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Maximum Ratio Transmission: Titus K. Y. Lo
Maximum Ratio Transmission: Titus K. Y. Lo
Maximum Ratio Transmission: Titus K. Y. Lo
L K
I. INTRODUCTION
HE MOST adverse propagation effect from which wireless communications systems suffer is the multipath fading. One of the common methods used by wireless communications engineers to combat multipath fading is the antenna diversity technique. A classical combining technique
is maximum-ratio combining (MRC) [1], where the signals
from the received antenna elements are weighted such that
the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of their sum is maximized.
The MRC technique so far has been exclusively for receiving
applications. As there are more and more emerging wireless
services, more and more applications may require diversity at
the transmitter or at both transmitter and receiver to combat
severe fading effects. Various transmit diversity techniques
have been proposed in the open literature. For example, a delay
transmit diversity scheme was proposed by Wittneben [2], [3].
A variation of the delay scheme was suggested by Seshadri and
Winters [4], [5], where the replicas of the signal are transmitted
through multiple antennas at different times. Another example
of transmit diversity is a simple but effective scheme proposed
by Alamouti [6], where a pair of symbols is transmitted using
two antennas at first, and the transformed version of the pair is
transmitted to obtain the MRC-like diversity. However, these
transmit diversity techniques were built on objectives other
than to maximize the SNR. That is, they are suboptimum in
terms of SNR performance.
Accordingly, the frame work of maximum ratio transmission
(MRT) will be established here in terms of concept and
principles. It can be considered the generalization of the
maximum ratio algorithm for multiple transmitting antennas
and multiple receiving antennas. It also provides a reference
for the optimum performance that a system may obtain using
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(1)
Paper approved by K.-C. Chen, the Editor for Wireless Data Communications of the IEEE Communications Society. Manuscript received May
13, 1998; revised September 25, 1998. This paper was presented in part at
the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC99), Vancouver,
Canada, June 1999.
The author is with the Wireless Local Technology Group, AT&T Wireless
Services, Redmond, WA 98073-9759 USA (e-mail: titus.lo@attws.com).
Publisher Item Identifier S 0090-6778(99)07786-7.
is given by
(3)
(4)
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IV. DISCUSSION
A. Average SNR
in (13) is actually
The summation term with respect to
the inner product of different pairs of channel vectors; namely
III. MRT
transmission weight vector
In order to generate the
from the channel matrix, a linear transformation is required;
that is
(5)
where
expressed as
(14)
and
are mutually orthogonal (i.e.,
At one extreme, if
),
takes on the smallest value; that is
(15)
(6)
The normalization factor
and
is required to be
(16)
(7)
and
are fully correlated (i.e.,
At the other extreme, if
),
takes on the largest value; that is
(17)
and
(9)
with the overall SNR given by
(18)
Therefore, the average overall SNR is bounded by
(10)
(19)
B. Order of Diversity
antennas, it is expected
For a system consisting of
; that is, the probability of
that the order of diversity be
th power of
error should decrease inversely with the
the average SNR. To see this, one may consider the following
example.
In the example, a system with binary phase-shift keying
modulation is assumed. The channel coefficients are complex
Gaussian and mutually, statistically independent. From the
above analysis, the following inequality holds
(11)
(20)
which is maximized if
maximum value if we set
is maximized.
reaches the
(12)
That is
(13)
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Fig. 3. The comparison of MRT performance curves (SER versus SNR) for
the fourth-order diversity.
degrees of
(22)
where
(23)
The error probability is then given by the following integral
(24)
For
(25)
which indicates that the error probability decreases inversely
th power of the average SNR .
with the
V. NUMERICAL RESULTS
The simulations are carried out on the discrete-event (i.e.,
symbol-by-symbol) basis. Furthermore, they are performed
only at the level of baseband processing. That is, the effects
of radio frequency and intermediate frequency components are
not considered here. Without loss of generality, quantenary
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[3]