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hGdbftf Pjd\ hGde"ldk|lt

tyf
/f]hL,/f]6Lsf] nflu jfWotfjz ljb]lzP/ k|jf;df csfndf d[To'j/0f ug]{
;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx? k|lt .

1
 Kf|sf;sLo
Af}b]lzs /f]huf/L cfhsf] ckl/xfo{ cj:yfsf] ?kdf lbgk|ltlbg lasl;t x'b}5 . slnn} pd]/df
hf]l8Psf] s]lx aif{n] lab]lzg] clwsf/nfO{ ;'/lIft ul/ rlqmo Aofhdf C0f sf9]/ lbgx' ;kgfef]uL o'jfx?
sNkgfsf dxnx? r'nfpb} v“f8Lsf] ofqfdf lgisg afWo 5g\ . Xbo el/ ;+ufn]sf ;kgfsf k'lnGbfx? /
cfv“f el/ em'lNsPsf ld7f ;kgfx? Vf“f8Lsf] afn'jf;u} ljlng eP/ sltsf ;kgf r'lxPsf 5g\ t sltsf
kl/jf/ cnkq k/]sf 5g\ . sltsf hLjg g} v08x/ eP/ 6'lqmPsf 5g\ . lab]z xfd|f] h:tf]
cNkefifL,cNk1fgL / k|ljlw ;'Go j]/f]huf/ o'jfx?sf] nflu si6s/ uGtAo aGb} uPsf] 5 . cfhsf]
1fgnfO{ k|lalwn] hLt]sf] of] k|lt:k|wfTds laZjdf s'g} l;k gePsf a]/f]huf/x?sf] s'g} sfd 5}g .
kmn:j?k dWo k"j{sf] afn'jfdf d?Bfg agfpb} dxfg pb]Zosf ;fy v“f8L k;]sf g]kfnL Go'g tnjdf
;fdfGo sfdbf/sf] ?kdf kf]lvg cfh klg afWo 5g\ . Go'g tnjdf ;lhn} pknAw x'g] laif]z0fn] lae'lift
5g\ . stf/sf] >d ahf/df g]kfnL eg]sf n]j/ x'g eGg] cfd wf/0ff 5 .
Af}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf v“f8L d'n's k:g] clwsf+; g]kfnLsf] xftdf s'g} l;k x'b}g . w]/}
k};f vr{ u/]/} eP klg hlt ;Sbf] l56f] lab]z hfg] eGg] ;f]r]sf x'G5g\ . l56f] lab]z hfbf w]/} sdfOG5
eGg] k'/ftg ;f]rsf /f]uL 5g\ clwsf+; g]kfnL . lab]z k'Ugsf] nflu dfq dl/d]6\g]x? klg k|;:t} e]l6G5g\ .
