CHNG II

DC LIU CHA CARBOHYDRAT

B mn Dc liu
ThS. Nguyn Th nh Nguyt

Email: anhnguyettn@yahoo.com

Mc tiu hc tp
Sau khi hc chng Dc liu cha carbohydrat
hc vin phi bit c:
1. Phn loi cc carbohydrat v cu trc ha hc ca tinh bt,
cellulose, gm, cht nhy, pectin v cc -glucan, fructan.
2. Cc phng php nhn bit v nh gi dc liu cha
cc thnh phn ni trn.
3. Ch trng mt s dc liu cha carbohydrat: Ct cn, Sen,
d, Bng, Gm Arabic, Gm adragant, Sm b chnh,
Thch v Linh chi.
2

i cng v Carbohydrat

Carbohydrat Glucid Saccharid

u tin, tn carbohydrat v phn ln ng c th
vit di dng Cn(H2O)n

Mt s ng khng th vit di CT tng qut trn
V d: methylpentose CH3-(CHOH)4-CHO

Vi cht khng phi ng li vit c dng CTTQ .

V d: acid lactic CH3-CHOH-COOH = C3(H2O)3

i tn carbohydrat thnh Glucid.

Carbohydrat Glucid Saccharid

Khi nim: carbohydrat hay glucid l nhng hp cht hu c
gm cc monosaccarid, cc dn cht, hoc cc sn phm
ngng t ca chng.

CT tng qut:

(CH2O)n vi n 3

L sn phm chnh ca qu trnh quang hp (TV, to, VK)

V, tn ti di dng ng huyt & glycogen (gan, c).

Chim u th so vi cc HC hu c khc trong t nhin.

Tnh trn trng lng kh (DW):
Thc vt 80 90%
ng vt < 2%
5

Carbohydrat Phn loi

Analogues of nucleic
acids:

Types of Carbohydrates

General:

Aldose | Ketose | Pyranose | Furanose

Geometry:

Triose | Tetrose | Pentose | Hexose | Heptose | Cyclohexane conformation |

Anomer | Mutarotation

Small/Large:

Glyceraldehyde | Dihydroxyacetone | Erythrose | Threose | Erythrulose |

Sedoheptulose

Trioses:

Ketotriose (Dihydroxyacetone) | Aldotriose (Glyceraldehyde)

Tetroses:

Erythrulose | Erythrose | Threose

Pentoses:

Arabinose | Deoxyribose | Lyxose | Ribose | Ribulose | Xylose | Xylulose

Hexoses:

Glucose | Galactose | Mannose | Gulose | Idose | Talose | Allose | Altrose |

Fructose | Sorbose | Tagatose | Psicose | Fucose | Rhamnose

Disaccharides:

Sucrose | Lactose | Trehalose | Maltose

Polymers:

Glycogen | Starch (Amylose | Amylopectin) | Cellulose | Chitin | Stachyose |

Inulin | Dextrin

Glycosaminoglycans:

Heparin | Chondroitin sulfate | Glucosamin | Hyaluronan | Heparan sulfate

| Dermatan sulfate | Keratan sulfate

Aminoglycosides:

Kanamycin | Streptomycin | Tobramycin | Neomycin | Paromomycin |

Apramycin | Gentamicin | Netilmicin | Amikacin
6

CACBOHYDRAT

Mono-saccharid

Di-saccharid

1 ng

2 ng

- Glucose,
fructose,
rhamnose,
arabinose
- Cc dn xut
ca glucose:

Kh nhm
aldehyd thnh
alcol (sorbitol,
manitol).
Th nhm
amino
(glucosamin.)

Oligo-saccharid

2-9 ng

Polysaccharid

> 10 ng
Homopolysaccharid

- Sucrose
- Galactose
- Maltose
- .

Thng gp
trong cc
mch ng
ca heterosid

- Tinh bt
- Cellulose
- Inulin
Heteropolysaccharid
- Gm
- Pectin
- Cht nhy

1 Monosaccharid
nh ngha: l nhng polyhydroxyaldehyd (aldose) v
polyhydroxyceton (cetose) c 3 carbon.

 Aldose (Vd: glucose)

cha nhm aldehyd
H

 Ketose (Vd: fructose)

cha nhm keto, thng C2.
CH2OH

O
H
HO

OH
H

OH

OH

HO

OH

OH
CH2OH

CH2OH

D-glucose
(aldohexose)

D-fructose
(ketohexose)

Tn ti di dng mch h hoc mch vng (bn acetal)

Sn phm ngng t l oligosaccharid v polysaccharid

1 Monosaccharid
S hnh thnh vng furan v pyran

1 Monosaccharid (tt)
 Ty thuc vo cu to ca cu ni (1
4 hay 1
5), vng c
th dng 5 cnh hay 6 cnh (furanose hay pyranose).
 Vic ng vng a n 2 ng phn bn acetal, v gi l
ng phn anomer.
 Cu hnh l khi nhm OH bn acetal (C1) c cng hng vi
nhm CH2OH th cp c xc nh trong chui. Trng
hp ngc li s l cu hnh

10

1 Monosaccharid (tt)
ALDOTRIOSE
CHO

Cu hnh cc D-Aldose theo Fisher

2
3

OH
CH2OH

D-Glyceraldehyde

ALDOTETROSES
1

CHO

CHO

OH

HO

OH

CH2OH

H
OH
CH2OH

D-Erythrose

D-Threose

ALDOPENTOSES
CHO

CHO

1
2
3
4
5

CHO

OH

HO

OH

OH

HO

OH

OH

D-Arabinose (Ara)

D-Ribose (Rb)

HO

HO

OH

H
H

OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

D-Xylose (Xyl)

D-Lyxose (Lyx)

CH2OH

CH2OH

CHO

OH

ALDOHEXOSES

2
3

CHO

CHO

OH

HO

OH

H
OH

CHO
H
HO

CHO

OH

HO

OH

HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH2OH
D-Allose

CH2OH
D-Altrose

CH2OH
D-Glucose

CH2OH
D-Mannose

H
OH
CH2OH

D-Gulose

CHO

CHO

CHO

HO
H

CHO

OH

HO

OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

OH

OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

D-Idose

D-Galactose

OH
CH2OH
D-Talose

11

1 Monosaccharid (tt)
KETOTRIOSE
CH2OH

CH2OH

Dihydroacetone

KETOTETROSE
1

CH2OH

3
4

Cu hnh cc D-Ketose theo Fisher

OH
CH2OH

D-Erythurose
D-Erythrulose

KETOPENTOSES

4
5

2
3

CH2OH

CH2OH

H
H

OH

HO

OH

H
OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

D-Ribulose

D-Xylulose

KETOHEXOSES
CH2OH

2
3

CH2OH

OH

O
HO

O
H

OH

OH

HO

OH

OH

CH2OH

CH2OH
OH

HO

HO

OH

OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

D-Psicose

D-Fructose

D-Sorbose

D-Tagatose

12

1 Monosaccharid (tt)
CC NG THNG GP
1

CHO
H C OH
HO C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
D-Xylose

CHO

CHO
H

H C OH

HO

HO C H

C OH

C H

HO C H

HO C H

CH2OH

C OH

CH2OH
L-Arabinose

L-Rhamnose

D-Galactose

13

1 Monosaccharid (tt)
Tnh cht vt l:
 Tan trong nc, khng tan trong dung mi hu c.

 Khng mu, c v ngt.

 Khng bay hi.
 C tnh quang hot: lm lch mt phng ca nh
sng phn cc khi cho nh sng i quang dung
dch ng.
14

1 Monosaccharid (tt)
ng dng:
 Tan trong nc, khng tan trong dung mi hu c.

 Khng mu, c v ngt.

