1731 N/m
85 lbs/ft
1235 N/m
63 lbs/ft
910 N/m
48 lbs/ft
690 N/m
37 lbs/ft
535 N/m
29 lbs/ft
423 N/m
24 lbs/ft
340 N/m
19 lbs/ft
277 N/m
1040 lbs/ft
15171 N/m
520 lbs/ft
7584 N/m
292 lbs/ft
4247 N/m
178 lbs/ft
2589 N/m
116 lbs/ft
1685 N/m
80 lbs/ft
1154 N/m
57 lbs/ft
823 N/m
42 lbs/ft
607 N/m
32 lbs/ft
460 N/m
25 lbs/ft
357 N/m
20 lbs/ft
282 N/m
16 lbs/ft
227 N/m
13 lbs/ft
185 N/m
Page127of235
8.3.13.C3x0.88x0.25inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
C- 3X0.88X0.25 inch
C-76.2X22.22X6.35 mm
L
L
L
L
100
150
180
240
633 lbs/ft
9231 N/m
289 lbs/ft
4205 N/m
154 lbs/ft
2236 N/m
91 lbs/ft
1322 N/m
58 lbs/ft
843 N/m
40 lbs/ft
570 N/m
28 lbs/ft
403 N/m
21 lbs/ft
295 N/m
16 lbs/ft
222 N/m
12 lbs/ft
172 N/m
10 lbs/ft
136 N/m
8 lbs/ft
109 N/m
7 lbs/ft
89 N/m
422 lbs/ft
6154 N/m
193 lbs/ft
2804 N/m
103 lbs/ft
1491 N/m
61 lbs/ft
881 N/m
39 lbs/ft
562 N/m
27 lbs/ft
380 N/m
19 lbs/ft
269 N/m
14 lbs/ft
197 N/m
11 lbs/ft
148 N/m
8 lbs/ft
115 N/m
7 lbs/ft
91 N/m
6 lbs/ft
73 N/m
5 lbs/ft
59 N/m
352 lbs/ft
5128 N/m
161 lbs/ft
2336 N/m
86 lbs/ft
1242 N/m
51 lbs/ft
734 N/m
33 lbs/ft
469 N/m
22 lbs/ft
317 N/m
16 lbs/ft
224 N/m
12 lbs/ft
164 N/m
9 lbs/ft
124 N/m
7 lbs/ft
96 N/m
6 lbs/ft
76 N/m
5 lbs/ft
61 N/m
4 lbs/ft
49 N/m
264 lbs/ft
3846 N/m
121 lbs/ft
1752 N/m
64 lbs/ft
932 N/m
38 lbs/ft
551 N/m
25 lbs/ft
352 N/m
17 lbs/ft
238 N/m
12 lbs/ft
168 N/m
9 lbs/ft
123 N/m
7 lbs/ft
93 N/m
5 lbs/ft
72 N/m
4 lbs/ft
57 N/m
4 lbs/ft
46 N/m
3 lbs/ft
37 N/m
L
360
176 lbs/ft
2564 N/m
81 lbs/ft
1168 N/m
43 lbs/ft
621 N/m
26 lbs/ft
367 N/m
17 lbs/ft
235 N/m
11 lbs/ft
159 N/m
8 lbs/ft
112 N/m
6 lbs/ft
82 N/m
5 lbs/ft
62 N/m
4 lbs/ft
48 N/m
3 lbs/ft
38 N/m
3 lbs/ft
31 N/m
2 lbs/ft
25 N/m
Page128of235
8.3.14.C3.5x1.5x0.25inch.

C- 3.5X1.5X0.25 inch
C-88.9X38.1X6.35 mm
L
L
L
150
180
240
Deflection
Criteria
L
100
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
1223 lbs/ft
17835 N/m
586 lbs/ft
8540 N/m
320 lbs/ft
4664 N/m
192 lbs/ft
2801 N/m
124 lbs/ft
1805 N/m
85 lbs/ft
1228 N/m
60 lbs/ft
871 N/m
44 lbs/ft
640 N/m
34 lbs/ft
484 N/m
26 lbs/ft
374 N/m
21 lbs/ft
296 N/m
17 lbs/ft
237 N/m
14 lbs/ft
194 N/m
815 lbs/ft
11890 N/m
391 lbs/ft
5694 N/m
214 lbs/ft
3110 N/m
128 lbs/ft
1867 N/m
83 lbs/ft
1203 N/m
57 lbs/ft
819 N/m
40 lbs/ft
581 N/m
30 lbs/ft
427 N/m
23 lbs/ft
323 N/m
18 lbs/ft
250 N/m
14 lbs/ft
197 N/m
11 lbs/ft
158 N/m
9 lbs/ft
129 N/m
679 lbs/ft
9909 N/m
326 lbs/ft
4745 N/m
178 lbs/ft
2591 N/m
107 lbs/ft
1556 N/m
69 lbs/ft
1003 N/m
47 lbs/ft
682 N/m
34 lbs/ft
484 N/m
25 lbs/ft
356 N/m
19 lbs/ft
269 N/m
15 lbs/ft
208 N/m
12 lbs/ft
164 N/m
10 lbs/ft
132 N/m
8 lbs/ft
108 N/m
510 lbs/ft
7432 N/m
244 lbs/ft
3559 N/m
134 lbs/ft
1944 N/m
80 lbs/ft
1167 N/m
52 lbs/ft
752 N/m
36 lbs/ft
512 N/m
25 lbs/ft
363 N/m
19 lbs/ft
267 N/m
14 lbs/ft
202 N/m
11 lbs/ft
156 N/m
9 lbs/ft
123 N/m
7 lbs/ft
99 N/m
6 lbs/ft
81 N/m
L
360
340 lbs/ft
4955 N/m
163 lbs/ft
2373 N/m
89 lbs/ft
1296 N/m
54 lbs/ft
778 N/m
35 lbs/ft
502 N/m
24 lbs/ft
341 N/m
17 lbs/ft
242 N/m
13 lbs/ft
178 N/m
10 lbs/ft
135 N/m
8 lbs/ft
104 N/m
6 lbs/ft
82 N/m
5 lbs/ft
66 N/m
4 lbs/ft
54 N/m
Page129of235
8.3.15.C4x1.13x0.25inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
C- 4X1.13X0.25 inch
C-101.6X28.6X6.35 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
1392 lbs/ft
20314 N/m
665 lbs/ft
9696 N/m
363 lbs/ft
5286 N/m
218 lbs/ft
3171 N/m
140 lbs/ft
2042 N/m
96 lbs/ft
1388 N/m
68 lbs/ft
985 N/m
50 lbs/ft
724 N/m
38 lbs/ft
547 N/m
29 lbs/ft
423 N/m
23 lbs/ft
334 N/m
19 lbs/ft
268 N/m
16 lbs/ft
219 N/m
928 lbs/ft
13543 N/m
443 lbs/ft
6464 N/m
242 lbs/ft
3524 N/m
145 lbs/ft
2114 N/m
94 lbs/ft
1361 N/m
64 lbs/ft
926 N/m
46 lbs/ft
657 N/m
34 lbs/ft
483 N/m
26 lbs/ft
365 N/m
20 lbs/ft
282 N/m
16 lbs/ft
223 N/m
13 lbs/ft
179 N/m
11 lbs/ft
146 N/m
774 lbs/ft
11286 N/m
370 lbs/ft
5387 N/m
202 lbs/ft
2937 N/m
121 lbs/ft
1762 N/m
78 lbs/ft
1135 N/m
53 lbs/ft
771 N/m
38 lbs/ft
548 N/m
28 lbs/ft
402 N/m
21 lbs/ft
304 N/m
17 lbs/ft
235 N/m
13 lbs/ft
186 N/m
11 lbs/ft
149 N/m
9 lbs/ft
122 N/m
L
240
L
360
581 lbs/ft
8465 N/m
277 lbs/ft
4040 N/m
151 lbs/ft
2203 N/m
91 lbs/ft
1321 N/m
59 lbs/ft
851 N/m
40 lbs/ft
579 N/m
29 lbs/ft
411 N/m
21 lbs/ft
302 N/m
16 lbs/ft
228 N/m
13 lbs/ft
177 N/m
10 lbs/ft
139 N/m
8 lbs/ft
112 N/m
7 lbs/ft
91 N/m
387 lbs/ft
5643 N/m
185 lbs/ft
2694 N/m
101 lbs/ft
1469 N/m
61 lbs/ft
881 N/m
39 lbs/ft
568 N/m
27 lbs/ft
386 N/m
19 lbs/ft
274 N/m
14 lbs/ft
201 N/m
11 lbs/ft
152 N/m
9 lbs/ft
118 N/m
7 lbs/ft
93 N/m
6 lbs/ft
75 N/m
5 lbs/ft
61 N/m
Page130of235
8.3.16.C3.97x1.8x0.17inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
C- 3.97X1.18X0.17 inch
C-100.6X29.72X4.23 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
990 lbs/ft
14440 N/m
475 lbs/ft
6919 N/m
260 lbs/ft
3780 N/m
156 lbs/ft
2271 N/m
101 lbs/ft
1463 N/m
69 lbs/ft
996 N/m
49 lbs/ft
707 N/m
36 lbs/ft
519 N/m
27 lbs/ft
393 N/m
21 lbs/ft
304 N/m
17 lbs/ft
240 N/m
14 lbs/ft
193 N/m
11 lbs/ft
157 N/m
660 lbs/ft
9627 N/m
317 lbs/ft
4613 N/m
173 lbs/ft
2520 N/m
104 lbs/ft
1514 N/m
67 lbs/ft
976 N/m
46 lbs/ft
664 N/m
33 lbs/ft
471 N/m
24 lbs/ft
346 N/m
18 lbs/ft
262 N/m
14 lbs/ft
203 N/m
11 lbs/ft
160 N/m
9 lbs/ft
129 N/m
8 lbs/ft
105 N/m
550 lbs/ft
8022 N/m
264 lbs/ft
3844 N/m
144 lbs/ft
2100 N/m
87 lbs/ft
1262 N/m
56 lbs/ft
813 N/m
38 lbs/ft
553 N/m
27 lbs/ft
393 N/m
20 lbs/ft
289 N/m
15 lbs/ft
218 N/m
12 lbs/ft
169 N/m
10 lbs/ft
133 N/m
8 lbs/ft
107 N/m
6 lbs/ft
87 N/m
L
240
L
360
413 lbs/ft
6017 N/m
198 lbs/ft
2883 N/m
108 lbs/ft
1575 N/m
65 lbs/ft
946 N/m
42 lbs/ft
610 N/m
29 lbs/ft
415 N/m
21 lbs/ft
295 N/m
15 lbs/ft
217 N/m
12 lbs/ft
164 N/m
9 lbs/ft
127 N/m
7 lbs/ft
100 N/m
6 lbs/ft
81 N/m
5 lbs/ft
66 N/m
275 lbs/ft
4011 N/m
132 lbs/ft
1922 N/m
72 lbs/ft
1050 N/m
44 lbs/ft
631 N/m
28 lbs/ft
407 N/m
19 lbs/ft
277 N/m
14 lbs/ft
197 N/m
10 lbs/ft
145 N/m
8 lbs/ft
109 N/m
6 lbs/ft
85 N/m
5 lbs/ft
67 N/m
4 lbs/ft
54 N/m
4 lbs/ft
44 N/m
Page131of235
8.3.17.C4x1.38x0.19inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
C- 4X1.38X0.19 inch
C-101.6X34.93X4.76 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
1213 lbs/ft
17688 N/m
588 lbs/ft
8579 N/m
324 lbs/ft
4720 N/m
196 lbs/ft
2847 N/m
127 lbs/ft
1840 N/m
86 lbs/ft
1254 N/m
62 lbs/ft
891 N/m
45 lbs/ft
655 N/m
34 lbs/ft
496 N/m
27 lbs/ft
384 N/m
21 lbs/ft
303 N/m
17 lbs/ft
244 N/m
14 lbs/ft
199 N/m
809 lbs/ft
11792 N/m
392 lbs/ft
5720 N/m
216 lbs/ft
3147 N/m
131 lbs/ft
1898 N/m
85 lbs/ft
1227 N/m
58 lbs/ft
836 N/m
41 lbs/ft
594 N/m
30 lbs/ft
437 N/m
23 lbs/ft
331 N/m
18 lbs/ft
256 N/m
14 lbs/ft
202 N/m
12 lbs/ft
163 N/m
10 lbs/ft
133 N/m
674 lbs/ft
9827 N/m
327 lbs/ft
4767 N/m
180 lbs/ft
2622 N/m
109 lbs/ft
1582 N/m
71 lbs/ft
1022 N/m
48 lbs/ft
697 N/m
34 lbs/ft
495 N/m
25 lbs/ft
364 N/m
19 lbs/ft
276 N/m
15 lbs/ft
213 N/m
12 lbs/ft
169 N/m
10 lbs/ft
136 N/m
8 lbs/ft
111 N/m
L
240
L
360
506 lbs/ft
7370 N/m
245 lbs/ft
3575 N/m
135 lbs/ft
1967 N/m
82 lbs/ft
1186 N/m
53 lbs/ft
767 N/m
36 lbs/ft
523 N/m
26 lbs/ft
372 N/m
19 lbs/ft
273 N/m
15 lbs/ft
207 N/m
11 lbs/ft
160 N/m
9 lbs/ft
127 N/m
7 lbs/ft
102 N/m
6 lbs/ft
83 N/m
337 lbs/ft
4914 N/m
164 lbs/ft
2384 N/m
90 lbs/ft
1311 N/m
55 lbs/ft
791 N/m
36 lbs/ft
511 N/m
24 lbs/ft
349 N/m
17 lbs/ft
248 N/m
13 lbs/ft
182 N/m
10 lbs/ft
138 N/m
8 lbs/ft
107 N/m
6 lbs/ft
85 N/m
5 lbs/ft
68 N/m
4 lbs/ft
56 N/m
Page132of235
8.3.18.C6x1.6x0.25inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
C- 6X1.63X0.25 inch
C-152.4X41.27X6.35 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
4280 lbs/ft
62451 N/m
2146 lbs/ft
31311 N/m
1204 lbs/ft
17563 N/m
735 lbs/ft
10721 N/m
479 lbs/ft
6982 N/m
328 lbs/ft
4783 N/m
234 lbs/ft
3413 N/m
173 lbs/ft
2516 N/m
131 lbs/ft
1907 N/m
102 lbs/ft
1478 N/m
81 lbs/ft
1169 N/m
65 lbs/ft
940 N/m
53 lbs/ft
767 N/m
2853 lbs/ft
41634 N/m
1431 lbs/ft
20874 N/m
803 lbs/ft
11709 N/m
490 lbs/ft
7147 N/m
319 lbs/ft
4655 N/m
219 lbs/ft
3189 N/m
156 lbs/ft
2275 N/m
115 lbs/ft
1678 N/m
88 lbs/ft
1271 N/m
68 lbs/ft
986 N/m
54 lbs/ft
779 N/m
43 lbs/ft
627 N/m
36 lbs/ft
511 N/m
2378 lbs/ft
34695 N/m
1192 lbs/ft
17395 N/m
669 lbs/ft
9758 N/m
409 lbs/ft
5956 N/m
266 lbs/ft
3879 N/m
183 lbs/ft
2658 N/m
130 lbs/ft
1896 N/m
96 lbs/ft
1398 N/m
73 lbs/ft
1060 N/m
57 lbs/ft
822 N/m
45 lbs/ft
650 N/m
36 lbs/ft
522 N/m
30 lbs/ft
426 N/m
L
240
L
360
1784 lbs/ft
26022 N/m
895 lbs/ft
13047 N/m
502 lbs/ft
7318 N/m
307 lbs/ft
4467 N/m
200 lbs/ft
2909 N/m
137 lbs/ft
1993 N/m
98 lbs/ft
1422 N/m
72 lbs/ft
1049 N/m
55 lbs/ft
795 N/m
43 lbs/ft
616 N/m
34 lbs/ft
487 N/m
27 lbs/ft
392 N/m
22 lbs/ft
320 N/m
1189 lbs/ft
17348 N/m
597 lbs/ft
8698 N/m
335 lbs/ft
4879 N/m
205 lbs/ft
2978 N/m
133 lbs/ft
1940 N/m
92 lbs/ft
1329 N/m
65 lbs/ft
948 N/m
48 lbs/ft
699 N/m
37 lbs/ft
530 N/m
29 lbs/ft
411 N/m
23 lbs/ft
325 N/m
18 lbs/ft
261 N/m
15 lbs/ft
213 N/m
Page133of235
8.3.19.C8x2.19x0.38inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
C- 8X2.19X0.38 inch
C-203.2X55.56X9.53 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
9641 lbs/ft
140692 N/m
5487 lbs/ft
80063 N/m
3350 lbs/ft
48887 N/m
2166 lbs/ft
31597 N/m
1467 lbs/ft
21406 N/m
1034 lbs/ft
15083 N/m
753 lbs/ft
10983 N/m
564 lbs/ft
8223 N/m
432 lbs/ft
6304 N/m
338 lbs/ft
4932 N/m
270 lbs/ft
3928 N/m
218 lbs/ft
3176 N/m
179 lbs/ft
2603 N/m
6428 lbs/ft
93795 N/m
3658 lbs/ft
53376 N/m
2234 lbs/ft
32592 N/m
1444 lbs/ft
21065 N/m
978 lbs/ft
14271 N/m
689 lbs/ft
10055 N/m
502 lbs/ft
7322 N/m
376 lbs/ft
5482 N/m
288 lbs/ft
4203 N/m
226 lbs/ft
3288 N/m
180 lbs/ft
2619 N/m
146 lbs/ft
2118 N/m
119 lbs/ft
1736 N/m
5356 lbs/ft
78162 N/m
3048 lbs/ft
44480 N/m
1862 lbs/ft
27160 N/m
1203 lbs/ft
17554 N/m
815 lbs/ft
11893 N/m
575 lbs/ft
8379 N/m
419 lbs/ft
6102 N/m
314 lbs/ft
4568 N/m
240 lbs/ft
3502 N/m
188 lbs/ft
2740 N/m
150 lbs/ft
2182 N/m
121 lbs/ft
1765 N/m
100 lbs/ft
1446 N/m
L
240
L
360
4017 lbs/ft
58622 N/m
2286 lbs/ft
33360 N/m
1396 lbs/ft
20370 N/m
903 lbs/ft
13166 N/m
612 lbs/ft
8920 N/m
431 lbs/ft
6285 N/m
314 lbs/ft
4576 N/m
235 lbs/ft
3426 N/m
181 lbs/ft
2627 N/m
141 lbs/ft
2055 N/m
113 lbs/ft
1637 N/m
91 lbs/ft
1324 N/m
75 lbs/ft
1085 N/m
2678 lbs/ft
39081 N/m
1524 lbs/ft
22240 N/m
931 lbs/ft
13580 N/m
602 lbs/ft
8777 N/m
408 lbs/ft
5947 N/m
288 lbs/ft
4190 N/m
210 lbs/ft
3051 N/m
157 lbs/ft
2284 N/m
120 lbs/ft
1751 N/m
94 lbs/ft
1370 N/m
75 lbs/ft
1091 N/m
61 lbs/ft
883 N/m
50 lbs/ft
723 N/m
Page134of235
8.3.20.C10x2.75x0.5inch.