sfNklgs lab]zsf] pd+udf dflQP/ xQfl/b} v“f8L k:g] g} b'MvL 5g\ . csfndf d[To'j/0f ul//x]sf 5g\
,cnkqdf kl//x]sf 5g\ . logLx?sf] ljj/0f ;+sng dfq} ug]{ xf] eg] Pp6f nfdf] cWofo aG5 . xftdf
l;k l;s]/ ;Dk"0f{ s'/f a'em]/ uP eg] lab]z kmnbfoL x'G5 eGg] efjgfsf] lasfz u/fpg k|:t't k':ts
pkof]uL x'g] xfd|f] 7DofO 5 . v“f8L zAb ;“u Pp6f ul/j lgl/x g]kfnLsf] k|ltlaDj e]l6G5 . ul/j
ufpn]sf 5f]/f ,5f]/Ldfq vf8L k:5g eGg] ul/G5 . vf8Lsf] ;+DefJoQmfnfO{ gx]/L laslzt b]zx?df 7"nf]
wg/f;L vr{ ug{ sDd/ s:g]x? klg g]kfndf ge]l6g] xf]Ogg\ . lalaw sf/0fn] ubf{ nufgLsf nflu jf
/f]huf/sf nflu stf/ o'/f]lkog b]Zfx?sf] t'ngfdf sd 5}g . xftdf l;k ePsf pBdlzn ;a}sf] xftdf
kmn kmn]sf] b[i6fGt vf]Hg 6f9f hfg' kb}{g . t;{y k|:t't k':tsn] g]kfnL ;dfhdf AoQm vf8L zJb / o;
;“u hf]l8Psf] laz]if0fsf] k"0f{ la:n]if0f ug'{ kg]{ cfj:ostf b]lv;s]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s 4G4n] u|l;t b]zsf]
eofjx cj:yfn] ubf{ cfsflzbf] /f]huf/Lsf] ;d:ofnfO{ Ps xb ;Dd ;dfwfg ug{ d]gkfj/ Ph]G;Lx?n]
dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'/ofPsf 5g\ . cGt/fli6«o >d ahf/df g]fkfnL >ldssf] >d a]Rg Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g
g]kfnsf d]gkfj/ Ph]G;Lx?n] j]/f]huf/ nfvf} g]kfnLnfO{ cGt/fli6«o >d ahf/df of]Uotf cg';f/sf]
hflu/ nufPsf 5g\ t/ s]lx d]gkfj/ Aojf;foLx?n] hfnem]n / 5nsk6n] ubf{ l;+uf] Aofj;fo g}
sn+lst x'g k'u]sf] 5 . a}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf g]fknLx?n] b'Mv kfpg' d]gkfj/ Aofj;foL eGbf klg
g]kfn ;/sf/ bf]ifL b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf :ki6 gLlt tyf lgodsf] cefjdf a}b]lzs /f]hufl/df las[tL
/ la;+utL km}lnPsf] oyf{yfnfO{ 9fs5f]k ug{ x'b}g . k|:t't stf/ / stf/sf g]kfnL k':tsnfO{ g]kfnLn]
;Nolqmof u/]sf 5g\ .
stf/nfO{ a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] uGtAo :yn agfP/ cfPsf jf cfpg tDtof/ eP/ /x]sf ;Dk"0f{
g]kfnLx?sf nflu k|:t't k':ts ax'pkof]uL x'g]df b'Odt 5}g . stf/sf g]kfnLsf nflu stf/df hLGbuLsf
dxTjk"0f{ j;Gtx? Aoltt ul//x]sf k|ltlglw syf xf] of] . lbgx' cnkqdf kg]{ ,7lug] ,csfndf d[To'j/0f
ug]{ sfd a9\b} 5 . a}bl] zs Aofj;foemg c;:j:Yo aGb} 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwsf sfd u/fO{
;Gtf]if hgs 5}g stf/sf] xfjfkfgL ,w/ftn ,sfg'g nufotsf laleGg kIfx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; o;df
ul/Psf] 5 . stf/sf] g]kfnL hg hLjgsf] oyf{ytfnfO{ k|i6fofpg] sfd o; k':tsn] u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}
g]kfn / stf/ aLrsf] k'n hf]8\g] ;]t'sf] sfd o;n] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] klg o; k':tsnfO{ ax'pkof]uL
k':tssf ?kdf lnOG5 . stf/sf] af/]df ;Dk"0f{tfnfO{ ;lhn} k|:t't ug{ /ft lbg v6]/ ofjt b'Mvx? la;]{/
k|jf;df ckgTj vf]Hb} lx8\g' ePsf n]vs lzj/fh uf}td k|lt wGojfb AoQm ub}{ ax'd'Nojfg lx/fsf]
k|sfzg ;xof]uL aGg] ;f}efUo lbg' ePsf]df lXbo b]lv g} s[t1 5' .

