VOIP Diplomna

1. ................................................................................................................
4
1.1. ..................................................................................................... 4
1.2. ........................................................................................... 6
1.3. .................................................................................. 7
2. IPT ....................................................................... 9
2.1. VoIP IPT ....................................................................................................................... 9
2.2. .................................................................................... 9
2.3. VoIP ....................................................................... 13
2.3.1. ....................................................................................................... 14
2.3.2. ........................................................................................ 15
2.3.3. IP ..................................................................................................................... 16
2.4. IP .................................................................................... 17
2.5. IP ................................................................. 18
3. VoIP ................................................................... 20
3.1. VoIP ............................................................ 20
3.1.1. ........................................................................... 20
3.1.1.1. .............................................. 21
3.1.1.2. ............................................... 21
3.1.1.3. ................................. 22
3.1.1.4. .................................... 23
3.1.2. ........................ 23
3.1.3.
............................................................................................................................. 26
3.1.4. ............................................................. 27
3.2. - VoIP ....................................................... 27
3.3. ..................................................................................... 30
4. ............................................................................ 33
4.1. ........................................................................................................................ 33
4.1.1. ......................................................... 33
4.1.1.1. H.323 ............................................................................................................................... 33
4.1.1.2. Session Initiation Protocol ............................................................................................ 35
4.1.1.3. Media Gateway Control Protocol ................................................................................ 38
4.1.1.4. Skinny Client Control Protocol ..................................................................................... 39
4.1.1.5. Megaco/H.248 ................................................................................................................ 40
4.1.2. .............................................................. 40
4.1.2.1. Real-time Transport Protocol ....................................................................................... 40
4.1.2.2. Real Time Control Protocol .......................................................................................... 41
4.1.2.3. Compressed RTP .......................................................................................................... 41
4.2. ............................................................................................................................... 42
4.2.1. G.711 ............................................................................................................... 43
4.2.2. G.729 ............................................................................................................... 43
4.2.3. G.723 ............................................................................................................... 43
4.2.4. G.722 ............................................................................................................... 43

4.3. ............................................ 44
4.3.1. MOS ............................................................................................................................ 45
4.3.2. E Model ....................................................................................................................... 46
4.3.3. RTCP XR ..................................................................................................................... 46
5. ,
IP .............................................. 47
5.1. ..................................................................................................... 47
5.1.1. ............................................................................................................... 47
5.1.1.1. .......................................................... 49
5.1.1.2. ........................................................................................ 52
5.1.1.3. .................................................... 53
5.1.1.4. ........................................................... 54
5.1.2. ................................................................................. 58
5.1.3. ............................................................................................................... 61
5.1.4. ....................................................................................................................... 63
5.1.5. ...................................................................................................... 64
5.1.6. ................................................................. 65
5.1.6.1. .......................................................................................... 65
5.1.6.2. LAN .............................................................................................. 67
5.1.6.3. .................................................................................................................. 68
5.1.6.4. ........................................................................................................... 68
5.1.6.5. ....................................................................................... 70
5.2. ........................................................... 70
5.2.1. 802.1p/Q ..................................................................... 72
5.2.2. DiffServ .......................... 73
5.2.3. (CAC) ................................................. 74
5.2.4. IP .......................................................................................... 75
6. VoIP .......................................................... 76
6.1. IP ............................................................ 76
6.1.1. ........................................................................ 77
6.1.2. .................................................................. 79
6.1.3. .............................................................. 79
6.1.4. IP .......................... 80
6.2. .............................................................................. 80
6.2.1. ............................................................................... 82
6.2.2. ............................................................................... 83
6.3. .................................................................................. 84
6.3.1. ....................................................................................................... 85
6.3.2. ..................................................................................... 85
6.3.3. - ........... 86
6.3.4. - ..... 86
6.3.4.1. ............................................................................................................ 86
6.3.4.2. .......................................................................................................................... 86
6.3.4.3. ............................................................................................................................... 87
7. VoIP .............................. 88
7.1. Frame Relay ......... 90
7.1.2. Frame Relay ............................ 95
7.1.3. ................................................................................... 96
7.1.4. .............................................. 97
7.2. IP 100
7.2.2. .. 102
7.2.3. ........... 104
7.2.4. ............................................................................. 105
7.3. ................... 107
7.3.1. ............................................................ 108
7.3.2. ........... 110
7.4. IP ......... 113
8. ............................................................................................... 119
............................................................................... 122
....................................................... 125
1.
1.1.
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4.
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4.
39
4.1.1.5. Megaco/H.248
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4.3.2. E Model
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5.1.1.1.
Telcordia
,
5.
IP
49
. IP
, .
IP Cisco CallManager ,
IP
.
, ( ), ,
. ,
.

.
(. 5.1 5.2).
5.1.
WS-6509
369,897
4.
99.99892%
WS-CAC-1300W
316,456
4.
99.99999%
WS-X6K-SUP1A-MSFC2
46,235
4.
99.99135%
WS-X6408A-GBIC
93,457
4.
99.99572%
5.2. (
)
99.985988%
73.7
28,545 .
,
.
,
5.
IP
50
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
, .

n
= 1 [
(1 (i))]
i=1
n , i .

(. 5.3):
5.3.
99.99999804%
<6s

101,880,673 h

,
, .
, Cisco
CallManager .
, ,
Telcordia . Cisco
CallManager
5.
IP
51
Telcordia .
, . MCS
7835 1000000
.
(. 5.4):
5.4.
99.99999665%
Cisco
CallManager
99.99999972%
99.99999880%
99.99999%
<6s

<6s
<6s
<6s
710,343,430 h
166,668,151 h
200,040,000 h
59,787,111 h

99.99993%,
.
5.1.1.2.

