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Table of Contents
Designation

Group

(comparable) docummentation
refer to designation

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Secondary thermal relay

Secondary thermal relay
Overcurrent relay
Overcurrent relay
Overcurrent relay

4 8 .2
4~8.3

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4.8.4
4.8.5
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4.8. 1
4.8.4

4.8.4

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Directional earth fault'relay

Insulation supervision relay
Generator/Mains
.
Controller Power line

4.8:6

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Synchronizirgunit
Overvo1tage relay
Frequency relay
Reverse power relay
Secondary thermal relay

4.8. 1

Th~rmal overload relay

Thermal overload relay
Thermal overload relay
Thermistor motor protection
Control gear Custorapid

4.8. 14
4.8. 14
4.8. 14
4.8. 14

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,orsitzender des Aufsichtsrates:Or.lng.HerbertGassert' Vorstand:Prot,Or,-Ing,HansWegesin(Vorsilzender),Dr.-lng,Lt:dwigSChiweck,Oipl.-Wirtschaftsir'.

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RATINGEN . Reg,'Gerich!:

AATINGEN ' HRB 55

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Telegramm/Cables
Fernkopierer (Fax

(021 02) 2041

Konlen 1Accounts

Commerzbank

8565 123
Caloremag Ratingen
(02102) 204547

in Ratingen

Oeulsc,le Bank 6912 000 (~)LlI Bank Code 30U 700 10)
Dresdner Bank 3020903 (B121 Bank Code 300800001

6303

562

(BLl 1Bank Code 30040000)

Secondary Thermal
Relays type ST
for a. c. or d. c.

4 .8.1

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For overlo<ld protectior

in electrical installations
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BROWN, BOVERI &.CO., LTD., BADFN, SWITZERLAND

Contents
Notes'

Page

A.

Purpose

B.

Properties

C.

Design and principle

Thermal part . . "
Tripping characteristics.
Instantaneous limit-current
Front plate

5
8
13
14
14
14
14

,
trip

Signals.. . , . . .
Contacts. . . . , .
Casing and terminals
D, Settings

on the relay
14
15
15
16

Time constant (choice, setting, measurement)

. , . . . , .
Set current
Temperature rise for pick-up,
,
Instantaneous limit-current trip

...

E. Specia'

designs

Description of relays type's STa, STb, STc, STd, STe, STf, STh, STi, STm,
STn, STp, STr, STg, STk, STs. ,
Table showing contact connections

F. Tableoftypedesignations.. . ,.
G. Application
<::hoiceof scales

.,..,.....,....,..

Determining

..

limit-current

Short-circuit
Series trip

f~,,\, -

the numbers of relays per circuit-breaker,

trip

....
.........
strength

Current-transforn,er tripping.
Protection of machines with special cooling
Protection of machines for short-time loading

H. Testing. , . , . . . " . '. . . , .', . . . ,

I.

Accessories
Auxiliary currenttransformers
Current-limitingresistor,

. .

16
17

19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
21

Serieschoke. . .
C.T.tripunit . . .

21
21
21
21

Ordering instructions

22

..

23

Weights and prices

24

Technical data

Thermal time constantsof J)arls of installations

Cable ....

26
26
26
27

Circuit diagrams

28

Dimensions. . .

35

Three-phase motors
Synchronous
Transformers.

machines

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.
,

-...

BROWN,

BOVERI & CO., LTD., BADEN,

SWITZERLAND

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Notes
A. Purpose

...

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The secondary thermal relay type ST is used for

overload protection of electrical equipment of all
kinds, such as machines, transformers, cable, etc.
Evenwhen the load is variable, its temperature rise
closely follows that of the object or part of the instal!atlon being protected. When the set temperature rise is exceeded, the relay actuates its contact
and thus closes a warning or tripping circuit. Until
this limit Is reached, It permits any load and thus
allows full advantage to be taken of the thermal
capacity of the protected object.
~vercurrent relays are not suited to this task as
they do not take into account the thermal properties
of the protected object.
The secondary thermal relay type ST is also
equipped with an overcurrent relay independent of
the thermal part, which picks up immediately a set
current is exceeded. This Is known as the IImitcurrent trip and may be used for instantaneous
short-circuit protection or, in conjunction with a
separate time-lag relay, for overcurrent-time protection (see examples of connections on page 28).
The a. c. design of the relay is intended for connection to currtlnt transformers having a secondary
current of 5 A, while the d. c. version is connected
to a shunt, or parallel to the winding of a machine
with the voltage drop at fulll.oad of at least 1.75V.
Definition

of temperature

()

57! IS V
Fig. 1
Secondary thermal relay type ST
in cI'.ing .for flush mounting
with reu connection
a

Signal reset button

rise

The temper:Jture rise which concerns the rdlay is

the difference between the temperature of the protected object when loaded and the ambient temperature.

