1

09: HYDROGEN

1.

Hydrogen is the ___ abundant element in the universe and the ___
most abundant element on the surface of the globe after ___ and
___.
most, third, oxygen, silicon

2.

Hydrogen is an essential constituent of all ___ and ___.

acids and alkalis

3.

Hydrogen has the ___ atomic structure among all elements. In

elemental form it exists as a ___ molecule and is called ____.
simplest, diatomic, dihydrogen

4.

The atomic form of hydrogen occurs only at very high ____.

Dihydrogen is the product of an ___ reaction between H-atoms.
temperatures, exothermic

5.

Give the reaction between H atoms to produce dihydrogen. What is

the enthalpy of the reaction?
H (g) + H(g) H2 (g) H0 = - 436.4 kJ/mol

6.

As compared to hydrocarbons, hydrogen is a clean fuel. Why?

Answer yourself.

7.

The reaction of hydrogen with water requires ___ to get started.

However, once the reaction starts, it is ___ and ___. Because it is an
exothermic reaction, it is an ideal ___ fuel
energy, rapid, exothermic, rocket

8.

____ forms more compounds than any other element.

Hydrogen

9.

PLACEMENT OF HYDROGEN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

Hydrogen has electronic configuration of ____. Its electronic
configuration is similar to the outer electronic configuration of ____
metals. On the other hand, like ____, it is short by one electron to
the corresponding noble gas configuration.
1s1, alkali, halogens

10.

Similarity with alkali metals

Like alkali metals, hydrogen forms ___, ___ and ____.
oxides, halides, sulphides

11.

Like alkali metals, hydrogen acts as a ___ (oxidising/reducing)

agent. Oxides of ___ (less/more) reactive metals are reduced by
hydrogen.
reducing, less

12.

Give the ionisation energies for hydrogen, lithium, sodium and

potassium.
Hydrogen: 1312 kJ/mol
Lithium: 520 kJ/mol
Sodium: 495 kJ/mol
Potassium: 418 kJ/mol

13.

Give equations to compare the reducing nature of hydrogen &

alkali metals:
(i)

CuO + 2Na ?

(ii) CuO + H2 ?
CuO + 2Na Cu + Na2O
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
Differences with alkali metals

14.

Differences with alkali metals: Metallic Character: Hydrogen is a

___ while alkali metals are ____.
non-metal, metals

15.

Differences with alkali metals: Atomocity: Hydrogen is ___ while

alkali metals are ____.
diatomic, monoatomic

16.

Differences with alkali metals: Nature of oxides: The oxide of

hydrogen is ___ while oxides of alkali metals are ___.
neutral, basic

17.

Differences with alkali metals: Nature of compounds: Compounds

of hydrogen with halogens are ___ boiling point ___ compounds
while halides of alkali metals are ___ melting point ___ compounds.
low, covalent, high, ionic (or electrovalent)

18.

Differences with alkali metals: Ionisation Energy: Unlike alkali

metals, hydrogen has a very high ___ ___ and does not possess ___
characteristics under normal conditions.
ionization energy, metallic

19.

Similarity with halogens

Similarity with halogens: Ionisation Energy: In terms of ionization
energy (i), hydrogen resembles those of ____. The ionization
energy of Fluorine ___ kJ/mol and of hydrogen is ____ kJ/mol.
halogens, 1680, 1312

20.

Similarity with halogens: Like halogens, hydrogen forms a ___

molecule, combines with elements to form ____ and a large number
of ___ compounds. However, in terms of ____, it is very low as
compared to halogens.
diatomic, hydrides, covalent, reactivity

21.

Similarity with halogens: Compare the ionisation potential of

hydrogen with the halogens.
Hydrogen: 13.5 eV
Fluorine: 17.4 eV
Chlorine: 13.0 eV
Bromine: 11.82 eV
Iodine: 10.43 eV

22.

Similarity with halogens: Give examples to show that hydrogen

forms similar covalent compounds as do the halogens.
CH4 ----- CCl4
SiH4 ----- SiCl4
GeH4 ---- GeCl4

23.

Similarity with halogens: Valency: Hydrogen, like halogens, shows

___ as well as ___, i.e. it forms both electrovalent and covalent
compounds like halogens.
eletrovalency, covalency

24.

Differences with halogens

Differences with halogens: Electronegativity: Hydrogen is ___
(less/more) electronegative than halogens and has less tendency to
form ___ ions unlike halogens, which readily form ___.
less, H-, X-

25.

Differences with halogens: Oxides: The oxide of hydrogen is ___

while the oxides of halogens are ___.
neutral, acidic

26.

Differences with halogens: Absence of unshared pair of electrons:

The hydrogen molecule does not have any ___ pair of electrons
while in halogens ___ pair of electrons are present.

unshared, unshared
27.

Look at the figure below to understand the availability of unshared

electrons in halogens.

28.

Hydrogen is not as electropositive as the alkali metals due to its

high ___ ___. Similarly, it is not so electronegative as the halogens
due to its low ___ ___.
ionisation potential, electron affinity

29.

Similarity with carbon

In some respects, hydrogen also resembles carbon of Group IV.
Why?
Because both have half-filled outer shells.

30.

Hydrogen is sometimes referred to as a ____ element since it is

difficult to fix its position in the periodic table. It is best treated as a
Group on its own.
rogue

31.

Similarity with organo-metallic compound

There are a number of similarities between hydrogen and ____
compounds since the groups CH3 and H have one remaining ___.
organometallic, valency

32.

Loss of electron from the hydrogen atom results in nucleus (H +) of

the size ~ ___. This extremely small compared to normal atomic
and ionic sizes of ___ to ___ pm. As a consequence, H + does not

exist ____ and is always associated with other atoms or molecules.

Thus, it is unique in behaviour and is, therefore, best placed ___ in
the periodic table.
1.5 x 10-3 pm, 50, 200, freely, separately

33.

ABUNDANCE OF HYDROGEN
Hydrogen constitutes ___% of the total mass of the universe. It is
the principal element in the ___ atmosphere.
70, solar

34.

The giant planets, Jupiter and Saturn, consist mostly of ___.

However, due to its light nature, it is less abundant in the earths
atmosphere about ___% by mass. However, in the combined
form, it constitutes ___% of the earths crust and the oceans.
hydrogen, 0.15, 15.4

35.

ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN
Hydrogen has three isotopes: ____, ____ and ____.
protium, deuterium, tritium

36.

Deuterium is known as ___ hydrogen.

heavy

37.

In the year 1934, an American scientist, ___ ___ ___, got Nobel
Prize for separating hydrogen isotope of mass number 2 by
physical methods.
Harold C. Urey

38.

The predominant form of hydrogen is ____. Terrestrial hydrogen

contains ____% of deuterium mostly in the form of HD. The
tritium concentration is about 1 atom per ___ atoms of protium.
protium, 0.0156, 1018

39.

Among the isotopes of hydrogen, only ___ is radioactive and emits

___ (high/low) energy ___ particles. Its half-life (t1/2) is ___ years.
tritium, low, beta-, 12.33
40.

Since the isotopes of hydrogen have the same electronic

configuration, they have almost the same ____ properties. The only
difference is in their ____ of reaction, which is mainly due to their
different ___ of bond association.
chemical, rates, enthalpy

41.

The isotopes of hydrogen differ considerably in their physical

properties due to their large ___ differences.
mass

42.