2
 dgsf s'/f
laljw sf/0fn] ubf{ cfh klg xfd|f] b]zaf6 nfvf}+ o'jfzlQm knfog x'b}5g\ . b]zsf] lasfz lgd{f0fdf
h'6\g' kg]{ a]nfdf laZjsf s'gf s'gfdf laleGg x}l;otn] a“fRg lajz 5g\ g]kfnLx? . sfd,bfd,/ To;kl5
aNn dfd vf]Hg laZjsf s'gfdf 5l/P/ /x]sf g]kfnLx?sf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ dWok"j{df a:g] g]kfnLx?sf]
cj:yfnfO{ Hofb} bogLo /x]sf] 5 . vfl8 zJbdf cEo:t ag]sf bzf}+ nfv g]kfnL dWok"j{sf] afn'jfsf] s0f
s0fdf ;[hgfsf w/x/f agfp“b} 5g . dfbLn] ;':sfO/x]sf] kL8f clg df5fk'R5|]n] ;'sfO/x]sf] c“fz' ag]/
hLjg ?lk /y u'8fpg afWo 5g\ .
stf/ b|'tt/ ultdf lasfz tkm{ nlDs/x]sf] lasf;f]Gd'v /fi6« xf] . kl5Nnf] ;dodf stf/sf]
lgdf{0f nfutdf ePsf] pNn]vlgo j[l4n] ubf{ a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] k|d'v cfs{ifs uGtAo aGb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnLx?sf] a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] k|d'v cfs{ifs uGtAo :yn ag]sf] stf/df # nfvsf xf/fxf/Ldf g]kfnLx?
/x]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . stf/ ;/sf/sf] a}b]lzs sfdbf/ cfk"lt{ ug]{ /fi6«x?sf] ;"lrdf g]kfn cu|k+lQmdf
k/]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ klg stf/df g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof a9\g] b]lvG5 . stf/df k|fljlws,cltbIf,cw{bIf /
cbIf ul/ ;a} k|sf/sf g]kfnL sfdbf/x? /x]sf 5g . cfkm\g} nufgLdf sDklg rnfP/ a;]sf b]lv :kf]G;/
ug]{ clwsf/ ;Dd kfPsf g]kfnL stf/df sfo{/t 5g . vfl8 zJb;u cEo:t alg ;s]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{
stf/sf] af/]df hfgsfl/ u/fpg' kg]{ ckl/xfo{ cfj:ostfnfO{ dWogh/ /flv /f]hL /f]l6sf nflu stf/
k:g nfu]sf nfvf}+ ;kgf ef]uLx?nfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ k|of; :j?k k|:t't k|sfzgsf] tof/Ldf h'6]sf xf} .
k|foM h;f] vfl8 k:g] g]kfnL eg]sf] cNk1fgL ,cNkefifL / k|ljlw ;'Go ul/j g]kfnL xf] eGg] a'lemG5
t/ cj of] a'emfO{nfO{ kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ j]nf cfPsf] 5 . stf/df ;fdfGo Go'g tnjdf sfd ug]{ n]j/ dfq
geP/ cGt/fli6«o :t/sf 7"nf sDklg pRr tx;Dd g]kfnLsf] kx“'r k'lu;s]sf] 5 . stf/df bIf
hgzlQmsf nflu y'k|} cj;/x? klg 5g\ . xftdf l;k ePsfx?n] efUo km'nfPsf klg 5g\ . To;}n] stf/
cfpg' k"j{ s'g} g s'g} l;k l;Sg h?l/ 5 ,xQfl/g' x'b}g . xftdf l;k eof] eg] /fd|f] cj;/x? kfOG5g\
eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsfl/ u/fpg' k|:t't k':tssf] pb]Zo xf] . stf/ k:g' eGbf cufj} Toxfsf] w/ftn
,xfjfkfgL,/xg;xg, efiff, ;+:s[lt ,sfg'g / Toxf sfo{/t g]kfnLx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'g' lgtfGt
cfj:os 5 . To;}n] k|:t't k':tsdf ofjt s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . stf/ Pp6f d/e"ldsf]
/fi6« xf] . o“xfsf] laljw s'/fx?nfO{ hfGg rfxg]sf] nfuL k|:t't k':ts pkof]uL aGg ;S5 . csf]{ dxTjk"0f{
kIf eg]sf] o“xfsf] g]kfnL hghLjgsf] oyf{ytfnfO{ lrq0f ug'{ xf] . o“xfsf ;fdflhs ;+3 ,;+:yf b]lv
b'tfjf; ;Ddsf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ OdfGbfl/ k"j{s oyf{yk/s 9+udf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
;flxlTos,;f:s[lts ,/fhg}lts kl/36gfx?nfO{ ; la:tf/ rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; k":tssf] dfWod4f/f
stf/df sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?sf] oyf{ytf k|dfl0ft x'g' kg]{ xfd|f] 7DofO{ xf] .