C- 10X2.75X0.5 inch
C-254X69.85X12.7 mm
L
L
150
180
Deflection
Criteria
L
100
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
18700 lbs/ft
272892 N/m
11323 lbs/ft
165234 N/m
7260 lbs/ft
105942 N/m
4869 lbs/ft
71045 N/m
3391 lbs/ft
49478 N/m
2439 lbs/ft
35592 N/m
1805 lbs/ft
26330 N/m
1368 lbs/ft
19955 N/m
1059 lbs/ft
15446 N/m
835 lbs/ft
12177 N/m
669 lbs/ft
9756 N/m
544 lbs/ft
7929 N/m
448 lbs/ft
6526 N/m
12467 lbs/ft
181928 N/m
7549 lbs/ft
110156 N/m
4840 lbs/ft
70628 N/m
3246 lbs/ft
47364 N/m
2261 lbs/ft
32985 N/m
1626 lbs/ft
23728 N/m
1203 lbs/ft
17554 N/m
912 lbs/ft
13304 N/m
706 lbs/ft
10297 N/m
557 lbs/ft
8118 N/m
446 lbs/ft
6504 N/m
363 lbs/ft
5286 N/m
299 lbs/ft
4351 N/m
10389 lbs/ft
151607 N/m
6291 lbs/ft
91797 N/m
4033 lbs/ft
58857 N/m
2705 lbs/ft
39470 N/m
1884 lbs/ft
27488 N/m
1355 lbs/ft
19774 N/m
1003 lbs/ft
14628 N/m
760 lbs/ft
11087 N/m
588 lbs/ft
8581 N/m
464 lbs/ft
6765 N/m
372 lbs/ft
5420 N/m
302 lbs/ft
4405 N/m
249 lbs/ft
3626 N/m
L
240
L
360
7792 lbs/ft
113705 N/m
4718 lbs/ft
68848 N/m
3025 lbs/ft
44143 N/m
2029 lbs/ft
29603 N/m
1413 lbs/ft
20616 N/m
1017 lbs/ft
14830 N/m
752 lbs/ft
10971 N/m
570 lbs/ft
8315 N/m
442 lbs/ft
6436 N/m
348 lbs/ft
5074 N/m
279 lbs/ft
4065 N/m
227 lbs/ft
3304 N/m
187 lbs/ft
2719 N/m
5195 lbs/ft
75804 N/m
3146 lbs/ft
45899 N/m
2017 lbs/ft
29429 N/m
1353 lbs/ft
19735 N/m
942 lbs/ft
13744 N/m
678 lbs/ft
9887 N/m
502 lbs/ft
7314 N/m
380 lbs/ft
5544 N/m
295 lbs/ft
4291 N/m
232 lbs/ft
3383 N/m
186 lbs/ft
2710 N/m
151 lbs/ft
2203 N/m
125 lbs/ft
1813 N/m
Page135of235
8.3.21.I4x2x0.25inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
I - 4X2X0.25 inch
I-101.6X50.8X6.35 mm
llowable UDL w (lbs/ft) / w (N/m)
L
L
L
100
150
180
1872 lbs/ft
27307 N/m
936 lbs/ft
13651 N/m
524 lbs/ft
7644 N/m
320 lbs/ft
4660 N/m
208 lbs/ft
3033 N/m
143 lbs/ft
2077 N/m
102 lbs/ft
1481 N/m
75 lbs/ft
1092 N/m
57 lbs/ft
827 N/m
44 lbs/ft
642 N/m
35 lbs/ft
507 N/m
28 lbs/ft
408 N/m
23 lbs/ft
333 N/m
1248 lbs/ft
18205 N/m
624 lbs/ft
9101 N/m
350 lbs/ft
5096 N/m
213 lbs/ft
3107 N/m
139 lbs/ft
2022 N/m
95 lbs/ft
1385 N/m
68 lbs/ft
988 N/m
50 lbs/ft
728 N/m
38 lbs/ft
552 N/m
30 lbs/ft
428 N/m
24 lbs/ft
338 N/m
19 lbs/ft
272 N/m
16 lbs/ft
222 N/m
1040 lbs/ft
15171 N/m
520 lbs/ft
7584 N/m
292 lbs/ft
4247 N/m
178 lbs/ft
2589 N/m
116 lbs/ft
1685 N/m
80 lbs/ft
1154 N/m
57 lbs/ft
823 N/m
42 lbs/ft
607 N/m
32 lbs/ft
460 N/m
25 lbs/ft
357 N/m
20 lbs/ft
282 N/m
16 lbs/ft
227 N/m
13 lbs/ft
185 N/m
L
240
L
360
780 lbs/ft
11378 N/m
390 lbs/ft
5688 N/m
219 lbs/ft
3185 N/m
134 lbs/ft
1942 N/m
87 lbs/ft
1264 N/m
60 lbs/ft
866 N/m
43 lbs/ft
618 N/m
32 lbs/ft
455 N/m
24 lbs/ft
345 N/m
19 lbs/ft
268 N/m
15 lbs/ft
212 N/m
12 lbs/ft
170 N/m
10 lbs/ft
139 N/m
520 lbs/ft
7586 N/m
260 lbs/ft
3792 N/m
146 lbs/ft
2124 N/m
89 lbs/ft
1295 N/m
58 lbs/ft
843 N/m
40 lbs/ft
577 N/m
29 lbs/ft
412 N/m
21 lbs/ft
304 N/m
16 lbs/ft
230 N/m
13 lbs/ft
179 N/m
10 lbs/ft
141 N/m
8 lbs/ft
114 N/m
7 lbs/ft
93 N/m
Page136of235
8.3.22.I6x3x0.25inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
I - 6X3X0.25 inch
I-152.4X76.2X6.35 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
4610 lbs/ft
67276 N/m
2575 lbs/ft
37576 N/m
1551 lbs/ft
22632 N/m
993 lbs/ft
14485 N/m
668 lbs/ft
9745 N/m
469 lbs/ft
6831 N/m
340 lbs/ft
4955 N/m
254 lbs/ft
3699 N/m
194 lbs/ft
2830 N/m
152 lbs/ft
2210 N/m
121 lbs/ft
1758 N/m
98 lbs/ft
1420 N/m
80 lbs/ft
1163 N/m
3074 lbs/ft
44851 N/m
1717 lbs/ft
25051 N/m
1034 lbs/ft
15088 N/m
662 lbs/ft
9657 N/m
446 lbs/ft
6497 N/m
313 lbs/ft
4554 N/m
227 lbs/ft
3304 N/m
169 lbs/ft
2466 N/m
130 lbs/ft
1887 N/m
102 lbs/ft
1474 N/m
81 lbs/ft
1172 N/m
65 lbs/ft
947 N/m
54 lbs/ft
775 N/m
2562 lbs/ft
37376 N/m
1431 lbs/ft
20876 N/m
862 lbs/ft
12574 N/m
552 lbs/ft
8048 N/m
371 lbs/ft
5414 N/m
261 lbs/ft
3795 N/m
189 lbs/ft
2753 N/m
141 lbs/ft
2055 N/m
108 lbs/ft
1572 N/m
85 lbs/ft
1228 N/m
67 lbs/ft
977 N/m
55 lbs/ft
789 N/m
45 lbs/ft
646 N/m
L
240
L
360
1921 lbs/ft
28032 N/m
1073 lbs/ft
15657 N/m
647 lbs/ft
9430 N/m
414 lbs/ft
6036 N/m
279 lbs/ft
4061 N/m
196 lbs/ft
2847 N/m
142 lbs/ft
2065 N/m
106 lbs/ft
1542 N/m
81 lbs/ft
1179 N/m
64 lbs/ft
921 N/m
51 lbs/ft
733 N/m
41 lbs/ft
592 N/m
34 lbs/ft
485 N/m
1281 lbs/ft
18688 N/m
716 lbs/ft
10438 N/m
431 lbs/ft
6287 N/m
276 lbs/ft
4024 N/m
186 lbs/ft
2707 N/m
131 lbs/ft
1898 N/m
95 lbs/ft
1377 N/m
71 lbs/ft
1028 N/m
54 lbs/ft
786 N/m
43 lbs/ft
614 N/m
34 lbs/ft
489 N/m
28 lbs/ft
395 N/m
23 lbs/ft
323 N/m
Page137of235
8.3.23.I8x4x0.38inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
I - 8X4X0.38 inch
I-203.2X101.6X9.53 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
11283 lbs/ft
164655 N/m
6827 lbs/ft
99620 N/m
4374 lbs/ft
63831 N/m
2932 lbs/ft
42784 N/m
2041 lbs/ft
29784 N/m
1468 lbs/ft
21419 N/m
1086 lbs/ft
15841 N/m
823 lbs/ft
12004 N/m
637 lbs/ft
9290 N/m
502 lbs/ft
7323 N/m
403 lbs/ft
5867 N/m
327 lbs/ft
4768 N/m
269 lbs/ft
3924 N/m
7522 lbs/ft
109770 N/m
4551 lbs/ft
66413 N/m
2916 lbs/ft
42554 N/m
1955 lbs/ft
28523 N/m
1361 lbs/ft
19856 N/m
979 lbs/ft
14280 N/m
724 lbs/ft
10561 N/m
549 lbs/ft
8003 N/m
425 lbs/ft
6193 N/m
335 lbs/ft
4882 N/m
268 lbs/ft
3911 N/m
218 lbs/ft
3179 N/m
180 lbs/ft
2616 N/m
6269 lbs/ft
91475 N/m
3793 lbs/ft
55344 N/m
2430 lbs/ft
35462 N/m
1629 lbs/ft
23769 N/m
1134 lbs/ft
16547 N/m
816 lbs/ft
11900 N/m
604 lbs/ft
8801 N/m
457 lbs/ft
6669 N/m
354 lbs/ft
5161 N/m
279 lbs/ft
4069 N/m
224 lbs/ft
3260 N/m
182 lbs/ft
2649 N/m
150 lbs/ft
2180 N/m
L
240
L
360
4702 lbs/ft
68606 N/m
2845 lbs/ft
41508 N/m
1823 lbs/ft
26597 N/m
1222 lbs/ft
17827 N/m
851 lbs/ft
12410 N/m
612 lbs/ft
8925 N/m
453 lbs/ft
6601 N/m
343 lbs/ft
5002 N/m
266 lbs/ft
3871 N/m
210 lbs/ft
3052 N/m
168 lbs/ft
2445 N/m
137 lbs/ft
1987 N/m
113 lbs/ft
1635 N/m
3135 lbs/ft
45738 N/m
1897 lbs/ft
27672 N/m
1215 lbs/ft
17731 N/m
815 lbs/ft
11885 N/m
567 lbs/ft
8274 N/m
408 lbs/ft
5950 N/m
302 lbs/ft
4401 N/m
229 lbs/ft
3335 N/m
177 lbs/ft
2581 N/m
140 lbs/ft
2035 N/m
112 lbs/ft
1630 N/m
91 lbs/ft
1325 N/m
75 lbs/ft
1090 N/m
Page138of235
