Theories and Treatment of Abnormality 22: Preface XV

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2 Theories and Treatment
Preface xv
1 Looking at Abnormality
Abnormality Along the Continuum 3

Extraordinary People 4
Defining Abnormality
Mental Illness 5
Cultural Norms 5
The Four Ds of Abnormality 6
Shades of Gray 7
Historical Perspectives on Abnormality 7
Approaches Along the Continuum 23

Extraordinary PeopleSteven Hayes 24
Biological Approaches 26
Brain Dysfunction 27
Biochemical Imbalances 29
Genetic Abnormalities 31
Drug Therapies 33
Electroconvulsive Therapy and Newer Brain
Stimulation Techniques 34
Ancient Theories 7
Psychosurgery 35
Medieval Views 9
Assessing Biological Approaches 35
The Spread of Asylums 11

Moral Treatment in the Eighteenth
and Nineteenth Centuries 12
The Emergence of Modern Perspectives 14
The Beginnings of Modern Biological
Perspectives 14
The Psychoanalytic Perspective 14
The Roots of Behaviorism 15
The Cognitive Revolution 16
Modern Mental Health Care 16
Deinstitutionalization 16
Managed Care 17
Professions Within Abnormal
Psychology 19
Chapter Integration 19
Shades of Gray Discussion 20
Think Critically 20
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
viii
of Abnormality 22
21
20
Psychological Approaches 36
Behavioral Approaches 36
Cognitive Approaches 39
Psychodynamic Approaches 41
Humanistic Approaches 45
Family Systems Approaches 46
Shades of Gray 47
Third-Wave Approaches 48
Using New Technology
to Deliver Treatment 48
Sociocultural Approaches 49
Cross-Cultural Issues
in Treatment 50
Culturally Specific Therapies
52
Assessing Sociocultural Approaches 53

Prevention Programs 53
Common Elements in Effective
Treatments 53
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CONTENTS
Shades of Gray 74
Think Critically 55
The Social-Psychological Dangers

of Diagnosis 77
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
55
57
Think Critically 79
3 Assessing and Diagnosing

Abnormality 58
Assessment and Diagnosis Along
the Continuum 59
Extraordinary PeopleMarya Hornbacher 60
Assessment Tools 60
Validity 60
Reliability 61
Standardization 62
Clinical Interview 62
Symptom Questionnaires 63
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
80
81
4 The Research Endeavor
Research Along the Continuum 83

Extraordinary PeopleThe Old Order Amish
of Pennsylvania 84
The Scientific Method
84
Defining the Problem and Stating

a Hypothesis 85
Personality Inventories 64
Choosing and Implementing

a Method 85
Behavioral Observation
and Self-Monitoring 64
Shades of Gray 86
Intelligence Tests 66
Neuropsychological Tests 66
Brain-Imaging Techniques 67
Psychophysiological Tests 67
Projective Tests 68
Challenges in Assessment 68
Resistance to Providing Information 68
Evaluating Children 69
Evaluating Individuals
Across Cultures 70
Diagnosis 71
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders (DSM) 72
82
Ethical Issues in Research 86

Case Studies 87
Evaluating Case Studies 88
Correlational Studies 88
Measuring the Relationship
Between Variables 89
Selecting a Sample 90
Evaluating Correlational Studies 91
Epidemiological Studies 92
Evaluating Epidemiological Studies 92
Experimental Studies 93
Human Laboratory Studies 93
Therapy Outcome Studies 94
ix
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Contents
Single-Case Experimental Designs 95

Animal Studies 97
Panic Disorder 127

Theories of Panic Disorder
128
Treatments for Panic Disorder 130
Genetic Studies 98
Family History Studies 98
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 132
Twin Studies 98
Theories of Generalized Anxiety

Disorder 133
Adoption Studies 99
Treatments for Generalized Anxiety

Disorder 134
Molecular Genetic Studies

and Linkage Analyses 99
Separation Anxiety Disorder 135
Cross-Cultural Research 99
Theories of Separation Anxiety Disorder 136
Meta-Analysis 100
Treatments for Separation Anxiety