DISCOVERY OF HYDROGEN
Hydrogen was discovered by ___ ___ in 1766 by the action of acids
on metals. It was named ___ ___.
Henry Cavendish, inflammable air

43.

The name hydrogen was given by ____. Hydrogen means water

maker (hydra = water; gennas = maker)
Lavoisier

44.

LABORATORY PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN

How can dihydrogen be prepared in the laboratory?
(i)
By the reaction of granulated zinc with an acid.
(ii)

45.

By the reaction of zinc with aqueous alkali

What are the impurities present in the laboratory preparation of

dihydrogen?
AsH3, PH3, H2S, SO2, CO2

46.

How are AsH3 and PH3 removed during the lab preparation of
dihydrogen?
By passing through a solution of silver nitrate.

47.

How is the impurity H2S removed during the lab preparation of

dihydrogen?
By passing through a solution of lead acetate.

48.

How are the impurities SO2 and CO2 removed during the lab
preparation of dihydrogen?
By passing through a solution of KOH.

49.

How is dihydrogen produced in the lab, dried?

By passing over phosphorous pentoxide or over calcium chloride.

50.

Why is concentrated sulphuric acid not used in the lab preparation

of dihydrogen? The reaction between zinc and conc. sulphuric acid:
H2SO4 + H2 ?
(conc.)

Because a part of the acid gets reduced to sulphur dioxide by the

dihydrogen.
H2SO4 + H2 2H2O + SO2
(conc.)

51.

Why is concentrated HCl not used in the production of dihydrogen

in the laboratory?
(i)
The hydrogen produced contains fumes of the volatile HCl.
(ii)

Zinc chloride formed is insoluble in concentrated HCl. It forms a

coating on zinc and the reaction stops after some time.
Zn + HCl ZnCl2 + H2

52.

Why is conc nitric acid not used in the production of dihydrogen in

the laboratory?
Nitric acid is an oxidising agent. The nascent hydrogen first produced
reduces nitric acid into various oxides.

53.

Give reaction to show the oxidation of nascent hydrogen by nitric

acid:
(i)

2HNO3 + 2H ?

(ii) 2HNO3 + 6H ?
2HNO3 + 2H 2NO2 + 2H2O
2HNO3 + 6H 2NO + 4H2O
54.

Dilute sulphuric acid does not react with pure zinc. Why?
This is because the initially formed hydrogen forms a thin layer on the
surface of zinc, which prevents further reaction.

55.

The addition of a few drops of ____ acid or ___ ___ brings about a
reaction between pure zinc and sulphuric acid. This is because
when a little copper sulphate is added, a thin layer of ___ is formed
on the zinc surface. Zinc-copper ____ reacts readily with dilute
acid.
chloroplatinic, copper sulphate, copper, couple

56.

PREPARATION OF PURE HYDROGEN

Pure hydrogen is prepared by the electrolysis of ____ solution using
___/___ electrodes. The gas liberated is passed over a heated ___
gauze to remove oxygen, if present as an impurity. The gas is then
passed over ____ to dehydrate it.
barium hydroxide [Ba(OH)2], platinum, nickely, platinum, phosphorous
pentoxide

57.

Barium hydroxide is preferred to sodium hydroxide or potassium

hydroxide in the preparation of pure hydrogen because, in the
process, if carbon dioxide is absorbed, the ___ ___ produced, being
___, settles down and does not interfere with the electrolytic
process.
barium carbonate, insoluble

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58.

Pure hydrogen is also obtained by the action of water on ___.

Sodium Hydride

59.

Pure hydrogen is also obtained by the action of water on sodium

hydride. The equation for this reaction is: NaH + H2O ?
NaH + H2O NaOH + H2

60.

Very pure hydrogen is also produced by the ____ method.

Uyenos

61.

Give the Uyenos reaction.

2Al + 2KOH + 2H2O 2KAlO2 + 2H2

62.

Pure hydrogen is also prepared by the action of pure dilute

sulphuric acid on ____ ribbon. Give equation.
magnesium
Mg + H2SO4 (dil) MgSO4 + H2

63.

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN

(i) Electrolysis of water
How is dihydrogen commercially produced? What kind of
electrodes are used? Is any catalyst used?
Dihydrogen is commercially produced by the electrolysis of water.
The electrodes are of platinum.
Trace amounts of acids/alkalis serve as a catalyst

64.

In the electrolysis of water, the anode and the cathode are

separated by ____ diaphragm.
asbestos

65.

Give equation for the electrolysis of water.

2H2O (l) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

66.

Give the reactions occurring at the anode and cathode in the

11

electrolysis of water using acid as catalyst.

At cathode:
2H+ + 2e 2 H H2
At anode:
OH- OH + e
4OH 2H2O + O2
67.

In the electrolysis of water using sulphuric acid as catalyst,

sulphate ions are not discharged on the anode. Why?
Because the discharge potential of sulphate ions is more than that of
hydroxyl ions.

68.

Give the reactions occurring at anode and cathode when a base is

used as a catalyst in the electrolysis of water.
At anode:
4OH- 2H2O + O2

69.

?? (page 218)
(ii) Electrolysis of barium hydroxide solution
How can high purity (> 99.95%) dihydrogen be obtained
commercially? What is the electrode used?
By electrolysing warm aqueous barium hydroxide solution between
nickel electrodes.

70.

(iii) Hydrogen by Chlor-alkali process

Hydrogen is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of
sodium hydroxide. What is the process known as?
Chlor-alkali process

71.

Give the reaction involved in the chlor-alkali process.

Anode: 2Cl- (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2 eCathode: 2H2O () + 2 e- H2 (g) + 2OH- (aq)
Overall: 2Na+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) + 2H2O () Cl2 (g) + H2 (g) + 2Na+

12

(aq) + 2OH- ()
Complete reaction:
2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)

72.

(iv) Hydrogen from Coke (coal gasification)

How can hydrogen be produced from hydrocarbons or coke? What
are the conditions required (two conditions)?
Hydrogen can be produced by the reaction of hydrocarbons or coke
with steam.
High temperatures (1270 K) are required.
Catalyst (nickel) is required.
CnH2n + 2 + nH2O n CO + (2n + 1) H2
For example, CH4 (g) + 4H2O (g) CO (g) + 3 H2 (g)

73.

The mixture of CO and hydrogen is called ___ ___. As this mixture

is used for the synthesis of ___ and a number of hydrocarbons, it is
also called ___ ___ or ___.
water gas, methanol, synthesis gas, syngas

74.

Nowadays, syngas is produced from ____, saw-dust, scrap wood,

newspapers, etc. The process of producing syngas from coal is
called ____ ____.
sewage, coal gasification

75.

Give the reaction for coal gasification. What is the temperature at

which the reaction takes place?
C (s) + H2O (g) CO (g) + H2 (g)
Temperature = 1270 K

13

76.

The mixture of (CO + H2) is known as ___ ___.

water gas

77.

What is the water gas shift reaction? What is the catalyst used?
What is the temperature at which the reaction proceeds? What are
the advantages of this reaction?
When carbon monoxide of syngas mixtures is reacted with steam in the
presence of iron chromate as catalyst, the reaction is known as water
gas shift reaction.
The catalyst used is iron chromate.
Temperature = 673 K
Advantage: The production of dihydrogen is increased in this reaction.

78.

Give the equation for the water gas shift reaction.

CO (g) + H2O (g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g)

79.

How is the carbon dioxide removed from the water gas shift
reaction?
By scrubbing with sodium arsenite solution.

80.

