PSYCHOLOGY

MILESTONES

MILESTONES TIER 1
20. Evaluate studies which investigate explanations of
memory (Murdock, 1962 & Craik and Lockhart, 1972 and
Bartlett, 1932).
21. Explain studies of forgetting including interference, context
and brain damage (retrograde and anterograde amnesia).
22. Evaluate studies of factors which affect the reliability of
eyewitnesses' accounts of people and incidents, including
facial recognition and leading questions.
23. Demonstrate and relate understanding of contemporary
practical applications derived from the explanations of
memory and forgetting.
24. Evaluate studies investigating eye contact; the flow of a
conversation (Argyle, 1975) and pupil dilation (Hess, 1959).
25. Describe and evaluate study by Argyle, Alkema and
Gilmour (1971).
26. Evaluation of studies of factors which affect personal
space (Willis, 1966 & Argyle & Dean, 1965).
27. Demonstrate and relate understanding of contemporary
practical implications non-verbal communication.
28. Evaluate of studies of temperament, including the work of
Thomas (1977), Buss & Plomin (1984), and Kagan (1991).
29. Evaluation of Eysenck's type theory.
30. Evaluate the role of the amygdala (Raine, 2000) and
situational factors (Farrington, 1995), and (Elander, 2000)
which may contribute to APD. Demonstrate and relate
implications of research into APD.

43. Evaluate studies of prejudice and of discrimination,

including the work of Adorno (authoritarian personality,
including the F-scale), Tajfel (In-groups and Out-groups) and
Sherif (Robbers' Cave) and inter-group conflict.

65. Evaluate studies of aggression including biological

(Young et al, 1964), including the role of hormones, brain
disease (Charles Whitman) and chromosomal abnormality
(prisoners).

44. Critique ways of reducing prejudice and discrimination,

using evidence from studies including the work of Sherif
(1961), Aronson (1978), Elliott (1977) and Harwood (2003).

66. Evaluate Psychodynamic explanation of aggression,

including the frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard, 1939
and Barker).

45. Demonstrate and relate understanding of contemporary

practical implications of research into stereotyping, prejudice
and discrimination.

67. Evaluate the social learning, including modelling,

punishment and monitoring.

46. Evaluate the three theories of gender development:

psychodynamic theory, social learning theory and gender
schema theory.
47. Explain factors affecting conformity, obedience, social
loafing and deindividuation.
48. Critique studies of conformity (Asch, 1951), obedience
(Milgram, 1963), social loafing (Latane et al, 1979) and
deindividuation (Zimbardo, 1970).
49. Evaluate studies of bystander intervention, including those
of Latan and Darley (1968), Batson (1983), Piliavin (1969),
and Schroeder (1995).
50. Demonstrate and relate implications of research into
practical implications of studies of social influence.

68. Analyse the difference between negative reinforcement

and punishment.
69. Evaluate ways of reducing aggression, including ego
defense mechanisms (catharsis, sublimation and
displacement), psychosurgery and medication.
70. Apply knowledge of extinction; spontaneous recovery;
generalisation; discrimination (classical conditioning) to
psychological research.
71. Evaluate attempts to apply conditioning procedures to the
treatment of phobias (flooding and systematic desensitisation)
and to change unwanted behaviour (aversion therapy and
token economy).
72. Explain the ethical implications of such attempts.

