NAME: MOHD. FIKRIL HADI B. MOHD.

ZAINOL
AZLIN
MATRIX CARD NO.: 06PKM12S2007
COURSE: DIP. IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LECTURER: EN. WAN MOHD. RIDZUAN BIN WAN
HUSIN

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER

page

1.0

Definition

2.0

Types of thread
2.1 External thread
2.2 Internal thread

3
3
3

3.0 Usage of Screw Thread

3.1 To hold parts together and act as fasteners (V-threads)

4
4

3.2 To transmit motion and power (Square, Acme threads)

4.0 Terminology of Screw Thread

5.0 Measurement of Various Elements of Thread

5.1 Major diameter

5.2 Minor diameter
5.3 Effective or Pitch diameter
5.3.1 two wires method
5.3.2 three wires method
5.3.3 micrometer method
5.4 Pitch
5.5 Thread angle and form

7
9
13
13
14
15
15
15

6.0 Gear

16

6.1 Types of Gears

6.1.1
6.1.2

16

Spur Gear
Helical Gear
6.1.3
Rack and Pinion
6.2
6.3

16
16
16

Straight and Spiral Bevel Gear

16

Non-parallel worm and worm gears

17

7.0 Comparison Between Involute and Cycloidal Gears

18

8.0 Conclusion

19

9.0 References

20

1.0

Definition: Screw Thread

A screw thread is the helical ridge produced by forming a continuous helical groove of

uniform section on the external surface of a cylinder or a cone. A screw thread formed on a
cylinder is known as straight or parallel screw thread while the one formed on a cone is known as
tapered threads.

2.0

Types of thread
2.1 External thread: a thread formed on outside of a work piece is known as external
thread.
Example: bolts or studs.

2.2 Internal thread: a thread formed on inside of a work piece is known as internal
thread.
Example: on a nut or female screw gauge.

3.0 Usage of Screw Thread

3.1 To hold parts together and act as fasteners
(V-threads)
3.2 To transmit motion and power (Square, Acme threads)

Screw Thread Nomenclature

4.0 Terminology of Screw Thread

Pitch: The distance from a point on a screw thread to a corresponding point on the

next thread measured parallel to the axis.

Lead: The distance a screw thread advances in one turn. For a single start threads,

lead=pitch; for double start, lead=2x pitch.

Thread Form: The cross section of thread cut by plane containing the axis.
Major Diameter: This is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, co-axial with the
screw, which just touches the crests of an external thread or roots of an internal

thread. It is also called as Nominal Diameter.

Minor Diameter: This is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, co-axial with the
screw which touches the roots of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread.

This is also referred to as root or core diameter.

Effective diameter or Pitch diameter: It is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder
coaxial with the axis of the thread and intersects the flanks of the thread such that

width of the threads & width of spaces between threads are equal.
Flank: It is the thread surface that connects crest with root.
Depth of thread: It is the distance between crest and root measured perpendicular to

axis of screw.
Angle of thread: Include angle between sides of thread measured in axial plane.
Helix angle: Angle that thread makes with plane perpendicular to thread axis.
Flank angle: It is half the included angle of the thread.
Addendum: It is the distance between the crest and the pitch line measured

perpendicular to axis of the screw.

Dedendum: It is the distance between the pitch line and the root measured
perpendicular to axis of the screw.

5.0 Measurement of Various Elements of Thread

In order to find out the accuracy of a screw thread it will be necessary to measure the
following:
5.6 Major diameter
5.7 Minor diameter
5.8 Effective or Pitch diameter
5.9 Pitch
5.10 Thread angle and form
5.1 Measurement of Major Diameter
The instruments which are used to find the major diameter are by Bench micrometer. The
ordinary micrometer is suitable for measuring the external major diameter. It is first adjusted
for appropriate cylindrical size (s) having the same diameter. This process is known as gauge
setting. After taking this reading R1 the micrometer is set on the major diameter of the thread
and the new reading is R2.