(v) Lanes Process

In the Lane process for the commercial production of dihydrogen,
steam is passed over hot ____. _____ is formed along with
hydrogen. The temperature is maintained between ___ and ___ deg
C. This reaction is called ____ reaction and the time allotted for
this reaction is about ___ min.
iron, Fe3O4, 550, 800, gassing, 10

81.

Give equation for the Lanes process the gassing reaction.

14

3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2

(steam) (magnetic oxide)

82.

In the Lanes process, iron is regenerated by reducing magnetic

oxide with ___ ___. This reaction is called ___ and the time allotted
for this reaction is about ____ min. The iron recovered is again
used.
water gas, vivifaction, 20

83.

Give the equation for vivifaction.

Fe3O4 + 4CO 3Fe + 4CO2
Fe3O4 + 4H2 3 Fe + 4H2O

84.

To make the Lanes process continuous, ___ and ___ reactions are
carried out alternatively using two or more furnaces.
gassing, vivifaction

85.

(vi) BOSCH PROCESS

Commercial hydrogen is also produced by the Bosch process.
Water gas is produced by passing steam over hot ___ at ___ deg C.
The temperature is not allowed to fall below ___ deg C.
coke, 1000, 1000

86.

Give equation for the Bosch process.

C + H2O CO + H2
(water gas)

87.

In the Bosch process, water gas is mixed with twice its volume of
___ and passed over a mixture of ___ ___ and ___ ___ heated to 500
deg C. Carbon monoxide is then oxidised to ____ ____. Give
equation.
steam, ferric oxide, chromium oxide, carbon dioxide
catalyst

H2 + CO2 + H2O CO2 + 2H2

88.

In the Bosch process, the carbon dioxide produced is then dissolved

15

in water under pressure of about ___ atmospheres. Traces of

carbon monoxide present are removed by passing the gas through
___ ___ ___ solution under a pressure of ____ atmospheres.
25-30, ammoniacal cuprous chloride, 200
89.

The hydrogen produced by the Bosch process is utilised for the

synthesis of ___ in which traces of CO acts as a ___ for the catalyst.
ammonia, poison

90.

In the Bosch process, to completely remove CO, the gas is passed

over ____ catalyst. Give equation.
nickel
CO + 3H2 CH4 + H2O

91.

(vii) Steam Reforming process for hydrogen production

Commercial hydrogen is also produced on a large scale by the ___
process. This is a recent method.
steam-reforming

92.

In the steam-reforming process, steam and ____ from natural gas

or petroleum react at high temperature and pressure in the
presence of a catalyst to form ___ ___ and ___. Natural gas mainly
consists of ___.
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, methane

93.

Give equation for steam-reforming process.

Ni-Cr

CH4 + 4H2O CO + 3H2

8200C
Ni-Cr

CO + H2O CO2 + H2
94.

In the steam-reforming process, the temperature is ____ deg C.

Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are removed by the method

16

adopted in the ___ process.

800 900, Bosch

95.

(viii) Hydrogen directly from hydrocarbons

Hydrogen can be directly obtained from hydrocarbons by ___ ___
or ___. Give equation.
partial oxidation, cracking
cracking

CH4 C + 2H2
10000C
cracking

C2H6 2C + 3H2
cracking

CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH = CH2 + H2

96.

(ix) Other methods for commercial production of hydrogen

Hydrogen is also obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of
___ ___ by the chlor-alkali process (described previously). These
reactions are carried out in what is known as a ___ cell or ___ cell.
sodium hydroxide, Nelson, Castner-Kellner

97.

Hydrogen is also obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of

sodium by the electrolysis of fused ___ ___ by the ___ process.
sodium hydroxide, Castner

98.

Relatively small quantities of hydrogen are obtained by passing a

____ (ratio) mixture of vapourised ___ and water over a base metal
____ type catalyst at ___ deg C. Give equation for the reaction.
1:1, methanol, chromite, 400
4000C

CH3OH CO + 2H2
catalyst
4000C

CO + H2O CO2 + H2
catalyst

17

99.

These days, about ___% of commercial hydrogen is produced from

petrochemicals, ___% from coal, ____% from electrolysis of
aqueous solutions and ___% from other sources.
77, 18, 4, 1

100.

OTHER REACTIONS THAT YIELD HYDROGEN

Cold water reacts with alkali and alkaline earth metals to evolve
___. The reactions are ____. To minimise the rate of reaction, alkali
metals are used in the form of ____. By adopting this procedure,
only a small ____ of the metal is exposed, which reduces the rate of
the reaction.
hydrogen, vigorous, amalgam, surface

101.

Give the reaction of alkali metal with cold water:

2 Na (Hg) + 2 H2O ?
(Sodium amalgam)

2 Na (Hg) + 2 H2O 2NaOH + H2

(Sodium amalgam)

102.

Give the reaction when hot water or steam is passed over hot
metals like Zn, Fe, Co, Mn, Cr, Sn.
(i)

Zn + H2O ?

3Fe + 4 H2O ?
Zn + H2O ZnO + H2
(ii)

3Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + 4 H2

103.

Ionic hydrides, on hydrolysis, evolve hydrogen. Give the reactions.

(i)

NaH + H2O ?

(ii)

LiH + H2O ?

(iii) CaH2 + 2H2O ?

NaH + H2O NaOH + H2
LiH + H2O LiOH + H2

18

CaH2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + 2H2

104.

Ionic hydrides, on hydrolysis, evolve hydrogen. In these reactions,

the ___ ion is oxidised to hydrogen. These reactions may be
regarded as ___ reactions.
hydride, acid-base

105.

Sodium borohydride reacts with water to evolve ____. The equation

for the reaction is: NaBH4 + 2H2O ?
NaBH4 + 2H2O NaBO2 + 4H2

106.

Methane reacts with steam at ___ (low/high) temperatures in

presence of a suitable catalyst to produce ___ and ____. Give the
reaction.
hydrogen, carbon monoxide
CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2

107.

Hydrogen from alkalis

Give reactions for the production of hydrogen from alkalis. (Metals
= Zn, Al, Sn, Pb, Si)
(i)
Zn + 2 NaOH ?
(ii) 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O ?
(iii) Sn + 2 NaOH + H2O ?
(iv) Pb + 2 NaOH + H2O ?
Zn + 2 NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
Sodium zincate

2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2

Sodium meta-aluminate

Sn + 2 NaOH + H2O Na2SnO3 + 2H2

Sodium stannate

Pb + 2 NaOH + H2O Na2PbO3 + 2H2

Sodium plumbate

19

Si + 2 NaOH + H2O Na2SiO3 + 2H2

Sodium silicate

108.

Very pure hydrogen is obtained rapidly by the action of caustic

potash on scrap ____. This method is known as the ___ method and
is used for ___ purposes.
aluminium, Uyenos, military

109.

A mixture of CO + H2, irrespective of their composition, is called

___ ___ or ___ gas.
Synthetic gas, Syn

110.

Syn gas can also be produced from ___, sawdust, scrap wood,
newspaper, etc. The process of producing syn gas from coal is called
___ ___.
sewage, coal gasification

111.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN

Comment on the physical properties of hydrogen with respect to:
(a) Colour (b) Odour (c) Taste (d) Combustion (e) density
compared to air and (f) solubility in water.
(a) Colourless (b) Odourless (c) Tasteless (d) Combustible (e) lighter
than air (f) Insoluble in water.

112.

The melting point of hydrogen is ____ deg C.

