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Vroom Postmedieval Ceramics
Vroom Postmedieval Ceramics
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CHAPTER
k?tahya
Post-Medieval
Historical
the
between
llnes:
as
Ceramics
Information
byjoanita Vroom
that the designation "Ottoman pottery" is not used here, although this
term is sometimes associated with the production of finewares in 16 th- to
Note
me
to
post-medieval
vations and surveys: Richard Hodges
in southern
of the Butrint Project
Vassilis Aravantinos,
Direc
Albania;
tor of the 9th
of Prehistoric
Ephorate
and Anthony
Project;
on
Cyprus;
and
Furthermore,
I thank Machiel
Davies
My
research was
by the Packard
suggestions.
supported
Humanities
financially
Institute.
Instead, I
19th-century Turkey (e.g., in Iznik, K?tahya, and ?anakkale).
as a
more neutral term
the
ceramics"
general designa
prefer
"post-medieval
tion for pottery finds from about themid-15th through the 18th centuries.
Here
research
concerning
area
post-medieval
ceramic
finds
from
excavations
in the
72
JOANITA
VROOM
shapes and the history of dining habits during post-medieval times, a topic
that I have explored elsewhere and that presents an excellent opportunity to
combine evidence from the analysis of archaeological artifacts, fromwritten
sources, and from the pictorial representation of dining scenes.2 Instead, I
RESEARCH ON POST-MEDIEVAL
THE AEGEAN
The
First
Pioneers:
Waag?
and
CERAMICS
IN
Frantz
The
a
chronology.Most importantwas Frantz's recognition of locallymade type
of tin-glazed majolica that she called "blue and white painted ware," but
which today is known as local "majolica fromGreece" (discussed inmore
detail later in this chapter).5
More
Period
Recent
on
Ceramic
the
Greek
Finds
of the
Post-Medieval
Mainland
Bakirtzis in
time, excavations by the Greek archaeologist Charalambos
a
new
to
the
stimulus
Thrace
and
Macedonia
study of pottery
provided
from this period on theGreek mainland. In particular, his publications of
3.Waag?
4. Frantz
5. See
1933.
1942.
also Vroom
2003,
p. 173.
post-medieval
ceramics
as
historical
information
73
J.Vroom.
Scale 1:2
an
ceramics fromDidymoteichon,
importantThracian production center
were
during the post-medieval period,
groundbreaking.6
Here, for the first time, previously unknown locally produced wares
dating from the 15th century to the 19th century were presented. Most
various shapes and unglazed domestic vessels, such as chamber pots and
on the shoulder. Two
jugs with spouts
glazed jugs with rosettes in relief
on the outside looked similar to
inwestern
types produced at ?anakkale
was confirmed
Didymoteichon
by the discovery of two kilns, several potter s
tools, and much kiln waste datable to the early 19th century in a building
site just outside the townwalls.
6. Bakirtzis
Vroom
2003,
1980,1984;
p. 184, with
see also
further
literature.
7. Vroom
literature.
2003,
p. 71, with
further
74
JOANITA
VROOM
Arta was one such production center of glazed wares where traditional
to survive in
post-medieval times. Its red-bodied, lead
methods managed
8. Vavylopoulou-Charitonidou
1981-1982,1984.
post-medieval
ceramics
as
historical
information
75
4***i
Figure 4.4 (above). Athens: Local
imitation of amajolica trefoil-mouth
jug (AthenianAgora P1902). Cour
tesy of theTrustees of theAmerican
of Classical Studies atAthens
School
excavations
during
Street. J.Vroom. Scale
dou
at
Boeotia
rural
sites, recovered
Project.
J.Vroom.
Pelopi
1:3
the
by
Scale 1:4
9. See
Papanikola-Bakirtzi
pp. 249-265.
10. Frantz 1942, p. 2.
1999,
see Vroom
(forthcoming)
examples.
