MAT2384 Assignment #1

Due Tuesday September 25 at the beginning of class.

Late assignments will not be accepted, nor will unstapled assignments.
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1. For each of the following ODEs, find the general solution. If an initial condition is given, find the corresponding particular solution.
(a) (x2 + 9)y 0 = 4 + 4y 2 , y(0) = 1
Separating the equations and integrating, we have
dy
dx
dy = 2
4 + 4y 2
x +9
Z
Z
1
1
1
1
dy =
dx


x 2
4 1 + y2
9
+1
3

1
x
1
tan1 y = tan1
4
9
3

 

+C

Using the initial condition, we have

1
=0+C
4 4
 
4

1
1 x
tan y = tan
+
9
3
4
 



4
1 x
tan
+
y = tan
9
3
4
(b) (3x + y)dx xdy = 0, y(1) = 1
Dividing by the x terms, we have

[1]
dy
y
=
x
dx
dy
y
=3
dx x
3+

This is linear in y, so we use an integrating factor of the form

e

1
dx
x

= e ln x = eln x =

1
x

Thus
d
dx

y
x

 

3
x

y
3
=
dx + C
x
x
= 3 ln x + C
Z

1 = 3 ln(1) + C C = 1
y = 3x ln x + x

(c) (cos y + y 2 cos x + 1)dx + (2y sin x x sin y)dy = 0

If M = cos y + y 2 cos x + 1 and N = 2y sin x x sin y, then
N
= 2y cos x sin y
x

M
= sin y + 2y cos x
y
Hence the equation is exact. Let
Z

F (x, y) =

M (x, y)dx + g(y)

Z

(cos y + y 2 cos x + 1)dx + g(y)

= x cos y + y 2 sin x + x + g(y)

F
= x sin y + 2y sin x + 1 + g 0 (y) = N = 2y sin x x sin y
y
g 0 (y) = 1
g(y) = y
F (x, y) = x cos y + y 2 sin x + x y = C is the solution, in implicit form
(d) (cos y + y cos x)dx + (sin x x sin y)dy = 0, y(/2) = /2
If M = cos y + y cos x and N = sin x x sin y, then
N
= cos x sin y
x

M
= sin y + cos x
y
Hence the equation is exact. Let
Z

F (x, y) =

M (x, y)dx + g(y)

Z

(cos y + y cos x)dx + g(y)

= x cos y + y sin x + g(y)

F
= x sin y + sin x + g 0 (y) = N = sin x x sin y
y
g 0 (y) = 0
g(y) = k
F (x, y) = x cos y + y sin x = C (where the constant k has been absorbed)
Applying the initial condition, we have

cos + sin = C
2
2
2
2

C=
2

x cos y + y sin x =
2
(e) [y cos(x + y)]dx + [sin(x + y) + y cos(x + y)]dy = 0, y(0) = /2
If M = y cos(x + y) and N = sin(x + y) + y cos(x + y), then
M
= cos(x + y) y sin(x + y)
y

N
= cos(x + y) y sin(x + y)
x

Hence the equation is exact. Let

Z

F (x, y) =

M (x, y)dx + g(y)

Z

(y cos(x + y))dx + g(y)

= y sin(x + y) + g(y)
F
= sin(x + y) + y cos(x + y) + g 0 (y) = N = sin(x + y) + y cos(x + y)
y
g 0 (y) = 0
g(y) = k
F (x, y) = sin(x + y) + y cos(x + y) = C (where the constant k has been absorbed)
Applying the initial condition, we have
sin

+ cos = C
2
2
2
C=1

sin(x + y) + y cos(x + y) = 1
(f)

1
x

ey dx + (sin y xey )dy = 0, y(1) = 0

If M =

1
x

ey and N = sin y xey , then

[2]

M
= ey
y

N
= ey
x

Hence the equation is exact. Let

Z

F (x, y) =

M (x, y)dx + g(y)

1
ey )dx + g(y)
x
= ln x xey + g(y)
Z

F
= xey + g 0 (y) = N = sin y xey
y
g 0 (y) = sin y
g(y) = cos x
F (x, y) = ln x xey cos x = C
Applying the initial condition, we have
ln 1 e0 cos 0 = C
C = 2
y

ln x xe cos x = 2
(g) (cos x 2x sin x 2y sin x)dx + cos xdy = 0
N
Note that M
y 6= x , so this equation is not exact.
Rewrite the equation as
dy
cos x + 2x sin x + 2y sin x
=
dx
cos x
= 1 + 2x tan x + 2y tan x

This is linear in y so we look for an integrating factor.