 Khng bay hi.
 C tnh quang hot: lm lch mt phng ca nh
sng phn cc khi cho nh sng i quang dung
dch ng.
15

Cng dng ca monosaccharid

Ngnh Y: cc loi dch truyn
- Glucose: dng khi b h ng huyt v mt nc.
- Mannitol: dng khi tng nhn p hay p lc hp s.
- Sorbitol: tr to bn.
- Glucosamin: h tr iu tr thoi ho xng khp.

Ngnh Dc: cc loi t dc

- Glucose: Lm vin bao ng.
- Glucose, fructose: to v ngt cho thuc ung dng si
r hoc dung dch.
16

2 Oligosaccharid
Oligo- theo ting Hy lp c ngha l mt t (few)
mono- = mt
poly- = nhiu (vd: polysaccharid, polyphenol)
Holo- = ton th (vd: holopolysaccharid, holosid)
Hetero- = khc nhau (vd: heteropolysaccharid, heterosid)

Oligosaccharid tan tt trong nc, c v ngt.

Cu to: mch thng hay phn nhnh.

B thy phn trong mi trng acid hoc enzyme to
thnh ng n, kh bn trong mi trng kim.
17

2 Oligosaccharid
Mt s oligosaccharid thng gp:

Maltose (glucose--1,4-glucose)

Lactose (galactose--1,4-glucose)

Sucrose (glucose--1,2-frutose)

Cellobiose (glucose--1,4-glucose)

18

Raffinose (-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-6) -D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2) -D-fructosefuranosid)

Cng dng ca disaccharid

Ngnh Dc: cc loi t dc
1. Lactose: t dc trn (dp thng).
Lactose anhydrose:
Lactose inhalation: thuc dng kh dung
Lactose monohydrat: dng cho thuc ht, t dc dnh v r.
Lactose sy phun: s dng rng ri lm t dc dnh v t dc
trn dng dp thng.

2. Maltose: dp thng trong vin nn nhai/khng nhai,

19

3 Polysaccharid
(Tinh bt, cellulose, gm, cht nhy, pectin)
TINH BT

nh ngha: l sn phm t quang tng hp ca cy
xanh d tr trong ht, c, r, qu, thn (2-70%), trong l
( 1-2%).

Tinh bt tn ti di dng ht c hnh dng v kch thc
khc nhau.

Khng tan trong nc lnh.

un vi nc b h ha v nht tng ln.

Trong cy di tc ng ca enzyme, tinh bt b ct
thnh ng ha tan n cc b phn ca cy.
20

Tnh cht ca tinh bt

S trng n

Tnh nht, do: th hin mnh tinh bt giu amylopectin

Kh nng to gel: t. bt giu amylose to gel cng, km bn.

Kh nng to mng: bnh trng

Kh nng to si: bn, min.

21

3.1. Tinh bt - Cu trc

Amylose
Chui thng khng phn nhnh
cha hng nghn n v -D

-1,4

glucose (-1,4)

-1,6

-1,4

Amylopectin (5.000 50.000 n v -D glucose v phn nhnh nhiu

ni vi nhau theo -1,4 cn ch nhnh th -1,6).

22

3.1. Tinh bt - Cu trc (tt)

Tinh bt gm 2 thnh phn:
- Amylose (15 30%)
- Amylopectin (70 85%)

23

3.1. Tinh bt - Cu trc (tt)

24

3.1. Tinh bt - Cu trc (tt)

-2,3,4,6-Tetramethylglucose

-2,3,6-Trimethylglucose

-2,3-Dimethylglucose
25

3.1. Tinh bt - Cu trc (tt)

Tinh bt bp t: 50 80% amylose
Tinh bt bp np: ~ 100% amylopectin
Tinh bt go np: ~ 100% amylopectin
Loi tinh bt

Amylose (%)

Amylopectin (%)

Ng

26

74

La m

25

75

Go

19

81

Khoai ty

20

80

Sn (Khoai m)

17

83

Bp sp (Waxy maize)

90

0,7

99,3

Go np

26

Hnh dng ca tinh bt

Phn bit tinh bt gia cc loi thc vt da vo cc c im:
- Hnh dng
- Kch thc
- T (rn)
- Vn tng trng

Tinh bt c th c hnh cu, hnh trng, hnh a gic v.v...kch thc

thay i t 1-100 m ng knh.
Di KHV thng, ht tinh bt cu to bi nhiu lp vn ng tm
xp xung quanh 1 im gi l t (rn). Cc lp ny to nn l do ht
tinh bt ln dn bng cch tng trng ca cc lp pha ngoi.
Di KHV phn cc, ht tinh bt c hnh ch thp en.

27

Hnh dng ca tinh bt di KHV

28

Hnh dng ca tinh bt di KHV (tt)

KHV phn cc

KHV thng

Hnh dng ca tinh bt di KHV (tt)

30

Hnh dng ca tinh bt (tt)

Hnh dng ca tinh bt (tt)

32

Hnh dng ca tinh bt (tt)

Hnh Loi tinh bt
dng

A
GIC

c tnh

Tinh bt Go

Thng gp ht kp hay thnh m.

(Amylum oryzae)

Kch thc nh (2-12 m);

Oriza sativa L. Poaceae

T l mt chm nh, vn tng trng

khng r.

A
GIC

Tinh bt Bp

Kch thc nh (4-25 m).

(Amylum Maydis)

T l mt chm nh, hnh sao hoc

Zea mays L. Poaceae

phn nhnh.
-

Vn tng trng khng r.

Hnh dng ca tinh bt (tt)

Hnh Loi tinh bt
dng
Khoai m

Chm
cu

c tnh
-

mt u v hi lm trng ging
nh ci chung, t hnh sao.

(Amylum Manihot )
Manihot esculenta

Ht tinh bt hnh cu a s b lm

Kch thc 3-35 m.

Ht tinh bt cng c hnh trng hay

hnh chung, t l mt chm gia.

Kch thc khong 3-30 m.

(Euphorbiaceae).

Sn dy

Chm
cu

(Amylum Puerariae)
Pueraria thomsoni ( Fabaceae)

Hnh dng ca tinh bt (tt)

Hnh Loi tinh bt
dng

Hnh thu knh li hai mt i khi

c ra st m.

T l mt chm khng r.

Triticum vulgare L. (Poaceae).

Kch thc ht to khong 30 m,

ht nh khong 6-7 m, t thy
ht trung gian.

Tinh bt d

Mp gn sng

(Amylum coicis)

T phn nhnh, hnh sao

Tinh bt La m

Hnh
da

Hnh
da

c tnh

(Amylum Tritici)

Coix lachryma jobi L. (Poaceae).

Hnh dng ca tinh bt (tt)

Hnh Loi tinh bt
dng

Hnh
trng

c tnh

Khoai ty

- Ht tinh bt hnh trng,

(Amylum Solani)

- T nm u hp.

Solanum tuberosum - Solanaceae

- Cc vn ng tm r.
- Kch thc TB 50 m -100 m

Hnh
trng

u xanh

- Ht tinh bt hnh trng hay hnh thn,

(Amylum Phaseoli)

- T di v phn nhnh nh xng c.

Phaseolus radiatus Fabaceae

- Kch thc trung bnh 35 m

Hnh dng ca tinh bt (tt)

Hnh Loi tinh bt
dng

Hnh
trng

c tnh

Hoi sn

Ht hnh trng hay hnh thn.

(Amylum Dioscoreae)

T di dc theo trc ca ht, t thy t.

Dioscorea persimilis -

Kch thc trung bnh 40 m.

Ht tinh bt hnh trng.

T l vch ngang nm u to, vung gc

vi trc ca ht.

Vn tng trng r.