Bench micrometer is used for measuring the major diameter for getting the greater accuracy.
The process of measuring the variation pressure, pitch errors is being neglected. The fiducial
indicator is used to ensure all the measurements are made at the same pressure. The
instrument has a micrometer head with a vernier scale to read the accuracy of 0.002 mm.
Calibrated setting cylinder having the same diameter as the major diameter of the thread to be
measured is used as setting standard. After setting the standard, the setting cylinder is held
between the anvils and the reading is taken.

The cylinder is replaced by the threaded work

piece and the new reading is taken

5.2 Measurement of Minor diameter

The minor diameter is measured by a comparative method by using floating carriage
diameter measuring machine and small V pieces which make contact with the root of
the thread. These V pieces are made in several sizes, having suitable radii at the edges.
V pieces are made of hardened steel. The floating carriage diameter-measuring
machine is a bench micrometer mounted on a carriage.
The threaded work piece is mounted between the centres of the instrument and the V
pieces are placed on each side of the work piece and then the reading is noted. After
taking this reading, the work piece is then replaced by a standard references
cylindrical setting gauge.

5.2.1 Measurement of Minor Diameter of Internal Threads

The minor diameter of internal threads is measured by using:

taper parallels

rollers

10

5.3

Pitch

measurement
The most commonly used methods for measuring the pitch are:

Pitch measuring machine

Tool makers microscope

Screw pitch gauge

Tool makers microscope:

1. Work table is placed on the base of the instrument.

2. The optical head is mounted on a vertical column it can be moved up and down.
3. Work piece is mounted on a glass plate.
4. A light source provides horizontal beam of light which is reflected from a mirror by 90
upwards towards the table.
11

5. Image of the outline of contour of the work piece passes through the objective of the
optical head.
6. The image is projected by a system of three prisms to a ground glass screen.
7. The measurements are made by means of cross lines engraved on the ground glass screen.
8. The screen can be rotated through 360.
9. Different types of graduated screens and eyepieces are used

Pitch Measuring Machine

Spring loaded head permits the stylus to move up the flank of the thread and down into the
next space as it is moved along. Accurate positioning of the stylus between the two flanks is
obtained by ensuring that the pointer T is always opposite to its index mark when readings
are taken.
When the pointer is accurately placed in position, the micrometer reading is noted. The stylus
is then moved along into the next thread space, by rotation of the micrometer and a second
reading taken. The difference between the two readings is the pitch of the thread. Readings
are taken in this manner until the whole length of the screw thread has been covered.

12

5.4 Measurement of effective diameter

Effective diameter measurement is carried out by following methods:
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3

two wires method

three wires method.
micrometer method.

5.4.1 Two Wire Method:

The effective diameter cannot be measured directly but can be calculated from the
measurements made.

Wires of exactly known diameters are chosen such that they contact the flanks at their
straight portions.

If the size of the wire is such it contacts the flanks at the pitchline, it is called the
bestsize of wire which can be determined by geometry of screw thread.

The screw thread is mounted between the centres & wires are placed in the grooves and
reading mistaken.

Then the effective diameter E=T+P where T=M-2d, P is a value which depends on
diameter of wire, and pitch angle of the screw thread.

13

5.4.2 Three Wire Method

The three-wire method is the accurate method.

In this method three wires of equal and precise diameter are placed in the groves at
opposite sides of the screw.

In this one wire on one side and two on the other side are used. The wires either may held
in hand or hung from a stand.

This method ensures the alignment of micrometer anvil faces parallel to the thread axis.

This method is more accurate than two wire methods as it ensures alignment of
micrometerfaces parallel to the thread axis.

Here, three wires of exactly known diameters are used, one on one side & the two on the
other side. The wires may be held in hand or hung from a stand.

From the figure, M=diameter over the wires, E=effective diameter (to be found)
d=diameter of wires, h=height of wire centre above the pitch line, r=radius of wire,
H=depth of thread, D=major diameter of the thread.

