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Vectors Summary
Vectors Summary
Length of projection L= | AB AD |
B
Projection vector AC = ( AB AD ) AD
Foot of perpendicular = OC =OA+AC
[OR = | AB AD | ]
L
|
m
||
m
|
2
1
the two lines.
(iii) Acute angle between two planes:
n n
= cos 1 1 2 where n1 and n2 are the individual normals to the two
| n1 || n 2 |
planes respectively.
(iv) Acute angle between a line and a plane:
mn
2
|
m
||
n
|
a b = [| a || b | sin ] n
Laws of cross product:
(i) a b = (b a )
~
(iii) a a = 0
Applications:
(i)
Area of triangle=
1
| ab |
2
b
(ii) If four points A, B, C and D are coplanar, then | AB AC | AD = 0
3. Equation of lines:
Representations:
a
d
(i) r = b + e (parametric form) OR r = a + m (condensed form)
c
f
(ii)
xa y b z c
=
=
(cartesian form)
d
e
f
4. Equations of planes:
Representations:
(i) r = a + m1 + m2 (parametric form)
(ii) r n = a n (scalar product form)
(where n = m1 m2 , a is the position vector of a point lying on the plane. )
(iii) ax + by + cz = k (Cartesian form)
(where a, b and c are the components of the normal vector to the plane)
5. Skew lines:
Two lines with equations r = a + m1 and r = b + m2 are said to be skew lines
if they DO +OT intersect at a common point and m1 is +OT PARALLEL to m2 .
6. Determining if line resides in plane:
A line with equation r = a + m is said to reside in the plane r n = k if
(i) m n = 0 (ii) a n = k
k1
k
+ 2 if k1 and k 2 are of different signs
|n| |n|
(ii)
k2
k
1 if k1 and k 2 are of the same signs
|n| |n|
1 + 3 + 1
3 + 3 = 6
1 + 1
1 + 3 + + 9 + 3 + 1 + = 6
12 + 4 = 4
3 + = 1 = 1 3
2
0
= 1 + 0 (shown)
1
1
B. If both planes are presented in Cartesian form:
Example: x + y + z = 9 ----------(1)
x y + z = 1 ----------(2)
(1)+(2): 2 z = 10 z = 5
Let y = t and substituting this together with z = 5 into (1),
We have x = 4 t
Equation of line of intersection is
x 4 t 4 1
r = y = t = 0 + t 1 (shown)
z 5 5 0
a1
r b1 = d1 ,
c
1
a1
a2
a
3
a2
r b2 = d 2
c
2
b1
c1
b2
b3
c2
c3
a3
r b3 = d 3
c
3
d1
d2
d 3
After reducing the augmented matrix to its row reduced equivalent using the
RREF function of the graphic calculator, 3 possible scenarios arise:
A. The planes intersect at one point, ie there is a unique solution to the matrix.
Example:
4
2 1 1
2 2 3
1
4 2
1
4
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 2
0 0 1 4
2 2 2
1
1 2 1 5
1 6 4
2
1 0 0.5 0
0 1 0.75 0
0 0
0
1
For the third row in the reduced form matrix, 0=1, giving rise to a contradiction,
hence there is no common point to the 3 planes, ie they DO +OT intersect.
2 2 2
1
1 2 1 5
1 6 4 8
1 0 0.5 3.5
0 1 0.75 0.75
0 0
0
0
3
3
3 3
z= y= + z
4
4
4 4
7 1 7
x 2 2 2
2
3 3 3 1
Let z = , then r = y =
+
=
+ 3
4
4
4
4
z
0 1 0
4
7
2 2
3
Therefore, the three planes intersect at the line r=
+ t 3 , where t =
4
4
0 4