Kch thc 30-60 m.

Dioscoreaceae

Hong tinh

Hnh
trng

(Amylum Marantae)
Maranta arundinacea L.Marantaceae.

NH TNH TINH BT
A- nh tnh
- Kim nghim bng vi hc
- Tinh bt + iod (TT. Lugol) mu xanh tm

ng dng:
- C th pht hin c tinh bt c trng cho DL no
trong thuc bt gp phn nh danh mt DL
- H tinh bt l ch th pht hin iod trong kim nghim.
38

NH TNH TINH BT (tt)

39

NH TNH TINH BT (tt)

Amylose + I2 mu xanh m (max = 660 nm)

Amylopectin + I2 mu tm (max = 540 nm)

+ TT. Lugol

toC

Lm lnh

100oC

40

S THY PHN TINH BT (tt)

1. Dch th
- Ly 10ml h tinh bt + 30ml H2O + 20ml HCl 2N.
- Khuy u.
- Chia thnh 6 ng nghim (5ml dch th)

2. Th nghim
- Ngm vo ni cch thu si
- Ly ng nghim ra sau 3,5,7,9,11 v 13 pht.
- Lm lnh nhanh ngay sau khi ly ng nghim ra.
- Cho vo ng nghim lm lnh 3 ml dung dch Lugol

3. Kt qu
Quan st v so snh mu qua tng giai on thu gii.
(xanh; xanh tm; tm; nu; khng mu)

S THY PHN TINH BT

1. THU PHN BNG ACID
Acid thu gii tinh bt thnh ng qua cc chng :
Dextrin
Erythrodextrin
Achrodextrin
Maltose
Glucose.
3p

5p

7p

9p

11p

13p

Amylose d b
thu phn hn
amylopectin v
dy ni (1 4)
d b ct hn l
dy ni (16).
42

S THY PHN TINH BT (tt)

DEXTRIN (amylodextrin):
- Tan trong nc, cn 25% v b ta bi cn cao .
- Cho mu xanh vi TT. Lugol

ERYTHRODEXTRIN:
- Tan trong cn 55%.
- cho mu nu vi TT. Lugol

ACHRODEXTRIN:
- Tan trong cn 70%.
- Khng cho mu vi TT. Lugol

+ TT. Lugol

43

2. THY PHN BNG ENZYM

-amylase (-1,4-glucan-4-glucano hydrolase)
Ct ngu nhin dy ni (1-4).
Amylose
: maltose (90%) + glucose (1 t)
Amylopectin: maltose + dextrin p.t nh + glucose + isomaltose
Ph bin trong cy: ht ng cc ny mm (nhiu nht, ng
dng lm bia), nm mc, nc bt, dch ty.
Chu c nhit n 70oC.

-amylase (-1,4-glucan maltohydrolase)

Ct xen k vo dy ni (1-4), khi gp mch nhnh th ngng.
Amylose: maltose (100%)
Amylopectin: maltose (50-60%) + dextrin phn t ln.
C trong Khoai lang, u nnh, 1 s ht ng cc.
Chu c nhit 50oC, chu c pH acid (pH 3,3).
44

-amylase

S thy phn tinh bt bng enzym

45

THY PHN BNG ENZYM (tt)

CC ENZYM KHC

Amyloglucosidase, glucoamylase, -amylase
- C trong nm mc (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus delemar, A. oryzae)
- Thy phn tinh bt thnh glucose .
- c ng dng trong lm nc tng t u nnh v cm np

Phosphorylase
- C trong u, Khoai ty

R-enzym, isoamylase
- C trong nm bia enzym tch nhnh
- c ng dng trong k ngh lm bia..

46

NH LNG TINH BT

nh lng bng phng php thu phn
a- Thu phn trc tip bng acid.
b- Thu phn trc tip bng enzym, sau thu phn
bng acid.
c - Phng php ca Purse.

nh lng bng pp khng thu phn

a- Phng php dng phn cc k.
b- Phng php to phc vi iod.
47

NH LNG TINH BT (tt)

Thu phn trc tip bng acid.
Nguyn tc: - Tinh bt thy phn bng acid cho ra glucose.
- nh lng glucose suy ra lng tinh bt.
C6H12O6(C6H10O5)n + nH2O  (1+n) (C6H12O6)

Tin hnh:
-

Ra k nguyn liu bng nc ct ngui (2,5-3g)

Thy phn (vi gi bng 200ml H2O & 20 ml HCl)

Lm ngui v trung tnh (bng NaOH)

Thm nc n mt th tch xc nh, ly mt phn chnh xc.

nh lng glucose to thnh (bng K3Fe(CN)6 & NaOH) v suy ra

tinh bt (khi lng glucose thu c x 0,9 = khi lng tinh bt).

Phng php ny ch ng dng cho nhng nguyn liu ch yu l tinh bt v cc

pentosan, galactanCng b thy phn cho ra cc ng kh gy sai s.

48

NH LNG TINH BT (tt)

Thy phn bng enzym ri tip theo bng acid
Dng men trong dch chit Mch nha (Enzym amylase)
- Thy phn tinh bt thnh ng ha tan (maltose).
- Thy gii cc ng i (maltose) bng acid cho ra glucose
- nh lng glucose.
- Suy ra lng tinh bt.

NH LNG TINH BT (tt)

Phng php da trn c s ca Purse
- Loi cc ng t do trong nguyn liu bng cn long.
- Ha tan tinh bt bng acid perchloric long.
- To phc tinh bt iod.
- Ph phc v thy phn tinh bt bng acid

glucose.

- nh lng glucose (to mu xanh vi anthron)

bt.

tinh

NH LNG TINH BT (tt)

Phng php khng thy phn

Phng php dng phn cc k
- Ha tan tinh bt trong CaCl2 c v nng.
- o bng phn cc k.
20

- So vi dd tinh bt chun []D = 200.

Phng php to phc vi iod

- Ha tan tinh bt trong acid perchloric.
- Thm dung dch iod.
- o mu bc sng thch hp.

Cng dng ca tinh bt

Lng thc
-

L thnh phn chnh trong lng thc.

Ngun xut khu quan trng i vi nc ta.
Lm bnh ko, ru, bia, bt ngt.
Dextrin cng c nhiu cng dng trong k ngh.

Y t
- Lm t dc (n, r, dnh) cho vin nn.
- Tinh bt bin tnh (pregelatinized starch): dng nhiu
lm t dc dnh.
- Tinh bt Sodium glycolat: t dc r rt tt (dng
nhiu hin nay).
- Nguyn liu sn xut glucose, cn, monosodium
glutamat.
52

POLYSACCHARID - CELLULOSE

Cellulose l thnh phn chnh ca t bo TV. G cha khong
5% cellulose; si bng vi 97-98%; si lanh, si gai 81-90%.

Phn t gm cc n v glucose nhng khc tinh bt ch dy
4)
ni gia cc n v glucose l (1

Thy phn cho: cellotetraose, cellotriose, cellobiose v khi thy
phn hon ton cho glucose.

Cc phn t cellulose kt hp nhau to thnh micel (b si
dy 50-100 ) b microfibril (250 ) fibril (2000 ).

tan ca cellulose:
- khng tan trong nc v dung mi hu c.
- tan c trong dung dch Schweitzer (hydroxyd ng trong dung dch
ammoniac [Cu(CH3)4](OH)2).
- tan trong dung dch km chlorid m c.
53

MT S LOI SI DT VI

54

CELLULOSE (tt)

cellotetraose

cellobiose
cellotriose

55

CELLULOSE (tt)

56

CELLULOSE (tt)

57

CELLULOSE (tt)

Dng lm t dc (R, dnh v trn).