Disorder 138
Evaluating Meta-Analysis 101

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 139
Theories of OCD and Related Disorders 143
Think Critically 102
Treatment of OCD and

Related Disorders 144
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
102
Anxiety Disorders in Older Adults 145
104
5 Trauma, Anxiety, ObsessiveCompulsive, and Related

Disorders 106

Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Fear and Anxiety Along

the Continuum 107
Extraordinary PeopleDavid Beckham,
Perfection On and Off the Field 108
148
149
6 Somatic Symptom and

Dissociative Disorders 150
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

and Acute Stress Disorder 110
Somatic Symptom and Dissociative

Disorders Along the Continuum 151
Traumas Leading to PTSD 113
Extraordinary PeopleAnna O.,

The Talking Cure 152
Theories of PTSD 115

Treatments for PTSD 117
Specific Phobias and Agoraphobia
Specific Phobias
118
Somatic Symptom Disorders 152

Somatic Symptom Disorder and Illness
Anxiety Disorder 153
118
Shades of Gray 119
Shades of Gray 155
Agoraphobia 120
Theories of Phobias 120
Conversion Disorder (Functional

Neurological Symptom Disorder) 157
Treatments for Phobias 122
Factitious Disorder 159
Social Anxiety Disorder
123
Dissociative Disorders 160
Theories of Social Anxiety Disorder 125
Dissociative Identity Disorder 160
Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder 126
Dissociative Amnesia 166
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xi
Contents
Depersonalization/Derealization
Disorder 168
Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy

and Family-Focused Therapy 202
Controversies Around the Dissociative

Disorders 169
Comparison of Treatments 203

Chapter Summary
Key Terms
172
173
Suicide 204
Defining and Measuring Suicide
204
Understanding Suicide 207

Treatment and Prevention 210
7 Mood Disorders and

Suicide 174
Mood Disorders Along
the Continuum 175
Extraordinary PeopleKay Redfield Jamison,
An Unquiet Mind 176
Characteristics of Depressive Disorders 176
Symptoms of Depression 176
Diagnosing Depressive Disorders 177
Prevalence and Course
of Depressive Disorders 180
Shades of Gray 181
Characteristics of Bipolar Disorder 181
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
213
215
8 Schizophrenia Spectrum and

Other Psychotic Disorders 216
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other
Psychotic Disorders Along
the Continuum 217
Extraordinary PeopleJohn Nash,
A Beautiful Mind 218
Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Course 219
Positive Symptoms 219
Hallucinations 222
Symptoms of Mania 182
Negative Symptoms 224
Prevalence and Course

of Bipolar Disorder 184
Cognitive Deficits
Creativity and the Mood Disorders 184

Theories of Depression 185
Biological Theories of Depression 185
Psychological Theories of Depression 188
Theories of Bipolar Disorder 192
Biological Theories of Bipolar Disorder 192
Psychosocial Contributors
to Bipolar Disorder 193
Treatment of Mood Disorders 193
Biological Treatments
for Mood Disorders 193
Psychological Treatments
for Mood Disorders 199
225
Diagnosis 225
Prognosis 227
Other Psychotic Disorders 229
Biological Theories 232
Shades of Gray 233
Genetic Contributors to Schizophrenia 233
Structural and Functional Brain
Abnormalities 235
Neurotransmitters 237
Psychosocial Perspectives 238
Social Drift and Urban Birth 238
Stress and Relapse 238
Schizophrenia and the Family 239
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Contents
Cognitive Perspectives 240
Cross-Cultural Perspectives 240

Treatment 241
Biological Treatments 241
Chapter Summary
Psychological and
Social Treatments 243
Key Terms

Key Terms
281
10 Neurodevelopmental and
Neurocognitive Disorders 282

Chapter Summary
280
Neurodevelopmental and
Neurocognitive Disorders Along
the Continuum 283
248
249
Extraordinary PeopleTemple Grandin,

