By : Yap Khun Yee

Ng Woei Jian
Khu Ing Ching
Mok Shien Cheng

What Is Asymptotes ?
A line such that the distance between
the curve.
Line which is tangent to a curve at
infinity.
The line approaches zero as they tend
to infinity.

What Is Asymptotes ?
Derived from the Greek asymptote
-----Not falling together
Introduced by Apollonius of Perga in
his work on conic sections
Mean any line that does not intersect
the given curve

What Is Asymptotes ?
3 kinds of asymptotes:
Horizontal asymptotes
Vertical asymptotes
Slant or oblique asymptotes

Determining the asymptotes of a

function which is an important step in
sketching graph

Example

The xand y-axes are the

asymptotes.

Graph y = 1/x shown to

the right.
Coordinates are (x, 1/x),
x is a number other
than 0.
Values of x become
larger and larger, values
of y become
infinitesimal.
How large x becomes,
1/x is never 0
So x-axis is asymptotes.

Horizontal Asymptotes
Horizontal lines that the graph of the
function approaches as x tends to x
Same in both directions.
Example, the (x) = 1/(x2+1) has a
horizontal asymptote at y = 0

Example
When the degree on denominator was
bigger than the degree on numerator,
and the horizontal asymptote was y=0
(the x-axis).
The denominator, being stronger to
pulls the fraction down to the x-axis
when x gets big.

Vertical Asymptotes
Vertical lines correspond to the
0 of the denominator of a
function or function grows
without bound.

Example
x2 + 9 = 0
x2 = 9
domain: all x
vertical asymptotes: none
* *The domain and vertical asymptotes
are "opposites".

Slant Asymptotes
Also known as oblique asymptote.
When a linear asymptote is not parallel
to the x-axis or y-axis.
A graph has a slant asymptote if
the degree of the numerator is bigger
than the degree of the denominator

Example

Y = x2+5x+5

degree of numerator of function is

more than the denominator by 1.
The function is slant asymptote.
applying long division.

Slant asymptote is
y = x + 2.

Asymptotic Distribution
A hypothetical distribution in a sense
the "limiting" distribution of a
sequence of distributions.
An ordered set of random variables,
Zi for i = 1 to n for some positive
integer n.
Allows i to range without bound, that
is, n is infinite.

Example Of Asymptotic Expansions

Gamma function

Exponential integral

Error function

Example Of Asymptotic Expansions

Riemann zeta function

where
are Bernoulli numbers and is
a rising factorial.
valid for all complex s and is often
used to compute the zeta function by
using a large enough value of N, for
instance
.

Asymptotic Curve
Also known as asymptotic line
Curve always tangent to an asymptotic
direction of the surface
A kind of boundary between positive
and negative curvature on a surface
A ruled hyperboloid is an example of a
surface with negative curvature
A sphere has positive curvature
no asymptotic curves.

Example of a ruled hyperboloid

*Red plane

Positive curvature

*Blue plane

Negative curvature

If rotate the plane

from red to blue,
meets in two straight
lines
Known as rulers,
have zero or no
curvature.
Are asymptotic curves
because :
Have positive and
negative curvature.

Asymptotic theory
Branch of mathematics which studies
asymptotic expansions
Used in several mathematical sciences
Non-asymptotic bounds are provided
by methods of approximation theory

Example
Prime number theorem
Let (x) be the number of prime
numbers that are smaller than or
equal to x.
Then the limit exists, and it is equal
to 1.