8.3.24.I12x6x0.5inch.
Deflection
Criteria
L
100
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
27545 lbs/ft
401985 N/m
18315 lbs/ft
267272 N/m
12786 lbs/ft
186591 N/m
9220 lbs/ft
134551 N/m
6818 lbs/ft
99494 N/m
5150 lbs/ft
75151 N/m
3964 lbs/ft
57837 N/m
3102 lbs/ft
45264 N/m
2465 lbs/ft
35965 N/m
1986 lbs/ft
28970 N/m
1620 lbs/ft
23628 N/m
1336 lbs/ft
19489 N/m
1113 lbs/ft
16241 N/m
I - 12X6X0.5 inch
I-304.8X152.4X12.7 mm
L
L
150
180
18364 lbs/ft
267990 N/m
12210 lbs/ft
178182 N/m
8524 lbs/ft
124394 N/m
6147 lbs/ft
89701 N/m
4546 lbs/ft
66330 N/m
3434 lbs/ft
50101 N/m
2643 lbs/ft
38558 N/m
2068 lbs/ft
30176 N/m
1643 lbs/ft
23977 N/m
1324 lbs/ft
19314 N/m
1080 lbs/ft
15752 N/m
891 lbs/ft
12993 N/m
742 lbs/ft
10827 N/m
15303 lbs/ft
223325 N/m
10175 lbs/ft
148485 N/m
7104 lbs/ft
103662 N/m
5123 lbs/ft
74751 N/m
3788 lbs/ft
55275 N/m
2861 lbs/ft
41751 N/m
2202 lbs/ft
32132 N/m
1724 lbs/ft
25147 N/m
1370 lbs/ft
19981 N/m
1103 lbs/ft
16095 N/m
900 lbs/ft
13127 N/m
742 lbs/ft
10827 N/m
619 lbs/ft
9023 N/m
L
240
L
360
11478 lbs/ft
167494 N/m
7631 lbs/ft
111364 N/m
5328 lbs/ft
77746 N/m
3842 lbs/ft
56063 N/m
2841 lbs/ft
41456 N/m
2146 lbs/ft
31313 N/m
1652 lbs/ft
24099 N/m
1293 lbs/ft
18860 N/m
1027 lbs/ft
14986 N/m
828 lbs/ft
12071 N/m
675 lbs/ft
9845 N/m
557 lbs/ft
8121 N/m
464 lbs/ft
6767 N/m
7652 lbs/ft
111663 N/m
5088 lbs/ft
74243 N/m
3552 lbs/ft
51831 N/m
2562 lbs/ft
37376 N/m
1894 lbs/ft
27638 N/m
1431 lbs/ft
20876 N/m
1101 lbs/ft
16066 N/m
862 lbs/ft
12574 N/m
685 lbs/ft
9991 N/m
552 lbs/ft
8048 N/m
450 lbs/ft
6564 N/m
371 lbs/ft
5414 N/m
310 lbs/ft
4512 N/m
Page139of235
8.3.24.I12x6x0.5inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
W - 3X3X0.25 inch
W-76.2X76.2X6.35 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
1341 lbs/ft
19570 N/m
671 lbs/ft
9789 N/m
376 lbs/ft
5483 N/m
230 lbs/ft
3344 N/m
150 lbs/ft
2177 N/m
103 lbs/ft
1491 N/m
73 lbs/ft
1063 N/m
54 lbs/ft
784 N/m
41 lbs/ft
594 N/m
32 lbs/ft
461 N/m
25 lbs/ft
364 N/m
21 lbs/ft
293 N/m
17 lbs/ft
239 N/m
895 lbs/ft
13047 N/m
448 lbs/ft
6526 N/m
251 lbs/ft
3656 N/m
153 lbs/ft
2230 N/m
100 lbs/ft
1451 N/m
69 lbs/ft
994 N/m
49 lbs/ft
709 N/m
36 lbs/ft
523 N/m
28 lbs/ft
396 N/m
22 lbs/ft
307 N/m
17 lbs/ft
243 N/m
14 lbs/ft
195 N/m
11 lbs/ft
160 N/m
746 lbs/ft
10873 N/m
373 lbs/ft
5439 N/m
209 lbs/ft
3047 N/m
128 lbs/ft
1858 N/m
83 lbs/ft
1210 N/m
57 lbs/ft
828 N/m
41 lbs/ft
591 N/m
30 lbs/ft
436 N/m
23 lbs/ft
330 N/m
18 lbs/ft
256 N/m
14 lbs/ft
203 N/m
12 lbs/ft
163 N/m
10 lbs/ft
133 N/m
L
240
L
360
559 lbs/ft
8155 N/m
280 lbs/ft
4079 N/m
157 lbs/ft
2285 N/m
96 lbs/ft
1394 N/m
63 lbs/ft
907 N/m
43 lbs/ft
621 N/m
31 lbs/ft
443 N/m
23 lbs/ft
327 N/m
17 lbs/ft
248 N/m
14 lbs/ft
192 N/m
11 lbs/ft
152 N/m
9 lbs/ft
122 N/m
7 lbs/ft
100 N/m
373 lbs/ft
5437 N/m
187 lbs/ft
2720 N/m
105 lbs/ft
1524 N/m
64 lbs/ft
929 N/m
42 lbs/ft
605 N/m
29 lbs/ft
414 N/m
21 lbs/ft
296 N/m
15 lbs/ft
218 N/m
12 lbs/ft
165 N/m
9 lbs/ft
128 N/m
7 lbs/ft
102 N/m
6 lbs/ft
82 N/m
5 lbs/ft
67 N/m
Page140of235
8.3.24.I12x6x0.5inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
W - 4X4X0.25 inch
W-101.6X101.6X6.35 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
2619 lbs/ft
38215 N/m
1414 lbs/ft
20627 N/m
832 lbs/ft
12130 N/m
524 lbs/ft
7636 N/m
348 lbs/ft
5078 N/m
242 lbs/ft
3530 N/m
175 lbs/ft
2545 N/m
130 lbs/ft
1891 N/m
99 lbs/ft
1442 N/m
77 lbs/ft
1123 N/m
62 lbs/ft
891 N/m
50 lbs/ft
718 N/m
41 lbs/ft
588 N/m
1746 lbs/ft
25477 N/m
943 lbs/ft
13751 N/m
555 lbs/ft
8087 N/m
349 lbs/ft
5091 N/m
232 lbs/ft
3385 N/m
162 lbs/ft
2353 N/m
117 lbs/ft
1697 N/m
87 lbs/ft
1261 N/m
66 lbs/ft
961 N/m
52 lbs/ft
749 N/m
41 lbs/ft
594 N/m
33 lbs/ft
479 N/m
27 lbs/ft
392 N/m
1455 lbs/ft
21231 N/m
786 lbs/ft
11460 N/m
462 lbs/ft
6739 N/m
291 lbs/ft
4242 N/m
194 lbs/ft
2821 N/m
135 lbs/ft
1961 N/m
97 lbs/ft
1414 N/m
73 lbs/ft
1051 N/m
55 lbs/ft
801 N/m
43 lbs/ft
624 N/m
34 lbs/ft
495 N/m
28 lbs/ft
399 N/m
23 lbs/ft
327 N/m
L
240
L
360
1092 lbs/ft
15923 N/m
589 lbs/ft
8595 N/m
347 lbs/ft
5054 N/m
219 lbs/ft
3182 N/m
145 lbs/ft
2116 N/m
101 lbs/ft
1471 N/m
73 lbs/ft
1061 N/m
54 lbs/ft
788 N/m
42 lbs/ft
601 N/m
33 lbs/ft
468 N/m
26 lbs/ft
372 N/m
21 lbs/ft
300 N/m
17 lbs/ft
245 N/m
728 lbs/ft
10616 N/m
393 lbs/ft
5730 N/m
231 lbs/ft
3370 N/m
146 lbs/ft
2121 N/m
97 lbs/ft
1411 N/m
68 lbs/ft
981 N/m
49 lbs/ft
707 N/m
37 lbs/ft
526 N/m
28 lbs/ft
401 N/m
22 lbs/ft
312 N/m
17 lbs/ft
248 N/m
14 lbs/ft
200 N/m
12 lbs/ft
164 N/m
Page141of235
8.3.24.I12x6x0.5inch.
Deflection
Criteria
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
W - 6X6X0.25 inch
W-152.4X152.4X6.35 mm
L
L
L
100
150
180
5715 lbs/ft
83403 N/m
3461 lbs/ft
50505 N/m
2220 lbs/ft
32385 N/m
1489 lbs/ft
21719 N/m
1037 lbs/ft
15126 N/m
746 lbs/ft
10882 N/m
552 lbs/ft
8050 N/m
419 lbs/ft
6102 N/m
324 lbs/ft
4723 N/m
256 lbs/ft
3724 N/m
205 lbs/ft
2983 N/m
167 lbs/ft
2425 N/m
137 lbs/ft
1996 N/m
3810 lbs/ft
55602 N/m
2308 lbs/ft
33670 N/m
1480 lbs/ft
21590 N/m
993 lbs/ft
14480 N/m
691 lbs/ft
10084 N/m
498 lbs/ft
7255 N/m
368 lbs/ft
5367 N/m
279 lbs/ft
4068 N/m
216 lbs/ft
3149 N/m
171 lbs/ft
2483 N/m
137 lbs/ft
1989 N/m
111 lbs/ft
1617 N/m
92 lbs/ft
1331 N/m
3175 lbs/ft
46335 N/m
1923 lbs/ft
28059 N/m
1233 lbs/ft
17992 N/m
827 lbs/ft
12066 N/m
576 lbs/ft
8404 N/m
415 lbs/ft
6046 N/m
307 lbs/ft
4473 N/m
233 lbs/ft
3390 N/m
180 lbs/ft
2624 N/m
142 lbs/ft
2069 N/m
114 lbs/ft
1658 N/m
93 lbs/ft
1347 N/m
76 lbs/ft
1109 N/m
L
240
L
360
2382 lbs/ft
34752 N/m
1442 lbs/ft
21044 N/m
925 lbs/ft
13494 N/m
621 lbs/ft
9050 N/m
432 lbs/ft
6303 N/m
311 lbs/ft
4534 N/m
230 lbs/ft
3355 N/m
175 lbs/ft
2543 N/m
135 lbs/ft
1968 N/m
107 lbs/ft
1552 N/m
86 lbs/ft
1243 N/m
70 lbs/ft
1011 N/m
58 lbs/ft
832 N/m
1588 lbs/ft
23168 N/m
962 lbs/ft
14030 N/m
617 lbs/ft
8996 N/m
414 lbs/ft
6033 N/m
288 lbs/ft
4202 N/m
208 lbs/ft
3023 N/m
154 lbs/ft
2237 N/m
117 lbs/ft
1695 N/m
90 lbs/ft
1312 N/m
71 lbs/ft
1035 N/m
57 lbs/ft
829 N/m
47 lbs/ft
674 N/m
39 lbs/ft
555 N/m
Page142of235
8.3.24.I12x6x0.5inch.