Si cellulose tng hp
(Cellulose + nCS2 Cellulose xanthat)
C. xanthat c nht cao, khi b nn p qua nhng l nh vo dd H2SO4 th
CS2 b loi.

Cellulose triacetat lm nha do, phim nha, t nhn to.

Cellulose nitrat: c c khi cho cellulose tc dng vi hn
dch acid nitric v acid sulfuric.
- Nu nng acid long th ta c dinitrat cellulose tc l colodion (hay
colloxylin) tan c trong hn hp cn ether.
- Nu dng acid nitric m c v acid sulfuric 95% th ta c cellulose
trinitrat di tn l pyroxylin hay bng thuc sng (gun-cotton) l
nguyn liu ca thuc n.
58

CELLULOSE - ng dng

T dc
T dc vin bao (bao film & vin tc dng ko di)

MC

EC

- Khng tan trong nc.

- Kt ta trong nc nng ( 60oC) v methanol.
- ng dng: bao chng m.

59

CELLULOSE - ng dng (tt)

T dc
Natri carboxymethylcellulose (Na CMC)

Na CMC
- nht tng (tng pH). nht v tnh n nh ca dd gim (gim pH)
- Khng kt ta khi un n 60oC.
- ng dng: n nh h treo (hn dch)
60

CELLULOSE - ng dng (tt)

T dc
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)

- T dc dnh.
- T dc bao film.
- T dc to matrix cho vin
nn (phng thch ko di).

Na CMC

Hypromelose (HPMC)
61

CELLULOSE - ng dng (tt)

T dc
Cellulose phtalat (CP) v cellulose acetophtalat (CAP)

CAP

- T dc bao film tan trong rut.

- Bt mu trng, hi c mi acid acetic.
- Tan trong mt kim, aceton, ethyl acetat, ethyl acetat-isopropanol (1:1).
- Khng tan trong nc acid, methanol v chloroform.

62

CELLULOSE - ng dng (tt)

T dc
Avicel cellulose: t dc n (vin nn, vin nang)

Cellulose: n = 15.000

Avicel: n = 1.000 (M 80, P 290, A 300)

- Kh nng ht m thp n nh khi bo qun.

- Tnh kt dnh tt to cng cho vin & gim mi mn.
- To chy tt t dc trn (ng nang & dp thng).
- C cu trc si s to h thng mao dn t dc r.
- C trng cao to cm quan p cho vin.

63

PECTIN
GM - CHT NHY

64

HP CHT PECTIN
nh ngha: Pectin thuc nhm heteropolysaccharid c
cu to bi phn chnh l acid polygalacturonic nhm
polyuronic.

Pectin thng gp trong v qu gia ca mt s cy h

Rutaceae nh bi, cam, chanh (~ 30%), to
2 loi: pectin ho tan c trong dch t bo v pectin dng
khng ho tan nm trong thnh t bo.
65

Pectin (tt)

Pectin ho tan
Acid pectic:
OH
COOH
H
HO

o
H
HO

n
n ~ 10.000 100.000

OH
Acid -D-galacturonic dang ghe C1

n v acid D-galacturonic

- Acid pectic l c s ca cc cht pectic khc.

- Acid pectic trong cy c th tn ti di dng mui pectat.

Pectin:
Acid pectinic. Mt phn hay ton
b cc nhm carboxyl c
methyl ester ha.

66

Pectin (tt)

Pectin khng ho tan
Protopectin:
Gi thuyt:
- Qu xanh cng (do protopectin)
- Qu chn mm (do protopectinase
ct protopectin thnh cc pectin)

Protopectin

67

Pectin (tt)
Tnh cht:
Dng bt v nh hnh, mu xm trng.
Tan trong nc, formamid, glycerin nng.
Khng tan trong ethanol, isopropanol, aceton.
Pectin b kt ta bi cc mui a ha tr (ng sulfat, ch
nitrat hoc acetat, st chlorid)
C kh nng to gel v to ng khi c mt acid (pH
3,1-3,5) v ng (65-70% saccharose).
Dung dch pectin c nht cao.
68

C ch to gel ca Pectin

To gel bng lin kt hydro

Cu trc ca gel ph thuc

vo: hm lng ng, acid,
pectin v loi pectin, toC.
pH, toC cng gim v lng
ng cng cao gel to
thnh cng nhanh.

To gel bng lin kt vi ion Ca2+

Cu trc ca gel ph thuc vo nng

Ca2+ v ch s methoxyl.
Gel pectin c ch s methoxyl thp
(LMP) thng n hi ging gel agar
69

Dc liu

Chit xut pectin

+ HCl 0,03N; un 1h
+ lc

Dch thy phn

+ NH4OH (trung ha)
+ bc hi dm

Cao lng (60 ml)

+ cn
+ ly tm ly cn

Pectin th
+ un nng cho tan
+ ta li = cn

Pectin sch
70

Tc ng ca cc enzym ln pectin

Pectinesterase (PE):
Ct nhm ester methylic acid pectic.

Polymethyl galacturonase (PMG):
Ct dy ni glycosid n v galacturonic.
- endopolygalacturonase l enzym ct mt cch ngu nhin vo cc
dy ni glycosid.
- exopolygalacturonase l enzym ct bt u t u mch.

Pectinlyase (PL):
Ct dy ni (1-4) sn phm cha no.
C trong 1 s nm mc A. niger, A. oryzae
ng dng: lm nc hoa qu (loi pectin), si tho mc
71

Tc ng ca cc enzym ln pectin

PECTINLYASE (PL)
PECTINESTERASE (PE)
Endo-POLYGALACTURONASE (PMG)

72

nh tnh pectin
a. nh tnh vi acid hydroxamic v st III.

T trn ng nghim: phn ng to thnh pectin hydroxamic acid
ri cho tc dng tip vi st III clorid phc kt ta mu .
Tin hnh: ha 1 t cht th vo 1 ml nc, thm 1 ml TT. Hydroxylamin v 1 ml
natri hydroxyd, yn 2 pht, thm 1 ml dd HCl, 1 ml TT st III.

nh tnh trn vi phu:

- Ngm cc vi phu trong aceton (bt hot enzym).
- Ra aceton 3-4 ln vi methanol.
- Cho vo mt hn hp gm 1 ml TT hydroxylamin v 1 ml natri hydroxyd,
khuy nh 5 pht.
- Thm 1 ml HCl/ethanol v khuy 5 pht.
- Chuyn vi phu vo 2 ml TT st III, sau 10 pht vt ra v quan st di KHV.
73

nh tnh pectin (tt)

b. T pectin da vo s c mt ca acid galacturonic
- 1 t pectin ha tan vo 3-4 ml nc,
- Thm vi git ch acetat kim 10%, BM.
- To thnh ta trng chuyn mu cam hi .

c. nh tnh da vo s to thnh cht ng

- 5 g pectin, thm 50 ml nc.
- yn cho pectin trng ra.
- Thm 25 g ng ma v un si 10-15 pht.
- Thm 1ml dung dch acid citric 40%.
- Sau 2-3 gi s to thnh cht ng.

74

nh lng pectin

Xc nh hm lng anhydrouronic acid bng phng
php so mu:
- Mu c ra bng EtOH (loi ng).
- Ra tip bng EDTA 0,5% (loi cc cation ho tr 2).
- X phng ho cc ester bng NaOH 1N (20C, 30 p).
- Acid ho n pH 5,0-5,5 bng acid acetic.
- Cho enzym depolymer ho tc dng trong 1 gi, lc.
- Cho dch lc tc dng vi acid H2SO4 ri vi dung dch
0,15 % carbazol (C12H9N) trong cn.
- o mu max = 520 nm.
75

Pectin - ng dng

Dc phm
Lm thuc: gim bo (gim hp thu lipid), tr to bn, cm
mu ng rut.
Lm t nhn nh ha khi kt hp vi gm arabic.