-259

113.

Hydrogen is only slightly soluble in water about ___ volumes in 100

volumes of water.
2

114.

Certain metals like ____, platinum, iron, cobalt, etc. can ___ large
quantities of hydrogen. The adsorbed hydrogen is called ____
hydrogen and is ___ (less/more) active than ordinary hydrogen.
palladium, adsorb, occluded, more

20

115.

Palladium can adsorb ____ times its own volume of hydrogen.

1000

116.

The adsorption of hydrogen by certain metals is used for the ___ of

hydrogen because only ____ ____ is adsorbed.
purification, pure hydrogen

117.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN

The chemical behaviour of dihydrogen, as with any other molecule,
is determined, to a large extent, by bond ____ ____.
dissociation enthalpy

118.

The H-H bond dissociation enthalpy if the ____ (lowest/highest) for

a single bond between two atoms of any element. It is because of
this factor that the dissociation of dihydrogen into its atoms is only
about ____% at around 2000 K and increases to ____% at 5000K.
highest, 0.081, 95.5

119.

Hydrogen is relatively inert at room temperature because of the

high H-H ___ ____. For this reason, atomic hydrogen can be
produced only at a high temperature in an ___ ___ or under ____
radiations.
bond enthalpy, electric arc, ultraviolet

120.

Since the s-orbital of a hydrogen atom is incomplete with 1s 1

electrons, it combines with almost all elements. How does it do so?
(i)
By loss of electron to give H+

121.

(ii)

Gain of electron to form H-

(iii)

Sharing of electrons to form a single covalent bond

(a) Combustion
The reaction of dihydrogen with dioxygen is highly ____
(exothermic/endothermic). Give equation for the reaction.

21

exothermic
catalyst or heating

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O () H = - 285.9 kJ/mol

122.

(b) Reaction with halogens

Hydrogen combines directly with non-metals like halogens, oxygen,
sulphur, nitrogen, etc. to give stable ____ compounds.
covalent

123.

Give chemical equation for reaction of hydrogen with halogens.

H2 (g) + X2 (g) 2HX (g) (X = F, Cl, Br, I)

124.

How is the reaction of hydrogen different for fluorine and iodine?

With fluorine reaction proceeds even in the dark. With iodine, a catalyst
is required.

125.

Hydrogen reacts with chlorine in the presence of ___ or on heating.

It reacts with bromine on ____.
sunlight, heating

126.

(c) Reaction with nitrogen

Hydrogen reacts with nitrogen to give ___ in the presence of ___
catalyst and a pressure of ____ atm at ___ deg C. The reaction is
used in the preparation of ___ by the ____ process.
ammonia, iron, 200, 500, ammonia, Haber

127.

128.

The reaction between hydrogen and ammonia in the Habers

process is: 2H2 (g) + N2 (g) ?
2H2 (g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g) H = - 92.6 kJ/mol
(d) Reaction with metals, metal ions & metal oxides
Hydrogen is not a very ____ element. The H-H bond dissociation
energy for hydrogen is ____ kJ/mol and is the highest for a single
bond between two atoms of any element.
reactive, 436

22

129.

Hydrogen is only 0.081% dissociated at 2000 K and 6.5% at 5000K.

Therefore, most of the reactions of hydrogen occur at ___
temperatures. Give reaction
high
5000K

H2 (g) 2H (g)
130.

At ___ temperatures, hydrogen reacts with alkali metals to produce

metal hydrides. These are ____ compounds that conduct electricity
in the fused state.
high, electrovalent
H2 (g) + 2 M (g) 2MH (s); where M is an alkali metal

131.

Hydrogen reduces some metal ions in ___ ___ and oxides of metal
(less active than ___) into corresponding ____.
aqueous solution, iron, metals

132.

Give the reaction of dihydrogen with metal ions and metal oxides.
(i) H2 (g) + Pd2+ (aq) ?
(ii) yH2 (g) + MxOy ?
H2 (g) + Pd2+ (aq) Pd (s) + 2H+ (aq)
yH2 (g) + MxOy xM (s) + y H2O ()

133.

(e) Reaction with organic compounds

Hydrogen reacts with many organic compounds in the presence of
catalysts to give useful ____ products of commercial importance.
hydrogenated

134.

____ of vegetable oils using nickel as catalyst gives edible fats.

Hydrogenation

135.

____ of olefins yields aldehydes, which further undergo reduction

23

to give alcohols.
Hydroformylation
136.

Give two reactions to show the hydroformylation of olefins:

(i)

H2 + CO + RCH = CH2 ?

(ii) RCH2CH2CHO + H2 ?
H2 + CO + RCH = CH2 RCH2CH2CHO
RCH2CH2CHO + H2 RCH2CH2CH2OH
137.

Comment on the reactions of dihydrogen with chlorine, sodium and

copper (II) oxide.
Answer yourself (See page 279 of NCERT Book)

138.

(f) Reaction with sulphur

Hydrogen combines with sulphur on ____ to produce ___ ___.
ignition, hydrogen sulphide
H2 + S H2S

139.

(g) Reaction with carbon

Hydrogen combines with carbon at ___ deg C to form ____ in small
amounts.
1200, methane
C + 2H2 CH4

140.

(h) Reducing reactions of hydrogen

Hydrogen has a great ____ for oxygen. Hence, it is used to reduce
oxides of ___ (less/more) electropositive metals. Some reactions are:
(i)

PbO + H2 ?

(ii)

CuO + H2 ?

(iii) Fe3O4 + 4H2 ?

affinity, less
PbO + H2 Pb + H2O
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O

24

Fe3O4 + 4H2 3Fe + 4H2O

141.

(i) Reaction with carbon monoxide

Hydrogen reacts with carbon monoxide at about ____ K and under
high pressure and in presence of a catalyst (____) to form ___.
700, ZnO/Cr2O3, methanol

142.

(j) Hydroformylation of olefins to aldehydes

Olefins combine with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the
presence of ____ as catalyst under ___ (low/high) temperature and
pressure to form ____, which can be further reduced to ___.
octacarbonyldicobalt (Pronounce: octa-carbonyl-di-cobalt) Co2(CO)8,
low, aldehyde, alcohol

143.

Give equation for hydroformylation of olefins:

H2

R-CH=CH2 + H2 + CO ?? ??
H2

R-CH=CH2 + H2 + CO RCH2 CH2 CHO RCH2 CH2 OH

144.

USES OF HYDROGEN
The largest single use of dihydrogen is in the synthesis of ___,
which is used in the manufacture of ___ ___ and ___ fertilisers.
ammonia, nitric acid, nitrogenous

145.

A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen in the ratio of ___ is

compressed to ____ atmospheres and passed over a heated catalyst
at ____ deg C. About ___ % ammonia is formed. This reaction is
known as the____ process.
1:3, 200, 500, 8, Habers

146.

Give the equation for the Habers process.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

147.

The catalyst used in the Habers process is ____.

25

Freshly reduced iron having molybdenum as promoter.

148.

Dihydrogen is used in the manufacture of vanaspati fat by the ___

of ____ vegetable oils like soyabean, cotton seeds, etc.
hydrogenation, polyunsaturated

149.

Hydrogen is used in the manufacture of bulk organic chemicals,

particularly ____. In this process, ___ ___ enriched with hydrogen
is compressed to ___ atmospheres and then passed over a catalyst
consisting of ___ and ___ at ___ deg C when the alcohol is
produced.
methanol, water gas, 200, ZnO, CrO3, 300

150.

