Electronics : gate ies & psu

5. Digital electronics
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dktu
t
;[:
:

'..

i"
.-.

il.ir:
t_.
I

iv
I

i.irz
t^
I
I

it-/
t-

i.u
I

i
I

r-,,

I
I

l'

l.I.Iv
I
I

I
t

i\/
i

Page 1 of 172

onre

Booueeru AuoeBE&

[]-lt[ff-fTl

Booleon Alqebm :-

(-) Klhsn

{.r tt rb

of

vAriabe Cre less - ( r' 2' 3

pretfered cohen outp4-S*-9- !L

na-

(.) Klhen no.

G) outPut

is

Tabulotion mattrd

[opto s vorrabte)

ore 31,t.,5

vorioHes
o,1 at,

1'

a. -

(.) rt ,s used rl)hen no' ol

variobles

"ate

flflre

'

'

'

Booteon Al

an4temenl -'+ A

-:'

at

A'

'

A=
a=1
t =A

AND

:-

a+o

A.A

A,O = O
a, l =O

A.

-_o

4.0

=l

A.A

=O

70

AtA

A+t

A*l

1+o

**A

=A

At

-l

l+l

A8r

AB

(',' grg--4

S (B*a

PA6E

fT-n
-:*

iiitb-

Page 2 of 172

---E
DATT

ABr Adcr
oPtian. V@,

the min. no. af

tb) I
dte

A6c

G)2
ABr Adc + AgC
= AB r AE (c*E)
- ABr A{

.'=

A(6r

NO

NAND

NrlUD

{',' c+c' -t)

Cnote

e)
A

Minimi znrhbn

Advo

+No.o

le

,s

g-

J,

i
4

?aunr drssrpohbn *
circtsil {ess
carnpleil
lan in + (no of inpuf * )

Coot

--

filtrrT-n-l

i,.

-la
ftoblen'.t Srnphfu ;nE + ABd + edfo

toli

--gf:-j_4qg . n s
=

AAC,

"

c, o

+ Ad

(8il

=6+c)

Sol

= AB +Ac
_9-

@+a) (a+c)

s)'

A.A*, A'C +69 n 5t

A+ A(t+8)t

Bc

R(t+B+c) *^8c

A tBC
A+ g) (A+c) = A +8C

c-lpssr*te-

iftoa

Theoren

necr
Page 3 of 172

[-[-l-l

*rl

DArEf-Tlrnn-rn
Sr?nrlqrt

X*Y)(i*=) = [+Yz
(A+Brc) (A+6+c) (ArA*e )

toHe A+B :

= (x+c; 1 R+6+c) (x+d)

(x+ce) (A+6+c)

x (At 6tc)
(A+g(At 6+c)

A+ et6+c)
A+ OO-t6g
A+ Bc
(Af Bi (Af B) (At B) GA)
(A+

q)

(d* ei (At e;

ta+ p )

(nte6)*(A+sB)

m)(A)

A+ BC =

(A+ B) ( e-*c)

oistribution

theorern,

A+ AB
h *E) (A+ 8)
I

(AtB)

Aae'

fi+ Ad
l(A+e)

= A+8

ABt Aq + A6'
A (s*6) r Ae

A + Ag-

(A"A)(tu6)

At B An,
pece

Page 4 of 172

f*T7T-l

DArr

A8*

n-l

AB + AE

fil

rT-]-l-_l

6+ Ad

Iql4rlelgl
A+

An

ABG+,Q96+Asc
ABd +ABC + AaC {
AB( c+c) + (A+ A) c c

(r)

sol":-

Atnr4)

A6G

AB + Bc

B(A+C)
AB

AC

r,t8i{.*

AB + A<: * 8c

ve&tt:ir;lnt term

_.-i

(ArA

:-t9-rA r-: gqal

a\

SoI

1,

ac

i, AB (trC) r- Ac (t+ Bj

i=

nB

tA:
cose

ot nat

eL

BC ,S HnoulD os rcdtydOnl lem

e. ,ofuSed

rnroulsotq terrn

+ I ne+Ac +Bc
heown.
Shortcuf method z(<l) Three vo.riable

(a ?Ach variable eornes trorce.

(c) One wriable ,s comple nented
(,,{)

AB+ Be r

4C.

86*ac

\e

term cuhich

is

umple men@

)
-:-41

AB+ fiC tAC

AB .t BC
clrcse,aLe-

oocr
Page 5 of 172

[-J*[l

DATETTIIII|-T*rn
f!X.*el

(iitc) (8+c)

{A+ 6)

1A+c)

":

(B-tc)

is re&:dont

term.