“stf/ / stf/sf g]kfnL” ;a}sf nflu pkof]uL aGg' k5{ lsgls o;n] g]kfn ;/sf/,d]gkfj/
Ph]lG;x? / :jod sfdbf/nfO{ ;d]t w]/} s'/fx? l;Sg 7f“p lbg]df b'Odt 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/n] xr'jfsf]
e/df agfPsf gLlt ,lgodx?nfO{ ;LdfGt ju{ ;Dd k'Ug ;Sb}g eg] g]kfnsf d]gkfj/ Ph]lG;x? lbgx“'
abgfdL sdfpb} 5g\ . csf]{ tkm{ w]/} g]kfnLx? a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] gfddf 7lug] , cnkqdf kb}{ cfO/x]sf
5g\ . oL ;a}sf] sf/0f vf]Hgsf nflu of] k':ts pkof]uL aGg ;S5 . lsgls o; k':tsdf a}b]lzs
/f]huf/Lsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt , d]gkfj/ Ph]lG;sf] jt{dfg sfd u/fO{ / sfdbf/sf sld
,sdhf]/Lx? ljj]rgfTds 9+udf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s'6g}lts ;DjGw b]lv gLltut
s'/fx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . Pp6f g]kfnLn] csf]{ g]kfnLnfO{ lbPsf] b'Mvx? ,lk8fsf ;fu/x?nfO{ ,g]knLn]
g]kfnLnfO{ g} u/]sf] laZjf;3ft,5nsk6 cflbnfO{ ;d]t 5'g] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . stf/df dfgj t:s/x?
lsg df]6fpb} 5g t < lbgx“' cnkqdf lsg g]kfnL k5{g t < stf/sf g]kfnLdf laZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
stf/sf] kl/k|]Ifdf s'/f ubf{ o“xf k7fpg] klg g]kfnL , cfpg] klg g]kfnL / o“xfaf6 leiff k7fpg] klg
g]kfnL . g]kfnL g} g]kfnL ;UnËg /x]sf] 7fpdf olt ljWg 3ft clg k|lt3ft lsg t< ;a}sf] rf;f]sf]
laifo xf] of] < o;} laifosf] ;]/f]km/f]]df k|:t't k':tssf] ;Ldfgf ;'/lIft ul/Psf] 5 . stf/df lbgx“' ylkb}
uO/x]sf cnkqsf 36gfnfO{ Aojl:yt tj/df Go'lgs/0f ub}{ n}hfg] of] k':ts pkof]uL aGg]df z+sf 5}g .