14

5.4.3 Micrometer Method

15

6.0 Gear
A gear is a component within a transmission device that
transmits rotational force to another gear or device. Power
transmission is the movement of energy from its place of
generation to a location where it is applied to performing useful
work.
6.1 Types of Gears
According to the position of axes of the shafts.
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.1.3

Spur Gear
Helical Gear
Rack and Pinion

16

6.2 Straight and Spiral Bevel Gear

6.3 Non-parallel worm and worm gears
6.1.1 Spur Gear
Teeth is parallel to axis of rotation
Transmit power from one shaft to another parallel shaft
Used in Electric screwdriver, oscillating sprinkler, windup alarm clock, washing machine
and clothes dryer

External and Internal Spur Gear

6.1.2

Helical

Gear

The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle to the face of the gear
This gradual engagement makes helical gears operate much more smoothly and quietly than
spur gears
One interesting thing about helical gears is that if the angles of the gear teeth are correct,
they can be mounted on perpendicular shafts, adjusting the rotation angle by 90 degrees

17

6.1.3

Rack and Pinion

Rack and pinion gears are used to convert rotation
(From the pinion) into linear motion (of the rack)
A perfect example of this is the steering system on
many cars

6.2

Straight and Spiral Bevel Gears

6.3 Worm Gear

7.0

Comparison Between Involute and Cycloidal Gears

18

Inactual practice, the involute gears are more commonly used as compared to cycloidal gears,
due to the following advantages:

Advantages of involute gears

The most important advantage of the involute gears is that the centre distance for a pair of
involute gears can be varied within limits without changing velocity ratio. This is not true for
cycloidal gears which require exact centre distance to be maintained.
In involute gears, the pressure angle, from the start of the engagement of teeth to the end of
the engagement, remains constant. It is necessary for smooth running and less wear of gears.
But incycloidal gears, the pressure angle is maximum at the beginning of engagement,
reduces to zero at pitch point, starts decreasing and again becomes maximum at the end of
engagement. This results in less smooth running of gears.
The face and flank of involute teeth are generated by a single curve where as in cycloidal
gears, double curves (i.e.epi-cycloid and hypo-cycloid) are required for the face and flank
respectively. Thus, the involute teeth are easy to manufacture than cycloidal teeth. In involute
system, the basic rack has straight teeth and the same can be cut with simple tools.
Note: The only disadvantage of the involute teeth is that the interference occurs with
pinions having smaller number of teeth . This may be avoided by altering the heights of
addendum and dedendum of the mating teeth or the angle of obliquity of the teeth.

Advantages of cycloidal gears

The advantages of cycloidal gears are:

Since the cycloidal teeth have wider flanks, therefore the cycloidal gears are stronger than
the involute gears, for the same pitch. Due to this reason, the cycloidal teeth are preferred
specially for cast teeth.
In cycloidal gears, the contact takes place between a convex flank and concave surface,
whereas in involute gears, the convex surfaces are in contact. This condition results in less
19

wear in cycloidal gears as compared to involute gears. However the difference in wear is
negligible.
In cycloidal gears, the interference does not occur at all. Though there are advantages of
cycloidal gears but they are outweighed by the greater simplicity and flexibility of the
involute gears.
8.0 Conclusion
The types of machine were successfully used to measure the Major Diameter, the Minor
Diameter and the Effective Diameter of a Screw Plug Gauge. After measuring we were able
to compare the readings between both measuring machines. The value we obtained was
closed to the standard value. The measured surface must be clean from oil, dust and moisture.
This is to ensure the reading is accurate. The work piece must be placed at the correct
position where the projector can show the image clearly so that we can take the reading
correctly. The work piece must be clamped rigidly so that it is not move during the
experiment done. The person who takes the reading must be in right position to avoid
parallax error.
9.0

References

1. http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/hareeshang-1371985-unit-4-screw-threadmeasurements/ access on 26 September 2014.

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread access on 26 September 2014.
3. http://draftingmanuals.tpub.com/14276/css/14276_242.htm access on 26 September 2014.
4. http://www.boltscience.com/pages/screw3.htm access on 26 September 2014.
5. http://www.engineersedge.com/gears/gear_types.htm access on 28 September 2014.

20