FINAL EXAM:

Matching type
-

pathway and enzyme or substrate

o

glycolysis

TCA,

glycogen,

mono and di,

pentose phosphate for carbs,

lipid metab,

nucleotide metab

disease and enzyme involved except for steroid-> description)

Vitamins-other name (identification)

Minerals-purpose (identification)

Relationships-essay

Dna central dogma-model

Vitamins:
1. Thiamine Vitamin B1
2. Riboflavin Vitamin B2
3. Niacine Vitamin B3

4.
5.
6.
7.

Pyridoxine Vitamin B6
Pantothenic Acid Vitamin B5
Biotin Vitamin H or B7
Cyanocobalamin Vitamin B12

8. Retinol Vitamin A
9. Ascorbic Acid Vitamin C
10. Tocopherol Vitamin E

11. Phylloquinone Vitamin K1

12. Menaquinone Vitamin K2
Minerals
Folic Acid

Folate

Helps body make and sustain

new cells;

Folate deficiency anemia

Prevents one type of anemia;

Prevents
defects

neural

tube

birth

Chloride

Cl

Major ions of body fluids;

Involved in electrolyte imbalance

Alkalosis

Calcium

Ca

Nerve and muscle excitability,

blood coagulation, mediation of
hormonal responses and some
enzyme activities

Deficiency:
Hypocalcemia

Required for the formation of

bone and teeth, for blood clotting,
for normal muscle function and
heart rhythm

Excess:
Hypercalcemia

Glucose metabolism;

Deficiency:

Chromium

Cr

Osteoporosis

Cobalt

Co

Copper

Cu

Fluoride

Germanium

Ge

Iron

Fe

Needed for normal activity of

insulin in Carbohydrate and Lipid
metabolism
Constituent of B12;
Required for erythropoeisis
Along w/ Iron, helps in formation
of RBC; Helps keep blood
vessels, nerves, immune system
and bones healthy; Cu intake in
foods enough
Menkes Disease (kinky hair
syndrome), a very rare disorder
of Cu Metabolism present before
birth, usually in male infants
Compound of bones and teeth
enamel

Wide range of health benefits like

helps boost immune system,
normalize
high
BP
and
cholesterol, protect body against
harmful cellular aberrations and
abuse, providing some pain
relief,
alleviate
rheumatoid
arthritis symptoms and generally
normalize physiological functions
Found in heme portion of
hemeproteins (hemoglobin &
cytochromes) or in storage form
like ferritin;
Important component of proteins
involved in O2 transport
-forms RBS
-regulates cell growth and
differentiation

Adult onset of diabe

Chromium deficiency

Wilsons Disease
inherited disorder

Fluoride Deficiency
Fluoride Excess

Deficiency:
Iron Deficiency Anemia (ID
Toxicity:
Cellular toxicity
Corrosive Toxicity

Iodine

Assists in the function of thyroid

glands needed in biosynthesis
of thyroxine and triiodothyionine

Goiter
Deficiency:
Hypothyroidism
Toxicity:
Hyperthyroidism

Manganese

Mg

Antioxidant, activation of several

enzymes, aid in healing and
bone formation, involved in the
production of collagen, helps
body use vitamin Like B1 and C

Molybdenum

Mo

Phosphorous

Helps body metabolize fats,

carbohydrates and nitrogen;
proper cell function; helps protect
against tooth problems; helps
control blood sugar levels; helps
break apart sulfites in the body;
helps keep a person alert
Used in proper tooth and bone
growth
and
maintenance,
production
of
collagen,
constituent of phospholipids and
main constituent of ATP, involved
in production of lecithin, helps
body utilize ADEK

Potassium

Maintain fluid volume inside or

outside of cells, thus normal cell
function acts to blunt the rise of

Osteoporosis
Rickets

Excess:
Hyperpotassemia

Selenium

Se

Sodium

Na

Sulfur

Vanadium

BP in response to excess Na and

decrease markers of bone
turnover, recurrence of kidney
stines, metabolism or carbo