Vavylopoulou-Charitonidou
ceramics inGreece,
the influence of Italian pottery technology of the
one can
for
distinguish
Renaissance period (such as tin-glazed majolica from northern Italy or
ware from the
polychrome sgraffito
region around Venice). The Italian
even appears to be imitated in Greece. Finds of imitations of
majolica
not
always
clear.
76
JOANITA
Ceramic
Finds
of
the
Post-Medieval
Period
VROOM
in
Constantinople/Istanbul
The
modern
wares
pottery types prevalent between 1500 and 1650. The period from 1700 to
1850 was poorly represented. This phase, however, provided a convenient
break between the earlier ceramic finds (late 15th tomid-17th centuries)
and the later ceramic finds (18th to early 20th centuries).
In the absence of numismatic evidence, itwas mainly
less, one of the most striking new features in the post-medieval deposits
were
was the total absence of
probably replaced
large amphoras, which
was
the replacement of thin-walled,
by wooden barrels. Noteworthy also
wares came to
predominate (ca. 60%-80% of finds). The glazes of
glazed
the local wares were generally dark-toned and applied directly to the clay
body (though
common
on
a white
the domestic
slip
was
not
wares.
13. Hayes
1981,1992.
post-medieval
ceramics
as
historical
information
jj
0.24 m,
base Diam.
0.10 m,
and declining
The 18th-century increase in the proportion of glazed wares from the
Sara?hane excavations is largely explained by the partial glazing of formerly
were
spouted jugs from this time onward. New shapes, however,
for
bowls
mostly unglazed:
example, high-stemmed drinking
(goblets),
so-called
and
two-handled
(the
ibrik),
tall,
spouted jugs
flagons.
unglazed
Finds
Ceramic
the
Little
Greek
14.
Hayes
15. Vroom
1992, p. 233.
literature. See
(e.g., majolica,
Iznik
ware,
ware);
K?tahya ware,
and Deliyianni-Dori,
ware).
Greek
of
Islands
the
and
Post-Medieval
Period
in
on Cyprus
and in the
these parts
rule. One might expect to find imported
pottery from Italy in these Venetian outposts and colonies of this period.
Very few Renaissance ceramics from theWest have been published until
of Greece were under Venetian
now, however, although one can suspect that ceramics of the Renaissance
were
to the
are
period
Aegean. Exceptions
exported from Italy
publica
tions of some occasional pieces of 15th- to 16th-century graffito,arcaica
78
JOANITA
VROOM
aswell as
ing kitchenware
imported tableware from Italy and Turkey), but
thematerial was unfortunately very fragmentary.16A helpful addition was
the publication of six well-preserved
15th- to 16th-century tin-glazed
finds were
The
pits. According toMegaw, the Syrian finds illustrated the flourishing trade
between Cyprus and theNear East, "when Syrian merchants, circumventing
the Papal Edicts which prohibited Christians from trading in the ports of
the Saracen enemy, transported theirmerchandise to Cyprus for re-ship
ment inChristian vessels to theWest."20
vonWartburg-Maier
recently, the archaeologist Marie-Louise
of
the
tablewares
Ottoman
period found on
published additional imported
at Kouklia.21 She distinguished 15
Cyprus, this time in Swiss excavations
More
of post-medieval material, we
16.Hahn 1989,1997.
17.Hahn 1991.
18. MacKay
19. Megaw
1996.
1951.
20. Megaw
1951, p. 145.
21. Von Wartburg-Maier
2001.
See
as
Paphos
inwestern
Cyprus;
and Vallauri
2001,
Fran?ois
ceramic
for post-medieval
pp. 539-546,
finds from a survey around Potamia
Ayios
Sozomenos
in central
Cyprus.
POST-MEDIEVAL
CERAMICS
AS
INFORMATION
HISTORICAL
79
not
quite premature?to speakwith any certainty about the distribution and the
quantities of pottery finds of the 15th-18th centuries in theAegean area,
let alone to compare the results from various survey projects inGreece.