,
. ,
. -
. IP
, ,

(IOS). 6 ,

.
5.
IP
52
, IOS 12.1 99.99986% 71740

. IP ,
IOS , IP IOS
.
.
10000 6 .
,
30000 .
, ,

. , ,

,
. ,

. ,
99.98598%.
10000 6 99.999%.
99.98498%.

- 99.9999804% 99.99999774%.
,
.
5.1.1.3.
IP
. ,
, ,
, .
,
5.
IP
53
. ,
APC Corporation. ,
, - ,
, .
IP
, 15.
90% - 5
99% -
100 .
99.999% ,
UPS , ,
.
,
CallManager .
, UPS
. ,
2 ,
99.99962% . 99.99993%
, .
0.9999962 *
0.9999993 99.99955%.
5.1.1.4.

.
5.
IP
54
,

5 , ,
.

.
,
. 99.999%
:
EIGRP OSPF

HSRP IP ,
IP CallManager .
RSTP STP
QoS

,
.
, ,

. 5.1 ,
.
5.
IP
55
5.1.
:

HSRP, IP
STP. , 30 .
:
,
IP
.
10
PSTN : PSTN , CallManager

, .
10
Cisco CallManager :
, Cisco CallManager ,
. ,
. TCP 30
.. 61 ,
75 .
5.
IP
56

, ,
(. 5.5).
5.5.
Cisco
CallManager
10,000 h
30,0000 h
30,000 h
10,000 h
0,000 h
28,545 h
21,866 h
75,380 h
36,511 h
40,000 h

(%)
.876 (365*24/ 10,000 =

.876)
.292
.292
.876
.876

(%)
.306
.401
.116
.240
.219

(%)
1.182
.693
.408
1.116
1.095
30 s
10 s
75 s
10 s
75 s
35 s
7s
31 s
11 s
82 s
,
, 166 ,
99,99947% .
, ,
,
IP .
0.9999962*0.9999947*0.9999993 99.999%
, 5.3 .
VoIP
, . ,

.
5.
IP
57
5.1.2.

VoIP .
,
, .
VoIP ,
.
, -

. ,
,
VoIP .
, VoIP ,
. ,
, - 100 ms
40 ms.
VoIP ,
, -,
, .
,
, VoIP ,
, RTP
(VAD), .
, ,
.
.
.
, ,
RTP :
5.
IP
58
= * * *8
= 1000 ms / ms
: 2000 G.711,
20 ms 200 ( 40 IP 160
), a 160 Mbps :
50 = 1000 ms / 20 ms
160 Mbps = 50 * 200 * 2000 * 8
a ,
,
. , ,
,
. ,
, .
3%
, . ,
2000 ,
4.8 Mbps.
, ,
164.8
Mbps.
.
, ,
, .
, ,
, (. 5.6).
,
.
5.
IP
59
, G.711, 80
10 ms.
:
80 B + 20 B IP +12 B UDP + 8 B RTP = 120

120 B * 100 = 12000 * 8 / 1000 = 96 Kbps
,
:
(80 B * 2 ) + 20 B IP +12 B UDP + 8 B RTP = 200

200 B * 50 = 10000 * 8 / 1000 = 80 Kbps
5.6.
14
PPP 6
Frame Relay 4
ATM - 53
48

85.6 Kbps
82.4 Kbps
81.6 Kbps
106 Kbps
78.4 Kbps
76.3 Kbps
75.7 Kbps
84.8 Kbps
29.6 Kbps
26.4 Kbps
25.6 Kbps
42.4 Kbps
22.4 Kbps
20.3 Kbps
19.7 Kbps
28.3 Kbps
G.711 at 50.0 pps

20 ms
G.711 at 33.3 pps

30 ms
G.729a at 50.0 pps

20 ms
G.729a at 33.3 pps

30 ms
, - ,
-
, -
. ,
, ,
150 ms.
5.
IP
60
VoIP
IP/UDP/RTP 8,12 20 .
, 40 .
-
.
RTP cRTP,
2 4 .
5.1.3.
,
. ,
.
- ,
.
, 150 ms,
400 ms [15]. ,
, ,
, .
,
. ,
. , - ,
- . ,
, ,
.
,
. ,
-,
. ,
, 30 ms.
5.
IP
61
.
, .. -
, - . ,
64 Kb 125 s, OC-3/STM-1
0.05 s. , ,
.
,
.
- .
,
.
:
= / (299.300 *
0.6)
:
6000 .
0.0334 s = 6000 / ( 299.300 * 0.6 )

, . ,
, .
,
- , , - .
,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
.
5.
IP
62
,

, .

.
5.1.4.
,
, [6].
20 ms, , 20 ms.
. 5.2, , (1) (3)
, (2)
12 ms, (4) 5 ms -.
5.2.

,
, .
,
.
,
,
5.
IP
63
. -
.
, .
,
.
, ,
.
5.1.5.

. , ,
.
,
. , ,
, . TCP
,
. ,
, UDP . UDP
, , ,
, .
,
150 ms
.
.
G.711, 5% ,
. -
, G.723.1 G.729,
1% 2%.
(CoS), VoIP
5.
IP
64
. ,
,
, .
5.1.6.
VoIP

.
, VoIP
. VoIP
,
, ,
. -
,
[11].
,
.
5.1.6.1.
- (DoS).

.

. ,
. ,
,
.
. ,

5.
IP
65
.
, , Web , Mail ,
.
, .
,
.
. ,
.
, ,
.
.
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP),
. ,
[12].
,
.
, .
, .
RTP ,
. , IP
, , .

.

, .

IP ,
. ,
, ,
IP .
5.
IP
66

. ,
,
, ,
.
,
IP . - ,
, -
,
.
VoIP
.
, , VoIP IP
, , ,
.
. 150 ms
VoIP .

