ME-251

Engineering Design
and Graphics

Where could these

script(s)/drawings
be from?

Look at these
pictures?

The Great Bath

Walls for protection

Granary
6

Plan of Whole City

Plan of Official Area

10

Norms While Creating Drawings

Accuracy (60%)

Conformance with BIS standards

Scale

Thickness

Cleanliness (20%)

Letter size

Easy to modify

Completeness (20%)

But not redundant

Parts list

Title block

Other stuff
11

Basic steps in design and manufacturing

Customer Need
Conceptual Idea
Basic sketch
Detailed Drawing
Place your self here

Manufacturing
Marketing
12

Different Views of an object

A - Front view
B Top view
C Left side view D Right side view
E Bottom view F Rear view

13

Orthographic Projection (1st Angle)

Bottom
Right

Front
Top

Projection in 1st quadrant

Top view on bottom
Right view on left
Used in India & Europe

Left

Orthographic Projection (3rd Angle)

Projection in 3rd quadrant

Top view on top of front view
Right view on right of front view
Used in USA

Orthographic Projections
Symbols for two systems
ISO both are equally good
But do not use both on same
drawing

Views first angle

17

Views third angle

18

How many views?

As many views that are required to show
NEW INFORMATION
Examples of single view drawings: circular shaft,
etc

19

Examples of Single view drawings

20

Symbols of drawing : point, line, plane , texture

21

Symbols of drawing : point, line, plane , texture

22

Line Conventions

Line Conventions

Lines of varying style and thickness

Communicate graphic messages about

objects geometry

Conventions
Line types:

25

Construction
Line

Construction lines are very lightly drawn

lines used as guides to help draw all other
lines and shapes properly.

Object Lines are thick and dark and used

to define the object..
Object Line

Object Line

Hidden Lines are used to show interior detail

that is not visible from the outside of the part.
Hidden Line

Hidden Line

Center Lines define the center of arcs, circles,

or symmetrical parts. They are half as thick as
an object line.
Center Line

Center Line

Section Lines are used to define where

there is material after a part of the object is
cut away.
Section Line

Section Line

Short-Break Line is drawn freehand to show

where a part is broken to reveal detail behind
it or to shorten a long continuous part.
Short-Break
Line

 Dimension Lines are used to for dimensions.

Arrows are drawn on the ends to show where the

dimension line starts and ends.
The actual distance is usually located in the middle of this
line to let you know the distance being communicated.

Dimension
Line

Dimension
Line

 Extension Lines are used to show where a

dimension starts and stops on an object.
The line is approximately 2 mm away from the
part as to not get confused with the object lines.

Extension
Line

Extension
Line

 Long-Break Lines are used to shorten very

long objects that do not change in detail. It is
usually represented as a jagged cut or break.
Long-Break
Line

Leader Lines are used to show dimensions of

arcs, circles and to help show detail.
Leader Line

Leader Line

Precedence of Lines

Continuous lines

Dashed lines

Cutting plane lines

Center lines

Break lines

Extension/dimension lines

Section lines

Top priority

Least priority

Precedence of Lines
Object lines take precedence
over hidden lines.

Object line takes precedence

over the center line.

Use of different types of lines

38

Lettering Conventions

Use two guidelines (topline & baseline),

between which you draw letters.
Waist line and drop lines
Gap between lines: same as that of h
Spacing between two lines: 0.5h to 1.5h
Titles: 10 15 mm
Notes (short/long): 5 8/3-4 mm
Can use stencils

Width of letters: 0.7h

Compressed or Extended letters

Lettering Conventions

Spacing between letters: about same

Inclined letter OK but not widely used

Standard angle 750
Gap between lines: same as that of h

Line thickness of letters aka face

Bold 0.13h to 0.16h

Medium 0.08h to 0.12h

Light 0.05h to 0.07h

For class purposes, be consistent and clean

Lettering (for class purposes)

Letter Height = 5 mm
Preferred Style

Not preferred

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END
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Orthographic Projection Basics