In addition, hardly any attention has been paid until now to ceramics
thatwere imported during the post-medieval period into theAegean region
We know
from other parts of theMediterranean, such asmajolica from Italy.
in
that Italian majolica probably reached theAegean
large quantities, but
of a
Fragment
a local
in
storage jar
post-medieval
fabric, recovered
by the Kythera
Figure
Island
4.8.
Kythera:
Project.
J.Vroom. Scale
1:3
POST-MEDIEVAL
HISTORICAL
CERAMICS
INFORMATION
and provide
AS A SOURCE
OF
extensive.
Research
into
these
wares,
however,
was
until
recently
not
Mediterranean.24
centers
at
produced throughout theOttoman empire medium-sized
or in small local
and
therefore
have
remained
workshops,
unpublished
were
22. Vroom
23. Laudable
pp. 138-177.
areTite
exceptions
2005,
to an
archaeology.
24. Aslanapa,
1989.
pathways
Yetkin,
and Altun
are unknown. As has been demonstrated in the first part of this chapter,
we now have evidence for pottery production during Ottoman
times in
Athens, Didymoteichon, Arta, Thessaloniki, Veroia, and Trikala, but this
distribution, of course, only hints of the places where we may find evidence
of production
in the future.
8o
JOANITA
VROOM
When
an
was
explicitly symbolized through the
expansion of theVenetian Republic
distribution of itsmaterial culture.26The Lion of St.Mark iswidely found
as a
Gilkes
26. Soustal
2004.
et al. 2000;
POST-MEDIEVAL
CERAMICS
AS
HISTORICAL
INFORMATION
excavations
Vroom
city. J.
Baptist).
8l
ceramics include
one
(among various examples,
depictions of the Lion of St.Mark
two sgraffito
a
might note majolica plate from Stari Bar inMontenegro and
are now in the Ca' d'Oro inVenice and in theMuseo
which
fragments,
as well
we
Hydra,
however, is one of the fewwho has written about bacini of the post-medieval
period inGreek churches.29
Museum
27. See,
Vroom
2003,
e.g., Goldthwaite
pp. 293-295.
28. Vroom
literature;
2003,
1989;
p. 45, with
see also
Korre-Zographou
further
for some
1995, pp. 69-76,
bacini of the post-medieval
Greece.
examples
period
of
in
Godart,
2006.
82
JOANITA
VROOM
Street.
Pelopidou
J.Vroom.
Scale 1:3
excavations
J.Vroom.
Street.
more
thrived
Street.
J.Vroom.
Scale 1:3
p. 226.
CERAMICS
POST-MEDIEVAL
AS
INFORMATION
HISTORICAL
83
REVENUE
Households
487
1466
900
Ca. 1506
1540
1570
1,467
1,497
Production
Wheat
(per Household)
1540
660 kg
666 kg
1570
229 ak?e
296 ak?e
Sheep
1506
1,100
1540
2,100
1570
12,000
336,000 ak?e
24 per household
34 per household
Production
Cotton
Silk
22,000 ak?e
50,400 ak?e
1540
2,460 bales
1570
4,060 bales
24,360 ak?e
1540361 ledre
1570770 ledre
11,200 ak?e
35,000 ak?e
12,300 ak?e
Production
Mills
17mills
1505
22 mills
157031 mills (ofwhich 20 were wool presses)
1540
Market
Dues
and
of
Revenue
1506
1540
1570
Source: After Kiel
Public
Weighing-House
14,000 ak?e
19,000 ak?e
30,000 ak?e
1991, p. 446.
1991, p. 433,
n. 8, and
84
JOANITA
Dating
and
Post-Medieval
Coffee
by Tobacco
Ceramics
VROOM
Pipes
Cups
Apart from finds of tin-glazed pottery fragments, clay tobacco pipes of the
chibouk stylehave become a new dating tool in theAegean since the 1980s.
Such pipes consist of a mouthpiece, a long wooden stem, and a molded
ceramic bowl (Fig. 4.15).
