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Rome: Republic to Empire

Lesson 3 The End of the Republic

Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar was one of the most famous of Romes rulers.
He was a powerful politician and military general, and he took
total control of the Roman government by force in 44 B.C.
After that, he declared himself dictator for life. Caesar put into
place a lot of reforms that helped the poor. This made him
very popular with the common people. However, some
senators disliked him. They felt that he was only interested in
his own power, not what was best for Rome. A group of these
senators, including his friend, Brutus, murdered him in 44
B.C. About 1,500 years after his death, William Shakespeare
dramatized Caesars murder in his play, The Life and Death of
Julius Caesar. Although this excerpt is not a firsthand account,
literature can be a helpful way to understand history through
the eyes of characters who lived through that time.

Directions Read the following monologues from William

Shakespeares play The Life and Death of Julius Caesar.

Reading 1 Brutus Speaks

Brutus, Caesars friend and murderer, addresses the people
ofRome after killing Caesar.
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.

If there be any in this assembly, any dear friend of Caesar's, to him I say, that
Brutus' love to Caesar was no less than his. If then that friend demand why
Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer:Not that I loved Caesar less,
but that I loved Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were living and die [as]
slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live [as] free men? As Caesar loved me,
I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant [brave], I
honour him: but, as he was ambitious, I slew [killed] him. There is tears for his
love; joy for his fortune; honour for his valour; and death for his ambition. Who
is here so base [low] that would be a bondman [slave]? If any, speak; for him
have I offended. Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any,
speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so vile [evil] that will not love his
country? If any, speak; for him have I offended. I pause for a reply.
from The Life and Death of Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare

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Rome: Republic to Empire

Reading 2 Antony Speaks
Antony speaks to the people of Rome after Brutus and
defendsCaesar.
Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears;
I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.
The evil that men do lives after them;
The good is oft interred [buried] with their bones;
So let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus
Hath told you Caesar was ambitious:

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.

If it were so, it was a grievous [terrible] fault,

And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it.
Here, under leave [forgive] of Brutus and the rest
For Brutus is an honourable man;
So are they all, all honourable men
Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral.
He was my friend, faithful and just to me:
But Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable man. . . .
. . . You all did see that on the Lupercal [a Roman festival]
I thrice presented him [Caesar] a kingly crown,
Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And, sure, he is an honourable man.
I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,
But here I am to speak what I do know.
You all did love him once, not without cause:
What cause withholds [stops] you then, to mourn for him?
O judgment! thou art fled to brutish beasts,
And men have lost their reason. Bear with me;
My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar,
And I must pause till it come back to me.
from The Life and Death of Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare

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Rome: Republic to Empire

Analyzing Primary Sources
Directions Answer the following questions.
1. Identifying What reason does Brutus give for killing Caesar?

2. Paraphrasing What does Brutus say would have

happened if the senators had not killed Caesar?

3. Identifying What did Caesar refuse three times?

4. Explaining What is Antony asking the people of Rome to do?

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Critical Thinking
5. Evaluating After reading both speeches, do you think the
senators actions were justified? Why or why not?