Thc phm
Mt tri cy, ko mm, bnh kem.
Cc mn n: ch bi, sng sm, sng so.

76

nh hng ca pectin n hot tnh kim loi

77

nh hng ca pectin n hot tnh vitamin

78

79

GM CHT NHY

80

Gm cht nhy

Gm: do s bin i ca mng t bo
Bnh l (do su c hoc vt rch)
Do thi tit khng thun li
Th cht: do sau rn li

Cht nhy: thnh phn cu to bnh thng ca t bo

Chit bng nc sau ta li.
Ch
o Kh phn bit gia gm v cht nhy v tnh cht.
o Gm l sp thu c dng rn, cht nhy l sp c chit bng nc t DL.
o Cn so snh v phn bit vi Nha (hp cht cha terpen).
81

Gm, cht nhy Cu trc

Gm v cht nhy c chia lm 3 nhm:

- TRUNG TNH
- NHM ACID M THNH PHN C ACID URONIC
- NHM ACID M THNH PHN C GC SULFAT.

82

Gm cht nhy nhm trung tnh

L nhng galactomannan hoc glucomannan.

Galactomannan = D-mannose + D-galactose

Glucomannan = D-mannose + D-glucose

Galactomannan: thng gp trong h u Fabaceae

(vd: cy Ct kh Cassia occidentalis L.)

Glucomannan: thng gp trong h Hnh (Liliaceae),
h Lan (Orchidaceae). Cu trc ny t c bit.
83

Galactomannan
Nhm trung tnh
Galactose
unit

GUARAN

-(1 6)

Mannose-galactose
(2:1)
-(1 4)
Mannose chain

Mch chnh: D-mannopyranose

Mch nhnh: D-galactopyranose

84

-D-GlcpA
1

6
R3)--D-Galp
1

6
3)--Galp-(13) -D-Galp-(13) -D-Galp-(1
6
6

1
1
R3)--Galp
R3)--Galp
6
6

1
1
R3)--Galp
R3)--Galp
6
6

1
1
R4)--GlcpA
R4)--GlcpA

Nhm acid
Gm arabic

-D-galactopyranose

Mt phn lp li ca phn t Gm arabic.

R = L-Araf-(1, L-Rhap-(1, -D-Galp-(13)-L-Araf-(1,
Hoc t gp hn: -L-Araf-(13) L-Araf-(1.

85

Nhm acid Acid alginic

M ~ 200.000
-(14)

Loi to

Mannuronic/guluronic

Macrocystis pyrifera

1,56

Ascophyllum nodosum

1,85

Laminaria hyperborea

0,45

86

NHM ACID M THNH PHN C ACID URONIC

1. Gm arabic
Phn t lng khong 250.000, phn nhnh nhiu v cu to bi cc
n v D-galactopyranose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, acid Dglucuronic theo t l 3:3:1:1, trong mch chnh gm nhng n v
D-galactopyranose ni vi nhau theo dy ni -(13).

2. Gm tit ra thn cy m (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Thnh phn gm c D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-galactose theo t l
1:8:8, ngoi ra cn c mt lng nh D-mannose v acid Dglucuronic.

3. Gm tit ra thn cy ca mt s loi thuc chi Citrus

Thnh phn l L-arabinose, D-galactose, acid D-glucuronic. T l
gia cc n v ng ny thay i tu theo loi, v d gm ca cy
chanh c t l 2:5:2.
87

NHM ACID M THNH PHN C ACID URONIC

4. Nhm acid alginic

1 s to nu cng c acid alginic.
Acid alginic = acid glucuronic + acid mannuronic.

Dy ni gia cc acid l -(1-4), phn t lng TB khong
200.000. T l gia cc acid uronic thay i theo ngun gc.
- Qua s thu phn tng phn cho thy c 3 kiu sp xp trong p.t, c
on l polymannuronic, hoc polyglucuronic hoc xen k gia 2 acid.
- cc loi to th acid dng mui hn hp Na, Mg, K, Ca. Hng nm
acid alginic th gii sn xut n 10.000 tn acid alginic.
88

Nhm acid m thnh phn c gc sulfatTHCH (AGAR- AGAR)

Thch l sn phm ch t mt s loi to bin. Cu to bi 2 loi
polysaccarid khc nhau: agarose v agaropectin.

Agarose = -D-galactopyranose theo dy ni (13) + 3, 6-anhydro

-L-galactopyranose theo dy ni (14) (ng i ny c tn l
agarobiose)

Agarose chim khong 55-66% v c th tch bng cch kt ta

vi polyethylen glycol.

Agaropectin: th chim khong 40% ca ton b polysaccharid, c

cu trc phc tp. Thnh phn c acid glucuronic, D-galactose; 3,4anhydro L-galactose.

Mt phn ca cc n v ng c ester ha vi acid sulfuric.

89

Nhm acid m thnh phn c gc sulfat-

90

Gm v cht nhy Tnh cht

Tan trong nc to thnh dung dch keo c nht cao:
nht ca dung dch nhm trung tnh th t thay i theo pH.
Nhm acid th thay i theo pH.

tan trong cn thay i ty theo cn v ty theo loi gm hay cht

nhy, cn cao th khng tan.

Khng tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh ether, benzen cloroform.

Loi chui thng s to mng nhng t c tnh dnh. Ngc li i vi
loi c cu to phn nhnh.

B ta bi ch acetat trung tnh hoc kim, khng b tc ng bi enzym
pectinesterase.

Bt mu vi xanh methylen T trn vi phu
91

Gm & cht nhy nh tnh

Phng php ta bng cn ri lc, sy, cn.

Ta bng ch acetat.

Phng php o nht.

Xc nh ch s n:
Ch s n l th tch tnh bng ml m 1 gam dc liu
khi n trong nc chim c

92

Cht nhy nh tnh (tt)

1 ng ong c chiu cao 20 cm v ng knh 2 cm,
chia th tch bt u t y.
Cho 1 g dc liu nguyn hay nghin nh vo ng
Thm 25 ml nc, y nt. Lc nh u lc u, sau
thnh thong lc trong vng 1 gi. yn 6 gi nhit
15-20C. Th tch theo ml m dc liu bao gm c
cht nhy chim c chnh l ch s n.

93

Cht nhy nh tnh (tt)

Mun bit thnh phn monosaccharid trong cu trc ca
gm hay cht nhy ta c th tin hnh thy phn ri xc
nh cc monosacharid bng phng php sc k.
So snh vi cc ng chun
iu kin thu phn:
un gm hoc cht nhy vi acid sulfuric 2N. Dung dch thy phn
sau khi trung ha bng bari hydroxyd dng phn tch sc k.

94

Gm & cht nhy Cng dng

Lm cht nh ha (cht n nh nh dch cc kem v
thuc m), lm t dc (r)

Dc liu cha cht nhy c tc dng cha ho, lm
lnh vt thng, vt lot (do c tnh dnh bm).

Thch agar-agar cha to bn v ch mi trng nui
cy vi sinh.

Alginat cha bo ph (do khng hp thu rut).

Calci alginat c tnh cm mu nhanh (tr chy mu cam,
rng, thng tch).

Cc ngnh khc: vi si, sn, giy.
95

POLYSACCHARID KHC

96

1. BETA GLUCAN CU TO

Cn c -1,6
97

1. BETA GLUCAN CU TO
Trong VK thng l
mch thng: vd
Curdlan (1,3-glucan).
Trong nm thng
mch nhnh dng
xng c: vd
schizophyllan (1,3-glucan, dy ni 1,6).
Trong nm men:
ging nm nhng
mch nhnh di hn.
Trong TV bc cao:
mch thng xen k
lin kt 13 v 14
glucan.
98

1. BETA GLUCAN TNH CHT

Dy ni -1,3-glucan lm cho mch polysaccharid c
dng xon tng t tinh bt.

