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Ingles Phase2
Ingles Phase2
- Modelado
Varios tipos diferentes de lmites se definen en el Phse2 con el propsito de crear la geometra
del modelo:
Todos los modelos requieren una frontera externa. Otros tipos de lmites se definen segn se
requiera.
Los diferentes tipos de lmites en Phase2
As with most CAD programs, features such as grids, snapping, undo are all implemented to
greatly simplify the process. Any person who has used a CAD program (e.g. AutoCAD) will have
no problem understanding and using the Phase2 geometry modeler.
To see more modeling and editing shortcuts in Phase2, click here. Additional editing options are
described below.
Modeling: Staging
Staging in Phase2 allows you to model the sequential removal or excavation of material, in as
many as 300 separate stages. Support elements such as bolts and liners can also be sequentially
added or removed. Since materials and support can behave plastically and fail, the excavation
sequence can play an important role in the stability of the underground structure.
Staged model of power cavern excavation, with liner and bolt support
Staging can be applied to most of the modeling features in Phase2. For example, material
properties, loads, field stress and groundwater conditions can all be modified on a per stage
basis.
The undo / redo also applies to entities such asdrawing tools and queries.
Stages
Units
Groundwater
Strength Reduction
Analysis Type
Staging in Phase2 allows you to model the sequential removal or excavation of material, in as
many as 300 separate stages. Staging can be applied to support installation (e.g. bolts and
liners), loading, material properties, groundwater and other modeling options.
Staged model of power cavern excavation with liner and bolt support
All input parameters in the program (e.g. coordinates, material properties, loading) will
correspond to the selected stress measurement unit.
Piezometric lines
Water pressure grid
Finite element analysis
In most cases, a Phase2 model represents a Plane Strain analysis (i.e. a 2-dimensional analysis
where it is assumed that the excavation is of "infinite" length in the out-of-plane dimension).
Plane strain model of tunnel with bolt support
The Axisymmetric option allows you to carry out a 3D stress analysis of an axially symmetric
excavation. The 3D excavation is defined by a 360 degree rotation of the External boundary
around the vertical (x=0) axis. A typical use of Axisymmetric analysis is to model the stress and
deformation around the end of a circular tunnel.
Axisymmetric model of circular tunnel
Various discretization and gradation parameters can also be specified, including the Advanced
Discretization option, which allows the user to customize the discretization of boundaries.
3-noded
6-noded
4-noded
8-noded
triangle
triangle
quadrilateral
quadrilateral
In general, elements with mid-side nodes (i.e. 6-noded triangles or 8-noded quadrilaterals) will
improve the accuracy of results, however computation times and file sizes will increase
accordingly. All mesh customization options are available regardless of which element type you
choose.
Mesh: Customization
In many cases the default mesh generated by Phase2 will not require further input by the user.
However, should it be necessary to customize the discretization of the boundaries or the element
density at any location, Phase2 provides several methods of mesh customization. This includes:
Custom Discretization
Advanced Discretization
Increase Discretization Density
Increase Element Density
Mapped Meshing
Custom Discretization allows the user to select any boundary line segments, and specify the
number of discretizations per segment, or a multiplication factor.
Custom Discretization dialog
Advanced Discretization is located within the Mesh Setup dialog. This option allows you to
select boundaries or regions, and specify the approximate number of nodes or element length on
all boundaries in the selected region.
Advanced Discretization option
The Increase Discretization Density option allows you to double the discretization density on
boundaries within a selected region. The Increase Element Densityoption allows you to
increase the mesh density within boundaries, without affecting the mesh density on the
boundaries.
Increase Element Density option (selecting area to refine mesh)
Mapped meshing can be used in conjunction with the automatic free meshing to create a mesh
with both mapped and free zones.
You may also define a fixed non-zero displacement as a boundary condition with theSet
Displacement option.
The Show Mesh Quality option will locate and highlight all elements on the model that conform
to the criteria of a "poor quality" element, as defined in the Define Mesh Quality dialog. Poor
quality elements are filled with a red hatch pattern, and highlighted with a blue rectangle so they
are easier to locate in the mesh.