, .
- ,
- VoIP .
5.1.6.2. LAN
LAN (Virtual Local Area Network-VLAN)

, . LAN
, ,
/ .

, DHCP .
5.
IP
67
5.1.6.3.
, ,
, [11]. ,
.
VoIP
, , ,
, .

.
.
,
. ,
,
, , -
. ,
VoIP .

, .
VPN, IPSec SSL IP
. ,
. ,

, .
VPN ,
.
5.1.6.4.

. ,
5.
IP
68

.
VoIP,
. ,
IP . ,
, , ,
. ,
,
RTP UDP . UDP
, .
IP statefull ,
VoIP .
, UDP .
,

:
IP CallManager ( )
()
(), ( )
( ),
()
IP ( )
( ) ( )
,

,
SIP / H.232.
,
, VoIP.
5.
IP
69
, VoIP ,
, . VoIP
.
,

.
MAC .
VoIP .
5.1.6.5.
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
5.2.

. VoIP

,
. ,
,
.
.
VoIP .
, ,
,
.
5.
IP
70
,
- ,
, .
,
.

,
. , ,
.
,
,
, VoIP . 5.7

, .
5.7.
IP
-
802.1p/Q, Differentiated Services (DiffServ), Call Admission Control (CAC)
IP [9].
5.
IP
71
5.2.1. 802.1p/Q
IEEE 802.1Q ,
802.3 ,
802.1p , ,
- VLAN ID. .
802.1p ,
[1].
110, - .
VLAN ID
, ,
.
802.1p/Q VoIP ,
OSI
. TCI (. 5.3),
(CoS),
(ToS) IP .
IP Precedence IP
5.3.
. , 2, 3,
.

, .
5.
IP
72
5.2.2. DiffServ
DiffServ IETF, RFC 2474 2475.
- ,
, (ToS).
- , ,
(. 5.4). - ToS
, DSCP
(PHB).
5.4. IPv4
: EF (Expedited Forwarding)
, , AF
(Assured Forwarding) ( 4
) DE (Default forwarding). DE ,
, 80%
(. 5.7). EF -
.
101110.
VoIP , ,
.
:
5.
IP
73
5.7.
2
CoS
IP Precedence
PHB
DSCP
56-63
48-55
EF
46
AF41
34
AF31
25
AF2y
18,20,22
AF1y
10,14,16
DE
5.2.3. (CAC)
CAC , ,
,
.
CAC VoIP ,
-
.
128 Kbps, VoIP ,
24 Kbps.
CAC ,
.
21.33 Kbps ,
24 Kbps,
. , ,

. CAC,
VoIP - RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) H.323
. RSVP ,
IP .
5.
IP
74
,
().
RSVP . H.323

. ,

- ,
.
5.2.4. IP
VoIP IP
. IP
,
VoIP
CallManger . ,

, .
5.
IP
75
6. VoIP
6.1. IP
IPT
, .
,
,
VoIP
.

(.6.1).

, .
, ,
WAN/LAN ,
, IP ,
.
,
IP .
6.1
6. VoIP
76
6.1.1.
, ,
, .
VoIP , -
, .

VoIP.
WAN ,
, .

,
.
, .
, ,
,
, .
,

.
, .
,
, ,
, .
,
, .
,

.
,
6. VoIP
77
.
WAN , -
.
,
,
VoIP.

. ,
VoIP , ,
.
, VoIP.

,
.

, . , VoIP ,

. ,
VoIP .
.

.

,

, .
,
WAN ,
, .
,
6. VoIP
78
, .

- ,
.
, .
6.1.2.

VoIP.
,
.
, ,
. 100 Mbps,
, IP VLAN ,

, .
, IP
. ,

.
VoIP ,
.
6.1.3.
VoIP
,
,
. ,
6. VoIP
79
,
,
.
, -
,
. ,
,
.
6.1.4. IP
IP

. , PoE
PoE ,
IP .
IP
.
6.2.
,
. ,
.
IPT ,
. ,
, IPT
.

, IP ,
,
6. VoIP
80
.
.
.
VoIP.
, - 1000
, -
VoIP [7].
, -
T1/ 1 , IPT .
.
1000 .
-
IPT, - 1000
-
.
,
.
T1/1 PRI ,
.

.
VoIP ,
VoIP .
.
,
, ,
.
,
. VoIP
, ,
IP .
6. VoIP
81
VoIP ,
, . ,
,
.
, .

VoIP
. -
.
6.2.1.

,
.
,
,
- .
,
, -
IP .
,
(ROI).
, VoIP,
,
:
IP Centrex ,
.
, VoIP
.
6. VoIP
82
,
.

,
.
,

, VoIP .
VoIP ,
,
, .
VoIP
.
6.2.2.

.

. ,
,
.
,
.
.
50 500
. -
,
.
,
.
6. VoIP
83
, ,
.
-

. ,
IPT.
, ,
.

,
.
6.3.
- ,
, -
, VoIP .
,
,
.
, [14].
, .
,
, , .
6. VoIP
84
6.3.1.
.
. - -
, ,
.

, .

, ,
VoIP . ,
:
? ? ,
?

VoIP ?
,
?
6.3.2.
, VoIP,
, .
,
VoIP .
,
- .
, ,
. ,
6. VoIP
85
, ,
- .
6.3.3. -

-,
. ,
- . ,
,
, -
.
6.3.4. -
6.3.4.1.
, ,
,
. ,
,
, .
?
6.3.4.2.
,
.
,

.
6. VoIP
86
- ,
?
6.3.4.3.
, VoIP
. ,
, ,
, .
,
,
?
-,
. ,
, ,
-,
.
6. VoIP
87
7. VoIP
IPT
.
IP .
CallManager
. IPT
CallManager
.
.
- ,
.
CallManager
IPT 1. IP
, 2 ,
Router2 FXS .
IPT 2.
Cisco
.