Give the reaction for the preparation of methanol from hydrogen.

cobalt catalyst

CO (g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH ()

(Note that the catalyst here is different from that given in Arihant)

151.

Hydrogen is used in the manufacture of metal ____. It is also used

in the preparation of hydrogen ____, which is a useful chemical.
hydrides, chloride

152.

In metallurgical processes, dihydrogen is used to reduce ___ metal

oxides to metals.
heavy

153.

____ hydrogen and ____ torches find use for cutting and welding
purposes. Oxyhydrogen flame produces a temperature of ___ deg
C.
Atomic, oxy-hydrogen, 2800

154.

Atomic hydrogen atoms, produced by the dissociation of

dihydrogen with the help of an ___ ___, are allowed to recombine

26

on the surface to be welded to generate a temperature of ____ K.

Such high temperatures are required to melt substances having
very high melting points such as ___, ___, etc.
electric arc, 4000, quartz, platinum
155.

Dihydrogen is used as a ___ ___ in space research. The density of

liquid hydrogen is very low. It is about ____ gm/lit. Hydrogen also
has the highest ___ ___ amongst all known fuels. The low density
and high calorific value makes is suitable for space travel.
rocket fuel, 0.08987, calorific value,

156.

Look at the figure below to understand the arrangement of fuel

tanks in space shuttles.

157.

Liquid hydrogen storage tank with liquid oxygen is used to power

the main rocket of the ___ ___.
space shuttle

158.

Dihydrogen is used in ___ ___ for generating electrical energy. It

has many advantages over the conventional fossil fuels and electric
power. It does not produce any ___ and releases greater ___ ___ ___
___ of fuel in comparison to gasoline and other fuels.
fuel cells, pollution, energy per unit mass

27

159.

The energy released by hydrogen per gm is ____.

142 kJ

160.

Hydrogen economy means replacing conventional fuels with ___.

hydrogen

161.

Hydrogen is used for creating a reducing atmosphere in processes

like ___ and ___.
annealing, deoxidising

162.

With helium, hydrogen is used for filling balloons employed for ___
___.
atmospheric study

163.

164.

One major use of hydrogen is in the ____ industry.

petrochemical
HYDROGEN-OXYGEN FUEL CELL
The fuel cell was invented by ___ ___. It differs from the ordinary
cell in that the reactants are not contained within the cell but
supplied to it from an ___ ___.
William Grove, external reservoir

165.

The fuel cell contains porous ____ electrodes impregnated with

metal catalysts usually ___ and an electrolyte consisting of hot
aqueous ___ or molten ____ ___ at 200 deg C. ___ ___ ___ is used
for this purpose these days.
carbon, platinum, KOH, sodium

carbonate, Proton Exchange

Membrane
(We will study fuel cells in Physics. So, not getting into more details. If
it is not covered, we shall cover it later.Ref: O.P. Tandon Inorganic;
Page 223)
HYDRIDES

28

166.

Dihydrogen, under certain reaction conditions, combines with

almost all elements, except ___ ___, to form binary compounds
called ___. A hydride can be expressed as EH x (Eg. MgH2) or EmHn
(B2H5) where E is the element.
noble gases, hydrides

167.

168.

The hydrides are classified into three categories. Name them.

(i)
Ionic or saline or salt-like hydrides.
(ii)

Covalent or molecular hydrides.

(iii)

Metallic or non-stoichiometric hydrides.

Look at the Periodic Table below and understand the distribution

of different types of halides.

169.

IONIC HYDRIDES
Ionic or saline hydrides are ____ compounds of dihydrogen formed
with most of the ___ elements, which are highly ___ in character.
However, significant ___ character is found in the ___ metal
hydrides such a LiH, BeH2, MgH2.
stoichiometric, s-block, electropositive, covalent, lighter

170.

Saline hydrides are compounds of hydrogen with strongly ____

29

metals and some highly positive members of the ____ series.

electropositive, Lanthanide
171.

BeH2 and MgH2 are ____ in structure. They exhibit significant ___
nature.
polymeric, covalent

172.

Preparation of ionic halides

Saline hydrides are generally prepared by heating the metal with
hydrogen under pressure at temperatures between ___ and ___ deg
C.
150, 600

173.

Give reactions showing the preparation of ionic halides. Also

indicate the temperatures at which they proceed.
(i)

2Li + H2 ?

(ii)

2Na/K/Rb/Cs + H2 ?

(iii) Ca/Sr/Ba + H2 ?
2Li + H2 2LiH Temperature = 600 deg C
2Na/K/Rb/Cs + H2 2NaH Temperature = 400 deg C
Ca/Sr/Ba + H2 CaH2, SrH2, BaH2 Temperature = 150 300 degC

174.

Physical properties of ionic halides

Ionic hydridies are ___ coloured ____ (crystal structure), _____
(volatility) and ____ (conduction) in solid state. However, their ____
conduct electricity and on electrolysis liberate dihydrogen gas at
the ____, which confirms the existence of H- ions.
greyish, crystalline, non-volatile, non-conducting, melts, anode

175.

Give reaction to show the electrolysis of ionic hydrides.

anode
-

2H (melt) H2 (g) + 2e-

30

176.

Ionic halides have ___ (low/high) melting and boiling points.

high

177.

The density of the ionic halide is ___ (lower/higher) than the

density of the metal from which they are formed. This is because
the hydrogen ions occupy ___ ___ in the metal lattice.
higher, interstitial spaces

178.

The stability of the saline hydrides ___ (increases/decreases) as the

size of the cation increases.
decreases
Alkali metals: LiH > NaH > KH > RbH > CsH
Alkaline earth metals: CaH2 > SrH2 > BaH2

179.

Chemical properties of ionic halides

Saline hydrides react ___ with water producing ____ gas. The
reaction is: NaH (s) + H2O (aq) ?
violently, dihydrogen
NaH (s) + H2O (aq) NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)

180.

The reaction of saline hydrides with water means that they can be
used as a source of hydrogen gas where transportation of hydrogen
gas is ____.
impractical

181.

Saline hydrides burn in air on strong heating due to their ___ into
metal and hydrogen. Both readily combine with ___.
decomposition, oxygen

182.

Give equations for the burning of saline halides:

(i)

2MH ?

(ii)

MH2 ?

31

where M is the metal

2MH 2M + H2
MH2 M + H2
183.

Give the reaction of saline hydrides with ethyl alcohol:

LiH + C2H5OH ?
LiH + C2H5OH C2H5OLi + H2

184.

Give the reaction of saline hydrides with carbon dioxide:

LiH + CO2
LiH + CO2 HCOOLi

185.

___ ___ metal hydrides and LiH combine with nitrogen when
heated in its atmosphere. The reactions are:
(i)

6 LiH + N2 ?

(ii) 3CaH2 + N2 ?
Alkaline earth
6 LiH + N2 2 Li3N + 3H2
3CaH2 + N2 Ca3N2 + 3H2
186.

Saline hydrides show ____ (reducing/oxidising) properties. The

reactions are:
(i)

2CO + NaH ?

(ii) Fe3O4 + NaH ?

reducing
2CO + NaH HCOONa + C
Fe3O4 + NaH 3Fe + 4NaOH
187.

____ ____ (a saline hydride) is rather unreactive at ____

temperatures with oxygen or chlorine. It is, therefore, used in the
synthesis of other useful hydrides. Some examples are:

32

(i)

8LiH + Al2Cl6 ?