B. Properties of the Secondary Thermal Relay type ST

The relay offers the following features:
It is a good thermal overload protection and renders superfluous such foreign elements as thermocouples, detectors, auxiliary leads, etc., in the protected object.
It indicates the momentary temperature rise and
is thus a means of checkin~ the temperature of the
protected object at any time without any special instruments.
It indicates the maximum temperature rise by
means of a pointer which can be reset after reading.
Simultaneously it affords short-circuit protection
by means of an overload element which can be set

-4-

over a wide range; this is known as th) limitcurrent trip.

It can be adapted to the protected object over a
wide range since the thermal time r;onstants are
variable between 20 and 110 min.
It has a very low consumption.
It has a visiole signal both for the thermal and
overload trip.
The type designation
is ST. Changes in the
internal connection and certain special designs are
denoted by additional small letters (see page 16,
Special designs).

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c. Design and Pr.nciple

Thermal part
The secondary thermal relay type ST contains a
thermal element for overload protection and an
overcurrer.t relay for short-circuit
protection.
The thermal element comprises the measuring
system
(consisting of a pile of bimetal strips), a
heat storage element (metal plates, the number

and thickness of which d. .termlne the time constant

of the relay) and a heat.~r element which carries
the input current and heats the bimetal element and
t~e storage element. Thp. measuring system, heat
storage and heater elem 3nt3 are all enclosed in a
jacket r to prevent radiat on (see Fig. 3).
At its upper end the measuring
system transmits its linear expansion, proportional to the tem-

Fig.2

Internal connection
of secondary thermol relay type ST
q
Fill. 3

Legend
a
a'
b
c
d
e
t
g
h

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m
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a
q

Secondary thermal relay type S T

with casino removed

for Fill. 2 and 3

Temperature rise scale

Maximum pointer
Pointer for setting pick-up temperature
Signal of limit-current trip
Contact at thermal t"p
Internal contact
Scale tor setting limit-curren, trip
Test terminals
Setting resistor
Reset knob tor maximum pointer
Signal at thermal t:lp
Contact tor limit-current trip
Front plate
Note at setting
Scrp.w plug of tpst terminals
Screw to balance current setting
JBdet to prevent radiation

perature, through an insulating bar to the temperature rise pointer a (Fig, 3), In the normal design of
relay the measuring system is supported through
an insulating rod in a bimetal strip which compensates for any change in the ambient temperature
under all conditions likely to be experienced in
service. Thus the relay indicates the temperature
rise of tfJe protected object, or 3 proportional value.
The lower bearing of the measuring system is fitted
with an adjustable screw \. ith which, in the normal
rise pointer can be set
design, the temperature
exactly to zero when the relay is clead and quite
cold. This correction
must be undertaken with

rise

-5.
...

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BROWN, BOVERI & CO., LTD., BADEN, SWITZERLAND

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great care alld should be checked when the relay

is overhaul(' i (see Operating Instructions).
A red pointer a' (Fig. 3), carried forward by the
temperature rise pointer, indicates the maximum
temperature rise reached by the protected objecL
It can be reset by m'eans of the button i (Fig. 3).
The measuring
element actuates the temperature rise pointer a (Fig. 3) and on the trip contact d
through a differential gear. On reaching the pick-up
temperature rise, the contact operates with a snap
action and actuates the signa' k for thermal trip,
The pick-up temperature
rise can be set on the
setting spindle when the reset button of the
maximum temperature pointer has been pulled off.
This adjustment must be performed with a screwdriver and is visible on the scale b on which the
pick-up temperature rise is set. When the temperature rise drops to about 20% below its pick-up value
the contact reverts to its position of rest.
. The secondary thermal relay is designed for a
current setting of 4-5 A. The match between these
limits and the full-load current of the protected
object is made with the sliding resistor H (Fig. 3) in
parallel with the measuring system. Re the current
match and setting see c~apter D (page 14).
Tripping

".

characteristics

of the thermal

relay

When a homogeneous
bod~ with a uniform heat
transfer resistance to a cooling medium across its
surface, is heated at a constant rate, its temperature rises nccording to an exponential law:

..

With no initial
we obtain

load, and therefore

with

{)o = 0,

----_.-._-.-

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630;0

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Fig.4
Defining

the time constants

.conducted by it to the cool:ng medium (air and/or

water). The time constant of this second transfer
of heat is of the order of 1-2 hours. Thus the curve
showing the temperature rise of the transformer
copper can be treated as the sum of two exponential curves with different steady-state temperature
rises, one having a small time constant, the other a
. large one. If the current, and thereby the losses in
the transformer are abruptly increased, the copper
rapidly assumes its steady-state temperature relative to the oil; the rise in temperature of the oil,
however, is much slower. If a definite upper limit
is stipulated for the temperature rise in th( copper,
the permissible duration of this load is primarily

120I
100I

= time constant, i.e. the time in min in which

'the body reaches 63% of the rise to its new
steady state Doo,starting from the sustained
initial value Do. (See Fig. 4.)