.
WAN .
, IP
Cisco.

,
. WAN O1 Frame
Relay . O2 .

.
7. VoIP
88
, .

.

, .
, ,
.
, .
,
,
. (DID),
,
.
.
9897100 9897599.
:
9897100 9897199 2
9897200 9897299
9897500 9897599 1
9897300 9897499
, 7.1
7. VoIP
89
7.1. IP
PSTN
19
2.
16
8.
10
1.
10
0
Cisco Call Manager
E
0/
19
1
2.
16
8.
10
1
Router0
S
0/
0.
6
1
19 4 K
2. bp
16 s
8.
10
.1
98972..
.1
E&
M
1
E& /1/
0
M
1/
1/
1
PBX
6
19 4 K
2. bp
16 s
8.
0/
10
0.
1
.2
Frame
Relay
Router1
LAN
Router2
E
172.16.1.1
0
0/
2
17
172.16.2.1
.1
4
6.
.1
98971..
9897101
IP
98975..
9897102
LAN
7.1. Frame
Relay
Router0
Router1, , Frame Relay
7. VoIP
90
. , ,
WAN WAN
. ,
Frame Relay, WAN,
VoIP .
QoS Frame Relay
. LLQ
IP RTP Priority, Frame Relay Traffic Shaping,
.
7.1.1.

[23]:
IP RTP Priority Priority Queue/Weighted Fair Queuing (PQ/WFQ)
LLQ PQ/Class Based Weighted Fair Queuing (PQ/CBWFQ)
IP RTP Priority, Frame Relay

(PVC) ,
RTP , UDP .

, ,
. ,
, .
.
,
, WFQ (. 7.2).
7. VoIP
91
7.2. IP RTP Priority
IP RTP Priority :
Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay ip rtp priority starting-rtp-port
port-range bandwidth
,
UDP , RTP, 16384-32767.
,
.
, .
Low Latency Queue (LLQ) ,
(. 7.3).
7.3. LLQ
7. VoIP
92
VoIP
,
.
.
, ,
. LLQ

.
LLQ ,
, UDP ,
(Access List), , ToS, IP Precedence DSCP .
LLQ - IP RTP Priority
.
LLQ :
1. class
map
. :
Router(config)#class-map ?
WORD class-map name
match-all Logical-AND all matching statements under this classmap
match-any Logical-OR all matching statements under this classmap
Router(config)#class-map match-all voice-traffic
match-all
,
match-any
match,
match.
:
Router(config-cmap)#match access-group ?
<1-2699>
Access list index
name
Named Access List
7. VoIP
93
UDP , RTP:
Router(config-cmap)# match ip rtp 16384 16383
DSCP :
Router(config-cmap)# match ip dscp ef
2. (class map)
.
.
Router(config)#class-map match-all voice-signaling
Router(config-cmap)#match access-group 103
Router(config)#access-list 103 permit tcp any eq 1720 any
Router(config)#access-list 103 permit tcp any any eq 1720
3.
.
.
Router(config)#policy-map VOICE-POLICY
POLICY.
policy-map
VOICE-
. :
Router(config-pmap)#class voice-traffic
Router(config-pmap-c)#priority ?
<8-2000000> Kilo Bits per second
voice-traffic
priority
7. VoIP
94
Router(config-pmap)#class voice-signaling
Router(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth 8
voice-signaling,
bandwidth
8 Kbps .
Router(config-pmap)#class voice-default
Router(config-pmap-c)#fair-queue
fair-queue
,
WFQ.
priority bandwidth
- minCIR PVC.
, .
4. LLQ
WAN :
Router(config)#map-class frame-relay VoIPovFR
Router(config-if)#service-policy output VOICE-POLICY
7.1.2. Frame Relay

, Frame Relay ,
.
,
-
. ,
, .
, Frame Relay ,
(CIR).
,
7. VoIP
95
, , .
- ,

. CIR :
Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay cir bits-per-second
, Frame Relay
, ,
(Bc). (Tc) 10 ms,
125 ms. Tc Tc = Bc / CIR.
Tc,
Bc
:
Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay Bc bits-per-second
Be , ,

. Be ,
:
Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay Be 0
7.1.3.

, - 768 Kbps.
,
a
20 ms.
-
7. VoIP
96
.
512 Kbps 128 Kbps.