Today it is acknowledged that the study of clay tobacco pipes may
Simpson
1990,
p. 10, and
are
pot
tery finds from stratum 6 might also
centuries and,
be of the 14th-l5th
1985, p. 151. See
Robinson
1983, p. 266 and n. 7 on
Thomas
Dallam's
diary regarding the
36. Robinson
of tobacco
galley
an
a
English
ship and Turkish
at the Dardanelles.
Simpson
1599 and
ports between
Egyptian
1606. Baram
(2000, p. 149) refers to a
text about tobacco use in Istanbul
in
the 1590s, and states that the Dutch
a
as an oppor
treaty from 1612
to launch tobacco
into Turkish
tunity
used
therefore, Mamluk).
exchange
between
and
tobacco
pipes
social
life.
37. Hayes
pp. 391-395
1992,
to the
chronology.
See
also Simpson's
review
cal comments
on
Hayes's
typology.
POST-MEDIEVAL
CERAMICS
AS
HISTORICAL
INFORMATION
85
Trustees
of theAmerican
Studies atAthens.
School of Classical
Scale 1:1
of a woman
figure
smoking
cup and
saucer
and
K?tahya
developed
tobacco pipes
objects"
changes
as
regarded
that show patterns
are
in the Ottoman
inVienna
and Meissen
86
JOANITA
VROOM
manners
beginning of the 20th century, and this change in consumption
had far-reaching effects on the tobacco pipe industry in the East. Although
tobacco was still grown inTurkey and in Palestine, pipes were replaced by
the origins, spread, and social acceptance of the use of these stimulants.
a
point is illustrated by map that shows the density and spread of
coffeehouses inAnatolian villages between 1945 and 1960 (Fig. 4.18).44
This
Other
Means
of Dating
Post-Medieval
Ceramics
have indeed
history. Several archaeological projects in theMediterranean
such as Machiel
benefited enormously from the work of Ottomanists
43.
44.
(1985)
as a new
type of place in the
come
East, where people
together
to engage in social activities. See also
house
Near
Given
zation
Hadjianastassi.
archives to be linked to
archaeological data.46
Still, the data from theOttoman registers provide no easy or straight
forward solution to themany problems we face in post-medieval archaeol
ogy.The Ottomanist Suraiya Faroqhi has warned scholars to be careful in
the interpretation of these tax registers. She suggests that one must take
into account distorting factors such as the conditions of transportation and
communication during the 16th century, as certain taxpayersmay well have
hidden and thus avoided registration. Other problems are connected with
the fact that inmost parts of theOttoman empire the tax registers of the
16th century record very high rates of population growth. Some of these
seem much
period inwhich the registers
towork "with a rather intractable
obliged
documentation."47
a
are
perhaps too pessimistic,48 it is
Although Faroqhi's warnings
tax
to combine the information obtained from the Ottoman
challenge
registerswith actual archaeological data from the sites recorded in them.
In this regard, the information provided by the tax registers sometimes can
travelerswho regularly
be amplified and verified by accounts ofWestern
onward.
Some of these
passed through Greece from the late 15th century
on Ottoman
of villages
Cyprus.
and Marios
1998, p. 17.
1970, fig. 1. Hattox
Beeley
introduces the Ottoman
coffee
Simpson
studies on behalf
projects
in the
Aegean
contribution
to the
and economic
historical
of
geography
in the early 18th century in
and Davis
2005.
Bennet,
Messenia
Zarinebaf,
Unpublished
yet
are Robinson's
work
excava
(e.g., for the British-Albanian
tions at Butrint and for theMallakastra
Regional
Apollonia),
work on
Archaeological
as well as
Cyprus
Archaeological
Project
around
Hadjianastassi's
Survey Project).
Kiel
the dan
(1999b), who recognizes
gers but also the potential profits in
tax
using the
registers.
48. In fact, the registers for Crete at
detailed
mans,
ever
compiled by the Otto
as is shown in Greene
2000
in Zarinebaf,
Bennet,
and Davis
and
2005.
POST-MEDIEVAL
CERAMICS
AS
INFORMATION
HISTORICAL
87
TURKEY
VILLAGESWITH COFFEEHOUSES AS PERCENT OF
TOTAL VILLAGES
:.*...,
.J^vW45
l^S%-765i
SYRIA
L??v]!1
Figure 4.18. Spread of coffeehouses
inAnatolian villages, 1945-1960.
