Pygmalion (mythology)

For other uses, see Pygmalion (disambiguation).

Pygmalion (/pmelin/; Greek: , gen.:

Depiction of Ovids narrative by Jean Raoux.

In time, Aphrodites festival day came, and Pygmalion

made oerings at the altar of Aphrodite. Theretoo
scared to admit his desirehe quietly wished for a bride
who would be the living likeness of my ivory girl. When
tienne Maurice Falconet: Pygmalion et Galate[1] (1763)
he returned home, he kissed his ivory statue, and found
that its lips felt warm. He kissed it again, touched its
) is a legendary gure of Cyprus. Though breasts with his hand, and found that the ivory had lost
Pygmalion is the Greek version of the Phoenician royal its hardness. Aphrodite had granted Pygmalions wish.
name Pumayyaton,[2] he is most familiar from Ovid's
narrative poem Metamorphoses, in which Pygmalion was Pygmalion married the ivory sculpture changed to a
woman under Aphrodites blessing. In Ovids narrative,
a sculptor who fell in love with a statue he had carved.
they had a son, Paphos, from whom the citys name is
derived. One translation reads as follows:

In Ovid

A lovely boy was born;

Paphos his name, who grown to manhood,
wall'd
The city Paphos, from the founder call'd.[4]

In Ovids narrative, Pygmalion was a Cypriot sculptor

who carved a woman out of ivory and named her Galatea.
According to Ovid, after seeing the Propoetides prostituting themselves (more accurately, they were reduced to
prostitution by Aphrodite after they denied Aphrodites
divinity), he was not interested in women,[3] but his
statue was so fair and realistic that he fell in love with
it.

In some versions, they also had a daughter, Metharme.[5]

Ovids mention of Paphos suggests that he was drawing
on a more circumstantial account[6] than the source for
a passing mention of Pygmalion in Pseudo-Apollodorus
1

3 RE-INTERPRETATIONS OF PYGMALION

Bibliotheke, a Hellenic mythography of the 2nd-century

AD.[7] Perhaps he drew on the lost narrative by
Philostephanus that was paraphrased by Clement of
Alexandria.[8] Pygmalion is the Greek version of the
Phoenician royal name Pumayyaton, and gures in legend of Paphos in Cyprus.

Parallels in Greek myth

The story of the breath of life in a statue has parallels

in the examples of Daedalus, who used quicksilver to install a voice in his statues; of Hephaestus, who created Pygmalion by Jean-Baptiste Regnault, 1786, Muse National du
automata for his workshop; of Talos, an articial man of Chteau et des Trianons
bronze; and (according to Hesiod) of Pandora, who was
made from clay at the behest of Zeus.
3.1 Paintings
The moral anecdote of the "Apega of Nabis", recounted
by the historian Polybius, described a supposed mechan- The story has been the subject of notable paintings by
ical simulacrum of the tyrants wife, that crushed victims Agnolo Bronzino, Jean-Lon Grme, Honor Daumier,
Edward Burne-Jones (four major works from 1868
in her embrace.
1870, then again in larger versions from 18751878
The trope of a sculpture so lifelike that it seemed about to with the title Pygmalion and the Image), Auguste Rodin,
move was a commonplace with writers on works of art in Ernest Normand, Paul Delvaux, Francisco Goya, Franz
antiquity. This trope was inherited by writers on art after von Stuck, Franois Boucher, and Thomas Rowlandson,
the Renaissance.
among others. There have also been numerous sculptures
of the awakening.