Thinking in Pictures 284
9 Personality Disorders
250
Personality Disorders Along

the Continuum 251
Extraordinary PeopleSusanna Kaysen,
Girl, Interrupted 252
General Definition of
Personality Disorder 254
Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric Personality
Disorders 255
Paranoid Personality Disorder 256
Schizoid Personality Disorder 258
Schizotypal Personality Disorder 259
Cluster B: Dramatic-Emotional
Personality Disorders 262
Borderline Personality Disorder 262
Histrionic Personality Disorder 267
Narcissistic Personality Disorder 268
Cluster C: Anxious-Fearful Personality
Disorders 270
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Biological Factors 287
Psychological and Social Factors 288

Treatments for ADHD 288
Shades of Gray 289
Autism Spectrum Disorder 290
Contributors to Autism Spectrum
Disorder 293
Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder 294
Intellectual Developmental Disorder 294
Biological Causes of Intellectual
Disability 295
Sociocultural Factors 298
Treatments for Intellectual Disability 298
Learning, Communication,
and Motor Disorders 299
Specific Learning Disorder
299
Communication Disorders 301
Avoidant Personality Disorder 270
Causes and Treatment of Learning

and Communication Disorders 302
Dependent Personality Disorder 272
Motor Disorders 303
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality
Disorder 273
Shades of Gray 274
Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality
Disorders 276
284
Major and Minor Neurocognitive Disorders 304

Symptoms of Major Neurocognitive
Disorder 305
Types of Major and Minor Neurocognitive
Disorder 306
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xiii
Contents
12 Eating Disorders
The Impact of Gender, Culture,

and Education on Neurocognitive
Disorder 311
Eating Disorders Along the Continuum
Treatments for and Prevention

of Neurocognitive Disorder 312
Characteristics of Eating Disorders 339
Causes of Delirium 313
Anorexia Nervosa 339
Treatments for Delirium 314
Bulimia Nervosa 343
Binge-Eating Disorder 345
Other Specified Feeding or

Eating Disorder 346
Key Terms
337
Extraordinary PeopleFashion Models,

Dying to Be Thin 338
Delirium 312
Chapter Summary
336
Obesity 347
316
Shades of Gray 350
317
Understanding Eating Disorders 350

11 Disruptive, Impulse Control,

and Conduct Disorders 318
Sociocultural and Psychological

Factors 351
Treatments for Eating Disorders 357
Disorders of Conduct
and Impulse Control Across
the Continuum 319
Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa 357
Extraordinary PeopleTed Bundy, Portrait

of a Serial Killer 320
Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant
Disorder 321
Contributors to Conduct Disorder
and Oppositional Defiant Disorder
324
Psychotherapy for Bulimia Nervosa

and Binge-Eating Disorder 357
Biological Therapies 359
Shades of Gray 325
Chapter Summary
Treatments for Conduct Disorder and

Oppositional Defiant Disorder 328
Key Terms
Antisocial Personality Disorder 329

Contributors to Antisocial Personality
Disorder 331
Treatments for Antisocial Personality
Disorder 332
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
332

Think Critically
334
Chapter Summary
335
Key Terms
335
361
361
13 Sexual Disorders
362
Sexuality Along the Continuum 363

Extraordinary PeopleDavid Reimer,
The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl 364
Sexual Dysfunctions 366
Disorders of Sexual Interest/Desire
and Arousal 366
Disorders of Orgasm or Sexual Pain 368
Causes of Sexual Dysfunctions 370
Treatments for Sexual Dysfunctions 375
Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual People 379
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xiv
Contents
Paraphilic Disorders 380
Cannabis 414
Fetishistic Disorder and Transvestic

Disorder 380
Inhalants 415
Sexual Sadism and Sexual Masochism

Disorders 382
Theories of Substance Use Disorders 417
Other Drugs of Abuse 416
Shades of Gray 383
Voyeuristic, Exhibitionistic, and Frotteuristic

Disorders 383
Psychological Factors 418
Pedophilic Disorder 384
Gender Differences 419
Causes of Paraphilias 385
Treatments for Substance Use Disorders 420
Treatments for the Paraphilias 386

