Chapter 5 Bolted Connection

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7

Screw Pair and Mechanics Characteristics

Materials of Bolt and Screw Fastener
Clamping and Locking of Bolted Connection
Strength Design of Bolted Connection
Measures to Improve Strength of Bolted Connection
Bolts Group Design
Nut
Power Screw
Washer
Mating
components
Bolt

Introduction
With
Dynamic
Static
Elements connection Components
Mechanism
Machine
Power
(Pair)
source

Types of Connection
Dismountable: Bolts, Keys, Pin, et al
Static
Non-dismountable: Rivets, Welding, Adhesion, et al
Dynamic Pair (Low pair, High pair)
Bolted connection(Static connectionComponent)
Screw Pair
Power screw(DynamicMechanism)

Fasteners
A fastener is any device used to connect or join two or more
components.
The most common are threaded fasteners referred to by many
names, such as bolts, screws, nuts, studs, lag screws, and set
screws.

Bolts and Screws

A bolt is a threaded fastener designed to pass through holes in
the mating members and to be secured by tightening a nut
from the end opposite to the head of the bolt. Typically, Hex
head bolt.
A screw is a threaded fasteners designed to be inserted
through a hole in one member to be jointed and into a
threaded hole in the mating member. Typically, Hex head cap
screw.
Fillister head

Bolt

Round head Flat head

Screw

Socket head

5.1 Screw Pair and Mechanics Characteristic

1. Generation of thread screw
Helical thread: A point moves on a cylindered surface, not only
rotating around the axis with constant speed, but also translating
along the axis with constant speed.
d2

Axial
profile

Screw

2. Classification of thread screw

(1) By the direction of thread
Right handed screw and Left handed screw.
Right handed screw is commonly used. Left handed screw
is only used in special situations.
Examples

Right

Left

Bottom Bracket

(2) By the axial profile - thread angle

- flank angle

60

=60
=30
Triangular

Commonly for static

connection, low efficiency,
self-locking, coarse & fine.
=0
=0
Square thread
Commonly for power drive,
high efficiency,
difficult to manufacture,
poor concentricity, weak
strength at the tooth root.

=30
=15
Acme thread
Commonly for power drive, high
efficiency, easy to manufacture,
good concentricity, high strength
at the tooth root.
30

1=3
2=30

3 30
Buttress thread
A combination of rectangular
screw and Acme screw,
applicable for unidirectional
drive under great axial force.

3. Designations of screw
d(Major diameterStandard diameter), such as M8, M10;
d1(Minor diameter) ; d2(Pitch diameter);
p(Pitch); n(No. of threads); s(Lead) ; s=np;
(Thread angle); (Flank angle); (Lead angle).

Internal
Ext.

d 2

tan np/d2

s (np)

4. Mechanic characteristics, efficiency and self-locking

Internal Screw pair Connection
External
Power drive
Relative movement under axial force
Expanding the pitch circle
Slider moves on the inclined plane

Clamping, Loading,
Lifting

F
Fa

d 2

s (n p)

Rectangular screw: ( =0 )
(1) Rising with constant speed

FR

Fn

F
F
F
a
Load Fa(axially, gravity, resistance)

FR
Fa

+
F

Active pushing force F

Normal supporting force Fn(plane) Friction force: Fn=F

Resultant force FR
Angle between FR and FnAngle of friction : tan = = F /n
Angle between FR and Fa equals to +

F=Fatan( +)
We have the active torque on screw pair

d2
d2
T F
Fa tan( )
2
2

(2) Falling with constant speed

Fa is the active force.
A horizontal force F to resist
the falling process

F Fa tan( )

Fn

FR

FR

F
Fa

Fa

-
F

d2
d2
T F
Fa tan( )
2
2
When F=0 The slider will keep its movement.

F<0 The assumed direction of F opposite to the actual

Whatever Fa, the slider will not go downSelf locking
F0
Condition of self-locking:

Non-rectangular screw
if (equivalent angle of friction)
tan = / cos = (equivalent coefficient of friction)
Rising with constant speed: F=Fatan()

d2
d2
T F
Fa tan( )
2
2
Falling with constant speed: F=Fatan(-)

d2
d2
T F
Fa tan( )
2
2
Condition of self-locking:
() Self-locking
Self-locking
For good self-locking () , (single thread)

Efficiency

When rising by constant speed

=Effective powerInputting power
=Fa
S/(Fd2)
=Fad2 tan /[Fa
tan(+)d2]

d452

/ 2

tg

tg ( )
Equivalent angle of friction, Lead angle
For high
efficiency

, , (multi-threads)

/ 45 / 2 max
\ If too big, difficult to manufacture

max 25

Good self-locking (Single thread) ;

Good efficiency (Multi thread).