128 Kbps (. 7.1).
,
, .
7.1.
-

56 Kbps
64 Kbps
128Kbps
256 Kbps
512 Kbps
768 Kbps
1536 Kbps

70 bytes
80 bytes
160 bytes
320 bytes
640 bytes
1000 bytes
1600 bytes
, :
Router(config-map-class)#frame-relay fragment bytes
7.1.4.
RTP .
,
75 [23]. RTP
.
- 768 bps.
:
Router(config-if)#frame-relay ip rtp header-compression
7. VoIP
97
Router1
, IP O1
CallManager
[4]. Router1
- :
version 12.2
service timestamps debug datetime msec
service timestamps log datetime msec
service password-encryption
!
hostname Router1
!
logging buffered 10000 debugging
enable secret 5 $1$MYS3$TZ6bwrhWB25b2cVpEVgBo1
!
ip subnet-zero
!
class-map match-all voice-signaling
match access-group 103
class-map match-all voice-traffic
match access s-group 102
!--
!-- ,
!-- 102 103
!
policy-map VOICE-POLICY
class voice-traffic
priority 45
class voice-signaling
bandwidth 8
!--
!--
!-- 45 Kbps. 8 Kbps
!
class class-default
fair-queue
!-- class-default ,
!-- . fair-queue
!-- WFQ
7. VoIP
98
!
interface Ethernet 0/0
no ip address
!
interface Ethernet0/0.10
encapsulation dot1q 10
ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Ethernet0/0.20
encapsulation dotq1 20
ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
ip helper-address 192.168.101.100
!-- , IEEE
!-- 802.1q VLAN 10 VLAN 20 .
!-- ,
!-- IP . ip helper-address
!-- DHCP BootP , IP
!-- CallManager [4]
!
interface Serial0/0
bandwidth 64
no ip address
encapsulation frame-relay
no fair-queue
frame-relay traffic-shaping
frame-relay ip rtp header-compression
!-- .
!-- ,
!-- LLQ
!
interface Serial0/0.1 point-to-point
bandwidth 64
ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.252
frame-relay interface-dlci 400
class VOIPovFR
!-- VoIPovFR. VoIPovFR
!-- .
!-- Router0
!
ip classless
!
map-class frame-relay VOIPovFR
7. VoIP
99
no frame-relay adaptive-shaping
!--- Frame Relay
!
frame-relay cir 64000
frame-relay bc 640
!-- Tc = BC/CIR,
!-- Tc 10 ms bc
!
frame-relay be 0
frame-relay mincir 64000
!-- .
!-- CIR
!
service-policy output VOICE-POLICY
!-- LLQ
!
frame-relay fragment 80
!-- 80 .
!-- -
!--
!
access-list 102 permit udp any any range 16384 32767
access-list 103 permit tcp any eq 1720 any
access-list 103 permit tcp any any eq 1720
!-- 102
!-- UDP ,
!-- . 103
!-- ,
!-- H.323 V2
!
router rip
network 192.168.10.0
network 172.16.1.0
network 172.16.2.0
7.2.
IP
IP , 1
, Cisco Catalyst
7. VoIP
100
(. 7.4). ,
.
7.4. IP

ABC
J KL
MNO
TU V
D EF
G HI
PQRS
WXYZ
7.2.1. a
Cisco IP 10/100 .
. 1
, VoIP. 2
10/100 , . 3
.
IP
.
VLAN.
VLAN,
, IP .
VLAN .
Port Fast . ,
VLAN e:
Switch(config-if)#switchport voice vlan ?
<1-4094>
Vlan for voice traffic
dot1p
Priority tagged on PVID
none
Do not tell telephone about voice vlan
untagged
Untagged on PVID
7. VoIP
101
VLAN ID ( ).
CDP ,
IP 802.1Q
, VLAN ID CoS , .
CoS 5 3
. 802.1Q
VLAN
dot1p
CDP ,
IP 802.1p
VLAN ID 0 CoS . 802.1p
VLAN
none
IP
. VLAN
untagged
CDP
IP
VLAN ID CoS . VLAN
VLAN 10
VLAN 20 0/5 :
Switch #configure terminal
Switch(config)#interface fastethernet 0/5
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
Switch(config-if)#switchport voice vlan 20
7.2.2.
802.3af, ,
, 15,4 W, .
, ,
7. VoIP
102
.
CDP .

.
power
inline
PoE . :
Switch(config-if)#power inline ?
auto
Automatically detect and power inline devices
consumption
Configure the inline device consumption
never
Never apply inline power
static
High priority inline power interface
, PoE
auto.
, ,
. ,
,
,
consumption
auto
never
static
static,
auto.
, .
(15,4
W)
.
static
CDP
static
. -
7. VoIP
103
static
,
error-disable.
static,
auto
, - PoE
. PoE 0/5:
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config-if)#power inline auto
7.2.3.
,
.
auto qos voip
,
.
.
. :
Switch(config-if)#auto qos voip ?
cisco-phone
Trust the QoS marking of Cisco IP Phone
cisco-softphone
Trust the QoS marking of Cisco IP SoftPhone
trust
Trust the DSCP/CoS marking
auto qos voip,
,
.
, ,
CoS . IP :
Switch(config-if)#auto qos voip cisco-phone
7. VoIP
104
,
,
trust:
Switch(config)#interface gigabitethernet 1/1
Switch(config-if)#auto qos voip trust
OSI ,

, IP .
, dscp :
Switch(config-if)#auto qos voip trust
Switch(config-if)#mls qos trust dscp
!--- Catalyst 3560/3750/6500
Switch(config-if)#qos trust dscp
!--- Catalyst 4500
7.2.4.

. ,
.
IP [24].
cisco-phone IP
. VLAN , VLAN
, port security, spanning-tree portfast
cisco-switch ,
.
7. VoIP
105
dot1q, point-to-point
.

parser macro:
Switch #show parser macro name cisco-phone

# Cisco IP phone + desktop template
# macro keywords $access_vlan $voice_vlan
# VoIP enabled interface - Enable data VLAN
# and voice VLAN
# Recommended value for access vlan should not be 1
switchport access vlan $access_vlan
switchport mode access
# Update the Voice VLAN value which should be
# different from data VLAN
# Recommended value for voice vlan should not be 1
switchport voice vlan $voice_vlan
# Enable port security limiting port to a 2 MAC
# addressess - - One for desktop on data vlan and
# one for phone on voice vlan
switchport port-security
switchport port-security maximum 2
# Ensure port.security age is greater than one minute
# and use inactivity timer
switchport port-security violation restrict
switchport port-security aging time 2
switchport port-security aging type inactivity
# Enable auto-qos to extend trust to attached Cisco phone
auto qos voip cisco-phone
# Configure port as an edge network port
spanning-tree portfast
spanning-tree bpduguard enable
7. VoIP
106
show

, VLAN :
Switch(config.if)#macro apply $access_vlan 10 $voice_vlan 20
VLAN
Router1 .
:
Switch #configure terminal
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Switch(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
7.3.
Router2
256 Kbps. WAN
75
.
, - ,
G.729.
,
.
7. VoIP
107
7.3.1.

