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Introduction To Standards Used in Process Industries
Introduction To Standards Used in Process Industries
Introduction To Standards Used in Process Industries
ENGINEERING
GRAPHICS
INTRODUCTION TO STANDARDS
USED IN PROCESS INDUSTRIES
LECTURE OBJECTIVES
By the end of this lecture, student should be able
to:
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Block diagram
WHAT IS A STANDARD?
As understood by the
tender committee.
As produced by the
manufacturing.
As
installed/commissioned
by the sub-contractor.
COMMON STANDARDS
BRITISH STANDARD
The British Standard is the official English
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short).
In this case, EN ISO 10628:2001 is
identical with ISO 10628:1997.Tag reference number
BRITISH STANDARD
Countries that follow the European
Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,
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FLOW DIAGRAMS
Flow diagrams (FDs) are used mainly in
oil, gas, petrochemical (OGP)
pharmaceutical
food and beverages
Environmental (waste mgmt/treatment center)
FDs are also used in other industries, e.g.,
mining and metallurgical, to describe
production process and auxiliary systems.
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FLOW DIAGRAMS
The flow diagrams are divided into three
(a) Block diagram
(P&ID)
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categories:
(A)
BLOCK DIAGRAMS
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(A)
BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Source: EN ISO
10628:2001
(A)
BLOCK DIAGRAMS
(A)
BLOCK DIAGRAM
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(A)
BLOCK DIAGRAM
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After basic info has been included e.g flowrates, operating conditions T & P,
Processes steps, unit operations
(A)
BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Source: EN ISO
10628:2001
(A)
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CLASS EXERCISE
Construct a block diagram for this process.
Biodiesel production:
catalyst
(Methanol)
(Methyl Esters)
RBD* Palm Stearin and methanol are chosen as the raw materials in transesterification reaction. Catalyst
used is the based type, potassium methoxide, a typical mixture of potassium hydroxide with methanol. It is
being prepared during Catalyst Preparation step before Transesterification stage, where methanol is
supplied 100% in excess and preheated RBD are added. The reaction effluent is then pumped to Methanol
Recovery 1 where methanol being recovered and recycled. After that, the liquid mixtures undergoes
Phase Separation, where methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol split into two distinct layers. Methyl
esters are sent to Washing before graded as final product. Glycerol undergoes Neutralisation step, where
phosphoric acid is added. In this step, potassium catalyst is neutralised by the acids and forms potassium
phosphate in solid phase. The solid potassium phosphate is recovered in Soild Separation. The liquid
mixture of glycerol is then sent to another Methanol Recovery 2 unit, where methanol is recovered and
recycled. Glycerol leaves as final by-product.
* RBD- refined, bleached & deodorised
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INCORPORATING BS
KOH
Catalyst
preparatio
n
Methanol
Methanol
Transesterification
RBD Palm
Stearin
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SUMMARY
British Standards
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INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 2
Individually, draw a block diagram containing elemental unit
operation according to British Standard based on this process
description. You may use Microsoft Office to construct the block
diagram.
Manufacturing of Cumene
The manufacturing of Cumene is done through reaction between
Benzene and Propylene, via alkylation and transalkylation
processes. The reaction scheme is as follows:
Benzene + Propylene Cumene
Benzene and propylene, both at 100% purity are used as fresh
feed to the process. Fresh benzene is fed to the pre-treatment
section, consists of two flash drums, to remove impurities harmful to
the catalyst as well as water possibly containing chlorine.