KDR

-carriage of infants and children- two children can share one seat if total weight doesnt exceed 77
kg, theyre restrained by lap strap only, theyre seated side by side
ADF indications
Describe how to use an ADF to home to a station, and recognise instrument indications that signify
station passage.
To navigate via adf, firstly tune in the NDB you want to navigate to, identify it through its morse code
and test it, after this, the needle will point directly towards the NDB. Turn into the direction of the
needle and fly towards it. As you get closer to the beacon, needle will get more sensitive, once
passed the station, needle will turn 180 degrees signifying the station is now behind the aircraft.
Take off and landing distance calculations
Interpret arfor
Cloud types
Low levelStratocumulus- drizzle
Stratus- drizzle
Cumulus- showers or snow
Cumulonimbus- lightening, thunderstorms, squalls, show, shower
Middle level- altocumulus- light showers
Altostratus- snow, rain
Nimbostratus- heavy intensity rain or snow
High levelCirrus- no precipiration
Cirrocumulus- no precipitation
Cirrostratus- ice crystal
Thunderstorms:
In order for thunderstorm to form 3 ingredients are necessary- moisture, unstable atmosphere and
lifting mechanism. Probable build up of thunderstorms can be recognized through presence of
cumulonimbus cloud, lightening and unstable atmosphere. Thunderstorms create least favourable
condition for pilot to fly through. Thunderstorms create several dangerous situation for an aircraft,
most dangerous of them is severe turbulence which would cause loss of controls, icing is another
major hazard. In order to avoid getting in thunderstorms, always read weather report and avoid
flying in cumulonimbus cloud.
Drag and angle of attack

State whether lift and drag of an aerofoil will increase or decrease with changes in:

(a) airspeed- as airspeed increases, airflow over the wing increases which causes greater lift over the
wing surface as compared to flying in slower speed, drag also increases with increase in airspeed as
also proven in drag curve chart. Parasite drag increases and induced drag decreases at airspeed
increases whereas in slow airspeeds parasite drag reduces and induced drag increases.
(b) angle of attack- as angle of attack increases, lift increases and so does the drag. As angle of
attack increased , airflow starts to separates from trailing edge of the wing causing a significant
increase in induced drag. Opposite is true for low angle of attack, lift generated is lesser but wing
receivers greater airflow and induced drag is less.
(c) flap setting- flap increases wing camber that in turn increases surface area therefore increasing
greater lift, consequence of this is drag but not enough to diminish added lift. As flap setting is
increased, drag increases significantly as compared to lift.
Glide performancechanges in head/tail wind component on
glide range and endurance
headwind reduces ground distance covered during glide whereas range is increased in tailwind due
to now increased ground cover
headwind increases endurance as aircraft can remain longer airborne than in tailwind.
Stalling
Define stalling angle and describe:
(a) the symptoms when approaching the stall- high nose attitude to maintain straight and level, low
and decreasing airspeed, less effective control s, stall warn and control buffet.
(b) the characteristics of a stallNose drop, if one wing is more stalled than other, wing drop would occur, if cg is aft of aft limit,
unrecoverable stall would take place in which nose would rise and tail would drop.

Visual scanning Know of the factors which are conducive to mid-air collisions and describe/practice
techniques for visual "scanning".
Most mid air collisions happen during the day, reasons for this vary in each case but the reasons
could be eye limitations such as empty field myopia, tunnel vision, not maintaining effective lookout,
not listening for traffic on the radio, not checking notams. To avoid entering this situation, common
way to avoid traffic is to maintain effective visual technique. Start the scan from left towards right.
To achieve good situational awareness, scanning 180 degrees, each 10 degree sector should be
scanned for at least 1 second.

Tem error types

(a) Explain the principles of TEM and detail a process to identify and manage threats and errors
during single pilot operations.
Threat and error management is the process of detecting and taking right actions to ensure
that the outcome is inconsequential. Principles of TEM state that managing threats is an
important part of pilots work, identifying and diagnosing errors are core of pilots work,
threats can either be expected or unexpected. And pilot must behave in manner which
reflects these principles.
In single pilot operations first step for safe conduction of flight is to anticipate any threats
that may exist and realize its effect on his flight. After identification of threat, know that this
could result in error and must be corrected for as early as possible. Knowing right actions to
take will lead to inconsequential outcome eliminating the threat. Failure to do so could
result in incident or accident.
(b) Define threat and give examples of threats.
a threat is situation or even that has potential to risk flight safety. Threats can be internal or
external. An example of internal threat could be pilot workload and external could be weather.