(ii)

2LiH + B2H6 ?

(iii) 2NaH + B2H6 ?

Lithium hydride, moderate
8LiH + Al2Cl6 2LiAlH4 + 6 LiCl
2LiH + B2H6 2LiBH4
2NaH + B2H6 2NaBH4

188.

Uses of ionic hydrides

Ionic hydrides are used as ___ agents, as ___ fuels and for ready
synthesis of hydrogen by ___.
reducing, solid, hydrolysis

189.

COVALENT HYDRIDES
Covalent hydrides are molecular compounds in which hydrogen is
___ bonded to another element.
covalently

190.

Preparation of covalent hydrides

Covalent hydrides are formed by all the true ____ (except ___
Group elements) and elements like ___, ___, ___, ____, gallium,
bismuth, polonium, etc., which are normally metallic in nature.
non-metals, zero, aluminium, tin, lead, antimony

191.

Give some reactions for the preparation of covalent hydrides.

(i)

N2 + 3H2 ?

(ii)

X2 + H2 ?

(iii)

Al4C3 + 12H2O ?

(iv)

CaC2 + 2H2O ?

(v)

Mg3N2 + 6H2O ?

33

(vi)

FeS + 2HCl (dil.) FeCl2 + H2S

(vii) Ca3P2 + 6H2O 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3

?

(viii) SiCl4 + LiAlH4 ?

?

(ix)

4BCl3 + 3LiAlH4 ?
?

(x)
(i)

GeCl4 + LiAlH4 ?
N2 + 3H2 2NH3

(ii)

X2 + H2 2HX where X = halogen

(iii)

Al4C3 + 12H2O 4 Al(OH)3 + 3CH4

(iv)

CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

(v)

Mg3N2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3

(vi)

FeS + 2HCl (dil.) FeCl2 + H2S

(vii) Ca3P2 + 6H2O 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3

Ether

(viii) SiCl4 + LiAlH4 SiH4 + LiCl + AlCl3

Ether

(ix)

4BCl3 + 3LiAlH4 2B2H6 + 3AlCl3 + 3LiCl

Ether

(x)
192.

GeCl4 + LiAlH4 LiCl + AlCl3 + GeH4

Dihydrogen forms molecular compounds with most of the ___

elements. Examples are CH4, NH3, H2O and HF. For convenience,
hydrogen compounds of non-metals have also been considered as
___. Being covalent, they are ___ compounds.
p-block, hydrides, volatile

193.

Except for third group elements, the simple mononuclear hydride is

of the general formula ____, where x is the number electrons
present in the outermost orbit of the element.
MH8-x

34

194.

The simplest covalent hydride of Boron and Gallium are ___ while
the hydride of aluminium is ____.
dimeric (B2H6), polymeric (AlH3)n

195.

Classification of covalent hydrides

Molecular (covalent) hydrides are further classified according to
the relative numbers of electrons and bonds in their ___ structure.
These classifications are (i) ____ hydrides (ii) ___ hydrides, and (iii)
____ hydrides.
Lewis, electron-deficient, electron-precise, electron-rich

196.

An electron-deficient hydride has ___ ___ electrons for writing its

conventional ____ structure. ___ (___) is an example. In fact, all the
elements of Group ____, will form electron-deficient compounds.
These compounds act as Lewis ___, i.e. electron ____.
too few, Lewis, Diborane, B2H6, 13, acids, acceptors

197.

Electron-precise hydrides have the required number of ___ to write

their conventional ___ structures. All elements of Group ___ form
such compounds (eg. ___), which are ____ in geometry.
electrons, Lewis, 14, methane, tetrahedral

198.

Electron-rich hydrides have excess electrons, which are present as

___ ___. Elements of Group ____ to ___ form such compounds.
Ammonia has ___ lone pair, water has ___ lone pairs while HF has
___ lone pairs.
lone pairs, 15, 17, one, two, three

199.

Electron-rich hydrides behave as Lewis ___, i.e. electron ____. The

presence of lone pairs of highly electronegative atoms like N, O and
F results in the formation of ____ bond between molecules. This
leads to the ___ of molecules.

35

bases, donors, hydrogen, association

200.

Properties of covalent hydrides

Would you expect the hydrides of N, O and F to have lower boiling
points than the hydrides of their subsequent groups? Give reasons.
Answer yourself.

201.

On the basis of molecular masses of ammonia, water and HF, their

boiling points are expected to be ____ (lower/higher) than those of
subsequent group member hydrides. However, due to higher ____
of N, O and F, the magnitude of ___ ___ in their hydrides will be
quite appreciable. Hence, the boiling points of ammonia, water and
HF will be ___ (lower/higher) than the hydrides of their subsequent
group members.
lower, electronegativity, hydrogen bonding, higher

202.

The thermal stability of covalent halides in a group ____ (increase/

decreases) as the electronegativity decreases with an increase in size
of the central atom.
decreases
NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3

203.

Some covalent hydrides act as reducing agents. An example of such

a reaction is:
4AgNO3 + SiH4 ?
4AgNO3 + SiH4 4Ag + Si + 4HNO3

204.

Uses of covalent hydrides

Covalent hydrides are used as high energy ___ and ___.
fuels, propellants
METALLIC HYDRIDES

36

205.

Metallic hydrides are compounds containing a ___ metal and

hydrogen. Commonly, the formula of these compounds is MH x,
where x is not an ___. Metallic hydrides are so called because they
are electrically ___.
transition, integer, conducting

206.

Metallic or non-stoichiometric (or ____) hydrides are formed by

___ and ___ elements. However, the metals of Group ___, ___ and
___ do not form hydride. Even from Group 6, only ___ forms a
hydride.
Interstitial, d-block, f-block, 7, 8, 9, chromium

207.

The region of the periodic table from Group 6 to 9 is referred to as

the ____ ____.
hydride gap

208.

Metallic hydrides are prepared by ___ hydrogen directly at

appropriate temperatures by metals. In some cases, the metals are
used as ____ in the electrolysis of aqueous solutions so that
hydrogen evolved at the ___ is adsorbed.
adsorption, cathodes, cathode

209.

The composition of these hydrides may not correspond to simple

whole number ratios and, therefore, they are called ____ hydrides.
Their composition varies with the conditions of ___ and ___.
non-stoichiometric, temperature, pressure

210.

Non-stoichiometric composition of metallic halides shows that the

hydrogen atoms occupy some but not all ___ sites in the metallic
lattice. Often hydrogen atoms enters the holes in ____ amounts.
interstitial, non-stoichiometric

211.

Metallic halides are black ___, ___ substances with metallic lustre

37

and ___ properties.

powdery, hard, magnetic
212.

Metallic halides are ___ (good/bad) conductors of electricity.

However, the conductivity ___ (increases/decreases) with increase
in temperature.
good, decreases

213.

The density of these hydrides is ___ (lower/higher) than those of

metals from which they are formed since the crystal lattice ___ due
to the absorption of hydrogen.
lower, expands

214.

Metallic hydrides conduct heat and electricity though not as

efficiently as their ____ metals do. Unlike saline hydrides, they are
almost always ____, being deficient in ___. For example LaH 2.87,
YbH2.55, TiH1.5-1.8, ZrH1.3-1.75, VH0.56, NiH0.6-0.7, PdH0.6-0.8, etc. In such
hydrides, the law of constant composition does not hold good.
parent, non-stoichiometric, hydrogen, constant composition

215.