CallManager

. 2
. IP ,
WAV . ,
FXS , [3].
,
, .
,
. ,
FXS :
Router(config)#voice-port slot/subunit/port
slot ,
FXS .
subunit
, FXS .
Port
FXS , .
:
Router(config-voiceport)# signal {loop-start | ground-start}
ground-start

loop-start
, .
,
.
. :
7. VoIP
108
Router(config)#dial-peer voice tag {voip | pots}
tag
1-2147483647.
,
.
.

voip
pots
,

dial-peer,
voip.
pots,
IP
destination-pattern
config-
.
Router(config-dial-peer)#destination-pattern [+]string[T]
+ , ,
, E.164 .
string
,
E.164 . 0 9,
A D, (*) (#) (,) (.) (%) (+) (^) ($) (\) (?)
([]) (()).
destination-pattern
, (.)
. T
.

.

VoIP :
Router(config-dial-peer)#session target {ipv4:destination-address |
dns:[$s$. | $d$. | $e$. | $u$.] host-name | enum:table-num | loopback:rtp | ras
| sip-server}
7. VoIP
109
ipv4
IP
port
.
Router(config-dial-peer)#port slot/subunit/port
7.3.2.

RSVP [2]. ,

. ,
. , RSVP
:
Router(config-if)#ip rsvp-bandwidth [interface-kbps] [single-flow-kbps]
interface-kbps
single-flow-kbps
,
, .
,
. ,
,
.
echo-cancel enable
Router(config-voiceport)#echo-cancel enable type [hardware | software]
hardware
software
, .
cancel coverage
echo-
7. VoIP
110
Router(config-voiceport)#echo-cancel coverage {8 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 48 |
64}
Router2,
, -
:
version 12.2
!
hostname Router2
!
enable secret 5 $1$MYS3$TZ6bwrhPl76b2cVpE0kLP65
!
ip subnet-zero
!
memory-size iomem 20
!
dial-peer voice 7101 pots
destination-pattern +9897101
port 1/0/0
!-- 7101,
!-- 9897101, FXS 1/0/0
!
destination-pattern +9897102
port 1/0/1
!-- 7102,
!-- 9897102, FXS 1/0/1
!
dial-peer voice 72 voip
destination-pattern +98972..
session target ipv4:192.168.11.1
!-- ,
!--
!
7. VoIP
111
description calls to IP Phones/CallManager

codec g723r63
!-- IP ,
CCM
!
destination-pattern .T
session targrt ipv4:192.168.11.2
!--
!
num-exp 7 +9897...
!--
!-- . 7
!-- 9897.
!-- .
!
voice-port 1/0/0
description << This voice port is FXS >>
signal loop-start
echo-cancel coverage 16
echo-cancel enable
req-qos controlled-load
!-- FXS 1/0/0 , ,
!--
!-- , RSVP
!
voice-port 1/0/1
description << This voice port is FXS >>
echo-cancel enable
req-qos controlled-load
!-- FXS 1/0/1 , ,
!--
!-- RSVP
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 172.16.4.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0/0
bandwidth 256
7. VoIP
112
ip address 192.168.11.2 255.255.255.252

encapsulation ppp
no ip mroute-cache
fair-queue
ip rtp-header-compression
ip rsvp-bandwidth 48 24
!-- 0/0,
!-- Router0 . 256 Kbps,
!-- PPP, RTP
!--
!
ip classless
!
router rip
network 192.168.11.0
network 172.16.4.0
7.4. IP

IPT
- . ,

,
.
IPT
.
.
FXS E&M, ISDN [3].
-
.

IPT .
.
, ISDN
7. VoIP
113
1 30 .
E&M .
Router0 ,
, [3].
a , ,
.
:
Router(config)#voice port slot/subunit/port
dial-type :
Router(config-voiceport)#dial-type {dtmf | pulse | mf}
, .
E&M signal:
Router(config-voiceport)#signal {wink-start | immediate | delay-dial |
lmr}
wink-star.
operation.
Router(config-voiceport)#operation {2-wire | 4-wire}
.
impedance
Router(config-voiceport)#impedance {600c | 600r | 900c | 900r | complex1

| complex2 | complex3 | complex4 | complex5 | complex6}
600r.
type
E&M
7. VoIP
114
Router(config-voiceport)#type {1 | 2 | 3 | 5}
,
Router1 Router2, -
,
Router0
:
version 12.2
!
hostname Router0
!
boot system flash slot1:c3640-is-mz.122-6a.bin
!
ip subnet-zero
!
class-map match-all voice-signaling
class-map match-all voice-traffic
!
policy-map voice-policy
class voice-signaling
bandwidth 8
class voice-traffic
priority 45
class class-default
fair-queue
!
ip address 172.22.100.1 255.255.255.0
!--
!
ip address 192.168.101.1 255.255.255.252
7. VoIP
115
!-- Cisco CallManager (CCM)