W - 8X8X0.38 inch
W-203.2X203.2X9.53 mm
L
L
150
180
Deflection
Criteria
L
100
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
13052 lbs/ft
190474 N/m
8474 lbs/ft
123659 N/m
5781 lbs/ft
84353 N/m
4082 lbs/ft
59569 N/m
2965 lbs/ft
43258 N/m
2205 lbs/ft
32179 N/m
1676 lbs/ft
24451 N/m
1298 lbs/ft
18933 N/m
1022 lbs/ft
14911 N/m
817 lbs/ft
11923 N/m
663 lbs/ft
9664 N/m
544 lbs/ft
7930 N/m
451 lbs/ft
6580 N/m
8702 lbs/ft
126983 N/m
5649 lbs/ft
82440 N/m
3854 lbs/ft
56236 N/m
2722 lbs/ft
39713 N/m
1977 lbs/ft
28839 N/m
1471 lbs/ft
21453 N/m
1117 lbs/ft
16301 N/m
865 lbs/ft
12622 N/m
682 lbs/ft
9941 N/m
545 lbs/ft
7949 N/m
442 lbs/ft
6443 N/m
363 lbs/ft
5287 N/m
301 lbs/ft
4387 N/m
7251 lbs/ft
105819 N/m
4708 lbs/ft
68700 N/m
3212 lbs/ft
46863 N/m
2268 lbs/ft
33094 N/m
1647 lbs/ft
24033 N/m
1225 lbs/ft
17877 N/m
931 lbs/ft
13584 N/m
721 lbs/ft
10519 N/m
568 lbs/ft
8284 N/m
454 lbs/ft
6624 N/m
368 lbs/ft
5369 N/m
302 lbs/ft
4406 N/m
251 lbs/ft
3656 N/m
L
240
L
360
5439 lbs/ft
79365 N/m
3531 lbs/ft
51525 N/m
2409 lbs/ft
35147 N/m
1701 lbs/ft
24821 N/m
1236 lbs/ft
18025 N/m
919 lbs/ft
13408 N/m
699 lbs/ft
10188 N/m
541 lbs/ft
7889 N/m
426 lbs/ft
6213 N/m
341 lbs/ft
4968 N/m
276 lbs/ft
4027 N/m
227 lbs/ft
3305 N/m
188 lbs/ft
2742 N/m
3626 lbs/ft
52910 N/m
2354 lbs/ft
34350 N/m
1606 lbs/ft
23432 N/m
1134 lbs/ft
16547 N/m
824 lbs/ft
12017 N/m
613 lbs/ft
8939 N/m
466 lbs/ft
6792 N/m
361 lbs/ft
5260 N/m
284 lbs/ft
4142 N/m
227 lbs/ft
3312 N/m
184 lbs/ft
2685 N/m
151 lbs/ft
2203 N/m
126 lbs/ft
1828 N/m
Page143of235
8.3.24.I12x6x0.5inch.
Deflection
Criteria
L
100
3F
0.92 m
4F
1.22 m
5F
1.53 m
6F
1.83 m
7F
2.14 m
8F
2.44 m
9F
2.75 m
10 F
3.05 m
11 F
3.36 m
12 F
3.66 m
13 F
3.97 m
14 F
4.27 m
15 F
4.58 m
22795 lbs/ft
332656 N/m
15872 lbs/ft
231627 N/m
11627 lbs/ft
169680 N/m
8784 lbs/ft
128192 N/m
6781 lbs/ft
98955 N/m
5323 lbs/ft
77675 N/m
4237 lbs/ft
61833 N/m
3415 lbs/ft
49832 N/m
2783 lbs/ft
40610 N/m
2291 lbs/ft
33433 N/m
1904 lbs/ft
27785 N/m
1597 lbs/ft
23292 N/m
1349 lbs/ft
19684 N/m
W - 12X12X0.38 inch
W-304.8X304.8X9.53 mm
L
L
150
180
15197 lbs/ft
221771 N/m
10582 lbs/ft
154418 N/m
7752 lbs/ft
113120 N/m
5856 lbs/ft
85461 N/m
4521 lbs/ft
65970 N/m
3549 lbs/ft
51783 N/m
2825 lbs/ft
41222 N/m
2277 lbs/ft
33222 N/m
1856 lbs/ft
27074 N/m
1528 lbs/ft
22289 N/m
1270 lbs/ft
18523 N/m
1065 lbs/ft
15528 N/m
900 lbs/ft
13123 N/m
12664 lbs/ft
184809 N/m
8818 lbs/ft
128682 N/m
6460 lbs/ft
94267 N/m
4880 lbs/ft
71218 N/m
3767 lbs/ft
54975 N/m
2957 lbs/ft
43153 N/m
2354 lbs/ft
34352 N/m
1898 lbs/ft
27685 N/m
1546 lbs/ft
22561 N/m
1273 lbs/ft
18574 N/m
1058 lbs/ft
15436 N/m
887 lbs/ft
12940 N/m
750 lbs/ft
10936 N/m
L
240
L
360
9498 lbs/ft
138607 N/m
6614 lbs/ft
96512 N/m
4845 lbs/ft
70700 N/m
3661 lbs/ft
53414 N/m
2826 lbs/ft
41231 N/m
2218 lbs/ft
32365 N/m
1766 lbs/ft
25764 N/m
1423 lbs/ft
20764 N/m
1160 lbs/ft
16921 N/m
955 lbs/ft
13931 N/m
794 lbs/ft
11577 N/m
666 lbs/ft
9705 N/m
563 lbs/ft
8202 N/m
6332 lbs/ft
92405 N/m
4409 lbs/ft
64341 N/m
3230 lbs/ft
47134 N/m
2440 lbs/ft
35609 N/m
1884 lbs/ft
27488 N/m
1479 lbs/ft
21577 N/m
1177 lbs/ft
17176 N/m
949 lbs/ft
13843 N/m
773 lbs/ft
11281 N/m
637 lbs/ft
9287 N/m
529 lbs/ft
7718 N/m
444 lbs/ft
6470 N/m
375 lbs/ft
5468 N/m
Page144of235
Chapter9EnvironmentalConsiderations.
Pultrusionsareusedinmanyvariedapplications.Throughexperienceandlaboratorytesting,Kemrock
Page145of235
Profiles have been evaluated in a variety of environments. The resulting guidelines should be
consideredifthepultrusionistobeexposedtoenvironmentalattack.
9.1
Temperature.
Pultrusion experiences some property loss from continuous exposure to high temperatures. It is,
therefore, recommended that property loss be taken into consideration during design using the
followingguidelinesforKemrock
UltimateStress
Modulusof
Elasticity
TEMPERATURE
100F(37C)
125F(51C)
150F(65C)
175F(79C)
200F(93C)
100F(37C)
125F(51C)
150F(65C)
175F(79C)
200F(93C)
ISO/ISOFR
85%
70%
50%
Notrecommended
Notrecommended
100%
90%
85%
Notrecommended
Notrecommended
VEER
90%
80%
80%
75%
50%
100%
95%
90%
88%
85%
9.2
Corrosioneffects.
IsophthalicresinusedinKIELishavinggoodchemicalresistancepropertysoitcanresistmostacidic
attacks.WhilevinylesterresinusedinKIELishavinggoodchemical&temperatureresistance
properties.Soitcanresistbothacidic&basicenvironment.Theeffectofcorrosivechemicalsis
temperaturedependentwithelevatedtemperatureincreasingthecorrosion.KIELapplysynthetic
surfaceveiltoallstructuralshapeswhichcausearesinrichlayerwhichenhancecorrosionprotection.
9.3
Concentrationofsolution.
Thepercentageofthereagentinthesolutionorenvironmentwillaffecttheoverallperformanceofthe
pultrudedprofile.
9.4
Timeofchemicalexposure.
Timeofchemicalexposuremustbeidentifiedweathertheapplicationinvolvesintermittentexposures,
exposuretofumes,completesubmersionoronlyanoccasionalsplash.
9.5
StandardPolyester(ISO)resinsystem.
Thestandardpolyesterresinsystemreferstoanonflameretardantisophthalicpolyesterresinsystem.
Thissystemismanufacturedinlightgreyandincorporatesultravioletinhibitors.Polyesterresinsexhibit
goodcorrosionresistance,goodelectricalproperties,lowthermalconductivityandexcellentmechanical
properties.
Page146of235
9.6
Chemicalcompatibilityguide.
Thechemicalcompatibilityguidedescribesvariousresinseriesandpresentsadetailedchemical
resistanceguidetoassistengineersinrecommendingthetypeofresintobeusedineachapplication.
Thermosettingresinsareusedinawiderangeoffiberglassreinforcedprofiles.Conventionalfabrication
methodsareused,coupledwithsealingallcutholesandends,toenhancethecorrosionresistance.
Thegeneralguidelinesinselectionofresintypesdependonthefollowing:
Thecorrosionenvironment
Normaloperatingconcentration,includingminimumandmaximumconcentration
Normaloperatingtemperature,includingminimumandmaximumtemperature
TheChemicalCompatibilityGuideprovidesuptodateinformationregardingthechemicalresistancefor
KIELProfiles.
Thedatainthisguideisbasedonfieldserviceperformance,laboratorytestingandextrapolatedvalues
fromourresinmanufacturersrecommendations.Datashownisintendedasaguideonly.Itis
recommendedthatforaspecificapplication,testingbedoneintheactualchemicalenvironment.
Thesuitabilityofaspecificresinlaminatewillbeaffectedbyfollowingfactors.
Periodicchangesintemperature
Changesinchemicalconcentrations
Combinationofchemicals
Exposuretovaporsonly
Exposuretointermittentsplashesandspills
Loadbearingofnonloadbearingrequirements
Temperaturespikes
Exposuretofrequentsplashesandspills
Frequencyofmaintenancewashdown
Page147of235
CHAPTER10CONNECTIONDETAILS.
Page148of235
10.1.TypicalBeamConnectionDetails.
10.1.1. BeamtoBeamConnection.
Page149of235
10.1.2. BeamOverBeamConnection.
.
10.1.3. BeamtoBeamConnection.
10.1.4. BeamtoChannelConnection.
Page150of235
10.1.5. BeamtoChannelConnection.
10.1.6. WideFlangeColumnBase.
Page151of235
10.2. VerticalPostMountingDetails.
10.2.1. TopMountSteelStanchionbase.
10.2.2. HandrailtoFRPStructure.
Page152of235
10.3. VerticalPostMountingDetails.
Page153of235
10.4. KickPlateSpliceCondition.
10.5. StairStingerDetail.
Page154of235
10.5.1. TopStairStringerMount.
10.5.2. FloorStairStringerMount.
Page155of235
10.6. LadderSystem.
10.6.1. LadderSpliceJoints&LadderMountKit.
Page156of235
10.7. CageLadderSystem.
Page157of235
10.7.1. FloorMountingAssembly.
10.7.2. StandardHoopAssembly.
Page158of235
Chapter11CORROSIONGUIDE.
Page159of235
MaximumRecommendedTemperature(oC/oF)
Chemical Environment
%
Concen
tration
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 1
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 2
Bisphenol
Fumerate
Resin
Isophthalic
Resin
Terephthalic
Resin
11.1.A.
Acetic acid
Acetic acid
Acetic acid
Acetic acid
Acetic acid
Acetic acid
Acetic acid
Acetic acid glacial
Acetic anhydride
Acetone
Acetone
Acetaldehyde
Acid cleaner
(31% hydrochloric acid)
Acrylic acid d
Acrylic acid d
Acrylonitrile
Alkyl benzene sulphonic
acid
Allyl chloride
Alum
Aluminium chloride
Aluminium chloro
hydroxide
Aluminium fluoride a,b
Aluminium nitrate
Aluminium potassium
sulphate
Aluminium sulphate
Amino acids
Ammonia
%
Concen
tration
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
95
95
95
80
65
55
40
NR
NR
203
203
203
176
149
131
104
NR
NR
95
95
95
80
70
68
65
27
158
154.4
149
80.6
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
194
194
194
149
140
131
104
NR
104
176
NR
NR
170.6
158
150.8
89.6
NR
NR
90
90
90
65
60
55
40
NR
40
80
NR
NR
77
70
66
32
55
40
38
35
80
NR
203
203
203
176
32
131
104
100.4
95
176
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
10
25
2
80
40
40
27
176
104
104
80.6
85
40
40
27
185
104
104
80.6
40
40
40
NR
104
104
104
NR
92
All
All
All
49
27
95
95
120.2
80.6
203
203
49
27
115
115
120.2
80.6
239
239
60
NR
95
95
140
NR
203
203
66
77
150.8
170.6
65
77
149
170.6
50
All
All
99
40
80
210.2
104
176
99
40
80
210.2
104
176
99
40
70
210.2
104
158
All
All
All
Liquifie
d
95
95
203
203
115
115
38
239
239
100.4
95
95
38
203
203
100.4
77
170.6
76
168.8
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
10
15
25
50
70
75
85
100
100
10
100
100
Page160of235
Ammonia
Ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium bicarbonate
Ammonium bicarbonatea
Dry gas
10
65
10
15
38d
65
27d
71
65
100.4d
149
80.6d
159.8
149
38d
75
27d
71
71
100.4d
167
80.6d
159.8
159.8
75
60
40
71
71
167
140
104
159.8
159.8
Ammonium bicarbonatea
Ammonium bisulphide
All
All
Saturate
d
65
149
65
149
65
43
149
109.4
49
120.2
49
120.2
38
100.4
80
176
80
176
80
176
60
140
60
140
Ammonium bisulphide
Ammonium bisulphate
black liquor
Ammonium bisulphate
cooking liquor
30
86
27
80.6
60
140
60
140
Maximum Recommended Temperature (oC)
Concen
tration
%
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 1
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 2
Bisphenol
Fumerate Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
158
Isophthalic
Resin
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
NR
NR
NR
Temp
( oF )
Ammonium bromate
40
70
158
70
158
70
Ammonium bromide
40
70
158
70
158
70
Ammonium carbonate
All
65
149
65
149
65
149
45
113
30
99.5
Ammonium chloride
All
99
210.2
99
210.2
99
210.2
66
150.8
77
205.2
5
Ammonium citrate
All
70
158
32
70
158
50
122
Ammonium fluoride a
20
65
149
65
149
49
120.2
Ammonium fluoride a
All
65
149
65
149
Ammonium hydroxide a
82
179.6
82
179.6
82
179.6
NR
NR
NR
NR
10
65
149
75
167
60
140
20
65
149
75
167
60
140
Ammonium hydroxide
29
38
100.4
38
100.4
38
100.4
Ammonium lauryl
sulphate
30
49
120.2
49
120.2
49
120.2
Ammonium nitrate
All
90
194
115
239
99
210.2
NR
NR
NR
NR
Ammonium oxalate
All
65
149
Ammonium persulphate
All
82
179.6
82
179.6
82
179.6
Page161of235
Ammonium phosphate
All
99
210.2
99
210.2
82
179.6
All
99
210.2
99
210.2
82
179.6
All
99
210.2
99
210.2
82
179.6
Ammonium sulphate
All
93
199.4
115
239
99
210.2
Ammonium Sulphide
(bisulphide)
All
43
109.4
Ammonium Sulphide
Saturate
d
120.2
38
100.4
32
65
149
Ammonium phosphate,
dibasic
Ammonium phosphate,
monobasic
49
120.2
49
Ammonium Sulphite
All
Ammonium Sulphite
Saturate
d
65
149
65
149
40
104
Ammonium thiocyahatea
20
99
210.2
99
210.2
99
210.2
Ammonium thiocyahatea
50
38
100.4
38
100.4
43
109.4
Ammonium thiosulphate
60
38
100.4
38
100.4
43
109.4
Amyl Acetate
All
NR
NR
40d
104d
NR
NR
Amyl alcohol
All
49
120.2
99
210.2
99
210.2
Amyl alcohol
Vapour
s
49
120.2
99
210.2
99
210.2
Amyl chloride
100
49
120.2
49d
120.2d
NR
NR
Aniline
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
Aniline hydrochloride
All
82
179.6
82
179.6
82
179.6
Aniline sulphate
All
99
210.2
99
210.2
99
210.2
80
176
99
210.2
80
176
Anodizing solution
(15% sulphuric acid)
Arsenic acid
80
38
100.4
38
100.4
40
104
Arsenous acid
20
82
179.6
82
179.6
82
179.6
66
150.8
60
167
60
140
77
205.2
5
Page162of235
11.2.B.
MaximumRecommendedTemperature(oC)
Chemical
Environment
Concent
ration%
Vinyl
Ester
Resin
-1
Vinyl Ester Resin - 2
Bisphenol
Fumerate Resin
Isophthalic Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Barium acetate
All
82
180
82
180
82
180
Barium Bromide
All
82
180
99
210
82
180
Barium Carbonate
All
99
210
115
239
99
210
Barium Chloride
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Barium cyanide
All
65
149
65
149
65
149
Barium hydroxide
10
60
140
75
167
60
140
Barium sulphate
All
99
210
115
239
99
210
Barium Sulphide
All
70
158
80
176
60
140
Beer
100
45
113
32
40
104
Beet sugar liquor
100
82
180
82
180
NR
NR
32
g
Temp
( oF )
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Benzaldehyde
100
NR
NR
21
69.8
Benzene
100
NR
NR
38g
100.4g
NR
NR
NR
Benezene vapours
100
Nr
NR
49g
120.2g
NR
NR
32
89.6
NR
: 2/3
NR
NR
38g
100.4g
NR
NR
NR
NR
38g
100.4g
NR
NR
65
149
65
149
99
210
99
210
66
151
71
Benzene,
ethylbenzene
blend
Benzene
hydrochloric acid
(wet)
Benzene
sulphonic acid
Benzene suphonic
acid
50
All
Benzoic acid
All
99
210
99
210
o-benzoyl benzoic
acid
All
99
210
99
210
Benzyl alcohol
All
NR
NR
38
100
38
100
Benzyl chloride
100
NR
NR
27g
80.6
NR
NR
Gases
82
180
170
338
Bisulphite in
scrubber
Temp
( oF )
NR
160
Page163of235
Black Liquor
(pulp mill)
Black liquor
(Kraft)
Black liquor
(Kraft)
All
82
180
82
180
Thick
90
194
100
212
Thin
80
176
80
176
Blood Sugar
All
90
194
115
239
Borax
100
90
194
99
Boric acid
All
90
194
Brake fluid
45
113
HD.577
Brass plating
82
180
solution
(3% copper, 1% zinc, 5.6% sodum cyanides, 3%
sodium carbonate)
Brine (chlorinated)
All
Brine mixture
99
210
210
99
210
99
210
99
210
49
120
40
104
82
180
99
210
99
210
99
210
99
210
99
210
99
210
82
180
71
160
65
149
77
171
151
77
171
(0.4% MgSO4, 9.5% NaCl, 5% Na2SO4, 2% K2SO4, 7% CaSO4.2H2O, 3% Na2SO3, 9H2O, pH7)
Brine Soultion
Bromine (wet &
dry gas)
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Fumes
38
100
38
100
38
100
Bromine, liquid
All
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Bunker C fuel oil
100
99
210
104
219
99
210
Butanol
All
43
109
49
120
43
109
Butyl acetate
100
NR
NR
21g
69.8g
NR
NR
Butyl amine
All
NR
NR
NR
NR
66