3
o; k':tssf] tof/Ldf h'6\bf ufnL ,tfnL b'j} kfOof] . xfd|f] ofqf /f]SgnfO{ sf8“f t]:of{pg] klg e]l6P .
sf8f“ kG5ofpg] klg e]l6P . ;fy lbG5' elg s;d vfPsf]n] aLr af6f]d} cnkq klg 5f]l8lbP . w]/} wDsL
/ bjfjx? Kflg cfO/x] / cfpg] qmd hfl/ 5g\ . t/ klg x/]; gvfOsg of] k':tsnfO{ d't{ ?k lbOof] .
sfnf]nfO{ sfn} eg]/ n]Vg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . uwfnfO{ ufO{ agfpg vf]lhPsf] x]fOg . xfd|f] k|of; t ul/j
g]kfnL 5f]/f of] b'/ e"lddf g7lupg , csfndf d[To'j/0f ug{ gkfcf];\ a}b]lzs /f]huf/ Aofj;fo dof{lbt
agf];\ eGg] dfq xf] . o; kljq nIosf ;fy cufl8 a9]sf] xfd|f] ofqfnfO{ ;w} gs/fTds ?kdf x]l/of] .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw ag]/ /x]sf] b'tfjf;n] ;d]t ;fy lbPg . laleGg sf/0fx?n] cnkqdf k/]sf
g]kfnLx?nfO{ cf>o 3/df /fv]/ kfNg xfd|f] b'tfjf; tof/ 5 t/ cnkqdf / larNnLdf gk?g eGgsf
vflt/ hgr]tgf km}nfpg] / a}b]lzs /f]hufl/df b]lvPsf ljs[lt / la;+ultx?nfO{ sfdug{ ;xfos agf];
eGg] xfd|f] rfxfgfnfO{ ;fy lbg tof/ 5}gg\ . stf/df sfo{/t nfvf} g]kfnLx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu stf/
;/sf/;“u >d >Demf}tf ul/Psf] 5 . h'g s'/f ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLn] hfGg' kg]{ xf] t/ klg b'tfjf;n]
;fjf{hflgs ub}{g . pN6f] sfg'gL s'/fx? t]:of{P/ ysf{pg] sfd u5{ . To;sf] la?4df klg o;} k':tsaf6
g]kfn stf/ >d ;+Demf}tf ;fjf{hflgs ub}{5f}+ .
stf/nfO{ a}b]lzs /f]hufl/sf] uGtJo :yn agfP/ cfPsf ;kgf ef]uL jf cf“pgnfO{ v'§f
prfn]/ a;]sf ;a}nfO{ ljljw sf/0fn] ubf{ pkof]uL x'g]df s]lx ;+sf 5}g . stf/n] 5f]6f] ;dodf u/]sf]
k|ult b]vfP/ xfd|f] b]zdf zQf / zlQmsf nfuL cfTdj~hs jlg lbg] /fhg}lts bnfnx?sf] t'jf“nf]n]
9fs]sf] cf“vfnfO{ p3f{g'{ dfq xfd|f] pb]Zo xf] . >LdtLsf uxgf aGbuL /fv]/ s;}sf] ;RrfO{sf] nfuL bf;Tj
af]Sg ljj; tdfd\ g]kfnLsf] ;femf syfnfO{ o“xf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn / stf/ aLrsf] s'6g}lts
;DjGwnfO{ cem k|uf9 / alnof] agfpg of] ;]t'sf ?kdf pleg]df s'g} ;+sf 5}g . k|:t't k':tsnfO{ o“xf
;Dd k'/ofpg w]/} ldqsf] xft 5 . u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3 /fli6«o kl/ifbsf cWoIf sdnd0fL u'/fu“fO{
,k|jfl; hghflt dxf;+3sf cd[t u'?Ë, ljn u'?Ë, g]kfn stf/ kqsf/ ;+3sf ;efklt g]q vgfn