!
interface Serial0/0
bandwidth 128
no ip address
encapsulation frame-relay
no ip mroute-cache
no fair-queue
frame-relay traffic-shaping
frame-relay ip rtp header-compression
!
interface Serial0/0.1 point-to-point
bandwidth 128
ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.252
frame-relay interface-dlci 300
class VOIPovFR
!-- 0/0,
!-- Router2
!
interface Serial0/1
bandwidth 256
ip address 192.168.11.1 255.255.255.252
encapsulation ppp
no ip mroute-cache
fair-queue
ip rtp-header-compression
ip rsvp-bandwidth 48 24
!-- 0/1,
!-- Router2 . 256 Kbps,
!-- PPP, RTP
!--
!
ip classless
!
map-class frame-relay VOIPovFR
no frame-relay adaptive-shaping
frame-relay cir 64000
frame-relay bc 640
frame-relay be 0
frame-relay mincir 64000
service-policy output voice-policy
frame-relay fragment 80
7. VoIP
116
!
access-list 102 permit udp any any range 16384 32767
access-list 103 permit tcp any eq 1720 any
access-list 103 permit tcp any any eq 1720
!
voice-port 1/1/0
description << This Voice Port is E&M >>
dial-type dtmf
signal wink-start
operation 4-wire
type 2
echo-cancel enable
!
voice-port 1/1/1
description << This Voice Port is E&M >>
dial-type dtmf
signal wink-start
operation 4-wire
type 2
echo-cancel enable
!-- E&M ,
!--
!-- ,
!
!-- ,
!-- Router2
!
description calls to IP Phones/CallManager
codec g723r63
!-- IP ,
!-- CCM
!
destination-pattern 98972..
7. VoIP
117
port 1/1/0
!
destination-pattern 98972..
port 1/1/1
!-- ,
!--
!
port 1/1/0
!
port 1/1/1
!--
!
num-exp 7 +9897...
!
router rip
network 192.168.10.0
network 192.168.11.0
network 192.168.101.0
network 172.22.100.0
7. VoIP
118
8.
IP
- VoIP
.

VoIP
.
VoIP,
,
. , -
, .
VoIP
, PoE Wi-Fi . ,
,
VoIP
.
IP .
,
VoIP
, -
.
.
Cisco,
, VoIP
,
, .
VoIP
. -

,
8.
119
.
, ,

.
,
, VoIP.

,
.
IP

, .

.

,
.
VoIP
IP ,
, IP .
.

, -
.

.
VoIP
, .

8.
120
,
.
VoIP
.

.
-, -. ,
GSM .
, ,
VoIP. ,
. ,
.
8.
121

[1] Ramesh Kaza, Salman Asadullah; Cisco IP Telephony: Planning, Design,
Implementation, Operation and Optimization; Cisco Press (2005);
[2] Robert Padjen, Larry Keefer, Sean Thurston, Jeff Bankston, Michael E. Flannagan;
Cisco AVVID and IP Telephony Design & Implementation; Syngress Publishing Inc.
(2001);
[3] Paul J. Fong, Eric Knipp, David Gary, Scott M. Harris. Larry Keefer Jr., Charles
Riley, Stuart Ruwet, Robert Thorstensen, Vincent Tillirson; Configuring Cisco Voice
over IP, Second Edition; Syngress Publishing Inc. (2002);
[4] Jonathan Davidson, James Peters; Voice over IP Fundaments; Cisco Press (2000);
[5] Kevin Brown; IP Telephony Unveiled; Cisco Press (2004);
[6] Sean Christensen; Voice over IP Solutions; Juniper Networks Inc. (2001);
http://cn.juniper.net/solutions/literature/white_papers/200011.pdf
[7] Patrick Scheckel; When and How to Migrate to IP Telephony; Berbee Information
Networks Corporation (2005);
http://www.berbee.com/public/learning/MigrateToIPTelephony.aspx
[8] Understanding VoIP; Avaya Inc. (2005);

http://www.invictusnetworks.com/faq/Voice over IP VoIP/Avaya VoIP White Paper.pdf
[9] Designing converged enterprise networks for IP telephony; Nortel Networks (2002);
http://www.nortel.com/solutions/pt/es/collateral/nn102460-110602.pdf
[10] IP Telephony: The Five Nines Story; Cisco Systems (2002);

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns340/ns394/ns165/ns268/networking_solutions_white_paper09186a00
800a113e.shtml
122
[11] Enterprise VoIP Security: Potential Threats and Best Practices; Global Knowledge
Network Inc. (2005);
http://www.itdepartment.com/VoIP/VoipSecurityThreats and Best Practices.pdf
[12] Network Security Best Practices for IP Telephony; ShoreTel Inc. (2005);
http://www.baysidemedia.com/ShoreTel/Security_Best_Practices.pdf
[13] The Real World of VoIP; NetworkWorld
[14] Strategies for IP Telephony Evaluation and Migration; InfoTech (2005);

http://www.voicepro.com/_files/user/InfoTech Building
Client Value1.pdf
[15] Selecting VoIP for Your Enterprise; Global Knowledge Network Inc. (2005);
http://images.globalknowledge.com/wwwimages/whitepaperpdf/SelectingVoIP.PDF
[16] Jim Seals; Voice over IP; MoreNet, Network Consulting (2001);
http://www.more.net/technical/research/voip/voip.pdf
[17] Susan Andersen; Voice over IP (VoIP) Basics for IT Technicians; Fluke Networks
(2005);
http://www.s-t.pl/pub/VoIP_Basics.pdf
[18] Understanding Packet Voice Protocols; Cisco Systems Inc. (2002);

http://www.sipcenter.com/sip.nsf/html/WEBB5YP4SU/$FILE/Cisco_UPVP_wp.pdf
[19] IP Telephony Design Guide; Alcatel-Lucent (2003);

http://www1.alcatel-lucent.com/enterprise/en/resource_library/pdf/wp/wp_IPT_DesignGuide.pdf;jsessionid=1KOVIEHHCETR1LAWFRUE1DFMCYWGI3GC
[20] D. Richard Kuhn, Tomas J. Walsh, Steffen Fries; Security Considerations for Voice
over IP Systems; National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005);
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-58/SP800-58-final.pdf
123
[21] Robert Heger, Michelle Le, Dana Nartea, Assaf Maoz; Voice over Internet Protocol;
IS-311 in Business (2002);
http://www.csun.edu/~vcact00f/311/termProjects/700class/IS 311 VoIP.doc
[22] Todd Leinberger, David Rytzarev; The Future Internet Telephony Standard: H.323
or Session Initiation Protocol; Ohio University (2004);
http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~tl277601/esp/review_voip_protocols.htm
[23] VoIP over Frame Relay with Quality of Service (Fragmentation, Traffic Shaping,
LLQ / IP RTP Priority); Cisco Systems (2006);
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/788/voice-qos/voip-ov-fr-qos.pdf
[24] Configure IOS Catalyst Switches to Connect Cisco IP Phones Configuration