Gender Dysphoria 388
Treatments for Gender Dysphoria 390
Substance Use Treatment

for Older Adults 425
Comparing Treatments 426
Prevention Programs 426
Gambling Disorder 427
Key Terms
Biological Treatments 420

Psychosocial Treatments 421
Contributors to Gender Dysphoria 390
Chapter Summary
Sociocultural Factors 419
392
393
14 Substance Use and Gambling
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
429
431
Disorders 394
Substance Use Along the Continuum 395
Extraordinary People
Celebrity Drug Abusers 396
Defining Substance Use Disorders
15 Health Psychology
432
Stress Along the Continuum 433

398
Depressants 400
Extraordinary PeopleNorman Cousins,

Healing with Laughter 434
Psychological Factors
and General Health 436
Alcohol 400
Shades of Gray 405
Appraisals and Pessimism 436
Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates 405
Coping Strategies 436
Stimulants 406
Shades of Gray 438
Cocaine 406
Psychological Disorders
and Physical Health 438
Amphetamines 409
Psychosocial Factors
in Specific Diseases 439
Nicotine 410
Caffeine 411
The Immune System 439
Opioids 411
Hallucinogens and PCP
413
Coronary Heart Disease

and Hypertension 442
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Contents
Interventions to Improve Health-Related

Behaviors 446
Guided Mastery Techniques 446
Internet-Based Health Interventions 447
Sleep and Health 448
Prevalence of Involuntary
Commitment 469
Patients Rights 470
Right to Treatment 470
Right to Refuse Treatment 470
Assessing Sleep 449
Competence to Stand Trial 471
Sleep Disorders 450
The Insanity Defense 472
Insanity Defense Rules 473
Shades of Gray 476
Problems with the Insanity Defense 476
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
460
461
Guilty but Mentally Ill 476

Mental Health Care in the Justice System 477
16 Mental Health and

the Law 462
Mental Health Law Along
the Continuum 463
Extraordinary PeopleGreg Bottoms,
Angelhead 464
Civil Commitment 464
Criteria for Civil Commitment 465
Violence by People
with Mental Disorders 467
xv

Chapter Summary
Key Terms
479
480
Discussions for Think Critically

Glossary G-1
References R-1
Credits C-1
Name Index NI-1
Subject Index SI-1
481

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noL35384_fm_i-xxviii_1.

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2 Theories and Treatment

Abnormality Along the Continuum 3

Approaches Along the Continuum 23

Assessing Biological Approaches 35

The Spread of Asylums 11

Assessing Sociocultural Approaches 53

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Shades of Gray Discussion 55

The Social-Psychological Dangers

3 Assessing and Diagnosing

4 The Research Endeavor

Research Along the Continuum 83

Defining the Problem and Stating

Choosing and Implementing

Ethical Issues in Research 86

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Single-Case Experimental Designs 95

Panic Disorder 127

Treatments for Panic Disorder 130

Generalized Anxiety Disorder 132

Theories of Generalized Anxiety

Treatments for Generalized Anxiety

Molecular Genetic Studies

Separation Anxiety Disorder 135

Theories of Separation Anxiety Disorder 136

Treatments for Separation Anxiety

Evaluating Meta-Analysis 101

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 139

Shades of Gray Discussion 102

Theories of OCD and Related Disorders 143

Think Critically 102

Treatment of OCD and

Anxiety Disorders in Older Adults 145

Chapter Integration 146

5 Trauma, Anxiety, ObsessiveCompulsive, and Related

Think Critically 147

Fear and Anxiety Along

6 Somatic Symptom and

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Somatic Symptom and Dissociative

Traumas Leading to PTSD 113

Extraordinary PeopleAnna O.,

Theories of PTSD 115

Shades of Gray Discussion 147

Somatic Symptom Disorders 152

Shades of Gray 119

Shades of Gray 155

Conversion Disorder (Functional

Treatments for Phobias 122

Factitious Disorder 159

Social Anxiety Disorder

Dissociative Disorders 160

Theories of Social Anxiety Disorder 125

Dissociative Identity Disorder 160

Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder 126