Poor quality sliver element detected by mesh quality check
Phase2 can also check that all parts of the mesh are connected to each other, when you select
the Contiguous Mesh Check option. This ensures that the mesh consists of a single continuous
region of elements at each stage, and that there are no isolated regions or individual elements
which are not connected to the rest of the mesh. Multiple mesh regions will cause problems with
the analysis and must be avoided.
Invalid mesh (two separate regions of material)
For maximum flexibility, the Load Split can be customized on a per material basis, using the
Advanced option in the Load Split dialog. When specified per material, the load can be initialized
at any stage. It is also possible to apply the load split to body forces or field stress,
independently.
Custom load split per material
If you are using Field Stress = Gravity, then by default the Initial
Element Loading for all materials will be Field Stress & Body Force
You may also specify Initial Element Loading = Body Force Only
(this would be applicable for a backfill material, for example). Or you
may specify Initial Element Loading = None (no initial stress or force
on the elements).
For more information about this option, see the Initial Element Loading help topic
Mohr-Coulomb
Hoek-Brown (original criterion)
Generalized Hoek-Brown (latest version)
Drucker-Prager
Cam-Clay
Modified Cam-Clay
If you set the Material Type = Elastic, then the material is assumed to have unlimited strength
(i.e. it will not yield or fail). The material response will be linear elastic, regardless of the stress
magnitude. You may still define strength parameters, but they will only be used for the
calculation of strength factor (i.e. degree of overstress).
If you set the Material Type = Plastic, then the material can yield and exhibit non-linear stressstrain behaviour, if the stress exceeds the strength envelope. For Mohr-Coulomb, Hoek-Brown
and Drucker-Prager models, you may specify peak and residual strength parameters. Residual
strength will be applied if the peak strength is exceeded. If residual = peak, this defines an
Isotropic
Transversely Isotropic
Orthotropic
Duncan-Chang Hyperbolic
By default in Phase2, materials are assumed to have Isotropic elastic properties. This means that
the elastic properties are not dependent on directionality, and are defined by a single value of
Young's modulus and a single value of Poisson's ratio.
Isotropic elastic parameters
In special cases, you may wish to define a material with different elastic properties in two
directions (Transversely Isotropic) or three directions (Orthotropic). However, if you use either of
these two options, then it is NOT possible to define non-linear material strength properties (i.e.
the material stress-strain response will be linear elastic).
Transversely isotropic elastic parameters
From the parameter calculator dialog, assist dialogs are available to help with the selection of
values for UCS, GSI, mi and D. These are accessed by selecting the Pick button beside the input
parameter edit box.
GSI assist dialog
You can paste results from RocData into Phase2, by selecting the Paste button in the material
properties dialog.
RocData analysis results
Multiplication factors can be defined for any material property at any stage, in the
Stage Material Properties dialog. For example, as shown below for Young's Modulus.
If the Groundwater Method = Finite Element Analysis, then you can define the saturated
permeability, anisotropic parameters, and the unsaturated permeability function. You may
choose from several different theoretical models, or enter a user-defined permeability function
(i.e. Matric suction versus Permeability). Hydraulic Properties can also be staged.
Define Hydraulic Properties (Groundwater Method = Finite Element Analysis)
Material assignment or excavation can also be done with the right-click menu.
Assigning materials with the right-click shortcut
6.- Joints
A Joint represents an interface along which movement can take place. Joints can represent:
structural discontinuities in a rock mass
interfaces between support and rock or soil (e.g. liners, sheet pile
walls)
any other type of sliding interface which may occur in a
geotechnical project
There are various ways of modeling Joints in a Phase2 analysis: as a Joint boundary, as a
network of joint boundaries, as a Structural Interface boundary, or as part of a Composite Liner.
and displacement contours illustrate the rock mass behavior due to the presence of
the joint
Geogrid modeled as structural interface, joint slip (red) occurs at toe of embankment
Joints: Properties
Joint properties are defined in the Define Joint Properties dialog, and include:
Elastic properties (normal and shear stiffness)
Strength properties (Mohr-Coulomb, Barton-Bandis, Geosynthetic
hyperbolic)
Internal pressure (e.g. due to groundwater)
Staging of joint properties (i.e. properties can change with staging)
Joints can be defined as elastic or inelastic. If a joint is elastic (i.e. Slip Criterion = None) then
strength properties are not applicable, and only elastic displacements can occur. If a joint is
inelastic (i.e. Slip Criterion = Mohr-Coulomb, Barton-Bandis or Geosynthetic Hyperbolic), then
the joint can yield (slip) if the shear stress on a joint element exceeds the shear strength.