Tan trong nc nng.

Tan mt phn trong nc lnh.

Dung dch nc nng cao nht cao.

C kh nng to gel (do cu trc xon).

Mc to gel ph thuc vo M v mc phn nhnh.
99

1. BETA GLUCAN
TC DNG & CNG DNG

Lm tng p ng min dch cc bch cu v cc t
bo biu m: do tng sx cytokin.

Lm tng sn xut i thc bo, bch cu v cc t bo
tiu dit ung th t nhin ca c th.

Kt hp 1,3-beta-glucan (trong men bia) vi 1 s thuc
khng ung th lm tng hiu qu iu tr.

Gip h cholesterol: do kt hp vi cholesterol.

Lm gim s tng ng huyt: do iu ha vic hp
thu glucose, lm tng nhy cm insulin.
100

2. INULIN (FRUCTAN) CU TO

- L nhng oligo hay polysaccharid.

- Cu to t n phn t fructofuranose (F)
- Qua dy ni -(21).
- Thng cu to mch thng.
- n v ng tn cng l:
Fructopyranose (Fpy)

FpyFn

Glucopyranose (Gpy)

GpyFn
101

2. INULIN TNH CHT

Tan kh tt trong nc.

Fructan mch di km tan hn nhng c th to vi tinh
th trong nc.

B thy phn bi enzym inulinase (trong TV) ct dy ni
-2,1 oligosaccharid + fructose.

Chu tc ng bi inulin fructotransferase to DFA-I
v DFA-III c 2 sp l disaccharid ny u khng
c tiu ha v c ngt, c gi tr trong cht
ngt ngho NL.
102

2. INULIN
TC DNG & CNG DNG

Trong dinh dng: cht x tan trong nc, gip tng
cng s hp thu Ca, Mg, v tng cng s tng hp
Vit. Nhm B.

Tr to bn: lm tng bi tit v to khi.

Gim s hp thu cholesterol.

Lm gim ng hp thu nhng khng nh hng n s
tit insulin, glucagon.

c ch s pht trin v di cn ca t bo ung th.

Khng gy c cho ngi nhng nu dng liu cao s
gy tiu chy.
103

Dc liu cha polysaccharid

Dc liu cha tinh bt

104

1. CT CN
Tn KH: Pueraria thomsoni Benth.
H: Fabaceae

105

CT CN
(Pueraria thomsoni Benth. Fabaceae)
CT CN Radix Puerariae
L c Sn dy (Pueraria thomsoni Benth.), thuc h u (Fabaceae).

c im thc vt:
Loi dy leo ( #10 m), l kp gm 3 l cht.
Cung l cht gia di, cung l cht 2 bn ngn. L
cht c th phn thnh 2-3 thy.

Hoa mu xanh, mc thnh chm k l, c nhiu lng.

C di v to c th nng ti 20 kg, c nhiu x.

106

CT CN
(Pueraria thomsoni Benth. Fabaceae)

107

CT CN
(Pueraria thomsoni Benth. Fabaceae)

108

CT CN
(Pueraria thomsoni Benth. Fabaceae)

109

1. Sn dy
2. Bch ch
3. Hoi sn

110

B phn dng
R c
Thu hi - ch bin - bo qun
- Thu hi vo ma kh, c o ln ra sch, b lp v
ngoi, ct khc 10-15 cm, c to th b dc, phi hay
sy kt hp vi xng lu hunh n kh.
- Mun thu bt sn th c ti p dp ngm nc,
gn lc ly tinh bt.
111

112

THNH PHN HA HC
(Pueraria thomsoni Benth. Fabaceae)
Tinh bt :10-15%
isoflavonoid

TN HP CHT

R1

R2

R3

R4

-glu

OH

Puerarin

(1)

OH

Daidzin

(2)

O-glc

OH

Daidzein

(3)

OH

OH

Formonetin

(4)

OH

OMe

PG-1

(5)

OH

-glc

OH

OH

PG-2

(6)

OH

-glc6-xyl

OH

PG-3

(7)

OH

-glc

OMe

OH

PG-6

(8)

OH

-glc

O-glc

113

CT CN
(Radix Puerariae)
Tc dng
Tc dng gii nhit: nc sc Ct cn.
Tc dng gin c: tng t spasmaverin (TN trn chut)
Tc dng estrogen ging stilboestrol: do daidzein.
Tc dng trn tim mch: gim nh cn au tht ngc do
lm puerarin lm gin mch vnh. Ngoi ra cn h HA,
lm gim s tiu hao nng lc v oxy ca c tim.

114

Cng dng
- Gii biu, thanh nhit, gii kht
- Cha cm mo, ming kh, hng kht, au cc c bp
- Tr l, ban si mi pht, mn nht.
Cch dng
- R sn dy thi lt phi kh, rang vng.
- Bt sn dy pha nc dng gii nhit, thanh nhit
- Cn dng l sn dy tr rn cn

115

2. MCH NHA
Tn KH: Fructus Hordei germinatus
H: Poaceae

116

Mch nha
Fructus Hordei germinatus
Mch nha l ht ny mm phi kh ca cy i mch
Hordeum vulgare L., H La (Poaceae).

117

Mch nha
Fructus Hordei germinatus

118

Mch nha
Fructus Hordei germinatus
Thnh phn ha hc:
Tinh bt
Protein, lipid, vitamin, cht khong.
Enzym amylase & maltase (ht ny mm):
-

Tinh bt dextrin, maltose, saccharose

Saccharose glucose + fructose (ng nghch o)
Protein pepton
Polypeptid amino acid

Alkaloid (0,1 0,5%)/ mm ht: Hordenin, gramin

Hordenin

Gramin

119

Mch nha Cng dng

Gip tiu ha, cha n ung kh tiu.
Tr em au bng i ngoi, l, tiu chy
Li sa
Hordenin c tc dng ging giao cm nh: hi lm tng
HA, cng tim, t c, c ch s co bp rut c
dng cha i ngoi.

120

3. D
Tn KH: Coix lachryma jobi L.
H: Poaceae

121

 D
(Coix lachryma jobi L.), thuc h La (Poaceae).
C IM THC VT V PHN B
Cy tho sng hng nm, cao chng 1-1,5 m.
Thn nhn bng c vch dc. Thn c phn nhnh, cc mu
pha di c th mc r ph, cy mc thnh bi.
L hnh mc di 10-40 cm, rng 1,5-3 cm, gn dc ni r, gn
gia to.

Hoa n tnh cng gc mc k l thnh bng, hoa c

mc pha trn, hoa ci pha di. Hoa c c 3 nh. Qu c
my cng bao bc.

Cy mc hoang ni m mt, c trng nhiu ni nh

Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Sng B v vng Ty Nguyn.
122

 D
(Coix lachryma jobi L.), thuc h La (Poaceae).

123

 D
(Coix lachryma jobi L.), thuc h La (Poaceae).