{a+$1 1(q1c) (A*c)

(A+B)(Brc)

rt6+ ee +6d
Ta th,s cose orl the voriobt oye omplemevrted

ont

one aYe

unepmplementd,. then.

[':

A6+ao

.1$e tevnt rrlhiob.

is toxen)

is crnCornplerer@

AB 1 BC +AC
gC

-fr,O

Ad

(Atd) (6t6) (Ar-d;

(6+c)(A+c)
fheorn.

Booleen At

bra'.-

Vlinimization

Cornplgrrlsrl' Expressbn
Tiufr't tcble

stq{rneo}.

rnce

Page 6 of 172

{-l-TJ

-H
1
I

DArr[-j-lmrTT-n
Mfn[mizatr'oo
XY

I
I

;-

XYruz

fi= xY

and

= A+ Ag
a

(A+A

) (A+B)

A+B

2 XY+

WZ

tet

t(AlB) =
Lt (y,rl ,
@) xY+2
rr,) x{+z

Tnen

y)

,z
(c)

cdl

+ Ltilrjr -),tl , z I
= F L x* + 8Y , z
F L I,v
x7 *y

7s+*z
x

xi. V

ioi)i

the vatue of

+z
+z

Yy.+ 'Y/ +Z

Y\.+Z

Z--X*Y

lfien

lhe
(4) x

(b)

Sol

nacr

Page 7 of 172

J-T-[-l

-;\
DArE

of

SOP (Surn

ftoduat

TTI

tv

r]-l [-T-rTr

Fovm

ABc +AEc+ABE
mintertn

Th WP

FoYut

each orcdw* terrn 'S l(nou)n OS Mfnterrn or

ImpLioont

sop Form rs used urhh ol p o

(rneons l-> A and o -, A
5 -r' l0t *.ABC
$ -+ lOOl -' nBdo
iven truth

tur the

ressrbn is l.

tcHe , minirnize soP et

A

soP totrn

Ad+

onl

toKeo.

AB

A [A+A)
B

Y can r,oritten
Y

(A,8)

os

rn (O,:)

the el ressron Jot

ed

Y(A,8) =
=m{o,?,3
oo.

r(, . it.

in sp .tovro :y = Aa + AB- +AB

= 6 (AtA) + AB
ion

E+AB

(6*a) (e+e)

ar6
:* A+ I
rncr

ef*ssrrrte.

Page 8 of 172

f-J-[7]

ffid

soP

con 6

tn

carrnia

*n

In

**

|otrn

Ag#:,
cOnd

e,
'-fii4i1,,1orm,

lI

lI

(6)
P(_
Gl_ P(

minimal fr-]
eacb term rnus? hove all tnioblg.
(

rt rs a

E'

HiJ

?:.

is'1003
Aues'j

&oblt
logrcql

rasian

Qt4
(b) 5

ti-c rs.
_(ct 6
A+

{d)

A +BC

sotn:-

= {Aet AA)(C+c)

!
!

AAC + ABG + AEC

t

"

nacr
Page 9 of 172

[-T-[-l

DArr

ffis Fo(m

l lLj-t-i ,l

I Prodrct of

s+c;

(R+

I-TJ I

A.r BT G)

+BrC

L moa term

POs

form

fl-r

used

ore

rohon o7p

is

'o1

togt6

1-> A
to

Er '.-

A Bd

-.-:,

.aecD

roO

:.:

^*n

Fo,r

en

-'h truth

toble

prinirnize FoS eaPressfon '

Y
I

R*B

o?

Ol,
A+6
urhich olp
nnlu thot
-= voltrg 0-t
sori''r u)e tot{ e -:':)
s)
(A+6) (At =-

QS,

PoS '|orm
Tr M ( 1,3)

col) be oritlen fn
v

and for

l.e.

t+F
l6ere'
aye

( A,B)
soP'--

(A,B)

ts

:E

- Zm La'z],

mLa,z>

Tr M (t,3J'

,"5
are a vorioblg iqg! & combinobbn

then

2,3,5 ,6'

FIAro,c] , lmlAll'\'1)
rl
)

f*:

Page 10 of 172

TI' M { 2,3, 5, 6J

n'lcrlt' trn

DArrTTlt]]rl-rn
urith

msxrerms oYe
l.> lor, fi = 2.
Totol

(.) ta,

f.e. (A, B)

,0. ol min

Yl= 3

i.e

or

(A,8)

tuta-q

mc,-n

terms ore

2- --

,6

,utth n

A+8

4{B

I+B

vonoble

m\tlmum

ABt 6d

erPresstoD
.AB

AB

AB +AB

.A+ a

possible

togicctt erpression

the iatal rlo. of tr{icat

o4
erpresst'on =

a=

loqical
J _-

tP)

*+

Ffir'n=q,

{cr'

(A, B,c)

mia or

fi4..