,/fhwfgL ;fKtflxssf lbks kf}8]n,/lje§ cefuL, sflGtk'/ ;fKtflxssf b]j]Gb| e§/fO{,
nufotsf dxfg'efjx?nfO{ ;Demg rfxfG5' . To;}ul/ tf/f d+uf]n ,/fh]Gb| l/hfn , /fh]Gb| bfxfn , ef]h/fh
>]i7 “PsnJo”, lblnk la=s=,k|sfz yfkf , la? bgf{n ,/fh' e08f/L , /d]z kf}8]n , xl/ jfUn] cflbn]
k'¥ofpg' ePsf] ;xof]u k|lt cfef/ AoQm ub{5' . cfkm\gf] Ao:ttfnfO{ kG5fP/ ;b}j dnfO{ ;do lbg' x'g]
bfh' ljgf]b cof{n k|lt cfef/L 5' . k':ts k|sfzgsf] rf“hf]kf“hf] ldnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ efO{ ;'ljg jfUn] /
;xb[o piff k|lt C0fL 5' . o; k':ts k|sfzgsf nfuL laleGg 7f“px?af6 ;xof]u k'/ofpg' x'g]
/fh]z k|;fO{,lzj/fh e08f/L,s[i0f klG8t,tf]k axfb'/,6]s axfb'/ la=s=,k|]d l3l;ª,b]j]Gb| l;{hg,
;]lnª s];L,s'df/ tfdfª,/fh s'j/,of]u]Gb| tfdfª,ljgf]b /fO{,;Gtf]; clwsf/L,/fdL dfof tfdfª,
d'gf /fO,{pld{nf a:g]t,uLtf /fgf,tfdfª ;]jf ;dfh,;[hgf o'jf Snj,;GWof u|'k / ;f}uft
kl/jf/,lrtjg /fdgu/ l7d'/f ;]jf ;ldlt,o'lgl6 l:k8L l6d, cn hfj/ u'|k,/D3f stf/ ;Dks{
;ldlt,xf]d /;fO{nL,kbd vftL,lzjxl/ uf}td,/lj /f]ifL,s'df/ bfO{ nufot ;Dk'0f{ dxfg'efjx? Kf|lt
cfef/ AoQm ub}{ k':tssf sld sdhf]/L cf}NofO{ ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg'x'g lj1 kf7sx? ;dIf cg'/f]w ub{5f}+
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4
 stf/ / stf/sf g]kfnL
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v08 -s_ -stf/_

!_ stf/sf] e"uf]n M—
@_ stf/sf] OltxfF; M—
#_ stf/sf] /fhgLlt M—
$_ stf/sf] lzIff M—
%_ stf/sf] v]ns'b M—
^_ stf/sf] t]n M—
&_ stf/sf] Uo“f; M—
*_ stf/sf] cy{tGq M—
(_ j}b]lzs nufgLsf] nflu jftfj/0f M—
!)_ stf/df le;f ;DjlGw Aoj:yf M—
!!+_ stf/sf] >lds sfg"g M—
!@_ >ldssf lglDt dfga clwsf/ M—
!#_ dfga cf];f/ k;f/ k|ltj]bg M—
!$_ g]kfn stf/ s'6g}lts ;DaGwM—
!%_ stf/sf] lasfzdf g]kfnLsf] of]ubfg M—

vG8 –v_
!_ g]kfnL lab]lzg'sf sf/0fx? M—
@_ a}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfbf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx? M—
#_ stf/sf g]kfnL / ltgLx?sf] ca:yf M—
$_ stf/df sfo{/t >ldsx?sf] juL{s/0f M—
%_ g]kfnL hghLjg M—
^_ g]kfnL dlxnf sfdbf/sf] ca:yf M—
&_ sfdubf{ Wofglbg' hg]{ s'/fx? M—