Re-interpretations of Pygmalion

3.2 Literature

Ovids Pygmalion has inspired many works of literature,

some of which are listed below. The popularity of the
The basic Pygmalion story has been widely transmitted
Pygmalion myth surged in the 19th century.
and re-presented in the arts through the centuries. At
an unknown date, later authors give as the name of the Poems (sorted by year and country of authors origin)
statue that of the sea-nymph Galatea or Galathea. Goethe England
calls her Elise, based upon the variants in the story of
Dido/Elissa.
John Marston's Pigmalion, in The Argument of
A variant of this theme can also be seen in the story of
the Poem and The Authour in prayse of his precePinocchio, in which a wooden puppet is transformed into
dent Poem (1598)
a real boy, though in this case the puppet possesses
John Dryden's poem "Pygmalion and the Statue"
sentience prior to its transformation; it is the puppet and
(16971700)
not its creator, the woodcarver Mister Geppetto, who beseeches the divine powers for the miracle.
Thomas Lovell Beddoes's "Pygmalion, or the
In the nal scene of William Shakespeare's A Winters
Cyprian Statuary" (182325)
Tale, a statue of Queen Hermione which comes to life is
Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess" (1842)
revealed as Hermione herself, so bringing the play to a
conclusion of reconciliations.
William Cox Bennetts poem Pygmalion from his
In George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion, a modern
work Queen Eleanors Vengeance and Other Poems
variant of the myth with a subtle hint of feminism, the
(1856)
underclass ower-girl Eliza Doolittle is metaphorically
Arthur Henry Hallam's poem Lines Spoken in the
brought to life by a phonetics professor, Henry Higgins,
Character of Pygmalion from his work Remains in
who teaches her to rene her accent and conversation and
verse and prose of Arthur Henry Hallam: With a
otherwise conduct herself with upper-class manners in
preface and memoir (1863)
social situations.

3.2

Literature

Robert Buchanan's poem "Pygmalion the Sculptor"

in his work Undertones (1864)
William Morris's poem "Earthly Paradise" in which
he includes the section Pygmalion and the Image
(1868)
William Bell Scott's "Pygmalion"
Thomas Woolner's long poem "Pygmalion" (1881)

H.D.'s "Pygmalion" (191317)

Genevieve Taggard's "Galatea Again" (1929).
Albert G. Millers "Pygmalion" (1945)
Harry C. Morris' "Pygmalion" (1956)
Melvin H. Bernstein's "Mr. Pygmalion to Miss
Galatea: An Interior Monologue" (1970).

Frederick Tennyson's Pygmalion from Daphne

and Other Poems (1891).

Katha Pollitt's "Pygmalion" (1979)

Squires Galatea Awakes. (1920s)

Katherine Solomon's "Galatea" (1999)

R.M. Montgomery's Galatea to Pygmalion

(1920s)

John Hooleys "Pygmalion" (rst decade of the 21st

century)

Robert Graves' "Pygmalion to Galatea" (1926) and

Galatea and Pygmalion.

David Kimels "Pygmalion" (rst decade of the 21st

century)

Melanie Challenger's "Galatea" (2006)

Scotland

Joseph Brodsky's "Galatea Encore" (1983)

Canada
Walid Bitar's poem "Pigmalion" (1993)

Andrew Lang's "The New Pygmalion or the Statues

Nicaragua
Choice" (1911)
Carol Ann Duy's poem "Pygmalions Bride"
(1999)
Ireland

Short stories

Emily Henrietta Hickey's A Sculptor and Other Poems (1881)

Patrick Kavanagh's Pygmalion (1938)
Eilan N Chuilleanin's Pygmalions Image
(1991)
Germany

Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story "The BirthMark" and his similar novella, Rappaccinis Daughter.
H.P. Lovecraft's "Herbert WestReanimator"
Tommaso Landol's La moglie di Gogol ('The
Wife of Gogol')
John Updike's Pygmalion

Friedrich Schiller's poem "The Ideals" (Die Ideale)

(1795-6)
Romania

E.T.A. Homan's "The Sandman"

Stanley Grauman Weinbaum
Wilfred Gs Creation of Chaos "Pygmalions Spectacles"

Nichita Stnescu's poem "Ctre Galateea" (Dreptul

la timp) (1965)
United States of America
Sara Jane Lippincott
"Pygmalion" (1851)

Claribel Alegra's "Galatea Before the Mirror"

(1993)