124

 D B PHN DNG
Ht hnh trng di 58 m ng knh 2-5
mm.
Mt ngoi mu trng
c i khi cn st li
mng v cha loi
ht, mt trong c
rnh hnh mng.
Th cht cng,
khng mi, v ngt v
hi thm.
125

 D THNH PHN HA HC
- Thnh phn chnh: tinh bt
- Ngoi ra cn c 1 s hp cht khc:
(CH2)5CH3

CH3
H

OOC(CH2)9

OOC(CH2)7
CH3

(CH2)5CH3

O
O

Benzoxazolon/l & r

Coixenolid

O
CH2 O C

CH3

Trong ht cn c 3 glycan:

CHOH
CH2OH

H
N

- monolinolein

Coixan A, B v C.
126

Tc dng Cng dng

Tc dng:
- Chng ung th: Coixenolid, - monolinolein.
- Khng vim: Benzoxazolon.
- H ng huyt: Coixan A, B v C

Cng dng
- Thuc b t, gip tiu ha, vim rut, l,
- Thuc thng tiu trong trng hp ph, tiu tin t.
- Cha vim khp, lm thuc bi dng c th, b phi.
- Tnh thp nhit hoc kh huyt biu hn nh p xe phi hoc
p xe rut.
127

5. Sen
Tn KH: Nelumbo nucifera Gaerth.
H: Nelumbonaceae

SEN C IM THC VT
Nelumbo nucifera Gaerth. Nelumbonaceae

Sen

SEN C IM THC VT
Hoa Sen
Nelumbo nucifera Gaerth. Nelumbonaceae

Gng Sen

Tm Sen

132

Nh Sen

C Sen

C sen

SEN
B phn dng:
- Ht sen
: Lin nhc
- Tm sen
: Lin tm
- L sen
: Lin dip
- Gng sen
: Lin phng
- Tua nh
: Lin tu
- Ng sen
: Lin ngu
- Qu sen
: Lin thch
Thnh phn ha hc
- Tm sen: flavonoid, alkaloid
- L sen: alkaloid (nuciferin), flavonoid (quercetin, iso-quercetin)
- Ht: tinh bt, cht bo, protein
- Gng sen: flavonoid (quercetin)

L SEN THNH PHN HA HC

136

TM SEN THNH PHN HA HC

137

SEN (TIP)
Tc dng
Alcaloid chnh l nuciferin c ch thn kinh trung ng,
gim au, khng vim.

Cng dng
- Tm sen: cha hi hp mt ng
- L sen: cha mt ng, cm mu.
- Ht sen: thc phm, cha suy nhc c th.
- Gng sen: cm mu, di mng tinh.
- Tua nh: cm mu, di mng tinh.

6. Hoi sn
Tn KH: Dioscorea persimilis Prain et Burkill
H: Dioscoreaceae

HOI SN (Rhizoma Dioscoreae persimilis)

h C nu - Dioscoreaceae

140

c im thc vt v phn b
Dy leo qun sang phi.
Thn r phnh thnh c n su xung t kh o, c hnh chy di c
th n 1 m, c nhiu r con, mt ngoi mu xm nu bn trong c bt
mu trng.
Phn trn mt t, k l thnh thong c nhng c con nh (thin
hoi) c th em trng c.
L mc i hoc so le, n, nhn, hnh tim u nhn c 5-7 gn chnh.
Hoa mc thnh bng. Hoa n tnh khc gc. Bao hoa 6, di bng
nhau, nh 6, hoa ci mc thnh bng.

Qu nang c 3 cnh.

Cy mc hoang rng, nhn dn ta vn o ly c n. Hin nay

c trng nhiu ni, thu hoch t thng 11 n thng 4 nm sau.
141

PHN BIT V CHNG NHM LN

HOI SN

142

C
C IM
I M THC
TH C VT
V T

Dioscorea persimilis - Dioscoreacea

C
C IM
I M THC
TH C VT
V T

Dioscorea alata - Dioscoreacea

C
C IM
I M THC
TH C VT
V T

Dioscorea glabra - Dioscoreacea

C
C IM
I M THC
TH C VT
V T

Manihot utilissima- Euphorbiaceae

V THUC
THU C HOI SN
S N

Dioscorea persimilis - Dioscoreacea

V THUC
THU C HOI SN
S N

Dioscorea persimilis - Dioscoreacea

V THUC
THU C GI
GI HOI
SN
N

Dioscorea alata - Dioscoreacea

V THUC
THU C GI
GI HOI
SN
N
Dioscorea glabra - Dioscoreacea

V THUC
THU C Gi
Gi HOI
SN
N
Manihot utilissima- Euphorbiaceae

Hoi sn tht

Hoi sn gi

Tinh bt hoi sn bc v nam

Tinh bt Hoi sn bc v Hoi sn

xut khu

V THUC
THU C HOI SN
S N

Dioscorea persimilis - Dioscoreacea

V THUC
THU C Gi
Gi HOI
SN
N
Manihot utilissima- Euphorbiaceae

V THUC
THU C Gi
Gi HOI
SN
N

V THUC
THU C HOI SN
S N

Dioscorea persimilis - Dioscoreacea

C
C IM
I M THC
TH C VT
V T

Dioscorea alata - Dioscoreacea

V THUC
THU C GI
GI HOI
SN
N
Dioscorea glabra - Dioscoreacea

B phn dng v ch bin

C mi o v ra sch t, gt v, ngm nc phn
chua 2-4 gi, vt ra cho vo l sy dim sinh n khi c
mm mang ra phi hay sy cho se, em gt v ln
thnh tr trn.
Tip tc sy dim sinh 1 ngy 1 m na ri em phi
hay sy nhit 60C m khng qu 10%.
Sau khi ch bin, Hoi sn c hnh tr trn di 8-20 cm,
ng knh 1-3 cm. Mt ngoi trng hay ng vng. Vt
b c nhiu bt, khng c x, rn chc, khng mi v.
162

Thnh phn ha hc
Kim nghim
Hin nay mi bit thnh phn ch yu l tinh bt, cht nhy.
Kim nghim
-

Soi bt thy c nhiu ht tinh bt hnh trng hay hnh thn,

C t di,dc theo trc di ca ht tinh bt.
C ht khng nhn thy t.
Vn ng tm.
Kch thc trung bnh 40 m.
Tinh th calci oxalat hnh kim,
Mnh m mm gm cc t bo thnh mng cha tinh bt.
Mnh mch mng

163

Cng dng
Trong y hc c truyn Hoi sn c dng lm:
- Thuc b t, b thn
- L mn tnh
- Tiu ng, i m
- M hi trm, chng mt, hoa mt, au lng.

164

7. Trch t
Tn khoa hc: Alisma plantago-aquatica L.
H: Trch t (Alismataceae)

Trch t - c im thc vt
Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Alismataceae

Trch t
BPD: Thn r

Trch t - c im thc vt
Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Alismataceae
-

Cy tho cao 40-50 cm.

Thn r hnh cu hay hnh con quay nc.

L dai, phin hnh tri xoan mi mc hoc lm

gc, mc ng hoc tri ra, gn t gc, cung
l di bng phin..

Cm hoa chy to, cao 30-120 cm, nhnh di

mang xim co gm nhng hoa lng tnh.

Qu b dp.

Trch t - Thnh phn ha hc

Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Alismataceae
Tinh bt: 23%
Cc dn cht triterpenoid: protostan

169

Trch t - Cng dng

Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Alismataceae
Tc dng

Tng thi Na, Cl, ur trong nc tiu.

Lm h cholesterol huyt tng.

Bo v chc nng gan.

Cng dng

Cha b tiu, tiu but, tiu gt, tiu ra mu.

Vim thn, thy thng

H cholesterol v lipid mu.

Dc liu cha cellulose

171

8. Bng (Gossypium)
H: Malvaceae (Bng)

BNG (Gossypyum)
Cy bng thuc chi Gossypium, h Bng (Malvaceae).
c im thc vt v phn b
Cy nh cao 1-3 m, mc hng nm hoc nhiu nm.
L mc so le, cung di, phin l thng chia lm 5 thu, gn l
hnh chn vt.
Hoa mc nch l. i hoa dnh lin, c mt i con gm cc l
hnh tim c rng. Trng tin khai vn, c 5 cnh hoa c mu sc
thay i (vng, hng, ta). Nh nhiu dnh nhau thnh ng.
Qu nang hnh trng nhn v pha trn, c 3-5 , mi c 5-7 ht.
Ht hnh trng bao bc bi si bng mu trng, hoc mu vng.