*_ cnkqdf k/]sf g]kfnL / sf/0fx? M—
(_ 7luaf6 aRg] pkfox? M—
!)_sDkgL 5f]8]/ efu]sf g]kfnLsf] ca:yf M—

5
vG8 u
!_g]kfnL b'tfaf; M—
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@_ :jf:Yo ;d:of
csfndf d/]sf g]kfnLsf] ljj/0f
csfndf d/]sf g]kfnLsf] gfdfjnL
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k|fylds pkrf/

vG8 3
!_ stf/df g]kfnL Aoj;foLx? M—
@_ stf/df g]kfnL /]i6'/]G6 M—
#_ ;fdflhs ;+3÷ ;+:yfx? M—
$_ sNof0fsf/L sf]if M—
%_ g]kfnL ;f+:s[lts ultljlw
^_ g]kfnL ;flxlTos ultljlw
&_ st/df /fhg}lts ultljlw
*_ g]kfn, ;'rgf tyf ;Grf/ M—
(_ a}s tyf /]ld6]G; M—
!)_ stf/sf g]kfnLsf ;d:of,;dfwfgsf pkfo / ;'emfjx? M—
!!_ j}b]lz /f]huf/ P]g @)^$ M—
!@_ g]kfnsf] ljsfzdf stf/af;L g]kfnLsf] of]ubfg M—
!#_ stf/sf g]kfnLnfO{ x]l/g] b[li6sf]0f M—

6
 stf/sf] e"uf]n
stf/ c/a vfl8sf] klZrdL ;d'Gb|L txdf @$ l8u|L / !^=!) l8lu| cIf++fz / %) $%
/ %!=$) k'jL{ b];fGt/df cjl:yt Ps k|fol¢k xf] . of] dWo k'a{df cjl:yt 5 . o;sf]
ltglt/sf] l;dfgf ;d'Gb| 5 eg] Pp6f l;dfgf ;fpbL c/a / klZrd ;fu/sf] l;dfgf ;Dd
5 . o; b]zsf] s'n If]qkmn !!,$#& au{ ls= ld= -$$@& au{ dfOn _ 5 . h;dWo] e"ld
!!,$#& au{ ls= ld= ) au{ ls= ld= 5 . o;sf] blIf0fL l;dfgf kl:rd ;fpbL c/asf] l;dfgf
hf]l8Psf] / afls ltg lbzfdf c/a ;fu/n] 3]l/Psf] 5 . o;sf] e"ld l;dfgf hDdf ^) ls=
ld= /x]sf] 5 eg] ;fd'lGb|s ;tx %^# ls= ld= /x]sf] 5 .

e'uf]n / kof{a/0f
stf/sf] clwgdf w]/} k|folbkx? 5g\ . h;dWo] xn'n, ;f?x , cn c;t cn;flkmofx cnclnofx
/f;nfkmfg k|d'v x'g\ . stf/sf] k'lj{ cyjf kl:rdL ;d'Gb|L /]vfsf] nDafO &))ls ld 5 ,hf] uNkmsf]
;d'Gb|L /]vfsf] @# k|lt;t lx:;f 5 . stf/sf] ;aeGbf 6f9fsf] s]Gb| !^) ls ld sf] b'l/df 5 . h;sf]
rf}8fO *) ls ld 5 / h'g k|folbksf] aLrdf kb{5 . ;d'Gb| tx / afn'jfsf] kxf8 stf/sf] k'jL{ l;dfgf
w]/}h;f] e]l6G5 . laz]if ul/ o:tf kxf8x? Vf]/ cn pb]Zo / j]e;fO8df e]l6G5g . o; b]zsf] ;fd'Gb|L
lsgf/fdf w]/} vfN6f] / vf]N;fx? E]fl6G5g\ h;nfO{ :yflgo efiffdf cf]/ elgG5 . h; dWo] cn;fa/ /
vf]/ xb wfv]/ cflb x'g .
stf/sf] /fhwfgL jf k|d'v zx/ bf]xf xf] :yfgLo efiffdf Pp6f ;fgf] j[lto vf8LnfO{ bf]xf elgG5 .
bf]xf ;g\ !(!^ df stf/sf] /fhwfgL zx/ ag]sf] xf], h'ga]nf stf/ la|6]gsf] clwgdf lyof] . ;g\ !(&!