(Grace

Greenwood)'s

Elizabeth Stuart Phelps' Galatea from Harpers

Weekly (1884).
Edward Rowland Sill's "The Lost Magic" (1900)

Jorge Luis Borges's "Las Ruinas Circulares" (Argentina)

Isaac Asimovs short story Galatea (in his collection Azazel is a parody of the story, where a woman
sculptor sculpts her idea of the ideal man)
Novels and plays
Lloyd C. Douglas's novel Invitation To Live
(1940)

3 RE-INTERPRETATIONS OF PYGMALION
Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein
Isaac Asimov's novel The Positronic Man
William Hazlitt's Liber Amoris: or, the New Pygmalion (1894).
Richard Powers's novel Galatea 2.2
Amanda Filipacchi's novel Vapor
Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth
Henry James' The Portrait of a Lady (188081).
Laura by Vera Caspary.
George MacDonald's Phantastes
The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux
Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray.
George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion
Tawq el-Hakim's play Pygmalion
William Schwenck Gilbert's play Pygmalion and
Galatea
Willy Russell's play Educating Rita
Rousseau's play Pygmalion, scne lyrique
Villiers de l'Isle-Adam's novel Tomorrows Eve
Jacinto Grau's play El Seor de Pigmalin (1921)

Other

The great choreographer Marius Petipa and the

composer Prince Nikita Trubetskoi created a four
act ballet on the subject called Pygmalion, ou La
Statue de Chypre. The ballet was revived in 1895
with the great ballerina Pierina Legnani.
The English progressive rock group Yes composed
Turn Of The Century (1977); it tells the story of
the sculptor Roan who, in the grief of his wifes
death, molds his passion into clay. The sculpture
of his wife comes to life and they fall in love.
British shoegazing band Slowdive named their third
and nal LP Pygmalion in 1995.
The song Trial By Fire by darkwave/gothic band
ThouShaltNot recreates the idea of a modern-day
Pygmalion with lyrics such as I sculpt your nature
within, I am your Pygmalion and I dust away the
plaster from o your breathing body...You'll never
be the same.
Mariusz Duda, working under his moniker Lunatic
Soul, named a track o of his 2014 album after Pygmalion. Walking on a Flashlight Beam and
the longest track, Pygmalions Ladder, in a general
sense, speak of a reclusive individual who struggles
to understand the ction around him, and the ways
in which his imagination is aected by this introspective seclusion he has embraced or succumbed
to "LunaticSoul" (2014).

3.4 Stage plays

Pete Wentz's comic series Fall Out Toy Works

There have also been successful stage-plays based upon

Grant Morrison's Professor Pyg, who appears in the work, such as W. S. Gilbert's Pygmalion and Galatea
(1871). It was revived twice, in 1884 and in 1888.
Batman and Robin
In January, 1872, Ganymede and Galatea opened at the
William Moulton Marston's origin of Wonder Gaiety Theatre. This was a comic version of Franz von
Woman was inspired by the myth of Pygmalion Supp's Die schne Galathee, coincidentally with Arthur
and Galatea, as she was sculpted by her mother Sullivan's brother, Fred Sullivan, in the cast.
Hippolyta from clay. The sculpture represents the
In March 1872, William Broughs 1867 play Pygmalion;
mothers love put into giving life to her creation.
or, The Statue Fair was revived, and in May of that
year, a visiting French company produced Victor Mass's
3.3 Opera, ballet, and music
Galathe.
In 1883, the musical burlesque Galatea, or Pygmalion Re The story of Pygmalion is the subject of Jeanversed was performed at the Gaiety Theatre with a libretto
Philippe Rameau's 1748 opera, Pigmalion.
by Henry Pottinger Stephens and W. Webster, and a score
It was also the subject of Gaetano Donizetti's rst composed by Wilhelm Meyer Lutz.
opera, Il Pigmalione.
George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion (1912, staged 1914)
Molin produced a ballet-pantomime version of Pyg- owes something to both the Greek Pygmalion and the legend of King Cophetua and the beggar maid"; in which a
malion in 1800.
king lacks interest in women, but one day falls in love with
The ballet Copplia, about an inventor who makes a young beggar-girl, later educating her to be his queen.
a life-sized dancing doll, has strong echoes of Pyg- Shaws comedy of manners in turn was the basis for the
Broadway musical My Fair Lady (1956).
malion.