Z

exp(2

sin x
tan xdx) = exp 2
dx
cos x


Z
sin x du
= exp 2
x sin x
 Z

1
= exp 2
du
u
= exp(2 ln u)


u = cos x
du
= sin x
dx
du
=
sin x

= exp(2 ln(cos x))

= exp ln(cos2 x)
= cos2 x
We thus have
d
(y cos2 x) = cos2 x + 2x sin x cos x
dx
Z
Z
y cos2 x =

cos2 xdx +

2x sin x cos xdx + C

Using double angle formulas, we have

cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x
= 2 cos2 x 1
1
1
cos2 x = cos 2x +
2
2
Z
1
x
2
cos xdx = sin 2x +
4
2
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
Z

2x sin x cos xdx =

x sin 2xdx
v 0 = sin 2x
cos 2x
v=
2

u=x
u0 = 1
y cos2 x =

cos2 xdx +

2x sin x cos xdx + C

1
x x
1
= sin 2x cos 2x +
cos 2xdx + C
4
2
2
2
1
x x
1
= sin 2x cos 2x + sin 2x + C
4
2
2
4
sin 2x
x
x cos 2x
sin 2x
C
y=

+
+
2
2
2
2
4 cos x 2 cos x
2 cos x
4 cos x cos2 x
Z

(h) (3xy + y 2 )dx + (x2 + xy)dy = 0. (Hint: Use the substitution v = xy .)

N
Note that M
y 6= x , so this equation is not exact.
Rewrite the equation as
dy
y(3x + y)
=
dx
x(x + y)
y(3 + xy )
=
x(1 + xy )

[3]

If we let v = xy , then
dy
dx
dv
v+x
dx
dv
x
dx
dv
x
dx
Z
1+v
dv
2v(2 + v)

dv
 dx 
3+v
= v
1+v


3+v
v
= v
1+v
4v 2v 2
=
1+v
Z
1
=
dx
x
=x+x

We can use partial fractions to deal with the left-hand side.

1+v
A
B
=
+
2v(2 + v)
2v 2 + v
1 + v = A(2 + v) + b(2v)
v=0
v = 2

1
2
1
B=
4
A=

2A = 1
4B = 1

We thus have
1
1
+
dv = ln x + C
4v 4(2 + v)
1
1
ln v + ln(2 + v) = ln x + C
4
4

2
1
ln
+ 1 = ln x + C
4
v
2
= ke4 ln x 1
v
2
v=
kx4 1
2x
y=
kx4 1

Z 

2. (a) Use the fixed point iteration method to find the root of x4 + 5x 2 in the interval [0, 1] to 5 decimal
places. Start with x0 = 0.4.
We can rewrite x4 + 5x 2 = 0 as x 15 (2 x4 ). Thus the discrete time dynamial system is
1
xn+1 = (2 x4n )
5
x0 = 0.4
x1 = 0.9872
x2 = 0.210045064
x3 = 0.399610704
x4 = 0.39489902
x5 = 0.395136173
x6 = 0.395124522
x7 = 0.395125097
x8 = 0.395125069
Thus x 0.39513.


(b) Use Newtons method to find 3 5 to 6 decimal places. Start with x0 = 1.8.
We let f (x) = x3 5. Then f 0 (x) = 3x2 . By Newtons method, we have
f (xn )
f 0 (xn
x3 5
= xn n 2
3xn
3
2x 5
= n3
3xn
x0 = 1.8

xn+1 = xn

x1 = 1.714403292
x2 = 1.70998737
x3 = 1.709975947
x4 = 1.709975947
Thus x 1.709976.

[2]