Deficiency:
Hypopotassemia

Prevents
liver
necrosis,
Kwashiorkor;
Treatment
of
dermatoses
Helps maintain right balance of
fluids in your body;
Helps transmit nerve impulses;
Influences the contraction and
relaxation of muscles;
Primary electrolyte that regulates
the ECF levels in body, essential
for hydration b/c this mineral
pumps water into the cell,
transports AA and carbo into cell
Necessary for development and
neurological processes, also for
collagen synthesis;
Detoxifies in body and increases
blood circulation;
Reduces muscle cramps and
back
pain,
removes
inflammation;
Permits muscle to heal;
Increases energy and heps liver
produce Choline;
Found in the nerves and myelin
sheath;
Promotes flow of bile;
Regulates brain and heart;
Stimulates
reproductive
processes;
Promotes healthy skin, nails and
hair;
Acts as lubricant
Contributes to fat metabolism;
affects
cholesterol
and
triglyceride
metabolism;
influences
the
shape
of
erythrocytes
Stimulates glucose oxidation and
glycogen synthesis in the liver;
required for glucose tolerance
factor; enhances the effect of
insulin
by
stimulating
the

Excess:
Toxicity
Sodium deficiency:
Hyponatremia
Excess NA level in body:
Hypernatremia

Zinc

Diseases:
1. Von Gierke Disease
Enzyme: Glucose 6-phosphatase

2. McArdle Syndrome
Enzyme: Glycogen phosphorylase

phosphorylation of the insulin

receptor; influences the redox
balance of cells
Stimulates enzyme activity; helps
maintenance of sense of smell
and taste; needed for DNA
synthesis;
supports
normal
growth and development during
pregnancy,
childhood
and
adolescence;
aids
normal
synthesis of protein, enhance
immune function and wound
healing;
required
for
the
development and activation of Tlymphocytes; supports sexual
maturation, increases fertility;
enhances thymus

Excess:
metal fume fever

Deficiency:
Acrodermatitis, enteropathi

3. Fructose poisoning
Enzyme: Aldolase B
4. Classic Galactosemia
Enzyme: galactose 1 phosphate uridyltransferase
5. Lactose Intolerance
Enzyme: beta galactosidase
6. Type II Pompe Disease
Lysosomal alpha 1->4 glucosidase
7. Hyperammonemia
Enzyme: ornithine transcarbamoylase
8. Lead Poisoning
Enzyme: ferrochetalase & ALA dehydratase
9. Phenylketonuria
Enzyme: phenyalanine hydroxylase
10. [^^^]
11. Maple Syrup Disease
Branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase
12. Alkaptonuria
homogentisic acid oxidase
13. Tyrosinemia Type 1
Fumaryl-acetoacetate hydrolase
14. Histidinemia
- histidine
15. Cystathioninuria
cystathionase
16. Homocystinuria
cystathionine beta synthase
Relationships:
1. Pancreatitis and protein synthesis
Pancreatitis: deficiency in pancreatic secretion
Result: abnormal appearance of lipids (steatorrhea) and undigested protein in feces

2. Cardiovascular disease and moderate alcohol drinking

Moderate consumption of alcohol decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease
- Positive correlation between moderation consumption of alcohol and the plasma
concentration of HDL
3. Role of glutathione in
Glutathione also helps maintain the reduced states of sulfhydryl groups in proteins,
including hemoglobin
- Consequence of oxidation of sulfhydryl groups (kung walang glutathione)
(1) formation of denatured proteins (insoluble masses) that attach to red cell membranes
Consequences of oxidation of membrane proteins (kung walang glutathione)
(1) cause red blood cells to be rigid (less deformable) they are removed from the
circulation by macrophages in the spleen and liver
4. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and cholesterol synthesis
-

glucose 6 phosphate deficiency

enzyme of hexose monophosphate pathway
nagpoprovide ng NADPH needed in cholesterol synthesis specifically formation of squalene
and lanosterol ( intermediates of cholesterol synthesis)