Example; Cisco Systems (2006);
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/473/configuring-cat-ip-phone.pdf
124

AF - Assured Forwarding
CAC - Call Admission Control
CDP - Cisco Discovery Protocol
CIR - Committed Information Rate
CCM - Cisco CallManager
CoS - Class of Service
DC - Direct Current
DE - Default Forwarding
DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DID - Direct Inward Dial
DiffServ - Differentiated Services
DoS - Denial of Service
DSCP - Differentiated Service Code Point
DSL - Digital Subscriber Line
EF - Expedited Forwarding
E&M - Ear&Mouth, transMit&rEceive
FDM - Frequency Division Multiplexing
FRTS - Frame Relay Traffic Shaping
FXS - Foreign Exchange Station
GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications, Groupe Spcial Mobile
HSRP - Hot Standby Router Protocol
HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
IOS - Internetworking Operating System
IP - Internet Protocol
IPT - Internet Protocol Telephony
IPSec - IP Security
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
ITU - International Telecommunication Union
LAN - Local Area Network
125
LLQ - Low Latency Queue

MAC - Media Access Control
MOS - Mean Opinion Score
MTP - Message Transfer Parts
OSI - Open System Interconnection
PCM - Pulse Code Modulation
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
PESQ - Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality
PHB - Per-Hop Behavior
PoE - Power over Ethernet
POTS - Plain Old Telephone Service
PQ/CBWFQ - Priority Queue /Class Based Weighted Fair Queuing
PQ/WFQ - Priority Queue/Weighted Fair Queuing

PRI - Prime Rate Interface
PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network
PVC - Permanent Virtual Circuit
QoS - Quality of Service
RFC - Request For Comments
ROI - Return on Investments
RSVP - Resource Reservation Protocol
RTCP - Real Time Control Protocol
RTCP XR - RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports
RTP - Real-time Transport Protocol
SCCP - Skinny Client Control Protocol
SCP - Service Control Point
SDP - Session Description Protocol
SMTP - Simple Message Transfer Protocol
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
SS7 - Signaling System Seven
SSL - Secure Sockets Layer
SSP - Signaling Switching Points
STP - Signal Transfer Points
TCI - Tag Control Information
TCP - Transport Control Protocol
126
TDM - Time Division Multiplexing

ToS - Type of Service
UDP - User Datagram Protocol
UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
VAD - Voice Activity Detection
VLAN - Virtual Local Area Network
VoIP - Voice over Internet Protocol
VPN - Virtual Private Network
WAN - Wide Area Network
WAV - Waveform
Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity
-
-
-
-
127

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1. ................................................................................................................

4.2.4. G.722 ............................................................................................................... 43

Voice over Internet Protocol, ,

Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11b/g/a, -

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (peer-to-peer )

Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) ( /)

Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP) ( /)

4.1.1.2. Session Initiation Protocol

4.1.1.3. Media Gateway Control Protocol

H.323 SIP, peer-to-peer , MGCP

4.1.1.4. Skinny Client Control Protocol

Megaco/H.248 , IETF ITU.

4.1.2.1. Real-time Transport Protocol

RTP OSI , UDP

4.1.2.2. Real Time Control Protocol

Real Time Control Protocol ,

4.1.2.3. Compressed RTP

Compressed RTP (cRTP) RTP,

, IOS 12.1 99.99986% 71740

PSTN : PSTN , CallManager

.876 (365*24/ 10,000 =

160 Mbps = 50 * 200 * 2000 * 8

80 B + 20 B IP +12 B UDP + 8 B RTP = 120

(80 B * 2 ) + 20 B IP +12 B UDP + 8 B RTP = 200

G.711 at 50.0 pps

0.0334 s = 6000 / ( 299.300 * 0.6 )

LAN (Virtual Local Area Network-VLAN)

Cisco Call Manager

IP RTP Priority Priority Queue/Weighted Fair Queuing (PQ/WFQ)

LLQ PQ/Class Based Weighted Fair Queuing (PQ/CBWFQ)

IP RTP Priority, Frame Relay

7.2. IP RTP Priority

Access list index

Named Access List

7.1.2. Frame Relay

Vlan for voice traffic

Priority tagged on PVID

Do not tell telephone about voice vlan

Automatically detect and power inline devices

Configure the inline device consumption

Never apply inline power

High priority inline power interface

auto qos voip

Trust the QoS marking of Cisco IP Phone

Trust the QoS marking of Cisco IP SoftPhone

Trust the DSCP/CoS marking

auto qos voip,

!--- Catalyst 3560/3750/6500

Switch(config-if)#qos trust dscp

!--- Catalyst 4500

Switch #show parser macro name cisco-phone

Router(config)#dial-peer voice tag {voip | pots}

Router(config-voiceport)#echo-cancel enable type [hardware | software]

description calls to IP Phones/CallManager

ip address 192.168.11.2 255.255.255.252

Router(config-voiceport)#impedance {600c | 600r | 900c | 900r | complex1

!-- Cisco CallManager (CCM)

[5] Kevin Brown; IP Telephony Unveiled; Cisco Press (2004);

[8] Understanding VoIP; Avaya Inc. (2005);