Chemical
Environment
Concen
tration
%
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 1
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 2
Bisphenol
Fumerate Resin
Isophthalic Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
32
89.6
30
86
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Butyl benzyl
phthalate
100
65
149
95
203
80
176
Butyl cellosolve
100
NR
NR
38
100
38
100
Butyl hypochlorite
98
NR
NR
NR
NR
38
100
49
120
180
82
180
Butyl stearate (5%

in mineral spirit)
Butylene glycol
100
71
160
82
Bytylene oxide
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Butyraldehyde
100
NR
NR
38
100
NR
NR
Butyric acid
25
65
149
80
176
Butyric acid
Butyric acid
50
85
65
27
149
80.6
80
49
176
120
65
40
149
104
Butyl carbitol
diethylene glycol
100
38
100
38
100
Terephthalic
Resin
Page164of235
11.3.C.
Cadmium
chloride
All
82
180
82
180
82
180
82
180
82
180
99
210
All
99
210
115
239
109
228
All
82
180
82
180
82
180
Calcium bromide
All
90
194
99
210
99
210
Calcium
carbonate
All
82
180
82
180
99
210
Calcium chlorate
All
99
210
115
239
105
221
Calcium Chloride
All
99
210
115
239
105
221
66
151
70
158
15
82
180
82
180
71
160
70
158
50
122
25
82
180
99
210
71
160
100
82
180
99
210
71
160
Calcium
hypochloriteabc
All
71
160
82h
179.6h
Calcium nitrate
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Calcium sulphate
All
93
199
115
239
105
221
Calcium sulphite
All
82
180
82
180
82
180
Vapours
40
104
77
171
40
104
All
82
180
82
180
Capric acid
All
27
80.6
49
120
71
160
Caprylic acid
(octanoic acid)
All
71
160
99
210
82
180
77
171
77
171
Gas
90
194
160
320
150
302
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Fumes
NR
NR
40
104
27
80.6
Gas
99
210
180d
356d
150
302
100
40
104
65
149
40
104
77
171
77
171
10
65
149
65
149
75
167
Cadmium cyanide
plating bath
(3% Cadmium oxide, 10% sodium
cyanide, 1.2% sodium hydroxide)
Cadmium
chlorate
Calcium
bisulphite
Calcium
hydroxidea
Calcium
hydroxidea
Calcium
hydroxidea
Calcium
tetrachloride
Cane sugar liquor
& sweet water
Carbon dioxide
Carbon
disulphide
Carbon
disulphide
Carbon
monoxide
Carbon
tetrachloride
Carboxy ethyl
cellulose
Page165of235
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 1
Chemical
Environment
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 2
Bisphenol
Fumerate
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Tem
p (oC
)
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
65
149
65
149
32
10
65
149
Cashew nut oil
100
65
149
90
194
100
80
176
80
176
80
176
80
176
90
194
90
194
82
180
93
199
All
82
180
82
180
82
180
All
90
194
90
194
90
194
Saturated
82
180
93
199
100
99
210
115
239
08:10
99
210
160
320
Saturated
90
194
99
Chloroacetic acid
25
49
120
Chloroacetic acid
50
38
Chloroacetic acid
80
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chlorinated pulp
Chlorinated
washer, hood &
vent systems
Chlorinated
waxes
Chlorine
dioxideb,c
Chlorine dioxide,
wetb,c
Chlorine gas (wet
or dry)
Chlorine
hydrochloric
acid, wet
Chlorine water
Chloropyridine
(tetra)
Chlorosuplphonic
acid
Chlorotoluene
Chrome bath
Terephthalic
Resin
Concentration%
Carboxy methyl
cellulose
Castor oil
Isophthalic
Resin
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
32
32
99
210
210
90
194
49
120
82
180
100
38
100
60
140
NR
NR
NR
NR
40
104
100
NR
NR
38
100
NR
NR
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
100
27
80.6
49
120
NR
NR
All
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
100
NR
NR
38
100
NR
NR
40
104
60
140
NR
NR
Temp
(oC )
(19% chromic acid with sodium fluorosilicate &

sulphate)
Chromic acid
40
104
40
104
40
104
32
89.6
43
109
Chromic acid
10
NR
NR
40
104
NR
NR
NR
NR
40
104
Page166of235
Chromic acid
20
NR
NR
40
104
NR
NR
Chromic acid
30
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Chromium
sulphate
All
60
140
82
180
60
140
Citric acid
Saturated
99
210
99
210
99
210
Citric acid
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Cobalt chloride
All
82
180
82
180
82
180
Cobalt citrate
12
82
180
82
180
82
180
Cobalt
naphthanate
All
32
60
140
66
151
Cobalt nitrate
15
120.2d
49d
120.2d
82
180
Cobalt octoate
All
60
140
66
151
Coconut oil
All
82
180
99
210
99
210
Copper acetate
All
80
176
80
176
Copper chloride
All
99
210
115
239
99
210
Copper cyanide
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
71
160
71
160
82
180
Copper cyanide
bath
49d
32
NR
NR
40
104
77
171
77
171
60
140
65
149
(10.5% copper, 14% sodium cyanides, 6% Rochelle salt) (8:3:2)

Chemical
Environment
Concentration
%
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 1
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 2
Tem
p (oC
)
99
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
99
210
82
180
99
82
90
99
210
180
194
210
115
99
239
210
110
93
199
100
99
Crude oils
100
99
Cyanide disposal
(hypo)
All
Cyclohexane
100
Copper nitrate
All
Copper plating
solution
(45% Cu(BF4)2,
19% CuSO4, 8%
H2SO3)
Copper sulphate
Corn Oil
Corn starch
Corn Sugar
Cotton seed oil
Crude oil sour &
sweet
All
All
Slurry
All
NR
Bisphenol
Fumerate
Resin
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
210
99
210
82
180
230
99
93
99
99
210
199
210
210
99
210
93
199
210
115
239
99
210
210
115
239
99
210
38
100
38
100
40
104
NR
49d
Isophthalic
Resin
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
43
109
77
171
NR
NR
NR
Page167of235
11.4.D.
Decanoic acid
All
38
100
38
100
Decanol
100
49
120
82
180
82
180
82
180
Detergents, organic,
pH 9-11
Detergents organic,
pH 12
Detergents
sulphonated
All
82
180
93
199
100
65
149
82
180
All
70
158
82
180
70
Dibromopropane
100
NR
NR
Diallyl phthalate
All
82
180
99
210
Diammonium
phosphate
65
90
194
99
Dibromo phenol
100
NR
NR
Dibromo propanol
100
NR
Dibutyl carbitol
100
Dibutyl ether
NR
38
158
NR
49
82
180
38
100
210
82
180
38
100
NR
NR
NR
38
100
NR
NR
27
80.6
38
100
100
82
180
99
210
43
109
Dibutyl phthalate
All
82
180
99
210
82
180
NR
NR
Dichlorobenzene
100
NR
NR
43
109
NR
NR
Dichloroethane
100
NR
NR
27g
80.6g
NR
NR
2,4dichlorophenoxyacet
ic acid
100
43
109
Dibromopropane
100
NR
NR
38g
100.4
Dichloropropane
100
NR
NR
38g
100.4
NR
NR
Dichlorotoluene
100
NR
NR
43g
109.4
Dichloropropionic
acid
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
Diethyl sulphate
100
38
100
49
120
Diesel fuel
100
82
180
99
210
82
180
Diethanolamine
100
30
86
49
120
43
109
Diethyl benzene
100
30
86
60
140
Diethyl carbonate
100
NR
NR
27
80.6
Diethyl ether
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Diethyl formamide
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
30
NR
NR
NR
NR
60
140
77
171
Page168of235
Chemical
Environment
Concentration
%
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 1
Temp
(oC )
Di-2-ethyl hexyl
phosphate
Diethyl hexyl
phosphoric acid (in
kerosene)
Temp
( oF )
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 2
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
100
82
Bisphenol
Fumerate
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
99
210
Isophthalic
Resin
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
66
151
65
149
20
82
180
180
Diethyl ketone
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
Diethyl maleate
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
Diethylene glycol
100
82
180
99
210
99
210
Diethyl sulphate
100
38
100
49
120
Diethylene triamide
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
Diisobutyl Ketone
100
NR
NR
43
109
NR
NR
Diisobutyl phthalate
100
65
149
82
180
82
180
Diisopropanol amine
100
43
109
60
140
38
100
Dimethyl formamide
Dimethyl
morpholine
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
100
NR
NR
43
109
Dimethyl phthalate
100
65
149
82
180
65
149
Dimethyl sulphoxide
100
27
80.6
Dioctyl phthalate
100
65
149
99
210
82
180
Diphenyl oxide
(diphenyl ether)
100
27
80.6
49d
120.2d
49
120
Dipotassium
phosphate
50
38
100
38
100
Dipropylene glycol
100
82
180
99
210
82
180
66
151
66
151
Divinyl benzene
100
27
80.6
49
120
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Dodecanol
(dodecanol)
100
65
149
82
180
65
149
Dodecyl benzene
sulphonic acid
100
49
120
49
120
99
210
Page169of235
11.5.E.
EDTA disodium salt
All
65
149
65
149
49
120
Epichlorohydrin
Epoxidised castor
oil
Epoxidised Soya
been oil
100
NR
NR
27
80.6
NR
NR
100
38
100
100
65
149
65
149
93
199
Esters of fatty acids
100
82
180
82
180
82
180
43
109
Ethanolamine
100
NR
NR
27
80.6
Ethyl acetate
100
NR
NR
21g
69.8g
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Ethyl alcohol
10
49
120
65
149
60
140
32
89.6
43
109
Ethyl alcohol
50
38
100
65
149
49
120
32
89.6
43
109
Ethyl alcohol
95
27
80.6
38
100
43
109
32
89.6
Ethyl benzene
100
27
80.6
49
120
NR
NR
/3 :1/3
NR
NR
38
100
NR
NR
Ethyl bromide
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Ethyl chloride
100
NR
NR
27
80.6
NR
NR
Ethyl ether
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Ethyl sulphate
100
38
100
38
100
Ethyl benzene and

benzene blend

Chemical
Environment
Concentration
%
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 1
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 2
Bisphenol
Fumerate Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Ethylacrylate
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Ethylene chloride
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Ethylene diamine
tetra acetic acid
(EDTA)
100
38
100
38
100
38
100
Ethylene dibromide
100
NR
NR
27
80.6
NR
NR
Ethylene dichloride
100
NR
NR
27
80.6
NR
NR
Ethylene glycol
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Ethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
100
38
100
38
100
38
100
Ethylene oxide
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Eucalyptus oil
100
60
140
60
140
60
140
Isophthalic
Resin
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
66
151
45
113
Page170of235
11.6.F.
Fatty acids
All
99
210
115
239
99
210
Ferric acetate
Saturated
82
180
82
180
82
180
Ferric chloride
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
99
210
Ferric chloride :ferrous chloride 5:20
99
Ferric chloride :Ferrous chloride:HCI

48:0.2:0.2
82
180
82
180
29:18.5
82
180
82
180
Ferric nitrate
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Ferric sulphate
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Ferrous chloride
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Ferrous nitrate
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Ferrous sulphate
All
99
210
99
210
93
199
Fertilizers
All
49
120
49
120
43
109
30:10:00
49
120
49
120
49
120
Fluorine a
Gas
27
80.6
27
80.6
Fluoroboric acida
All
82
180
99
210
49
120
Ferric chloride:
Hydrochloric acid
Fluoride salts
+hydrochloric acid
Fluorosilicic acid
Fumes
82
180
82
180
82
180
Fluorosilicic acid
10
65
149
82
180
65
149
Fluorosilicic acida
25
38
100
38
100
Fluorosilicic acida
35
38
100
38
100
38
100
Flue gas, wet
All
82
180
99
210
Flue gasi
All
143
289
184d
363.2d
Formaldehyde
All
65
149
65
149
43
109
Formic acid
50
38
100
38
100
43
109
Formic acid
98
38
100
Freon
11(trichloroflouro
methane)
100
38
100
38
100
27
80.6
66
151
77
171
66
151
77
171
66
151
77
171
66
151
70
158
66
151
70
158
27
80.6
43
109
27
80.6
NR
NR
Page171of235
Chemical
Environment
Concentration
%
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 1
Bisphenol
Fumerate
Resin
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 2
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
99
210
54
129
65
149
54
129
50
122
66
151
77
171
100
27
80.6
38
100
Fuel oils
100
82
180
99
210
Furfural
71
160
Furfural
20
43
109
Furfural
100
NR
NR
Furfuryl alcohol
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
27
80.6
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Freon 12
NR
Isophthalic
Resin
11.7.G.
Gallic acid
Gasoline (leaded,
aviation)
Saturated
38
100
38
100
100
82
180
82
180
43
109
Gluconic acid
50
82
180
82
180
71
160
Glucose
Glutaric acid
(pentane dioic
acid)
100
99
210
115
239
82
180
50
49d
120.2d
49d
120.2d
49
120
Gluteraldehyde
50
49d
120.2d
49d
120.2d
Glycerin
100
99
210
99
210
99
210
35
60
140
65
149
60
140
70
27
80.6
38
100
40
38
100
38
100
38
100
All
82
180
82
180
99
210
Glycolic acid
(hydroxyacetic
acid)
Glycolic acid
(hydroxyacetic
acid)
Glyoxal
Green liquor (pulp
mill)
Page172of235
11.8.H.
n-heptane
100
Hexachloroethane
99
210
99
210
109
102
100
NR
NR
43
40
38
100
39
65
149
43
109
Hexamethyelene
tetramine
Hexamethyelene
tetramine
Hexane
100
65
149
65
149
43
109
Hydraulic fluid
100
65
149
82
180
82
180
Hydrazine
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Hydrobromic acid
18 to 25
82
180
82
180
99
210
Hydrobromic acid
48
65
149
65
149
65
149
Hydrobromic acid
62
38
100
38
100
65
Hydrochloric acid
66
151
Fumes
99
210
177
351
150
302
NR
NR
10
82
180
110
230
99
210
66
151
71
160
Hydrochloric acid f
15
82
180
110
230
99
210
Hydrochloric acid f
20
82
180
110
230
90
194
25
82
180
110
230
90
194
38
100
43
109
Hydrochloric acid f
33
65
149
75
167
65
149
32
89.6
40
104
Hydrochloric acid f
37
43
109
82
180
43
109
30
86
27
80.6
Hydrochloric acid +
free chlorine
All
82
180
110
230
Hydrochloric acid
fumes +free
chlorine e
All
177
351
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Page173of235
Chemical
Environment
Concentration
%
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 1
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 2
Bisphenol
Fumerate
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Hydrocyanic acid
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Hydrofluoric acid a
10
52
126
65
149
52
126
Hydrofluoric acid a
20
38
100
38
100
38
100
10
82
180
82
180
65
149
25 to 35
38
100
38
100
43
109
100
99
210
160
320
99
210
100
82
180
82
180
100
99
210
160
320
93
199
100
65
149
82
180
82
180
60
140
60
140
60
140
30
38
100
38
100
38
100
82
180
177
351
177
351
100
82
180
99
210
99
210
40
65
149
65
149
65
149
82
180
82
180
100
Hydrofluorosilicic
acida
Hydrofluorosilicic
acida
Hydrogen bromide,
dry gas
Hydrogen bromide,
wet gas
Hydrogen chloride,
wet gas
Hydrogen fluoride,
vapours a
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen sulfide
gas
Hydrogen sulfide
gas
Hydroiodic acid
Hydrosulphite
bleach
Isophthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
32
(aq. Solution containing 5% zinc hydrosulphite and