)odem'.

Gr

mot ferms aYe 2? = \.

Ag

#$

minter ms

?n.

IAiol

mailmum Wsside

'11' variable

u:tro} rs

---_)--

recr

e,lr,ss**t-e.

Page 11 of 172

fT--tl

ll,fnm|*l*l-n
Duol, Form :-

cqrresponds tc
.O'_

lC?tC

1,,

'r, -+ +5V

lcqrc c
aogfc t

*1__

*::

ov

C O *r -Sv
ov

Hrgher voioe

-0'8

at

vo[

-. -. l.7V
-> -o'8!
ls to
value fhon

togrc

L.

' t.tv lt,ea it 'd + tve togic

-ive togt'c

AND

Io

I
o

oo{'

ort
r10
p

I.

For

-ive

fhqt

b d qate
oe

+rve

and

conwt t to a ond o fo t.
*c -ive
tO 1rv
lc AND golte :.[s

gote.

oo"r

elrssr.lte.
Page 12 of 172

[T]-l

--*t*--*:,{

rEl-Tlmrrrn
Dml eil

sJic

to

n is used

_gr,

qnvert

+ ive

_toglb - inlo = iv6

Duol

AB

ornl fs

- .4+B
nathi
bul--1y4qg/c.

At\rD

OR

oR

AND q--.--+ be
<-.+

!ry

.gq,gbtg_1s if ,s

Ft'nd D.,ol.
-ABc+ A*c+
solL

Agc

ouol:-

{_t_al;;_!{:

:i) (a* s;ij

drJof

i..i

qsed
:

SetJ

Duol

a
a

:48+'Bc *4C
I

= "(AtB) (Src1 (A*c)

= (Bt Ac) (*+ e)

!-

= 8A+ BCr AG +AC

---_-4g

In

strne q fte*tre sorne et

sorne

"rpr"r"i-;

col erpressre4 fial oll

,f$ drtol

rece
Page 13 of 172

qiues

f-f-[I

onrr

trn

[*T-ifi l

rrrn

et, Dml rPresston , rf o

some erPressron.
variabte

-''

self Duo-l =

a(s n voriobles tben total

esslon

L.

Ifren

2 duoll xPresdlor,,
,{

--+ Self dr.ral } A

A--'A
For n -- 2

then
A

8-+

---+ A

For fi-3

Toiol sel, docl

are 2.

er

eSSIOD

= k?
,, dDal 'et?resston'
B

6-- B

A--A
'a;U

6tf duot e^W'

lS

For n'-

tili

no.oJ

J2

16-

then 16 &tal srPression'

g,A , 8, d, c, (,, A6+ECttA , ABr BC+oA ' "'

Complerwnt z-

il I = ABC+ Aec +

A8C

aamplement iS,

t = (A*6"c)(6*fltcJ

(')

AND

+-

A+Bt6)

oR

(.)sP+

canPle ment

6J

eab vqrbble

PA6r

Page 14 of 172

[.-ltTl

DATETTImTT-rn
s0l'?l
I
I

For ttr.ro varto bl e

A,8)

for o Eirren venn diaqrorn , minimize the soP

Ad + 46 +AB
= etE+ A) + AB
= g+AB

=
qq?

A+B

31E9r

| = AB+ AA * AB
= *rc-te) +-AB
=

A+A.B

lsJr) tt19=

A+B

r)

Page 15 of 172

expresslbn

o
DATTTItE rrrn
ABtEgtABtAE

s(R+A)* e(n+A)
B+ 6
L.

A86
ABC

Atc
soP Tarm 1or shaded porfion
'j
ABC+ Agc ragd t l6c + ABC + AB
8G(A1A) r' AB(dtc) +Ac(gre-) .(-' eatr.ddpl'

ABr BC+ cA

rncr

Page 16 of 172

l-[fl

DA,E

TTI

[I] r-rri-l

For Seyfes :-

Tlufr1 table

for

:-

Paratlel :-

of bllb it +here is resrstTr then ons$er

the some but $rne drap.
fn ploce

renmrrs

fruth table:-

Irl

ploce

eottch

l
0

C.)

