Juan Victor M.

Gamo
BI 101.1 X3
January 8, 2014
PRE-LABORATORY: Integumentary and Musculo-Skeletal Systems

I.

Sources

Identify the functions of the following:

A. Integumentary System
o This serves as the outermost covering of the body and a protective
layer anchored by the skin and all its derivations and associations.
These include hair, scales, setae and feathers. In addition, this also
functions in protection against abrasion, barrier against bacterial
invasion, moisture & fluid regulation, among others.
B. Muscular System
o The muscular system is the sequences of muscles throughout the
body that allows motility to the skeleton, upholds posture through
firm contraction, and generates heat through cell metabolism
C. Skeletal System
o This is a supportive system that provide rigidity and structure to the
body. The bones provide surfaces for attachment of the muscles
and protection for susceptible body organs.
D. Frog Nictitating Membrane
o The nictitating membrane is a protective, semi-transparent third
eyelid. It serves as goggles for frogs when they are underwater
and provides them protection needed when they are out of the
water.
E. Frog Tympanic Membrane
o Also known as the frogs eardrum, the tympanic membrane is
located behind the frogs eyes and allows the frog to detect sound
vibrations in their environment.
F. Frog Cutaneous Membrane
o Frogs can breathe using three respiratory surfaces, and one of them
is the skin. This is called cutaneous breathing. The cutaneous
membrane provides a crucial alternative for gas exchange in
salientians. Cutaneous breathing is useful, most especially, during
their winter hibernation.
G. Frog Chromatophores
o These are branched cells containing pigments that may be located
in one centralized area or diffused throughout different positions to
control skin coloration. Three types of frog chromatophores
(xanthophores, iridophores & melanophores) allow for different
color variations in a frogs skin. Most frogs can conveniently
regulate their color according to their environment, for camouflage
purposes.
H. Swollen thumbs of male frogs
o Also known as the nuptial pad or nuptial excrescence, it is a
cutaneous secondary sexual characteristic, developed on the
ventrolateral aspect of the first digit (the thumb) of the male frog.
This structure aids the males in gripping females during amplexus,
or the mating process of frogs.

Hickman, Roberts, & et.al. (2014). Support, Protection, and Movement. In Integrated
Principles of Biology (Sixteenth ed., pp. 547-553; 630-650). New York: McGraw-Hill
Education.
Frog Dissection. (n.d.). Retrieved January 7, 2015, from
http://froggylab.weebly.com/integumentary-system.html
Muscular System. (n.d.). Retrieved January 7, 2015,
from http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/muscular-system