2.5% tripolyphosphate)
Hydroxyacetic acid
(glycolic acid)
70
27
80.6
38
100
Hypochlorous acid
20
38
100
43
109
38
Hypophosphorous
acid
50
49
120
49
120
49
Page174of235
11.9.I.
Iodine
Iodine crystals
Vapours
65
149
82
180
82
180
100
65
149
65
149
65
149
82
180
99
210
99
210
Iron & steel

cleaning bath
(9% hydrochloric acid, 23%
sulphuric acid)
Iron plating
100
solution
32
82
180
115
239
99
210
49
120
43
109
49
120
52
126
65
149
(45% FeCL2, 15% CaCL2, 20% FeSO4, 11% (NH4)2,SO4)

Isoamyl alcohol
100
43
109
Isobutyl alcohol
100
43
109
Isodecanol
All
49
120.2
Isononyl alcohol
100
65
Isooctyl alcohol
100
Isopropyl alcohol
All
49
120.2
149
65
149
52
126
65
149
65
149
65
149
49
120
49
120
43
109
Isopropyl amine
100
38
100
49
120
43
109
Isopropyl
palmitate
All
99
210
110
230
99
210
Itaconic acid
25
49
120
49
120
49
120
65
149
99
210
11.10.J.
Jet fuel
100
43
109
82
180
11.11.K.
Kerosene
100
82
180
82
180
66
151
65
149
Page175of235
11.12.L.
Lactic Acid
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
54
129
55
131
Chemical
Environment
Concentratio
n%
Vinyl Ester Resin

-1
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 2
Bisphenol
Fumerate
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
65
149
82
180
99
210
Latex
All
49
120
49d
120.2d
Lauroyl chloride
100
27
80.6
43
109
Lauryl alcohol
100
65
149
82
180
Lauryl chloride
100
99
210
99
210
Lead acetate
All
99
210
110
230
Lead chloride
All
99
210
Lead nitrate
All
99
210
Linseed oil
All
99
210
110
230
93
199
Lithium bromide
Saturated
99
210
115
239
99
210
Lithium chloride
Saturated
99
210
99
210
99
210
Lithium hydroxidea
Saturated
82
180
82
180
All
65
149
82h
179.6h
Lithium
hypochloriteabc
Isophthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Page176of235
11.13.M.
Magnesium
bicarbonate
Magnesium
bisulphite
Magnesium
carbonate
All
71
160
82
180
71
101
All
82
180
82
180
82
112
All
82
180
93
199
80
110
Magnesium chloride
All
99
210
115
239
99
129
Magnesium
hydroxidea
All
99
210
99
210
99
129
Magnesium nitrate
All
99
210
99
210
99
129
Magnesium
phosphate
All
49
120
Magnesium sulphate
All
99
210
115
239
99
129
Maleic acid
100
93
199
115
239
99
129
Maleic anhydride
100
93
199
115
239
99
129
Manganese chloride
All
93
199
99
210
99
129
Manganese sulphate
All
93
199
99
210
99
129
Mercapttoacetic acid
All
NR
NR
38
100
Mercuric chloride
All
99
210
99
210
99
129
Mercurous chloride
All
99
210
99
210
99
129
Mercury
100
99
210
115
239
99
129
100
NR
NR
38
100
43
73.2
10
27
80.6
27
80.6
NR
NR
100
NR
NR
49
120
NR
NR
NR
NR
Methyl alcohol
(methanol)
Methyl bromide
(gas)
methyl styrene
NR
NR
27
80.6
Methyl ethyl ketone
100
NR
NR
21
69.8
Methylamine
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
Methylene chloride
Milk & Milk
Products
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
100
99
210
32
71
101
66
151
65
149
Mineral oils
100
99
210
239
99
129
66
151
65
149
Molasses
Molybdenum
disulphate
Monochloroacetic
acid
100
49
120
32
43
73.2
100
93
199
93
199
80
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Monochlorobenzene
100
NR
NR
38
100
NR
NR
115
Page177of235
Chemical
Environment
Concentration
%
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 1
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 2
Bisphenol
Fumerate Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Monomethyl
hydrazine
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Morpholine
100
NR
NR
27
80.6
NR
NR
Motor Oil
100
99
210
115
239
99
210
Myristic acid
100
99
210
115
239
99
210
Isophthalic
Resin
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
66
151
49
120
11.14.N.
n-heptane
100
99
210
99
210
65
149
Naphtha
100
82
180
99
210
65
149
Naphtha, heavy
aromatic
100
49
120
43
109
Naphthalene
100
82
180
99
210
Nickel chloride
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Nickel nitrate
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Nickel sulphate
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Nitric acid
65
149
82
180
75
167
49
120
65
149
Nitric acid
20
49
120
65
149
55
131
45
113
45
113
Nitric acid
40
NR
NR
27
80.6
43
109
NR
NR
NR
NR
Nitric acid
50
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Nitric acid
60
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Nitric acid fumes
All
71
160
82
180
82
180
NR
NR
NR
NR
05-Aug
38
100
60
140
49
120
100
NR
NR
38
100
NR
Nitric/hydrofluoric
acidsa
Nitrobenzene
32
Page178of235
11.15.O.
Oleic acid
All
Oleum (fuming sulphuric acid)
99
210
93
199
99
210
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Olive oil
100
99
129
121
250
93
199
Oxalic acid
All
99
129
99
210
99
210
60
90.2
60
140
Ozone
54
129
75
167
60
90.2
77
171
60
90.2
11.16.P.
Palm oil
100
93
199
Palmitic acid
100
99
210
Paper mill effluent
100
82
180
Perchloric acid
10
65
149
65
149
Perchloric acid
30
38
100
38
100
Perchlorothylene
100
27
80.6
49
99
210
99
Peroxide bleach
solution
115
93
199
99
210
65
149
120
38
100
210
99
210
239
(2% sodium peroxide 96%, 0.025% Epsom salts, 5% sodium silicate 42oBe, 1.4%sulphuric acid 42oBe, 1.4% sulphuric acid 42oBe)
Phenol
49
120
43
109
Phenol
10
30
86
NR
NR
Phenol
88
NR
NR
21
69.8
NR
NR
Phenol sulphonic
acid
65
NR
NR
27
80.6
Phosphoric acid
80
99
210
99
210
Phosphoric acid
100
99
210
99
210
32
99
210
66
151
65
149
Page179of235
Chemical
Environment
Concentrati
on%
Vinyl
Ester
Resin 1
Bisphenol
Fumerate Resin
Isophthalic Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Phosphoric acid,
vapour &
condensate
100
99
210
115
239
99
210
Phosphoric acid
105
100
212
100
212
100
212
115
100
212
100
212
100
212
Phosphoric acid:
hydrochloric acid
(saturated with
chlorine)
15:09
99
210
99
210
Phosphoric acid
Fumes
93
199
110
230
88
190
Temp
( oF )
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
(super phosphoric acid +76% P2O5)

Phosphoric acid
(polyphosphoric acid)
(with phosphorus pentoxide, hydrochloric acid and sulphur

dioxide)
Phosphorous acid
70
Phosphorous
trichloride
38
100
38
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Phthalic acid
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Phthalic anhydride
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Picric acid(alcoholic)
10
NR
NR
38
100
43
109
82
180
82
180
82
180
All
49
120
49
120
49
120
All
38
100
49
120
65
149
All
49
120
49
120
49
120
All
99
210
115
239
99
210
10
65
149
65
149
71
160
50
82
180
82
180
60
140
All
38
100
49
120
99
210
10
65
149
65
149
65
149
25
65
149
65
149
43
109
Platinum plating
solution
Polyvinyl acetate
adhesive
Polyvinyl alcohol
Polyvinyl latex with
plasticizer
Potassium aluminum
sulphate
Potassium
bicarbonatea
Potassium
bicarbonatea
Potassium bromide
Potassium carbonatea
a
Potassium Carbonate
Page180of235
Potassium carbonatea
50
71
160
71
160
43
109
Potassium chloride
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Potassium dichromate
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
10 to25
65
149
65h
149h
65
149
82h
179.6h
Potassium
ferricyanide
Potassium
ferrocyanide
Potassium hydroxidea
Potassium hydroxide
a
45
Potassium iodide
All
49
120
65
149
65
149
Potassium nitrate
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
60
54
129
65
149
65
149
Potassium sulphate
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Propionic acid
50
82
180
82
180
82
180
Propionic acid
100
NR
NR
38
100
Propylene glycol
All
99
210
99
210
Propylene oxide
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
Potassium
Permanganate
Potassium
persulphate
Potassium
pyrophosphate
99
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
50
NR
122
50
122
Chemical
Environment
Concentr
ation%
Pulp paper mill blow

down
(non condensable
gases)
Pyridine
100
Vinyl
Ester
Resin 1
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
99
210
115
239
NR
NR
NR
NR
Bisphenol
Fumerate
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
NR
NR
Isophthalic Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Page181of235
11.17.Q.
Quaternary amine
salts
Quaternary
ammonium salts
All
59
138
All
65
149
65
149
65
149
65
149
11.18.R.
Rayon spin bath
Rayon spinning
Recovery boiler
gases
Fumes
60
140
60
140
60
140
60
140
60
140
93
199
177
351
Page182of235
11.19.S.
Salicylic acid
100
60
140
60
140
Salt brine
30
99
210
115
239
99
210
55
131
54
129
Sea water
100
82
180
99
210
99
210
66
151
75
167
Silver cyanide
93
199
99
210
99
210
Silver cyanide
All
99
210
Silver nitrate
Silver plating
solution
All
66
151
75
167
60
140
40
104
32
89.6
30
86
66
151
77
171
99
210
99
210
99
210
82
180
82
180
99
210
(4% silver, 7% potassium & 5% sodium cyanides, 2%

potassium carbonate)
Sodium acetate
Sodium alkyl
aryl sulphonates
Sodium
aluminate
Sodium benzoate
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
All
82
180
82
180
99
210
All
49
120
49
120
100
82
180
82
180
82
180
15/20
80
176
80
176
80
176
Saturated
82
180
82
180
82
180
All
43
109
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Saturated
99
210
99
210
99
210
Saturated
99
210
99
210
99
210
Sodium bromate
54
129
65
149
43
109
Sodium bromide
Sodium
carbonate
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
25
82
180
82
180
10
82
180
82
180
82
180
25
82
180
82
180
35
71
160
82
180
71
160
Saturated
82
180
82
180
82
180
Sodium chlorate
50
99
210
99
210
99
210
Sodium chlorate
Sodium chloride,
pH 3.5
100
99
210
113
235
Saturated
82
180
99
210
99
210
Sodium
bicarbonate/
Sodium
carbonatea
Sodium
bicarbonatea
Sodium
biflouridea
Sodium
bisulphate
Sodium
bisulphate
Sodium borate
32
(soda ash)a
Sodium
carbonatea
Sodium
carbonatea
Sodium
carbonatea
Sodium
carbonatea
Page183of235
Chemical
Environment
Concentr
ation%
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 1
Vinyl Ester Resin 2
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Saturated
90
194
90
194
Sodium chlorite
10
65
149
65
Sodium chlorite
50
27
80.6
Sodium
Chromate
50
99
Sodium cyanidea
Sodium cyanidea
Sodium chloride,
pH 10.5, with Cl2
Sodium
dichromate
Sodium
diphosphate
Sodium
ferricyanide
Sodium
ferrocyanide
Sodium
flourosilicatea
Sodium fluoridea
Sodium
hexametaphosph
ate
Sodium
hydroxidea,b
Sodium
hydroxidea,b
Sodium
hydroxidea,b
Sodium
hydroxidea,b
Sodium
hypochloriteabci
(5% NaOH,
Scrubbing CI2,
CIO2)
Sodium
hypochloriteabci
Sodium
hypochloriteabci
Sodium lauryl
sulphate
Bisphenol
Fumerate Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
149
71
160
49
120
43
109
210
99
210
99
210
99
210
99
210
99
210
15
99
210
99
210
65
149
100
99
210
99
210
99
210
100
99
210
99
210
93
199
All
99
210
99
210
99
All
99
210
99
210
All
49
120
49
All
82
180
10
38
Isophthalic
Resin
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
210
66
151
75
167
99
210
66
151
75
167
120
49
120
82
180
82
180
100
38
100
65
149
82
180
65h
149h
65
149
NR
NR
NR
NR
10
82
180
65h
149h
65
149
NR
NR
NR
NR
25
82
180
82h
179.6h
65
149
NR
NR
NR
NR
50
99
210
99h
210.2h
99
210
NR
NR
NR
NR
82
180
82h
179.6h
NR
NR
NR
NR
10
82
180
82h
179.6h
NR
NR
NR
NR
18
82
180
82h
179.6h
NR
NR
NR
NR
All
71
160
71
160
82
180
Page184of235
Sodium
metabisulphate
Sodium
monophosphate
All
99
210
99
210
All
99
210
99
210
93
199
Sodium nitrate
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Sodium nitrite
Sodium
persulphate
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
20
54
129
99
210
Sodium silicatea
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Sodium sulphate
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Sodium sulphide
All
99
210
99
210
99
210
Sodium sulphite
All
99
210
99
Sodium
Saturated
82
180
82
tetraborate
Sodium
57
82
180
82
thiocyanate
Sodium
All
82
180
82
thioslphate
Sodium
All
triphosphate
Sodium
All
99
210
99
tripolyphosphate
Solvent
38
100
49
composite
(35% xylene, 35% kerosens, 30% di 2 ethyl hexyl phosphoric
acid)
210
99
210
180
77
171
65
149
99
210
99
210
Sorbitol solution
All
71
160
82
180
65
149
Sour crude oil
All
99
210
115
239
93
199
NR
NR
180
180
210
120
Chemical
Environment
Concentr
ation%
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 1
Vinyl Ester Resin