WM
further literature.
2-3 MR
>3
IRAQ
(National ?vorago-2.9)
?fV.,OCT.,1CT
classical
monuments
of Greece;
others
were
more
casual
travelers
was
antiquarian perspective
expressed, for instance, by
the canon of Durham Cathedral, George Wheler, who traveled with his
companion, the French physician Jacob Spon, through Greece in 1676.49
Where
88
JOANITA VROOM
AND UNIDENTIFIED
TABLE 4.2. IDENTIFIED
IN TAX REGISTERS
FOR THE DISTRICTS
VILLAGES
EASTERN AITOLIA
OF LIDORIKI AND VITRINITSA,
Villages
1466
1506
1521
Identified
Unidentified
Problematic
38
14
4
38
14
456 3
38
Total
56
56
56
15
3
1540
41
55
8
16
1570
ca.1780
38
11
54 66
63
1989, table 2.
on contemporary vil
as
as their
specific comments
by such travelers, well
can
be used to support the dating and interpretation
lages and settlements,
of the sherdswe now find in the fields.50
We must also face, however, the difficultpractical problems of relating
ceramics to thesewritten sources. Do we just stop asking questions afterwe
Project.
J.Vroom.
Scale 1:1
How
4.2).
Another
centuries and themore summary character of those of the 17th and 18th
centuries. All kinds of changes can be observed in the lists that are ap
parently not reflected in thematerial finds recovered by archaeologists in
the field.
50. Studies
accounts
using Western
in combination
with
travelers'
contem
are,
porary archaeological
approaches
and Vbutsaki
1991; Davis,
e.g., Bennet
and Bennet
Zarinebaf,
2003;
2004.
Broodbank,
51. E.g.,
also Vroom
2000; Vroom
Bennet,
et al. 1987;
Bommelj?
1998a,
and Davis
pp. 147-158,
see
with
further literature.
from Ottoman
defers
and
iden
tifyingsettlementsin thedistrictsof
Lidoriki andVitrinitsa (in the eastern
area
part of the research
investigated
team inAitolia)
that were
by Doom's
recorded
in 15th-
and
16th-century
registers. See also Kiel 1999b,
in the
fig. 15.8, for settlements recorded
district of Agrafa
(in the northern part
Ottoman
of the research
area).
POST-MEDIEVAL
In
general,
CERAMICS
we
cannot
explain
AS
HISTORICAL
the contrast
INFORMATION
between
the relative
89
abun
some
periods, people used in theirhouseholds nonceramic objects made of
materials such as wood, stone, basketry, and metal.54 This could also have
been the practice in some parts ofGreece (particularly in rural areas) during
Ottoman times, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, reflectingpoorer
standards of living. InAitolia, for instance,we know from village interviews
wooden
Chap.
the Corinthia
and Kythera,
see Ziadeh
9 in this volume;
54. Vroom
1998a,
pp. 20
pp. 151-158.
1996
of roads and
khans
E.g.,
Broodbank
1999.
QO
JOANITA
VROOM
more
Thrace),
tax
a
new
a
registers have opened up world of
possibilities, but also host of new
one
to
is
in
it
the
has
admit
This
that
remains dif
because,
end,
problems.
on
to
to
ficult make the jump from the sherd
the surface
thewritten text in
the archives. It is a stimulating, but perhaps also questionable, characteristic
of some archaeological projects inGreece that theory building tends to
advance farmore rapidly than the slow, tedious, less spectacular work of
establishing solid typologies and chronologies for ceramic types (not least
for coarse wares). So, far from advocating less theory, I believe that the
main task of post-medieval archaeology remains the fundamental work of
further refining the analysis and documentation of pottery finds. Every new
text that becomes available demonstrates the urgency of that task.
POST-MEDIEVAL
CERAMICS
AS
HISTORICAL
INFORMATION
91
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