5.2 Materials of Bolt and Screw Fastener

1. Screw fasteners and materials
There is a variety of screw fasteners. Most of them are
standardized, which are commercially available.
Common screw fasteners include bolts, stud
bolts, cap screw, set screw, and nuts.
Screw fastener (1) Bolts
L
L0

L
L0

d
Hex head

Small Hex head

Screw fastener (2) Stud Bolts

L
L1

L0
d

L1 --Seating length
L0 --Length for nut

Screw fastener (3) Cap Screw

Cap
types

End
type

Screw fastener

(4) Special Screw

Foundation bolt

lifting eye bolt

T-type bolt

Screw fastener

(5) Nut

There are 16 kinds of nuts in Chinese GB.

Hex nut

Flat hex nut

Thick hex nut

Round nut

2. Screw fasteners materials

Bolts are made from middle carbon steel and low carbon
steel, such as A2, A3, 10, 35, 45 steel.
For special situations, Bolts are made from alloy steel and
low carbon steel, such as 15Cr, 40Cr and 30CrMnSi steel.
Nuts are made from middle carbon steel.

3. Bolts strength grade

By Chinese GB, there are 10 grades of bolts (GB/T 3098.12000).
3.6, 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, 8.8, 9.8, 10.9, and 12.9, with
increasing numbers indicating greater strength.
The numbers before the decimal point are approximately
0.01 times the tensile strength (b min) of the material in MPa.
The last digit with decimal point is the approximate ratio of the
yield strength (s) of the materials to tensile strength (b) .

4. Engineering graphics of Bolt connection

Bolts connection
Common bolts connection
Fit bolts connection

Stud bolts connection

Screw connection
Set screw connection
Types of bolts connection depends mainly on load types,
mechanical structure, requirements on assembling, and et al.

 FeaturesThere exists a gap

between bolt and hole, and the
Gap between
mating components are not
bolts and holes
needed to cut screw, easy to
assemble and disassemble
Applicationscommon
situations requiring frequently
assembling and disassembling.

(1) Common bolts connection

(2) Fit bolts connection FeaturesThere is not gap between bolt

and hole, and the mating components
d
are not needed to cut screw, easy to
assemble and disassemble.
Applications: withstanding transverse
loading.
Fit between
bolts and holes

Comparison between common bolts connection and fit bolts connection

a
a

l1

l1
l11

d0
d0
d0

l1

l1
l1

a) Common bolts connection

Mating components can not be too thick,
with holes without screws.
A bolt are inserted into the hole, mating
with a nut.
After the assembly, there is a gap
between bolt and hole.
It is simple structured, and easy to
assemble and disassemble.
Common bolts
dd
0
are most widely used.d0 0
b) Fit bolts connection
After the assembly, there is no gap
between bolt and hole.
The bolt not only endures transverse
load, but also locateds the two components.
Often we use transition fit for fit bolts
connection (H7/m6,H7/n6) by basic hole
system.

d
d
(a)
(a)
(a)

(3) Stud bolts connection

Features: There exists a gap between bolt and hole. One of
mating components has no screws. It is easy to assemble and
disassemble.

H2
H1
H

l1

Applications: One of components is thick, and the other needs to

be frequently assembled and disassembled.
d
e

(4) Cap screw connection

Features There exists a gap between bolt and hole. One of
mating components has no screws. It is easy to assemble and
disassemble.
Applications: One of components is thick, and the other dose not
need to be frequently assembled and disassembled.

H2
H1
H

l1

(5) Set screw connection

It is used to fix the relative position of two mating components,
which is applicable under small force and torque.

(b)
(b)

5.3 Clamping and Locking of Bolted Connection

1. Clamping torque T0
PurposeWithstanding load reliability, strength, compactness
Magnitude of T0 : Total torque
BoltsTensile load in the bolt

Locking force Fs

Mating componentsAxial pressing force

T0=T1+T2

T0

Resistant torque from screw T1

T1=Fd2/2=Fa tan ( +) d2 /2
Resistant torque from friction
on the contact surface T2

T2= fcFa r f
T0T1+T20.2Fad N.mm

Often we use torque wrench to control Fs roughly.

Measuring torque wrench

Constant torque wrench

2. Locking of bolted connection

Screw pairConnection(Reliable)
Tightening+ Self-lockingAdditional Locking
Self-locking from passive frictionnot reliable ,
Locking
Key method: Friction type, Mechanical type, and Non removable type
(1) Friction type
Preventing the relative rotation.
Between the nut and mating components there always exists a
significant contact force(Axially, Transversely)
A resistant torque is resulted from the friction.

Spring washer

Double nut

Locking nut

(2) Mechanical type

An easily changeable metal component is used to constrain

the screw pair.

Cotter and groove nut

Locking washer

Round nut and wing washer

(3) Non removable type

Welding, Riveted, Adhesion

Punching 2~3 spots

Welding

Adhesive

Glued joint

Adhesion

Homework-14
Try to find the leading angle of coarse screw M10 and M30.
Try to demonstrate the self-locking of these two bolts.
Given that
M10:
Pitch P=1.5mm, pitch diameter d2=9.026mm, flank angle =30;
M30:
Pitch P=3.5mm, pitch diameter d2=27.27mm, flank angle =30;
Coefficient of friction force =0.10.