Zoology

Introduction to the animals

What is an animal?
An organism that is eukaryotic, multi-cellular and passes through a blastula stage
during development.
Blastula = embryo stage consisting o a hollow mass of cells
Classification:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species

Evolution of Eukaryotes: The Protists

Kingdom: Protista
Are polyphyletic
~ 64,000 spp., are extinct
Various nutrition styles
Autotrpohic
Heterotrophic
Saprobic
Many are symbiotic
Mutualistic
Commensalistic
Parasitic

Most are unicellular

Move via pseudopods, cilia or flagella

Phylum: Retortamonada
All are parasitic
Lack mitochondria & Golgi. why?
Giardia

Figure 28.9 Giardia lamblia, a diplomonad

Giardia lamblia cysts in trichrome stained stool specimen (above, white arrow). At this
low magnification of 312x it is difficult to distinguish the parasite's fine structures.
Higher magnification under oil immersion reveals key characteristics (below). Note 4
prominent karyosomes (endosomes), one of which is indicated by arrowhead. Total
magnification 1250x.

Phylum: Axostylata
Have a rod of microtubules; an axostyle
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichonympha
Figure 28.10 Trichomonas vaginalis, a parabasalid
Trichomoniasis

is treated with metronidazole (Flagyl). The drug is reduced inside the

parasite by the enzyme hydrogenase located in typical organelles called hydrogenosomes.
When the drug reacts with traces of oxygen present in the organism it forms oxygen
radicals that rapidly kill the parasite.
Metronidazole is also used for the treatment of Giardia and Entamoeba infections and
for infections by some anaerobic bacteria.

Phylum: Chlorophyta
Ancestors to the green plants
All are autotrophic w/chloroplasts
Chloroplast is of taxonomic value
Chlamydomonas
Volvox
Spirogyra

Phylum: Euglenozoa
Autotrophic & heterotrophic
Have a pellicle for support
Have an eyespot (stigma)
Have 2 flagella
Euglena

Phylum: Euglenozoa
Kinetoplast euglenids are all parasitic
Kinetoplast is a disk of DNA found in the mitochondrion
Trypanosoma brucei African Sleeping Sickness
Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas disease

Figure 28.11x Trypanosoma, the kinetoplastid that causes sleeping sickness

Tsetse

fly. The vector of African trypanosomiasis

young boy with advanced African trypanosomiasis (or sleeping sickness) exhibiting
marked wasting and skin damage caused as a result of the intense itching which can
accompany late-stage disease.
Neuropathology

of Human African Trypanosomiasis: Acute haemorrhagic

leucoencephalopathy: This slide shows the foci of haemorrhage around small blood
vessels.
The

leg of a teenage girl who has sleeping sickness, showing the chancre at the site of
the tsetse fly bite
Megacolon

in Chaga's disease
The acute stage appears 7-14 days after infection. It is characterized by restlessness,
sleeplessness, malaise, increasing exhaustion, chills, fever and bone and muscle pains

Phylum: Apicomplexa
Entirely parasitic
Complex life cycles with more than 1 host
Plasmodium Malaria; kills 3 million people a year
Toxoplasma
Figure 28.13 The two-host life history of Plasmodium, the apicomplexan that causes
malaria

Phylum: Ciliophora
Freshwater & marine
Heterotrophic
Most are free living
Have many cilia
One large macronucleus and many smaller micronuclei
Trichocysts & toxicysts
Apparent contractile vaculoes
Phylum: Ciliophora
Stentor
Vorticella
Paramecium
Figure 28.14c Ciliates: Paramecium
Figure 28.15x Paramecium conjugating
Figure 28.14x Ciliates: Stentor (left), Paramecium (right)
Phylum: Dinoflagellata

Most are autrotrophic

f.w. and marine
Have 2 flagella, 1 fits in a groove
Bioluminescence
Zooxanthellae in corals
are planktonic

Phylum: Dinoflagellata
Gymnodinium breve causes red tide
Noctiluca
Ceratium

Figure 28.12 A dinoflagellate

Figure 28.12x2 Swimming with bioluminescent dinoflagellates

The Amoebas
have pseudopods
Some are naked, others have a shell (called a test)
Heterotrophic, omnivorus
All

Phylum: Rhizopoda
Non-shelled
mostly freshwater (some marine and terrestrial)
Amoeba proteus
Entamoeba histolytica

Figure 28.1 Amoeba proteus, a unicellular "protozoan"

Figure 28.26 Use of pseudopodia for feeding
Shelled amoebas:
Amoebas with tests are classified by the composition of that test

Phylum: Foraminifera
tropical marine
are amoebas with shells made of CaCO3

have holes in the shell which they stick out their pseudopodia
digest their trapped prey outside of the shell
a large component of marine sediments (limestone)
Didinium
Globigerina
Figure 28.28 Foraminiferan
mostly

Phylum: Actinopoda
shelled amoebas with silica
pull their prey into the shell for digestion
Almost all marine
Two subgroups:
Radiolarians
have delicate shells made of silica (SiO2)
Heliozoans
are called "sun animals"
most are freshwater
have silica, some are naked
Figure 28.27x Radiolarian skeleton

Figure 28.27 Actinopods: Heliozoan (left), radiolarian (right)

Phylum: Bacillariophyta
diatoms
freshwater and marine
shells are made of silica
extremely important in the world's oxygen production
yellow or brown in color
most of the time reproduce asexually, then when adverse conditions are present,
reproduce sexually
used commercially in abrasives
Figure 28.1b a diatom, a unicellular "alga"
Figure 28.17x Diatom shell