-2
Bisphenol
Fumerate Resin
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
54
129
77
171
100
99
210
99
210
93
488
Stannic chloride
Stannous
chloride
All
99
210
99
210
65
438
All
99
210
99
210
99
499
99
210
104
219
104
508
Stearic acid
All
99
210
99
210
99
499
Styrene
100
NR
NR
49
120
NR
NR
38
100
49
120
43
398
54
129
43
398
82
180
99
499
Styrene acrylic
emulsion
Styrene
butadiene latex
Sugar cane,
All
All
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Soya bean oil
Steam
Isophthalic
Resin
82
180
Page185of235
liquor &
sweet water
Sugar, beet,
liquor
82
180
82
180
99
499
Sugar /sucrose
All
99
210
99
210
88
479
Sulphamic acid
10
99
210
99
210
99
499
Sulphamic acid
25
65
149
65
149
65
438
Sulphanilic acid
All
99
210
99
210
82
469
93
199
93
199
99
499
71
160
82
180
99
499
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Gas
99
210
115
239
104
508
Sulphur dioxide
burner, wet gas
Gas
99
210
177
351
Sulphur trioxide
Gas
99
210
149g
300.2g
121
250
Sulphur, molten
100
149g
300.2g
121
250
Sulphite
/sulphate liquor
(pulp mill)
Sulphonated
detergents
Sulphonyl
chloride,
aromatic
Sulphur
dichloride
Sulphur dioxide
(dry or wet)
100
Sulphuric acid
99
210
99
210
99
499
Sulphuric acid
10
99
210
99
210
99
499
Sulphuric acid
25
99
210
99
210
99
Sulphuric acid
50
82
180
82
180
Sulphuric acid
70
82
180
82
Sulphuric acid
75
38
100
Sulphuric acid
93
NR
Sulphuric acid
Vapours
Sulphuric acid:
ferrous sulphate
Sulphuric acid :
phosphoric acid
Sulphurous acid
Sulphuryl
chloride
60
140
77
171
499
60
140
77
171
99
499
49
1202
60
140
180
88
479
49
120
40
393
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
99
210
160
320
99
499
66
151
77
171
10:satd
99
210
99
210
99
499
10:20
82
180
82
180
82
469
10
49
120
49
120
40
393
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
Page186of235
11.20.T.
Tannic acid
All
99
210.2
99
210.2
99
210.2
66
150.8
65
Chemical
Environment
Concentr
ation%
Vinyl Ester
Resin - 1
Vinyl Ester Resin 2
Bisphenol
Fumerate Resin
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
66
150.8
65
149
Tartaric acid
All
99
210.2
99
210.2
99
210.2
Tetrachloroethane
100
NR
NR
49
120.2
NR
NR
100
27
80.6
38
100.4
38
100.4
27
80.6
49
120.2
NR
NR
Tetrachloroethyle
ne
Tetrachloropyridi
ne
Isophthalic
Resin
Tetra potassium
pyrophosphate
60
54
129.2
65
149
52
125.6
Thionyl chloride
All
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
All
NR
NR
38
100.4
38
100.4
All
99
210.2
99
210.2
99
210.2
100
27
80.6
49
120.2
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
99
210.2
NR
NR
NR
NR
Thioglycolic acid
(mercaptoacetic
acid)
Toluene
sulphonic acid
Toluene
Transformer oils
100
99
210.2
149
300.2
100
49
120.2
60
140
60
140
50
99
210.2
99
210.2
99
210.2
Trichloroethane
100
27
80.6
38
100.4
NR
NR
Trichloroethylene
Tricresyl
phosphate
100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
100
38
100.4
49
120.2
82
179.6
Triethanolamine
100
49
120.2
49d
120.2d
65
149
Trisodium
phosphate
50
80
176
115
239
80
176
Turpentine
100
65
149
99
210.2
93
199.4
Tween surfactants
All
65
149
82
179.6
65
149
Tributyl
phosphate
Trichloroacetic
acid
Page187of235
11.21.U.
Urea
Urea
formaldehyde
resin
Urine sugar
50
65
149
65
149
100
38
100.4
49
120.2
116
240.8
100
49
120.2
11.22.V.
Vinegar
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
Vinyl toluene
100
All
100
100
99
NR
NR
27
210.2
NR
NR
80.6
99
NR
NR
29
210.2
NR
NR
84.2
99
NR
NR
210.2
NR
NR
66
150.8
77
170.6
11.23.W.
Water steam
condensate
Water, 50 ppm
phenol
100
82
179.6
82
179.6
82
179.6
49
120.2
49
120.2
49
120.2
Water, deionized
100
82
179.6
82
179.6
99
210.2
60
140
77
170.6
Water, distilled
100
82
179.6
99
210.2
99
210.2
60
140
77
170.6
93
199.4
82
179.6
82
179.6
NR
NR
NR
NR
66
150.8
75
167
White liquor
(pulp mill)
11.24.X.
Xylene
100
27
80.6
Zeolite
All
82
179.6
Zinc chloride
70
99
210.2
Zinc cyanide
All
82
179.6
49
120.2d
140
284
NR
NR
82
179.6
99
210.2
82
179.6

Chemical
Environment
Zinc cyanide
plating batha
(9% zinc and 4%
sodium cyanide,
9% sodium
hydroxide)
Zinc nitrite
Zinc sulphate
Concentr
ation%
Vinyl Ester Resin

-1
Temp
Temp
(oC )
( oF )
Vinyl Ester Resin

-2
Temp
Temp
(oC )
( oF )
Bisphenol
Fumerate Resin
Temp
Temp
(oC )
( oF )
82
179.2
82
179.2
82
179.2
All
99
210.2
115
239
99
210.2
All
99
210.2
115
239
99
210.2
Isophthalic Resin
Temp
(oC )
Temp
( oF )
Terephthalic
Resin
Temp Temp
(oC )
( oF )
Page188of235
NotesonChemicalResistanceData
a : Double synthetic veil should be used as inner layer.

b : Post cure recommended to increase service life.
Benzoyl peroxide DMA cure system recommended to increase service
c :
life.
Probably satisfactory at higher temperatures but temperature shown is
d :
the highest for which information was available.
e : Double C veil and 200 mil corrosion liner should be used.
f : Double C veil.
g : If service is marginal, use Vinyl Ester -1 high Viscosity resin.
h : If a superior vinyl ester resin is required, use Vinyl Ester - 2
i : Check with Kemrock Technology Centre for specific recommendations.
: A blank space in the table indicates no data available at present.
NR : Not recommended.
However, where exposure is intermittent or is limited to fumes or spills only (such as drains,
flooring, gratings and structural supports for stair ways /walk ways) good service may be
expected in those chemical shown as NR.
NOTE:1. Specific information on the chemical resistance of any chemical not listed above may be
furnished from the Data Bank available with Kemrock Technology Center
2. All the above information is based on the result of tests carried out at our laboratories to the
best of our ability. The figures are intended to give a general indication of the characteristics of
the above materials. No liability must be assumed must be assumed or implied as result of any
data given.
Page189of235
CHAPTER12FABRICATIONTECHNIQUES.
Page190of235
12.1 ManyprofilesarepreFabricated,making onsiteinstallation

easy.
Almost all fabricating methods currently used for wood, aluminum, steel or other materials are
available for fabrication of fiber reinforced polymer pultrusion.
To Fabricate Kemrock Profiles with complete success, the following techniques should be
followed:
Router bits should be diamond-coated or metal bonded.

Punches work better with a slight shear edge & punch press.
Cutting speeds should be moderately fast (3,450 rpm).
Drilling speeds should take hole size and thickness into consideration.
Lag screws are not recommended for fastening FRP to metal.
Solvents, such as methylene chloride or acetone, should be used to prepare surface for bonding or
coating.
A medium coarse grinding wheel is preferable to the finer grades.
Counter support is necessary when drilling hollow profiles.
Each operation requires some change in technique or some modifications of equipment.

When fabricating, the most important characteristics of pultrusion are: it is a fibrous material with
a grain (very much like wood) ; it is quite abrasive: it will bend. Although working with a
fiberglass profile is similar to working with wood, it is uniquely a pultrusion and has its own
characteristics. Explaining the nature of pultrusion fabrication is the purpose of this section of the
manual.
12.2 FabricationofKemrockStructuralProfiles.
Before fabricating Kemrock Profiles, several characteristics of the product itself should be
recognized. These considerations Apply to every phase of each operation.
1. Fiberglass is extremely abrasive. Tools, such as saw blades, router bits or punches, will wear
quickly. Production problems will occur unless this problem is anticipated.
Diamond-coated edges and blades are the best.

Frequent tool sharpening is common.
Maintaining an at-hand inventory of saw blades, punches and other cutting tools is
recommended.
Some re-tooling is common for heavy production.
2. Fiberglass is dusty during fabrication.
Wear dusk masks or respirators, long-sleeved shirts or coats.

Minor health problems, such as skin irritation, may be experienced by some workers.
Machines, such as saws, should have totally enclosed dustproof motors or better.
Page191of235
Machines their supports and their general vicinities should be cleaned frequently. Dust
and glass particles will build and become abrasive; and the machine will become
damaged.
Dust collector or vacuum hoses should be placed near fabricating areas for dust
collection.
3. Fiberglass, though strong, is also elastic. Kemrock is typically produced in 20-foot-40 foot59-foot lengths. Because of its greater length, increase in elasticity, war page or twist may be
experienced.
Rigid support is needed for all fabrication procedures.

Clamps, tie-downs and vices should be in incorporated before and after a section is to
cut.
Process designers should individualize clamp and support systems for each profile for
each fabrication procedure. What is typical for aluminum is not necessarily appropriate
for Pultruded profiles. Rigidity is mandatory.
4. Fiberglass will degrade if exposed to friction. Ragged edges and material splits could result.
Always use appropriate machine speeds in each operation.

The greater the thickness, the slower the cutting or drilling speed.
5. Exposed fibers will absorb more moisture or other contaminants than resin-coated fibers.
When fabricating, the surface coating of resin is broken and fibers are exposed; therefore, it is
always a good practice to coat fabricated areas with resin to prevent attack from the elements,
whether it be corrosive agents or simple weathering.
6. All fastening procedures should be carefully appraised. Prototype testing should be included
in the decision process.
Experience has demonstrated that mechanical fasteners and a good adhesive bond are the
best procedures.
Choosing the correct adhesive is mandatory; bonding surfaces should be carefully
prepared.
Process engineering should know the final product application and environment when
considering fastening systems.
Fiberglass is a composite in which many variables are operating, such ultra-violet
exposure, chemical and temperature factors, and mechanical requirements. All fastening
systems should take these variables into account.
Never assume that what works with aluminum, bronze or wood will suffice for FRP.
Concurrently, never assume that it wont. it is best to check first.
7. Kemrock Profiles are composites that are engineered into laminate sections. Do Not Rigidly
impose the fabrication requirement of homogenous materials, such as aluminum Or cold
rolled steel, on FRP, without first considering the composite characteristics of Kemrock.
Properly understood, FRP will fabricate as well as any other material.
Page192of235
Tolerances, punch clearances and hole sizing should be gauged to the fibrous
characteristics of FRP.
12.3 Adhesives/Bonding.
Consult Creative Pultrusion for adhesive recommendations for your needs. Adhesive are an
integral factor in fastening Kemrock Profiles. As has been detailed, adhesive should be used
in combination with other fastening devices whenever possible.
Thousand of formula for adhesive exists; the basic ones used with Kemrock are.
Epoxies.
Acrylics.
Polyesters.
12.4 AdvantagesofAdhesives.
Distributes stress more uniformly.

Permit fabrication at a lower cost and weight for structures that are mechanically
equivalent to or stronger that conventional assembly.
Bond thin sections to thick sections; thus; make use of the full strength of each section.
Produce smooth surfaces.
Eliminate defacing of exposed surfaces.
Reduce Weight.
Join dissimilar materials.
Accommodate differences in thermal expansion.
Permit profile movement with flexible adhesives.
Seal surfaces and joints.
Accommodate thin or fragile profiles.
12.5 BondedShearJointConcepts.
The behavior of bonded joints is further challenged by several significant variables which
require an understanding of the mechanics of configuration necessary for efficient and
successful design.
Four basic stresses are associated with joint behavior: tensile, shear, cleavage and peel.
Cleavage and peel stresses involving large stress gradients through the joint.
Joints developing direct tension of shear stresses are stronger more reliable than joints
subjected to cleavage and peel stresses.
Page193of235
12.5.1.JointStresses.
Symmetry of load transfer through a joint is to be held in highest esteem. (This axiom is also
true for any material and connectors, such as bolts or welds.) Non-symmetrical joints induce
couples, which must be resisted by cleavage or peel stresses.
With adhesive joints, flexibility of either the adhesive or the joined components is an
advantage because it permits the connecting elements to rotate into alignment with the
applied forces, thereby reducing the couple, effect in the glue line. The geometric design
of the joint can be used to improve strength and efficiency; for example, where a single lap
joint is a very inefficient joint, it can be improved by using a low-modulus adhesive or
beveling the joined elements to introduce some flexibility. The eccentricity of the joint may
also be reduced by using a scarf type lap. (CAUTION: the desired stiffness of the joint must
be observed if a joint is designed to maximize flexibility. Both cannot be achieved at the
same time.)
The strength of a single lap (or any other nonsymmetrical joint) is not proportional to its size
due to the stress concentration at the edges. The usual mechanism of failure in an adhesive
joint is a crack propagation process initiating at points of high tensile stress; thus, failure is
progressive and limited to a very small localized region at any given time, indicating that the
overall size of the joint may be irrelevant to the total strength of the joint. Anything done to
avoid the stress concentration will improve the integrity of the joint. The use of mechanical
fasteners in cleavage stress regions, and void or crack-free glue lines, are methods in which
joints can be strengthened.
12.6 SurfacePreparation.
The bond strength of an adhesive can be no better than the lap sheer strength of the
interlaminate material itself; in other words, surface is bonded to surface, resin to resin.
The fiberglass reinforcement has little to do with achieving the bond strength.
The major fact in bonding Kemrock Profiles is this: because the profiles have been
manufactured with a formulated mold-release, many adhesive will not react properly.
Page194of235
Mold release agents rise to the surface of the profile during the manufacturing process. By
removing this outer layer through proper surface preparation, the overly smooth surface can
be abraded. Also, the majority of mold release agents will be removed. The procedures for
surface preparation in painting can also apply.
12.7 GuidelinesforSurfacePreparation.
1. Wipe contaminated surfaces with a solvent styrene, toluene or methyl alcohol.
2. Wipe surface dry.
3. Remove surface film by sanding or light sand blasting. Surface gloss should be
removed.
4. Air blast the surface to remove any remaining dust. ( A void recontamination by rehandling ! )
5. Mix and apply adhesive 3 to 5 mils thick. Be certain that all surfaces and any glass
fibers have been covered.
6. Clamp, screw and / or fasten the bonded surface.
o
Allow for proper cure time :
o Ovens will shorten the cure time.
o A minimum of 20 to 40 hours is an average length of time for many
adhesive to bond.
o A structure should not be exposed to its designed load limit until 48 hours
have passed.
7. Always follow the adhesive manufacturers recommendations.
Page195of235
12.8AdhesiveComparisonGuideUsedwithKemrockStandardStructural
andKemrocksuperstructuralProfiles.(Table:111)
Important
Details
Product Advantages
Substrates
Resistant to
Dispensing Methods
Strength
Cure time
Formula available
Upper temperature range
Epoxies
Acrylics
Strongest average lap shear can Lower Cost

be approximately 1200 psi
Impurity tolerant.
Adheres to many surfaces.
Metals, glass, plastics,
Many use clean surfaces
ceramics.
Moisture, acids, bases, salts
Moisture, solvents, acids
Meter mixing
Meter mixing
Hand Mixing
Hand Mixing
Strength to 6000 psi
Strength to 4000 psi
Average 1200 psi
Average 700 psi
Varies
Varies
Thousands
Many
Service Range
250 F Maximum
-40 F and +160 F
Cost relative to other