MILESTONES TIER 2
10. Describe the multi-store, reconstructive and levels of
processing explanations of memory (Murdock, 1962 & Craik
and Lockhart, 1972 and Bartlett, 1932).
11. Describe studies of interference and context.
12. Describe studies of factors which affect the reliability of
eyewitnesses' accounts of people and incidents, including
facial recognition and leading questions.
13. Describe functions of eye contact including studies
investigating the flow of a conversation (Argyle, 1975) and
pupil dilation (Hess, 1959).
14. Describe research investigating the link between facial
expressions and the hemispheres of the brain (Sackeim,
1978).
15. Describe factors which affect personal space, including
cultural norms, sex differences, individual differences and
psychological research (Willis, 1966 & Argyle & Dean, 1965).
16. Describe studies of temperament, including the work of
Thomas (1977), Buss & Plomin (1984), and Kagan (1991).
17. Differentiate between Eysenck's EPI and EPQ.
18. Describe Antisocial Personality Disorder (AP D);
characteristics of APD (DSM IV 2008) causes of APD.
19. Describe studies investigating APD (Raine, 2000) and
situational factors (Farrington, 1995), and (Elander, 2000).

34. Examine stereotyping as oversimplification, leading to

positive and negative evaluations.
35. Describe studies of prejudice and of discrimination,
including the work of Adorno (authoritarian personality,
including the F-scale), Tajfel (In-groups and Out-groups) and
Sherif (Robbers' Cave) and inter-group conflict.
36. Describe ways of reducing prejudice and discrimination,
using evidence from studies including the work of Sherif
(1961), Aronson (1978), Elliott (1977) and Harwood (2003).

57. Describe and explain studies of aggression including

biological (Young et al, 1964), including the role of hormones,
brain disease (Charles Whitman) and chromosomal
abnormality (prisoners).
58. Describe the Psychodynamic explanation of aggression,
including the frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard, 1939
and Barker).
59. Describe the social learning theory including
psychological research (Bandura, 1961).

37. Describe the biological differences between females and

males (chromosomes, hormones, and sex and reproductive
organs).

60. Describe ways of reducing aggression, including ego

defense mechanisms (catharsis, sublimation and
displacement), psychosurgery and medication.

38. Describe the three theories of gender development:

psychodynamic theory, including the Oedipus and Electra
complexes.

61. Define and explain the links between the following:

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response; conditioned
stimulus; conditioned response (Pavlov, 1906).

39. Explain the social learning theory, including imitation,

modelling and vicarious reinforcement.

62. Describe operant conditioning including relevant studies

and Thorndike's Law of Effect (1905) and the contributions of
Skinner (1948) including behaviour shaping.

40. Describe the gender schema theory including labelling,

stability and constancy.
41. Describe studies of conformity (Asch, 1951), obedience
(Milgram, 1963), social loafing (Latane et al, 1979) and
deindividuation (Zimbardo, 1970).
42. Describe studies of bystander intervention, including those
of Latan and Darley (1968), Batson (1983), Piliavin (1969),
and Schroeder (1995).

63. Explain the difference between a fear and a phobia.

64. Describe attempts to apply conditioning procedures to the
treatment of phobias (flooding and systematic desensitisation)
and to change unwanted behaviour (aversion therapy and
token economy).

MILESTONES TIER 3
1. Identify processes of encoding, storage and retrieval.

31. Define stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination.

51. Definition of aggression.

2. Define interference (retroactive and proactive), context and

brain damage (retrograde and anterograde amnesia).

32. Define and explain the difference between sex identity

and gender identity.

52. Describe the case study of Charles Whitman.

3. Identify the definition of the key term leading question and

tree stages of facial recognition.

33. Define conformity, obedience, social loafing and

deindividuation.

4. Describe the distinction between non-verbal

communication and verbal communication.
5. Define paralinguistics and provide examples (including
tone of voice, emphasis and intonation).
6. Identify categories of facial expression (surprise,
happiness, fear, anger, sadness, interest, disgust).
7. Identify the three types of posture (COP) and describe
different gestures.
8. Define personality, including temperament.
9. Define extraversion, introversion, neuroticism (Eysenck's
type theory, 1952).

53. Describe four ways in which aggression can be caused

by biological factors.
54. Identify imitation, modelling and reinforcement (social
learning theory).
55. Describe classical conditioning including the relevant
study (Pavlov, 1906).
56. State four different ways of eliminating a phobia/unwanted
behaviour.