Fluid Mechanics Review

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fundamental Concepts

Physic Properties: , , , , , ,
Forces on Fluid:
Internal Forces
External Forces

Surface
Volume

Ideal Fluid/Real Fluid

HCMC University of Technology,
15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Statics
Basic Differential Equation:

F grad p = 0

p = p ( x, y , z )

Potential Force:

F = grad

Diff .Eq : grad + grad p = 0

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Statics
Gravity Force:

F = g = gz

Hydrostatics:

p + z = const

z2

Aerostatics:

p2 p1 = gdz
z1

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Statics
Archimedes Buoyancy:

Pz = g W

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Kinematics
Motion classification:
Ideal Fluid

Viscous Friction

Viscous Fluid
Time

Stable

Turbulence

Unstable
Dimension

Laminar

1D, 2D, 3D
Steady/Unsteady

Incompressible/Compressible
HCMC University of Technology,
15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Kinematics
Two methods for the description of fluid motion
Lagrangian Method

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Kinematics
Eulerian Method

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Kinematics
Acceleration of a Fluid Element

du u


a=
=
+ u ( grad u )
dt
t
du x
u x u x
ax =
=
+
ux +
dt
t
x
du y
u y u y
ay =
=
+
ux +
dt
t
x
du
u
u
az = z = z + z u x +
dt
t
x

u x
u x
uy +
uz
y
z
u y
u y
uy +
uz
y
z
u z
u
u y + z uz
y
z

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Kinematics
Relation of System Derivatives to the
Control Volume Formulation

dX
dt

system

X
=
t

+ u n dA
CV

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Kinematics
Continuity Equation

+ div ( u ) = 0
t

Incompressible ( = const):
u x u y u z
+
+
=0
x
y
z
1
1 u
u z
(rur ) +
+
=0
r r
r
z

1D, steady flow: Q1 = Q2

Irrotational/Rotational Flow

1
= rotu
2

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Dynamics
Differential Equations for Ideal Fluid



1
du
(Euler Equations)
F grad p =

dt
Lamb-Gromeko Formulation:

1



u
u2
F grad p =
+ grad
+ 2 u
t
2

Potential Forces

F = grad ,

grad =

grad p

2

u
u
=
grad + +
+ 2 u
2 t

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Dynamics
Irrotational, potential flow

u = grad

u2
+ ++
=C
t
2

Steady flow (integration along a streamline )

u2
++
=C
2
Steady flow (integration along a vortex)
u2
++
=C
2
Steady flow (integration along a normal to the streamline)

u2
( + ) =
n
R
HCMC University of Technology,
15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Dynamics
Gravity, ideal, incompressible fluid:
Irrotational, potential flow

p u2
+ gz + +
=C
t

Steady flow (integration along a streamline )

u2
gz + +
=C

2
p

(Bernoulli Equation)

Steady flow (integration along a vortex)

u2
gz + +
=C

2
p

Steady flow (integration along a normal to the streamline)

p
u2
gz + =

R
n
HCMC University of Technology,
15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Dynamics
Equations of Motion for Viscous Fluid
(Navier-Stokes Equations)

1

du
2

F grad p + u + grad (divu ) =
3
dt

2
2
2
= 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
2

Incompressible Flows:

divu = 0

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Dynamics
Energy Equation
Diff. Formulation

~
dE
dQ
= Pm + Ps +
dt
dt

Int. Formulation

d u2
e + dw =

dt
2
W

Fudw +
W

ndA

Gravity, incompressible, steady flow:

V12
p2
V22
z1 +
+ 1
= z2 +
+ 2
+ hf

2g
2g
p1

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

qndA

Fluid Dynamics
Momentum Equation

( u )
dw + u (u n )dA

t
W

F = Qout outVout Qout outVout


F =

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional/Non-dimensional Quantities
Fundamental Dimensions/ Derivative Dimensions

[a ] = Ll M mT t
Buckingham Theorem

a = f (a1 , a2 , ..., an 1 )

k fundamental dimensions

= f (1 , 2 , ..., s 1 ), s = n 1

Dimensionless Parameter

ak + i
i = 1 2 k
a1 a2 ...ak

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Dimensional Analysis
Significant Dimensionless Group in Fluid Dynamics
Reynolds number:

Re =

Cavitation number:

Ca =

Froude number:

Weber number:

Mach number:

Inertia Force
VL VL
=
=
Viscous Force

p pv
1
V 2
2
Inertia Force
V
Fr =
=
Gravity Force
gL

V 2 L
Inertia Force
=
We =
Surface Tension Force

M=

Inertia Force
V
=
Force due to Compressibility c

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics

Similarity
Geometric Similarity
Kinematically Similarity
Dynamically Similarity
Each dimensionless group has the same value
in the model and in the prototype

HCMC University of Technology,

15/09/200957:020 Fluid Mechanics