Joint properties dialog
The Geosynthetic Hyperbolic slip criterion can be used for modeling the shear strength of the
interface between a geosynthetic (e.g. geotextile or geogrid) and soil. This can be used in
conjunction with the Structural Interface option described above.
Parallel Deterministic
Parallel Statistical
Cross Jointed
Baecher
Veneziano
Voronoi
or trapezoidal blocks. The spacing of the joint planes can be defined as random variables.
Cross joint network, 35 degree bedding plane inclination
A Voronoi network is recommended for broken rock masses in which there are no preferred
jointing directions. The regularity of the Voronoi network can be controlled by the user, as shown
below.
Voronoi joint network, almost regular polygons
Export
version 9.0
Phase2 analysis results and model data can be exported in a variety of different ways for postprocessing in other applications. Printouts and screen captures can be customized, simplifying
the task of generating high quality reports and presentations.
Export to Excel
Copy to Clipboard
Info Viewer
Export Image
Printing
Export DXF
Material Queries
Bolt Data
Liner Data
Joint Data
To export data to Excel, first generate the desired graph in Phase2. Then select the Plot in Excel
option from the right-click menu. This will startup Excel, export all data and create the same
graph in Excel, all with one mouse click.
clipboard, it can be pasted into other Windows applications. There are various ways of copying
data.
You can right-click directly on individual entities (queries, bolts, liners, joints)and
select Copy Data from the popup menu
You may select Copy Selected from the right-click menu after you have selected
entities for graphing (this allows you to copy data for multiple entities)
You may select the Copy Data button in the graph dialog
Copy (liner data) from right-click menu
Export: Images
The Export Image option allows the user to save screen captures directly to one of four image
file formats:
JPEG (*.jpg)
Windows Bitmap (*.bmp)
Windows Enhanced Metafile (*.emf)
Windows Metafile (*.wmf)
Images can also be copied to the clipboard using the Copy option in the Edit menu.
Graphical output is fully customizable. Phase2 offers an extensive array of options for customizing
the appearance of views. This includes:
Display Options
Contour Options
Drawing Tools
Text Annotations including pre-formatted Auto Text and Dynamic Text
Import Image (e.g. add company logos)
Export: Printing
Phase2 offers advanced printing features which facilitate the creation of professional looking
reports and presentations. With the Page Setup option in the File menu, you can apply
customized header and/or footer information to printouts. You can choose from pre-defined
templates, or create your own header / footer design, and include your company logo.
Page Setup dialog with customizable title blocks
Export: DXF
In the Phase2 Model program, the model boundaries, support and drawing lines can be saved in
DXF format with the Export DXF option.
In the Phase2 Interpret program, Export DXF is available for various entities such as Iso-Contour
lines, user-defined shapes and polylines (drawing tools) and other entities.
Drawing Tools
version 9.0
Phase2 provides an extensive drawing and annotation toolkit which allows you to add text
annotations, measure distances, angles and areas, and much more. Tools include:
Dimensioning Tools
Contour Labels
Text Boxes
AxesLines / Arrows
Rectangles / Circles
Polyline / Polygon / Pencil
Add Image
Properties Table
See the Drawing Tools overview for links and further information.
The Polygon option allows you to measure areas, which are displayed as a popup data tip when
the mouse is hovered over a Polygon object. Similarly, the Polyline option can be used to
measure the length of a polyline. Coordinate Axes can be added using either local or global
coordinates.
Add text dialog - text can be typed in the area at left, or Auto Text can be added using
the checkboxes at the right.
Dynamic text is also available. Dynamic text allows you to add text boxes which will
automatically update themselves according to the properties of the current model. This allows
you to define one set of labels, which can then be used for multiple models (e.g. if you are
performing parametric analysis).