3.6

Television

5
in 'bringing to life' waxwork gures and show-room dummies (see: Waxworks: A Cultural Obsession by Michelle
Bloom). For instance, Karl Freund's 1935 horror lm
Mad Love features an obsessive character named Doctor
Gogol who keeps a wax gure of an actress he is in love
with in his apartment, referring to the gure as Galatea
as he speaks to it and plays music for it. In the climax,
the actress is caught hiding in Gogols apartment and pretends to be the gure in an attempt to conceal herself.
When she nally screams, Gogol mistakenly and insanely
believes that his love has brought Galatea to life at last.
Many horror lms deviate considerably from the original story; for example, in The Stepford Wives (1975) the
creators turn their living wives into inanimate (robotic,
compliant) wives.
Other notable lm adaptations include The Red Shoes, All
About Eve, and Her.

3.6 Television
The American TV series My Living Doll portrayed
a female robot (Julie Newmar) whose creators attempted to transform her into a perfect woman.
The Man from U.N.C.L.E. 3rd season episode The
Galatea Aair from 1966 is a spoof of My Fair
Lady. A crude barroom entertainer (Joan Collins)
is taught to behave like a lady. Noel Harrison, son
of Rex Harrison, star of the My Fair Lady lm, is
the guest star.
W. S. Gilbert's stage version, 1871

P. L. Deshpande's play Ti Fulrani (Queen of Flowers)

is also based on Shaws Pygmalion. The play was a huge
success in Marathi theater and has earned many accolades.

3.5

Films

Notable 20th and 21st century feature lms are My Fair

Lady (1964, based on the Broadway musical); Trading
Places, Ruby Sparks, Mighty Aphrodite by director Woody
Allen; Weird Science directed by John Hughes; and the
1987 lm Mannequin, a remake of the 1948 classic
One Touch of Venus, the Julia Roberts' hit movie Pretty
Woman, Shes All That with Freddie Prinze Jr., as well as
S1m0ne (featuring a computer-generated articial intelligence as the love object). Many lms have dealt collaterally with this theme.: Vertigo, and more recently Lars
and the Real Girl, depicting an introverted man who falls
in love with a plastic sex doll. The play, 1946, and lms,
1950 and 1993, Born Yesterday also carry the Pygmalion
theme as does Fritz Lang's Metropolis.
The popular horror genre in lm has also had an interest

The Aerosmith music video for "Hole in My Soul"

features a nerdy college student who tries to nd the
girl of his dreams by creating one in a lab, only to
have her leave him.
The Japanese anime series Bubblegum Crisis: Tokyo
2040 includes a character named Galatea, an articial life form designed to be the next evolution of
the human race.
In Justice League Unlimited, Emile Hamilton creates
a clone of Supergirl, that he names Galatea.
An episode of the Philippine TV series Love Spell
features a teenage boy who falls in love with a mannequin who comes to life when lightning strikes it.
In the music video for "This Time" by K-pop group
Wonder Girls, a designer falls in love with his mannequin, and she comes to life. She runs away, leaving the designer to chase after her.
In "Fagmalion" a three-part episode of Will and
Grace, Will Truman falls in love with a man named
Barry whom he sculpts into a more rened gay man
following his coming out.
In King Of The Hill Season 7 Episode 9 Pigmalion
Luanne becomes involved with a psychotic owner of
a pork processing plant.