For

A--

t.

trongslor

becomes short . circuil'

Fav

ttrlo srrifch A and B 3*__l___/,

Y=AB A

:'
O

ll
rncr

cl*sy,rte.
Page 17 of 172

[JJl

ri-TT-l

I=i3
NAND+

I
I

o
I
t

T
l= AfB

Y
I

o
0
o

6uesl

Y=

A.(Brc)-o
(Rs+ Ac) 6

ABo t

ACD

onc
Page 18 of 172

l--[-[-lA

_ =l__

,._- l

DATETT-ltI}rT_rn
(H).

6ues:-

STATEMENT

G)

:-

A logic civcuil have g inqut

B,c' and

alP

is

Y-

o/p v is r. tor the loltwir\ e'ombinaklon.

rit' B and c are fiue ___=-tO!__
tru A and e ole folse = Ei
:

Uti, A ,Bqnd c we ltue

Ithen rninimize the

sol':-

A,

_=

(At+e min ter@

alp !=1.
Y-

o1p 1sr

Agc

Bc * Ac + ABc + e6e
gc(l +n) + Ad(r+ 6 )

alP

=o ,

then taXe lhaa terrn (PoS iorm).

<es'
tv.

---6

8u

t!_!y?teyet@

oo

tr

Aec r A6c + As6 +ABc

+ AAc+ A6c + A8c t ABC

Bc(AtA) + Ac( B+6) r A8 (crc)
Aac

+ ABC

= AB+ BCTCA.
pncs

el*SsroAte

Page 19 of 172

[-T-I

DArE

[-T-]f]]

LffiIC 6ATES :8cfu

,|,0T

-)

Sasic

oR
I{AND

universol

NOR

Arrifi'rnetrb

SxOR

EINOR

NOT

et<t.

cr.mpralar ,
(&imrq to

rahr

,6

+o

l chectler , eode onyertets

Binorq)

:-

A+E=Y

p$

Circuil

to)
*t

shau0 in

Baffer

Brsloble Mv

@)

Sq,Bre ug,yelhere

Dea
r
"

is

rCI

t*ren

fedfueK. then it

l- t,
fiOUP ,,

lg

bulfe/

7n

Wter

if

r.' rp t/p-

rr,6ons whotever

"the

L/p

ie. fhe

Bt$ there 15

o leedhcK and lhe o/p

os r/P ,9p rs olso , ond q gives o
turd stobla s+de.

olP.

is

sbble

fhe

n olp

{t d

mcr

l-T-l*l

ure gfue I

rnoltivibralor.

Page 20 of 172

+1en

oerr

[--l-l

fi-lfffi_i

Ct\t ShOu:rr iS

'o' tov a

= g+N

It ,s

}altic.

tor.

u)ove

As olp rs not stobte Sornetime t and, Sometime

Hence tt ts otso cntld ostioble rnulhvt'batsv.
(rii, l:lffiF.
lu, &'nq oscfl lalor

iq;

lhol ttne perid (T) = 6TX

,t

t\J

---]--

no. of inverters in leedboc\.

Tn

a ct\t shorvt
is wP &c. Ifien

.atlh NaT

re

wave,s

pncr

[-l--l-l

1g6,tlz
|

Lc)

tdt

6Hz

tOO

t4HL

to M Hz

f =

2Ntp4
los Ht

ehssnatc-

= lGfiz
Page 21 of 172

o
,*EfIlrn rT-rn
is

gnsec. Tfien
@) 6ns

t4

*ime

of

wr*

(,uclv8

(G) il ns

dt

,2t\3

e
12

I
I

AN

perid. ct x ed y

EATE

k.

!6ns

Astoble Mr.lt#vibrotor
'T
= 2 Nt

Thus time

each Nor

lr)qve

n396.

is sorre.

i.

+ o/p r's too tt

both

lats

(.) AB .i.

rgrxrtutative

af

the

Up

lao ond assoo.iotrve lotr)

AA.

nnce[lI
Page 22 of 172

rs

DArr

[-i-i

(") ABC =-(AB)'C = A (BC)

Disable O nab

-5*

^o

remairs ia'O' dae

to

cnnttol rrp disable' AND 9o,t9

fs not in"oorkinq shrfe-

-l
_l

Note

:i

AND

olp is oh
Ut

=r

Enoded

1'

I In

TTL

+ben

it

in

mil
u)fll

-3os

aot

sryJlE-rs oPen - @

499i--*j--

I
i

!-,n
*- -1-I *---

*, l"g,r-fryb.--:flgo]rry t!!lt- u'!-I

r#

(openor

#o,ahr?

r{p)

I
--]---

* S,reShOO

1 T-L

' io Exan- -+

---.