The objects protected by thermal relays are never

homogeneous objects though; the dissipation of
the heat generated by them usually takes place in a
number of stages. Thus, in a power transformer
immersed in oil, for example, the copper losses
resulting from the passage of current are fairly
uniformly distributed in the total volume of copper.
First it Is transferred through the insulation of the
winding to the oil. The ratio of the thermal capacity
of the winding copper and the heat transfer resistance of the winding insulation is such that this

transfer of heat usually has a time constant of

several minutes. The heat absorbed by the oil
which duly becomes hotter, is distributed
by
throughout the whole of the transformer mass an

min
I

whl}re
{} = temperature rise
Do = initial temperatur'1 difference
{}oo= steady-state temperature difference
t = time

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60

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Fig.5
Tripping time of the secondary thermal relay type ST. compared
with th.. permissible duration "f an overload of a 2OQ-kVA
transformer

Legend:
1 R"lay
2 Transformer

BROWN, BOVERI & CO., LTD., BADEN, SWITZERLAND

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governed by th!! smaller time constant of the heat

transfer between copper and oil, but for a small
overload it is governed by the larger time constant
of the transfer from oil to coc-Iant. The conditions
are similar for cables and rotating machines.,
The suitability of the secondary thermal relay
type ST for supervising objects whose temperature
rise follows the r'lles outlined above Is based on
the fact that the temperature rise of its measuring
elem~nt is largely governed by a series connection
of two heat transfers, the first having only a moderate temperature difference and small time constant between the heater element complete with
measuring element and heat carrier, the second

having a larger temperature difference and large,

variable time constant tor the transfer between the
heat carrier and the atmosphere. Hence the curves
for the temperature rise of the thermal relay type ST
exhibit a small initial time co!,\stant (initial tangent)
and a high sustained time constant (until 63% of
the steady-state temperature rise is attain9d); the

latter is known as

the time constant of the relay.

The temperature rise of the relay with respect to

time is depicted in the curves Fig. 6 to 11. Since, in
accordance with the foregoing remarks, these are
the sum oftwo curves, they only apply to the r.urrent
at which they were plotted and cannot necessarily
be converted to heavy current loads.

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T= 30 min

Curves of temperature
of secondary thermal relays type ST
6t \I/u~t
200i 120
180
uiO
'40
120

u)O
80
60 40
40
20
20

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2
Fig. 6. Time

CCinstdnt

------ -- - --

'm.-rr
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10

20
I

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10 20 30 40 50s

8....

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160
140

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100 60

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60

15
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. Fig. 7. Time constantT

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120
100

f-. _/6__ ---

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60

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5XT

140 100

4,,'

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20 mln

--

180

80
4

60
3

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4

8"

2S min (4a.

Sa)

min (1-8)
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o

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---- --- ::: :---- ---- --- --- -- -~

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"::;~::;'-; -- --

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100

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- - I--- 160
140

180
160

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180

80
2

40
I

Fig, 8. Time c;onstant T

"""/1

120
3

160
4

50 min (4a, ~'ia)

200 min (1-8)

5xT
""41I

40 mln

Legend:
1
2
3
4
4a
Sa

Curve
Curve
Curve
Curve
Curve
Curve

of temperature
of temperature
of temperature
of temperalure
of temperature
of temperature

rise for
rise for
rise for
rise for
rise for
'rise for

6
7
8
9

0,5 x 'E
1 x IE
1,5 x 'E
2 x IE
2 x IE
3 xJE

Cooling c;urve when fed with 1 x IE

Cooling c;urve when fed with 0,5 ~ 'E
Cooling c;urve when relay dead
Curve of temperature rise for 6 x IE

The c;oollng c;urves are plotted with an Initial temperature

of 100" C (relay with degree sc;ale)

rise

The foUm,lng are plotted:

Ordinates:
Abc;slssae:

Temperature rise dt% for relays with % sc;ale

T emperalure rise d 1" C for relays with. C sc;ale
Time In mln for c;urves 4a and Sa
Time In mln for the other c;urves
Time as multiple of the time c;onstant T
Mean value
- - - - - - - - Sc;atter

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BOVERI & CO., LTD., BADEN,

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= 6IJ min

Curves

of temperature

of secondary thermal relays type ST

.,-(
",,:'7

200

,I'

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160. 100~

'I,

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140
80

\,

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80

4'
1,
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100 60

- 60
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10 20 30 40 50s

-_

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___
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a
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180

160- 1
140- 80

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10

20

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1

110
2

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--

FiO. 9. Time constant

L--.

--

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8\
240
4

(4a, 5~)
~
300 min (HI)
5x..
"'MI

51

60 min

--

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