Earlier it was thought that in metallic hydrides, hydrogen occupies

____ in the metal lattice producing ____ without any change in its
type. Consequently, they were termed as ____ hydrides. However
recent studies have shown that except for hydrides of ___, ___, ___,
and ___, other hydrides of this class have a lattice that is ___ from
that of the parent metal. The property of absorption of hydrogen
on transition metals is widely used in ___ reduction/hydrogenation
reactions for the preparation of a large number of compounds.
interstices, distortion, interstitial, Ni, Pd, Ce, Ac, different, catalytic

216.

Some transition metals like ___ and ____ can accommodate a very
large volume of hydrogen and, therefore, can be used as its storage

38

media. This property has high potential for ___ storage and as a
source of ___.
Pd, Pt, hydrogen, energy
217.

Can phosphorous with outer electronic configuration 3s 23p3 form

PH5?
Answer yourself. (Page 281 of NCERT textbook)

218.

Although phosphorous exhibits ___ and ___ oxidation states, it

cannot form PH5. Besides some other considerations, high aH
value of dihydrogen and egH value of hydrogen do not favour to
exhibit the highest ___ state of ___, and consequently the formation
of PH5.
+3, +5, oxidation, P

219.

Metal hydrides formed as a result of occlusion can be used as

hydrogen ___ media.
storage

220.

Metallic hydrides are widely used in ___ reduction and ____.

reduction, hydrogenation

221.

Besides ionic, covalent and metallic hydrides, there are two more
types of hydrides, which are called ___ and ___ hydrides.
polymeric, complex

222.

Polymeric

Hydrides

are

formed

by

elements

having

electronegativity in the range of ___ to ___. They are generally ___.

1.4, 2.0, solids
223.

Polymeric hydrides consist of molecules that are held together in

two or three dimensions by ___ ___ (three-center-two-electron
bonds).
hydrogen bridges

39

224.

Complex hydrides contain hydride ions ____ to metal atom.

Examples of complex hydrides are ___, ___, etc.
coordinated, LiAlH4, LiBH4

225.

SPECIAL FORMS OF HYDROGEN

Nascent hydrogen
Hydrogen at the moment of its formation is called ___ hydrogen. It
is ___ (less/more) active than ordinary hydrogen.
nascent, more

226.

Atomic hydrogen
When hydrogen is passed through an electric arc established
between two tungsten filaments, hydrogen is dissociated into ___.
This form of hydrogen is known as ___ ___. This form of hydrogen
is ____ (less/more) active than ordinary hydrogen.
atoms, atomic hydrogen, more

227.

The life period of atomic hydrogen is ___ sec after which it readily
returns to ordinary form. This conversion is highly ___ and is used
for ___ purposes.
0.3, exothermic, welding

228.

Ortho and para hydrogen

Hydrogen molecule is diatomic. The directions of the revolution of
the two electrons around their respective nucleus may either be the
same or opposite. When the directions of revolution are the same,
the hydrogen is known as ____-hydrogen; when it is different, it is
known as ___-hydrogen.
ortho, para

229.

Look at the diagram below to understand the concept of ortho- and

para-hydrogen.

40

230.

Under atmospheric conditions, ordinary hydrogen consists of ___%

ortho hydrogen and ____% para hydrogen.
75, 25

231.

At very low temperatures, (around 20 K), hydrogen has ___%

ortho hydrogen and ___% para hydrogen.
0.18, 99.82

232.

___ (Ortho/Para) hydrogen is more stable than the ___-hydrogen.

Ortho

233.

Pure ___ (ortho/para) hydrogen can be obtained at very low

temperatures. However, pure ___-hydrogen is very difficult to
obtain.
para, ortho

234.

The two forms of hydrogen (Ortho and Para) differ in their

physical properties but show similar ____ properties.
chemical
MORE ON ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN
Owing to different masses, the rates with which the three isotopes
of hydrogen react are different. This type of difference in properties
due to difference in atomic masses is called ___ ___.
isotope effect

41

42

WATER
What is the estimated world water supply in the following sources:
(i) Oceans (ii) Saline lakes and inland seas (iii) Polar ice and
glaciers (iv) Ground water (v) Lakes (vi) Soil moisture (vii)
Atmospheric water vapour (viii) Rivers
(i) 97.33 (ii) 0.008 (iii) 2.04 (iv) 0.61 (v) 0.009 (vi) 0.005 (vii) 0.001
(viii) 0.0001
Water is a ____ (colour) and ___ (taste) liquid.
colourless, tasteless
Why does water have unusual physical properties as compared to
H2S and H2Se?
This is due to extensive hydrogen bonding between water molecules.
This leads to high freezing points, high boiling point, high heat of

43

vaporisation and high heat of fusion in comparison to H2S and H2Se.

In comparison to other liquids, water has a higher ___ heat, ____
conductivity, ____ ____, ____ moment and ____ constant. These
properties allow water to play a key role in the biosphere.
specific, thermal, surface, dipole, dielectric
The high heat of vaporisation and heat capacity of water are
responsible for moderation of the ____ and body ___ of living
beings. It is an excellent ___ for transportation of ions and
molecules required for plants and animal metabolism.
climate, temperature, solvent
Due to ___ ___ with polar molecules, even covalent compounds like
alcohol and carbohydrates dissolve in water.
hydrogen bonding
In the gas phase, water is a ____ molecule with a bond angle of ___
degrees, and O-H bond length of ___ pm. In the liquid phase, water
molecules are associated together by ____ bonds. The ___ form of
water is ice.
bent, 104.5, 95.7, hydrogen, crystalline
Look at the figure below and understand the structure of the water
molecule. Also notice the orbital overlap.

44

At atmospheric pressure, ice crystallises in the ____ form. However,

at very low temperatures it condenses to ____ form.
hexagonal, cubic

Density of ice is ___ (less/more) than that of water. Therefore, ice

floats on water. In winters, an ice formed on the surface of a lake
provides ____ ____, which ensures the survival of aquatic life. This
fact is of great ecological significance.
thermal insulation
Ice has a ___ ___ ___ ___ hydrogen bonded structure. Examination
of ice crystals with x-rays shows that each oxygen atom is
surrounded ____ by four other oxygen atoms at a distance of ___
pm.
highly ordered three dimensional, tetrahedrally, 276
Hydrogen bonding gives ice a rather ___ type structure with wide
holes. These holes can hold some other molecules of appropriate
size ____.
open, interstitially

45

Amphoteric nature of water

Water has an ____ nature it acts as an acid as well as a base. In
the Bronsted sense, it acts as an acid with ___ and a base with ___
____.
amphoteric, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide
Give equation to show the amphoteric nature of water.
H2O () + NH3 (aq) OH- (aq) + NH+ (aq)
H2O () + H2S(aq) H3O+ (aq) + HS- (aq)
Give equation to show the auto-protolysis (self-ionization) of water.
H2O () + H2O () H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
acid 1
(acid)

base-2
(base)

acid-2
base-1
(conjugate acid) (conjugate base)

Common reactions with water

Water can be easily reduced to ___ by highly ____ metals.
Therefore, it is a great source of ____. Give equation.
dihydrogen, electropositive, dihydrogen
2H2O () + 2Na (s) 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)
Water is oxidised to ___ during photosynthesis. Give equation.
oxygen
6 CO2 (g) + 12 H2O () C6H12O6 (aq) + 6 H2O () + 6 O2 (g)
___ also oxidises water to oxygen. Give equation.
Flourine
2F2 (g) + 2H2O () 4H+ (aq) + 4 F- + O2 (g)
Due to high ___ ___, water has a very strong hydrating tendency. It
dissolves many ionic compounds. However, certain covalent and