6 FURTHER READING
In Disneys Hercules: The Animated Series, Pygmalion was Hercules art teacher. His success in
crafting a perfect wife for himself prompted Hercules to do the same to create a date for a school
dance, naming it Galatea.
In the "Live Show" episode of 30 Rock the character
Jack tries to give up drinking and asks Liz Lemon
to comfort him by telling a story. She impersonates
Eliza selling owers to which Jack orders her to leave
the room.

3.7

Interactive ction

The text adventure Galatea, by Emily Short, is based

on the myth of Galatea.

See also
Agalmatophilia
Narcissus
Pinocchio
Prometheus
Pygmalion and the Image series
Pygmalion of Tyre
Uncanny valley
Golem

Notes

[1] The invention of the name Galatea is modern; Falconets

title was Pygmalion aux pieds de sa statue qui sanime,
Pygmalion at the feet of his statue, which comes to life.
[2] See Pygmalion of Tyre.
[3] Morford, Mark (2007). Classical Mythology. Oxford
University Press, p. 184
[4] Ovid, Metamorphoses X.
[5] Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheke, iii.14.3.
[6] The Greek sources of Ovids tale are fully discussed at
Galatea.
[7] Bibliotheke, iii.14.3 simply mentions Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus.
[8] Clement, Exhortation to the Greeks, 4: So the wellknown Pygmalion of Cyprus fell in love with an ivory
statue; it was of Aphrodite and was naked. The man of
Cyprus is captivated by its shapeliness and embraces the
statue. This is related by Philostephanus".

6 Further reading
Essaka Joshua. (2001). Pygmalion and Galatea:
The History of a Narrative in English Literature.
Ashgate.
Kenneth Gross. (1992). The Dream of the Moving
Statue. Cornell University Press. (A wide-ranging
survey of 'living statues in literature and the arts).
Jack Burnham. Beyond Modern Sculpture (1982).
Allan Lane. (A history of 'living statues and the fascination with automata - see the introductory chapter: Sculpture and Automata).
Ernst Buschor. Vom Sinn der griechischen Standbilder (1942). (Clear discussion of attitudes to
sculptural images in classical times).
John J. Ciofalo. The Art of Sex and Violence The Sex and Violence of Art. The Self-Portraits of
Francisco Goya. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
John J. Ciofalo.
Unveiling Goyas Rape of
Galatea. Art History (December 1995), pp. 477
98.
Gail Marshall. (1998). Actresses on the Victorian
Stage: Feminine Performance and the Galatea Myth.
Cambridge University Press.
Alexandra K. Wettlaufer. (2001). Pen Vs. Paintbrush: Girodet, Balzac, and the Myth of Pygmalion
in Post-Revolutionary France. Palgrave Macmillan.
Danahay, Martin A. (1994) Mirrors of Masculine
Desire: Narcissus and Pygmalion in Victorian Representation. Victorian Poetry, No. 32, 1994: pages
3553.
Edward A. Shanken. (2005) "Hot 2 Bot: Pygmalions Lust, the Maharals Fear, and the Cyborg
Future of Art, Technoetic Arts 3:1: 43-55.
(2005). Almost Human: Puppets, Dolls and Robots
in Contemporary Art, Hunterdon Museum of Art,
Clinton, New Jersey. (Catalogue for a group exhibition March 20 - June 12, 2005)
Morford, Mark. (2007). Classical Mythology
Eighth Edition. Oxford University Press
Hersey, George L (2009). Falling in love with
statues: articial humans from Pygmalion to the
present, Chicago, 2009, ISBN 978-0-226-327792
Law, Helen H. (1932). The Name Galatea in
the Pygmalion Myth, The Classical Journal, Vol.
27 No. 5 (Feb. 1932), published by The Classical Association of the Middle West and South, accessed via JSTOR at http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.
usc.edu/stable/3290617

External links
English translation of Ovids poem
English translation of Ovids poem
Latin original, lines 243-297, at The Latin Library.com
Shakespeare reference

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Pygmalion (mythology) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion%20(mythology)?oldid=637666174 Contributors: Paul Barlow,

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8.2

Images

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8.3

Content license

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