Moderate
adhesives
Moderate
12.9ComparisonofJoiningTechniques.(Table:112)
Seal ( Water Tightness )

Thermal insulation
Electrical insulation
Stress concentration at joint
Strength / Weight ration
Aesthetics (smooth joints )
Fatigue endurance
Inspection
Skill required of fabricator
Sensitive to peel loading
Time to develop strength
Disassembly
Mechanical
Bonds
No
No
No
High
Low
Poor
Poor
Easy
Low
No
Immediate
Possible
Adhesive
Bonds
Yes
Yes
Yes
Medium
Medium
Good
Good
Difficult
High
Yes
Varies
Impossible
Cutting / Sawing:
The most common cuts are : (1) straight lines, (2) 20 - 80 angles, (3) ripping and (4)
concentric cuts. Different saws are not required for cutting profiles of different resin systems;
however, adequate support is necessary for all cutting procedures. Clamps are the preferred
method for the hold-down function. These Clamps can be either air cylinder hold-downs or
Page196of235
the wide range of welding clamps such as the De-Sta-Co type. Precise cuts can be made if the
profile is fastened on each side of the cut-line. Because dust will obscure the cutting marks
and the heat of the saw may burn the material, it is advisable to use is not an issue, shape is.
12.10MachiningOperations.(Table:113)
Type Of Saw
Application
Comments
a) The hand model is good for on-site fabrication with small to

moderate numbers of cuts.
Circular Power Straight cuts
b) The table saw is a better model for accuracy and support use,
Saw
and ripping
and is recommended for volume slitting or cutting when
equipped with the proper blade.
Straight cuts a) Good for large or thick sections. Water-cooled for large
Radial Arm Saw
and ripping
production. Blade sizes can be varied.
Saber Saw / Curved
a) Adequate for very small quantities. Diamond-coated blades
Band Saw
Cuts
will increase production.
a) Better for large production. Often the slot cut by the router bit
will be wider or deeper than needed. It is a good practice to
Curved
Hand Router
try the bit before designing fixtures; however, if properly
Cuts
done, this will yield precise results.
Radial Arm Saw
20 - 80
with
Swivel
a) Can be used for mitering; 3,450 rpm recommended.
angle cuts
Head
a) Hand variety good for limited cuts 94 1.25 teeth per mm.
Cutting rod
Power hack saw is better for large production. Tungsten carbide
Hack Saw
stock
or diamond abrasive blades recommended. Keep plenty on hand
as breakage is a problem.
12.11 CuttingProcedures.
1. Blades should be diamond or carbide coated for large production; diamond blades should
be 30 to 40 mesh.
2. Tolerances should be no less than 1/16 inches for large production.
3. Very often another more precise cutting is needed as a secondary procedure.
4. Precision cuts are also made with a (diamond tipped) jig saw.
5. When mitering as end-cut, permit to 1 inch waste area.
6. Infrequent circular cuts could use a metal cutting blade, although it will be dull after one cut.
7. Carbide-coated masonry blades are recommended for on-site fabrication.
8. For large section cuts, use the following :
a) Begin with a power band saw for multiple cuts.
b) Use a circular saw and then invert material to finish the cuts.
Page197of235
12.12 OperatingTips.
1.
2.
3.
4.
When the edges begin to fray, reduce the saw speed.

If Pultruded are covered with nico or veil material, cut visible side face-up.
Use a light, even touch!
The thicker the profile, the slower the cut. Time must be taken and a saw with adequate
horsepower used.
5. Excessively high speed will make the edges ragged and the diamonds will peel off the saw
blade.
Design Note
For hollow sections with thin walls (0.080 inches and under), counter supports may have to be
designed to fit into the cavity or, you may need to purposely schedule a second-cut procedure.
Unique custom profiles often require unique cut-off operations and equipments.
Drilling
Drilling Kemrock Profiles is an easy, routine operation. Re-design of equipment is generally
unnecessary. Standard twist drills are more than adequate for low production, but cobalt-bits are
best for high production. Carbide-tipped bits are not required.
12.13 ParametersforDrilling.
Drilling of Kemrock Profiles is standard for sections with thickness of .187 inches or thicker.
Holes drilled in Kemrock Profiles are generally undersized by .002 inches to .005 inches. A 1/8inch drill bit will not make a hole large enough for a 1/8-inch rivet. A No. 30 bit is necessary. the
drill bit in order to compensate for any shrinkage variation in fastener dimensions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Drill Kemrock Profiles as you would drill hard wood.

Feed drills slowly, even with higher speeds.
For profiles with surfacing veils, drill from the visible side to the non-visible side.
Off-centering can be a problem in mass production; use bushings for this procedure.
For riveting holes, use suppliers recommended clearance.
For larger holes, a back-up plate of wood or receiving bushing will prohibit fracturing or
breakouts on the backside of the material.
Design Note
For round, hollow profiles and custom, hollow profiles use sturdy counter-supports from within the
following sections.
Mat-reinforced pultrusion (thermo set) can be punched to closer tolerances than

those containing high roving.
Page198of235
1. Reinforced fiberglass is resilient.
The hold-down systems should be designed very carefully to compensate for this
resiliency.
Strippers are mandatory.
Lubrication will gather the fiber and dust particles, thus quickly jamming the punch.
A clean machine and work area at all times should eliminate this problem.
2.
Kemrock Profiles can deviate from specified tolerances regarding thickness, war page,
twist and straightness. Though the deviation may not extend beyond acceptable limits,
punching accuracy and alignment may be affected.
System designers must take into account the degree of variance from specified
tolerances.
System flexibility should be designed into the punching system.
Due to the flexibility of a Pultruded profile, proper clamp-down systems can
alleviate most of the problems associated with profile deviations.
12.14 OtherusefulGuidelinesforPunching.
1. Some useful parameters are :
Oversize all holes by .020 to .030 inches.

The punched holes will range from .010 to .020 inches smaller than the
punching die.
The larger the hole, the cleaner the punch.
Material thickness to be punched will range from .070 to .187 inches.
2. For riveting, punched holes occasionally have to be re drilled especially in parts with
thickness of 1/8 inch of thicker.
3. Material Differences :
Mat reinforced materials can be punched with exactness, especially when bushings
are used.
Profiles with surfacing veils are punched from the non-visible to visible side.
4. A laminate .070 inches thick by 43 feet long, with a hole punched every 2 inches, has been
punched successfully.
5. For materials 3/16-inch thick, rivet holes can be placed every 6-8 inches; for bolting, the
holes should be 8-12 inches (203.2 mm 304.8 mm).
6. The depth of a punch should be twice the thickness of the laminate.
7. When punching hollow profiles, use strong counter supports, such as mandrels or bottom
carriage rests.
Page199of235
12.15 Shearing.
Similar to punching, shearing is possible with Kemrock Profiles. Profiles of 3/16-inch or
thinner have been sheared successfully in production.
Shearing is very useful for large production, particularly in very thin laminates (.070 to .090
inches). Thicker profiles (.125 to .187 inches 0 can be sheared on flat sections, but shearing of
profiles with multiple contours are best cut with a saw.
The rules for punching also apply to shearing, especially those rules referring to angles.
All shearing should be done perpendicular to any continuous fibers in the laminate.
Shearing should be perpendicular to the longitudinal reinforcements. Cuts must be clean.
Consideration of the shear angle should be of primary importance before specifying this
procedure. Small profiles with a thickness not exceeding 3/16 inches can be sheared if the
punch and profile are designed together.
12.16 Painting.
For most applications, internal coloration and a variety of surface treatments eliminate the need
for secondary coating operations. Situations exist, however, when paints are used to improve
the weathering properties or the appearance of a Pultruded profile.
For improved weathering, urethane coating are recommended as they have superior ultraviolet
resistance and adhere well to the Pultruded substrate. Urethane-coated Kemrock Profiles have
exposed to advanced weathering, equivalent to 30 years of exposure, with no loss in insulation
properties and only a slight loss in mechanical properties. Non-skid coating are available for
slip resistant surfaces. These coatings are available from several supplier and in a wide range of
colors.
12.17 SurfacePreparation.
Due to fact that the pultrusion process requires internal mold releases, it is essential that, prior
to any painting or coating, the surface be properly prepared. The mold releases are a form of
wax that creates a film on the surface of the profile to be removed. It can be accomplished with
several methods:
Solvent wiping is the simplest method of surface preparation. Several solvents will
attack the mold release films. Some of these are toluene, xylene, acetone, or styrene.
Sanding will also adequately prepare the surface; however, when you break the surface
at times, you will expose minor imperfections that become quite visible when paint is
applied. A sand and fill primer can be applied to help this situation.
Page200of235
Sand-blasting can be used as a surface preparation technique, but exhibits the same problems as
sanding.
It is best to follow the paint manufacturers recommendations for the application of any type of
coating.
12.18 JoiningKemrockStructuralprofiles.
12.20.1. ChannelJoints.
Page201of235
12.20.2. TubeJoints.
Page202of235
12.20.3. FabricatedBeams.
Page203of235
12.20.4. IbeamJoints.
12.20.5. PlatformsSupports.
12.21. MechanicalFastenings.
Page204of235
Application
Fastener
Engaged
SCREW :
Used for fastening Kemrock Profiles
to metal. Use metal as backup to
fiberglass.
BOLT AND NUT :

Used for fastening profiles together.
Best to use washers to distribute
load whenever possible. Steel,
galvanized, silicon, bronze, nylon,
polyester and other applications.
Check with your supplier.
SUPERSTUD !TM / NUTS !
Threaded fiberglass rods with
molded fiberglass nuts. Good for
highly corrosion applications. Good
shear values.
BOLTS
HOLE :
AND
THEREADED
Possible
assembly
technique;
however, special construction of
Kemrock
Profiles
required.
Fiberglass nuts above are made by
this technique. Epoxies or other
adhesives greatly improve joint
strength.
LAG SCREW :
Can be used to attach profiles to
wood. Washer should be used to
distribute load. Not recommended
for attaching fiberglass to fiberglass.
Page205of235
Application
Fastener
Engaged
Fastener
Engaged
TUBULAR RIVET :
Used in conjunction with washer or
metal backup plate. Stronger than
pop-rivets because of solid shank.
Requires accessibility from both
sides of profiles.
SOLID RIVET :
Use with backup plate or washer.
Must have accessibility to both
sides of profile.
BLIND RIVET :
Pull-up mandrel. Special tool
required. Assembly from one side
only. Good for fiberglass to metal or
with washer backup. Steel or
aluminum.
NYLON RIVET :
Crimp type rivet. Requires special
tool for installation. Good for
insulating in mildly corrosive
environment.
T RIVET
Good for metal to fiberglass or
fiberglass to fiberglass with backup
plate. Wide expansion provides
good load distribution and prevents
tear.
Application
Page206of235
DRIVE RIVET (Aluminum)

Good for fiberglass to metal. Can
be installed with hammer. Can also
be removed from one side by
driving out mandrel.
DRIVE RIVET (Nylon)
Installed with hammer. Same as
above. Lower shear value than
metal. Center core stays in place.
BLIND THREAD INSERTS

Applies metal threads to profile.
Good for products for which
disassembly is required. Hexagon
shape available to prevent twist.
Special tool required.
BLIND THREAD INSERTS
Better torque and shear strength.
Loads are more evenly spread on
back surface.
CLEVIS AND PIN (Metal)

Can be used for some installations.
Not normally a very tight fit.
CLEVIS AND PIN (Nylon)

Used
in
some
installations.
Electrical insulating properties.
Page207of235
CHAPTER13AVAILABLECERTIFICATION.
Page208of235
13.1 ASTME84forpultrudedstructuralprofiles.
Page209of235
Page210of235
Page211of235
Page212of235
13.2 USCGApprovalforsafeTSpanI6015typephenolicpultruded
grating.
Page213of235
13.3 ABSCertificateforSafeTSpanI6015typePhenolicPultruded
grating.
Page214of235
13.4 DNVApprovalforCableTrays.
Page215of235
Page216of235
Page217of235
13.5 BSIApprovalforMobileaccess&workingtowers.
Page218of235
Page219of235
13.6 MilanoTestCertificatesforprofiles.
Page220of235
Page221of235
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13.7 ASTME84forFRPLaminatewithKPR6640Resinsystem.
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13.8 Channelbendingtest.
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13.9 APPLICATIONSOFFRPPRODUCTS.
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13.10. ContactKemrock.
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Design Manual - Kemrock - New

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Design Manual - Kemrock - New

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KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

635 X 28.70 X 3.30

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

647.70 X 31.75 X 3.175

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

Columns with Round- and I-Sections

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

be predicted by the modified buckling equation of thin plate for

(psi) for all long kemrock FRP columns (5)

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

Table 5-1 Effective Length Coefficient, K-Value

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

Column Allowable Axial Load Table

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

Column Allowable Axial Load Table

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

Column Allowable Axial Load Table

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

Column Allowable Axial Load Table

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012

Column Allowable Axial Load Table

KEMROCK DESIGN MANUAL - R1 - 2012