46

some ionic compounds are ____ in water.

dielectric constant, hydrolysed
Give equations (four) to show the hydrating and hydrolysing action
of water.
P4O10 (s) + 6H2O () 4H3PO4 (aq)
SiCl4 () + 2H2O () SiO2 (s) + 4HCl (aq)
N3- (s) + 3H2O () NH3 (g) + 3 OH- (aq)
Water of crystallisation
Many salts are crystallised from their aqueous solutions as ___
salts. Such an association of water with the salts are of different
types: ____ water, ____ water and ____ water
hydrated, coordinated, interstitial, hydrogen-bonded
Give an example of a hydrated salt with coordinated water of
crystallisation.
Chromium chloride [Cr(H2O)6]3+ 3ClGive an example of a hydrated salt with interstitial water of
crystallisation.
BaCl2. 2 H2O
Give an example of a hydrated salt with interstitial water of
crystallisation.
[Cu(H2O)4]2+ SO42-. 2H2O in CuSO4. 5H2O
How many hydrogen-bonded water molecules are associated in
CuSO4.5 H2O?
Only one water molecule, which is outside the brackets (coordination
sphere) is hydrogen-bonded. The other four molecules of water are
coordinated.

47

Hardness of water
____ water does not form lather with soap. It is caused by the ___,
___ and ___ salts of ___ (metal) and ___ metal.
Hard, hydrogencarbonate, chloride, sulphate, calcium, magnesium
Water free from soluble salts of calcium and magnesium is called
___ water. It easily forms lather with soap.
soft
Hard water forms ____/___ with soap. Soap containing ___ ___
(____) reacts with hard water to precipitate out Ca/Mg Stearate.
Give equation.
scum/precipitate, sodium stearate, C17H35COONa
2C17H35COONa (aq) + M2+ (aq) (C17H35COONa)2M + 2Na+ (aq)
where M = Mg, Ca
Hard water is unsuitable for ___ and forms salts in the form of
____ in boilers.
laundry, scales
Hardness is of two types: ____ hardness and ____ hardness.
temporary, permanent
Temporary hardness
Temporary hardness is caused by the presence of magnesium and
calcium ____.
hydrogencarbonates
Temporary hardness can be removed by: ____ and ____ method.
boiling, Clarks
When water with temporary hardness is boiled, the soluble

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magnesium hydrogencarbonate is converted into insoluble ____ ___

while calcium hydrogencarbonate is converted to insoluble ___ ___.
It is because of high solubility product of ___ as compared to that
of ____ that ____ is precipitated. These precipitates can be removed
by filtration. The filtrate, thus obtained, will be ___ water.
magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2], calcium carbonate [CaCO3],
Mg(OH)2, MgCO3, Mg(OH)2, soft
Give equations for softening of water by boiling.
Heating

Mg(HCO3)2 Mg(OH)2 + 2 CO2

Heating

Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2

In Clarks method, a calculated amount of ___ is added to hard
water. It ____ out calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide,
which can be filtered off. Give equations.
lime, precipitates
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2 H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + 2 H2O
Permanent hardness
Permanent hardness is caused due to the presence of soluble salts of
magnesium and calcium in the form of ___ and ___ in water.
Permanent hardness is not removed by ___.
chlorides, sulphates, boiling
Name four methods for removing permanent hardness.
(i)
Treatment with washing soda (sodium carbonate)
(ii)

Calgons method

(iii)

Ion-exchange method

(iv)

Synthetic resins method

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(i) Removal of permanent hardness: Treatment with washing soda

Give reactions for softening of permanent hard water with washing
soda.
MCl2 + Na2CO3 MCO3 + 2NaCl; M = Mg, Ca
MSO4 + Na2CO3 MCO3 + Na2SO4
(ii) Removal of permanent hardness: Calgons method
In Calgons method for softening water with permanent hardness,
___ ___ (___), commercially called ____ is added to hard water.
The ____ ____ keeps the magnesium and calcium ions in solution.
sodium hexametaphosphate, Na6P6O18, calgon, complex anion
Give the reactions involved in the Calgons method.
Na6P6O18 2Na+ + Na4P6O182 M = Mg, Ca
M2+ + Na4P6O182- [Na2MP6O18]2- + 2Na
(iii) Removal of permanent hardness: Ion-exchange method
The ion-exchange method is also called the ___/___ process.
zeolite, permutit
Hydrated ___ ___ ____ (___) is zeolite/ permutit. When this is
added in hard water, ____ reactions take place.
sodium aluminium silicate, NaAlSiO4, exchange
For the sake of simplicity, sodium aluminium silicate can be written
as NaZ. Then, give reaction of ion-exchange method.
2NaZ (s) + M2+ (aq) MZ2 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq)
M = Mg, Ca
In the ion-exchange process for softening water, permutit/ zeolite is
said to be exhausted when all the ___ in it is used up. It is
regenerated for further use by treating with an aqueous ___ ___
solution.
sodium, sodium chloride

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Give equation for regeneration of permutit/zeolite in the ionexchange method of softening of water.
MZ2 (s) + 2NaCl (aq) 2NaZ (s) + MCl2 (aq)
(iv) Removal of permanent hardness: Synthetic resin method
In the synthetic resins method, hard water is softened by using ___
___ ___. This method is more efficient than the ___ process.
synthetic cation exchangers, zeolite
Synthetic resins method: Cation exchange resins contain ___ ___
molecule with ___ group and are water ____ (soluble/insoluble). Ion
exchange resin (RSO3H) is changed to RNa by treating with ___.
The resin exchanges ___ ions with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in
hard water to make the water soft. Here R is resin anion. The resin
can be regenerated by adding aqueous ___ solution.
large organic, -SO3H, insoluble, NaCl, Na+, NaCl
Synthetic resins method: Give equation.
2RNa (s) + M2+ (aq) R2M (s) + 2Na+ (aq)
De-mineralised water
Pure de-mineralised water (de-ionized) water free from all soluble
mineral salts is obtained by passing water successively through a __
___ (in the ___ form) and an ___ ___ (in the ___ form) resins.
cation exchange, H+, anion exchange, OHDe-mineralized water: In the first stage of the cation exchange
process, ___ exchanges for ___, ___, ___ and other cations present
in water. This process results in ___ release and, thus, makes the
water ____.
H+, Na+, Ca+, Mg2+, proton, acidic
Give equation involved in cation exchange stage while producing

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pure de-mineralized water.

2RH (s) + M2+ (aq) MR2 (s) + 2H+ (aq)
In the second stage the anion exchange process - ___ exchanges
for anions like ___, ____, ____, etc. present in water. ___ ions, thus,
liberated neutralise the ___ ions set free in the cation exchange.
OH-, Cl-, HCO3-, SO42-, OH-, H+
De-ionised water: Give equation for the second stage (anionexchange stage).
RNH2 (s) + H2O () RNH3+.OH- (s)
RNH3+.OH- (s) + X- (aq) RNH3+.X- (s) + OH- (s)
De-ionised water: Give equation for neutralisation in second stage.
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O ()
De-ionised water: The exhausted cation and anion exchange resin
beds are regenerated by treatment with ___ ___ and ___ solutions
respectively.
dilute acid, alkali
PAGE 221: Tandon: Industrial Applications
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