SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

INTRODUCTION
Shearing forces are not placed in straight line forces which pushing one part of a body
in one direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction. When the
forces are placed in straight line into each other, they are called compression forces.
Bending moment is the reaction occur in a structural element when an external force
is applied to the element causing the element to bend. For equilibrium, the moment
created by external forces with distance must be balanced.

Bending
moment

Shear
force

OBJECTIVES

To understand the reaction between the shear force and bending moment for a
beam under various loads.
To determine the type and size of a structural member.
To handle the structural member designing easily.
To avoid any unexpected damage in future.

THEORY
Relationship between shear force and bending moment
1. The maximum bending moment occurs at a section, where the sheaf force is
either zero or changes sign from +ve to -ve. This is an important relation
which helps us in obtaining the maximum values of bending moment.
2. The rate of change of bending moment at any section, is equal to the shear
force at that section.

Shear force sign convention

Bending moment sign convention

If clockwise bending moments are taken as negative, then a positive bending moment
within an element will cause "sagging", and a negative moment will cause "hogging".

Application in real life

Bending moment and shear diagrams are used all the time by engineers design
bridges, buildings, boats, cars, planes and any type of structure that has to resist
forces. Using these diagrams the type and size of a member of a given material can be
easily determined.

RESULT
Load : 100gram
Distance

Load applied to balance beam

(gram)

W1

W2

X1 = 0.15m

50

150

X2 = 0.10m

50

100

X3 = 0.05m

140

50

Load : 50gram
Distance

Load applied to balance beam

(gram)

W1

W2

X1 = 0.15m

70

70

X2 = 0.10m

70

50

X3 = 0.05m

110

20

Load : 100gram
Distance

Force (N)
( mass x 9.81)

W1 (N)

W2 (Nm)
( Force x distance)

X1 = 0.15m

0.981

1.4715

0.1472

X2 = 0.10m

0.981

0.981

0.0981

X3 = 0.05m

0.981

0.4905

0.0491

Load : 50gram
Distance

Force (N)
( mass x 9.81)

W1 (N)

W2 (Nm)
( Force x distance)

X1 = 0.15m

0.4905

0.7358

0.0736

X2 = 0.10m

0.4905

0.4905

0.0491

X3 = 0.05m

0.4905

0.2453

0.0245

Safety
I.
II.

When doing experiment you must wear a fastened lab coat.

Long treasures or jeans must be wear that cover all your legs.

III.

Keep your work area tidy and clean up any water spills on the floor.

IV.

Report all accidents and all incidents to lecturer.

Health
I.
II.
III.

Your health must be in good condition.

Must be ready to carrying out the experiment.
Foods and drinks are prohibited.

Precaution
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

Avoid disturbance from the surroundings.

Make sure that your hands must not disturb the balance level of the beam.
It is good practice to see the balance level of the beam from a certain distance.
Avoid reading error.
Make sure that the beam is in the balanced position then take the readings.

DISCUSSION
We can see that the difference of the load weight is quite large in balancing the beam.
The difference of the load weight is caused due to the shifting the loads (front portion)
to other line in every sub-reading. When we shift a known load weight (front portion)
from one line to another, the unknown load weight are added to the two suspensions
lines until the beam is equilibrium.

CONCLUSION
From the result obtained, we can conclude that the bending moment is at maximum
when the shear force is zero. Other than that, the beam will become less stable if the
loads are not positing in exact middle line. The beam will become balance when the
sum of the clockwise moment same as the sum of the anticlockwise moment. It is
proved when the loads (front portion) are move close to the center point of beam, the
load weight at the middle suspension line become high in order to balance the beam.

REFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_force
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending_moment

PROCEDURE
1. Set up all the equipment properly.
2. There have different metal weights which is useful to make the beam balance.
100g, 50g, 20g, & 10g.
3. There have three different portions in this experiment. First have three beam
lines in the front portion which is use for hanging loads. Secondly have a
suspension beam line in the middle portion and lastly have a suspension beam
line in last portion.
4. Take three load hangers and put in each portion.
5. Make sure the load hanger is placed in first beam line of the front portion in
first reading.
6. In this experiment, have two reading sets. In the first reading set, the front load
weight must be maintained which is 100g. In the second reading set, the front
load weight also must be maintained which is 50g.
7. Now balances the beam by apply loads to the both suspension beam lines.
8. After balancing, record the weight of all the three load hangers.
9. Remove all the loads from the middle and last load hangers.
10. Now move the load hanger (front portion) from first beam line to second beam
line. Remember the weight of the load must be maintained.
11. Observe the stability of the beam and it will show unstable.
12. Now follow the steps of 7-9.
13. After that, move the load hanger (front portion) to third beam line and it will
show unstable.
14. Repeat the steps of 7-9.
15. The first reading set is finished and now going to second reading set (last
reading set).
16. As mentioned earlier, the front load weight must be maintained which is 50g.
17. Do the methodology from step 7-14 and experiment is finished.

APPARATUS

Beam lines

Beam

( X1, X2, X3 )

Suspension beam lines

( W1, W2 )

Load hanger

A set of metal weights

APPENDIX