Si bng: l lp si bn ngoi ca v ht. Mi ht mang t 5.000

n 10.000 si, l nhng lng n bo rt di t 1-5 cm. Si
di chc l si tt.
173

BNG (Gossypyum) - c im thc vt

Gossypium herbaceum
174

BNG (Gossypyum) - c im thc vt

175

BNG (Gossypyum) Cng dng

Trong y hc bng c chia lm 2 loi: bng x v
bng ht nc

Bng x: l bng t nhin c loi ht v nht
sch tp cht khng cn ch bin g thm. Loi ny
khng ht nc, dng lm m khi bng b hoc nt
cc bnh, ng nghim cha mi trng nui cy VK,
nm mc.

Bng ht nc: l bng loi ht cht bo ri ty
trng, phi kh, dng bng b cc vt thng, dt gc.
176

THNH PHN HO HC
Ht bng: p ly du, du thuc loi na kh, thnh phn c:
- acid oleic 40-50%, linoleic 25-30%.
- flavonoid (quercetol v kaempferol
- sc t mu cam l gossypol (1%).

Gossypol: c c tnh vi t bo, n kt hp vi nhm amin

ca lysin trong cu trc protein.
Th nghim trn sc vt c cho thy gossypol lm gim s lng tinh
trng, gim lng testosteron. Trn sc vt ci cng c tc dng chng th
tinh. Cc nh nghin cu Lin x c nhn thy gossypol c tc dng c ch
khi u.

177

THNH PHN HO HC
V r:
- c cha gossypol (1-2%)
- vitamin E, cc catechin v mt cht gy co mch v c tc dng
thc . Ngi ta cn dng v r lm thuc iu kinh di dng
thuc sc.
Hoa:
l ngun cha nhiu flavonoid, c loi c hm lng ln n 4,5%
CHO OH

OH

CHO

HO

OH

HO
CH3

OH

CH3 CH3
CH3

gossypol

CH3

CH3

178

Dc liu cha gm cht nhy

179

9. Gm Arabic
Gummi Arabicum

Gm Arabic (Gummi Arabicum)

L cht tit ra v kh t thn v cnh ca cy
Acacia verek Guill et Perr., H u (Fabaceae)

181

Gm Arabic (Gummi Arabicum)

L cht tit ra v kh t thn v cnh ca cy
Acacia verek Guill et Perr., H u (Fabaceae)

182

Gm Arabic c im thc vt
c im
- Cy nh cao 4-5 m, c gai ngn v cong.
- L kp lng chim 2 ln.
- Cm hoa mc nch l.
- Qu loi u, thng, dt, hi tht khong gia ca ht.

Phn b
- Sudan l ni cung cp chnh cho th trng th gii.
- Ty v Nam sa mc Sahara (Moritani, Mali, Nigeria..)
183

Gm Arabic B phn dng

M t
- Dng cc trn khng u, rn, ng knh 2-3 cm.
- Mu vng hay nu.
- Khi kh c th p v nh thy tinh, mt v nhn bng.
- Cc nguyn c khoang rng gia
- Gm tan trong nc to dung dch keo, dnh.

Thu hoch gm
- Cy > 3 tui, hiu sut cao (Cy 5-7 tui).
- Ma kh, khi cy rng l.
- o v thnh tng bng (5 x 50 cm).
- Sau vi ba tun th ly gm phi kh.
184

Gm Arabic Thnh phn ha hc

Polysaccharid: nhm acid uronic.

Trong gm cn c:
3-4% cht v c (Ca, Mg, K)
Enzym: oxydase, emulsin.

185

Gm Arabic Kim nghim

nh tnh 1:
-

Ha tan hon ton 5 g gm trong 10 g nc 1 dd gm 2% snh

(dd A), c tnh acid.

Thm 1 ml ch acetat kim vo dd A ta trng.

nh tnh 2:
-

Ha tan 0,25 g gm trong 5 ml nc.

Thm 0,5 ml H2O2 long & 0,5 ml dd benzidin 1%/cn

Lc & yn mu xanh (do oxydase hoc gaiac)

nh tnh 3: dd gm 10% trong nc th hi quay tri.

Khng c cho phn ng ca tannin v tinh bt.
186

Gm Arabic Cng dng

Bo ch nh dch v hn dch.

Lm cht dnh, cht lm r trong vin nn.

Bao vin ( cc cht bao dnh vo vin).

Bo ch cc thuc phin, vin trn, kem bi da.

Lm du ti ch ni b vim hng, vim d dy.

K ngh thc phm, keo dn.
187

9. Gm Adragant
Gummi Tragacanthae

GM ADRAGANT (GUMMI TRAGACANTHAE)

Gm adragant thu c t 1 s cy thuc chi Astragalus, h
u Fabaceae. Loi ch yu cung cp gm l cy Astragalus
gummifer Labill.

189

GM ADRAGANT (B PHN DNG)

Loi A. verus Oliver
Loi A. piletocladus Fr. Et Sint.
2 loi ny cng cho gm

190

GM ADRAGANT (THNH PHN HA HC)

Polysaccharid gm 2 loi:

Tragacanthin
Tan trong nc.
Mch chnh: -D-galacturonic (lin kt 14) + L-rhamnose
Mch nhnh C3: D-xylose, 2-O--galactopyranosyl-Dxylopyranose.

Arabinogalactan (bassorin)
Khng tan trong nc, nhm trung tnh.
Mch chnh: D-galactose (lin kt 16 v 12).
Mch nhnh: L-arabinose (lk 12, 23, 15).
191

PHN BIT GM ARABIC & ADRAGANT

Gm Arabic

Gm Adragant

Tan hon ton trong nc

Khng tan trong nc

Khng c tinh bt

C tinh bt

C oxydase

Khng c oxydase

Phn ng vi cn gaiac hoc

Khng phn ng vi cn

benzidin cho mu xanh

gaiac hoc benzidin.

192

10. SM B CHNH
Tn KH: Abelmoschus sagittifolius Merr.
H: Malvaceae (Bng)

SM B CHNH C IM TV
Abelmoschus sagittifolius (Kurz.) Merr.

Thnh phn chnh:

Nhiu cht nhy & tinh bt
194

M
Tn khc: Xa tin
Tn khoa hc: Plantago major L.
H: M (Plantaginaceae)

CY M
Bnnmn
JLKL;

C IM THC VT
Cy tho sng lu nm cao 15-20 cm, thn ngn.
L mc thnh cm gc, cung rng v ngn hn phin.
Phin l hnh tha hay hnh trng, c 2-3 gn hnh cung.
Hoa nh mu trng xp thnh bng di, mc ng.
Qu hp nh hnh cu, cha 6-18 ht.
Ht nh trong hay hnh bu dc, mu en bng.
Ma hoa qu thng 5-8.
Cy mc hoang v cng thng c trng.

CY M
Tn khc
Xa tin
B phn dng
Ton cy (M tho)
Ht (Xa tin t)

Thu hi- ch bin

Thu hi lc cy sp ra hoa
Ht: thu hi khi qu gi

Tc dng dc l
Li tiu, tng thi tr ure v mui clorid
Long m, khng khun, khng vim

Tc dng- cng dng

Cha tiu c, tiu gt, thanh nhit
Vim kh ph qun, tr m
Dng dc dng thuc sc

TPHH: Flavonoid, iridoid, cht nhy.