Urused r/p's

-in turuttrpin (I/p) Aluo gote uoused rlp con be

*irrrecEd to r,qic L. orn Patt 4" ue"unused rlp can

W canoected

Doruo'1

noct

e.fsssr,rEte-

Page 23 of 172

[-i-l_l

:'

r*i

DATE

l-lft

m_T-T-t

.A.6

=AB

unused r/p

can be

-AB
connectect

crle

(onlV 1or

If it fs rrL

ic lcrnil

of the used t/e.

rrl)

then unused L/ p

qn

be open

(unconnected)
Becouse

of

uDneecessqr

to

ennnecti

t/p

attaahed,

ta B ,

1on fn rofll

be dawn.

Besi

eannecti

unused pin Lrlp)

in

AND

ta

; i:l

mcr
Page 24 of 172

[-T*l-l

oR Gote

.-

(lnctusive oR)

9
I

ulhen an\ of 'the r7P rS l+gh

io oR eote then olP ig Hrgh.

,*
rf)

o"ro"an* lo*

c(

\+B =
AB_

ry

B+A

(A+B)+c

------>

A+ (ts+c)

6 rlp

the qote is

enableol

rncr
Page 25 of 172

[-T-D

@
DArr

'l

[-Tlt]l rrTTl

o/p is ttrcd

or

not

it { satd to be drsoble.

Y, A L.

Unused Tlp's '.-

la

Ln OR

usused

rlP fs

eannectc{J

fo

,O

la

r_.pul

doun.'
Qanneot

W it

In

to ane af the used rlP.

then

is ect

oR

conoect

fn he
the
A

ic 'a'

ta

oKt

unuBed rfp

eho{.rln in

en j/

p alp ts

q,an

conngctin

bc

open

the unusd

tn rrL ,

or )tmted

,/p

AB

'-t

TC)

AB

tdt

dr3

In TrL , CIff rlP's

o{e

Jtmt

rf

then
tr

elnssvrltr.
Page 26 of 172

+a

AND, oR , INVSRTER oKi

l+AB

tb)

is

is

PA6E

DAT.

for tcl

.rNVERTER

lB)
te)

A8

1__

Page 27 of 172

TT_JfI]TTN-I

*_ii
tl

DATE

D ffrE :-

MEtr fTof6F-l

(Aubbled oR)
A

g
A

ErE

Y
f

wren both IlP hi

the a/p istau.

Oa
o dr'sobts

ing it ae

Llp

6nsb|e.

iszera \

C,ollGO cammutat:ive tarr: bUt not

NENO

tuo

the
te

NOR

NAND

, I unused
unused

rlp io

GATE

OR

te.

',-

universal

toCI

qote.

NAND

T/P

NOR

folloto essofatrve

nol

talloto assrcfative

gote con be connaoted similar ta

AND

(8ubbld AND)
NOT

tooed
a
A
B

pecs

Page 28 of 172

[T-I

lou

DAT.

/t

TT*I-TI

4 u*ten both lte is toto lhe

-..

A-f\

TT_II

--r
o/P ls

.'=

l.-

dlsoble.

enable and dr'sble Wth ate some qs' oR gote'

ftOg qote {ottan: cornrnutotrve too otd ,rot Jolbe=- ixsci-

(.) AIETT *
unused ilp
il

At

in NoR aote con be conoected

simitar

l'o

---i-

EX0R cr, xOR iExctusive

oR

te

is

OR

in ctus

otsb

1
)

ive oR

uJhon A=
Nhert

gate

B , olp fs loru r'.e 'o''

A*8 , 4P is High

i.e.

c tl'.

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Page 29 of 172

DArETntlrrrn
I

--------------+

-'

o----^+
j.

Buller

It is olso cotted controtled

l

Note

.---------r' o

inver ter

iaverter.

A@

AO

AO O -A
A@

| =A

rf A@8 = C t*ren.
AOC=B
8OC = A
A@BAC = O
Since, A@A =Q
AO AOA = A
A@ A@AOA

Then ul

no.oJ sqrne Up
ffinQ olP
ond even no. Qrne at/P gives szeY(

od

adsoCIn--B@

I @80
ct6t Sbo(l)n

tlxts the

lf

B ,. d n is odd

conloios easd'l

2A

ExoB

P *ho o/ P ts.

)x
olP of evn exo8 gote hcrue sams

_:!!:

=X
PA6E[-TlJ

dassPratL rd
i

Page 30 of 172