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Topic 2 Atomic Theory Revision
Topic 2 Atomic Theory Revision
Topic 2 Atomic Theory Revision
Element
Changes of state:
-
TYPES:
Gas Liquid
= Condensation
Liquid Gas
= Vaporisation/Boiling
Liquid Solid
= Solidification/freezing
Solid Liquid
= Melting
= Sublimation
+ Protons:
Neutrons:
Electrons:
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A
Z
Isotopes
NUCLIDE REPRESENTATION
-
different number of
neutrons
Atoms of the same element Carbon-12, Carbon-14
Same atomic number (same number of protons/electrons)
Different mass number (different number of neutrons)
Typically named after their mass number, e.g. Carbon-14
Same chemical properties, different physical properties
Hydrogen isotopes:
o Protium: Mass number 1, 0 neutrons
o Deuterium:
Mass number 2, 1 neutron
o Tritium:
Mass number 3, 2 neutrons
Radioactive isotopes:
o Formed by bombarding atoms with neutrons, which the
atom captures
o Unstable, eventually decay, emitting radiation
o Process useful but may be harmful
Radioisotope uses:
o C-14: Radio carbon dating, C-12 does not decay, whilst C-14
does. The ratio changes when organism dies
o Co-60: medical radiotherapy- kills cancer cells by emitting
high-energy gamma rays
o I-131 and I-125: radiation therapy, medical tracer locates
and treats some disorders, tumours and particularly thyroid
conditions thyroid gland absorbs iodine.
Relative masses:
mass evaluated
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of an atom
-
1. Vaporisation:
a. Sample heated, vaporised, passed through evacuated
tube
b. Vacuum pump assists in the evacuation, ensuring particles
in the sample cannot collide with other particles in the
tube
2. Ionisation:
a. Electron beam bombards particle, knocks off electrons =
cations (+)
b. High energy electron beam bombards the particles,
knocking off one or more electrons and thus creating
positively charged ions
3. Acceleration:
a. Positive ions accelerated through electric field,
direction & velocity controlled
b. Positive ions are accelerated through NEGATIVELY
CHARGED PLATES in an electric field passing through
slits that control their direction and velocity
c.
d. 4. Deflection:
a) Ions are deflected around a corner by a magnetic
field
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b) Magnetic field adjusted so only ions with a particular
mass:charge make it through to the end
c) Extent of deflection: mass to charge ratio
i.
Lighter = greater deflection
ii.
High charge = greater deflection
5. Detection:
a) Beam of ions detected electronically
Principles
-
b) After being deflected around the corner, the ions hit the
detector plate- masses tallied up different particles detected
Atoms emit
electromagnetic
radiation
individually
by altering the mag/elect.
fields used. Data combined to
This emission
can
be
used
to
determine
the ELECTRONIC
produce a graph- mass spectrum
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Diagram 2: electron jumping back to lower energy level
o
o
Energy difference
between adjacent
orbits gets less
Electron shells get
closer together
energy:
point which
electron can
completely
remove itself
from the
attraction of
the nucleus
Electron Configuration
Ground state- when the electrons are in the lowest energy level possible
Atoms with 8 electrons in the outer shells= full most stable noble gases
3 rules for occupation of orbitals
1. Aufbau Principle
a. Electrons enter subshells of lowest energy first
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