Dff stf/ :jtGq ePkl5 klg stf/sf] /fhwfgL zx/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . cGo zx/x?df Messaieed,Al
khor Dukhan,Ruwai, cflb x'g\ / oL If]qx? xl/ofnL g} x'G5g\ . b]zsf] clt pAhfp e"—efu x'G5 .
stf/df ;d'lGb| ;txb]lv !)# ld6/ prfO{df /x]sf] cj'cn afn kfO{G5 .
7
 xfjfkfgL df};d
stf/ pi0f k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgLsf] b]z xf] . d"nt stf/ d?e"ldsf] b]z xf] . oxf %% l8u|L ;Dd
tfks|d / jiff{ %^=@ ld=ld= ;Dd x'G5 . stf/ d'VotM ;'Vvf xfjfkfgL ePsf] /fi6« xf] . oxfF udL{ jl9 udL{
x'G5 / hf8f]df al9 hf8f] x'G5 . oxfFsf] xfjfkfgLdf ljifdtf kfO{G5 . zfGt,g/d,/dfOnf],lxpFb, clt udL{ /
jflkmnf] udL{ ox“fsf] ljz]iftf g} x'g\ . oxfF jfn'jfn] el/Psf] x'/L atf; ;fdfGo ?kn] jif{ el/ g} rN5 .
ljz]ifu/L a;Gt uxt'df x'/L atf; rng] s|d pu| x'G5 . oxfFsf] ;Dd ;tx,jfn'jf / 9'‹fx?n] 9fs]sf]
d/e"ldsf] b]z eg]/ lrlgPtf klg s'n hdLgsf] !=^$ k|lt;t s[lif pTkfbg If]q e"lddf kb{5 . ;g\ @))%
sf] tYofs cg';f/ )=@& k|lt;t :yfoL jfnL / c? (*=)( k|lt;t kb{5 . stf/df s'g} klg gbLgfnf
5}gg\ . tfklg ;g\ @))@ sf] tYofË k|of]hssf cg';f/ !#) ju{ ls=dL= l;+lrt If]q 5 . stf/df k'g
k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] kfgLsf] ;|f]t )=! 3g ls= dL= /x]sf] 5 . oxfF )=( ls=dL= 3/]n' @$ k|lt;t cf}wf]lus #
k|lt;t / s[lif &@ k|lt;t ;kmf kfgL lgisf;g x'G5 . ;g\ @))) sf] aflif{s tYofË cg';f/ k|lt Aoltm
#%* 3g ld= kfgLsf] k|of]u x'G5 . oxfF afSnf] s'lx/f] nfU5 . tftf] jfkm,w'nf] ;lxtsf] cfwL / jfn'jf cfFwL
rln/xG5 . oxfF ;kmfkfgLs]f ;|f]t l;ldtsf sf/0f vr{ ePsf] 5 . stf/n] cGt//fli6«o jftj/l0fo
;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5 .

cfjfbL
stf/ c/j k|fol4ksf] lx:;f ePsf]n] / ;fdfGo k|hflto ;f+;sfl/s k[i7e"ldsf] sf/0fn] o“xfsf]
cfjfbL w]/} h;f] cvL g} xf] . stf/ cn—xf;f, g:b / cf]dgsf k|jf;Lx?n] !& O{= / !* O{= ztflAbdf
cfjfb u/]sf] d"n'ssf] xf] . o“xfsf] /fli6«otf stf/L xf] . ;g\ @))& sf] tYofË cg';f/ stf/sf] s'n
hg;+Vof ()&,@@( / hg;+Vof j[l4b/ h'nfO{ @))& sf] cfs8“fdf @=#*^ k|lt;t /x]sf] 5 . oxfF stf/L -
c/j _ @) k|lt;t cGo c/j d'nsf @) k|lt;t ef/tLo @) k|lt;t lkmlnlkgf] !) k|lt;t g]kfnL !)
k|lt;t !) k|lt;t kfls:tfgL & k|lt;t / >Ln+sg % k|lt;t /x]sf] 5g\ . oxfF pd]/ cg';f/ )—!$
jif{sf @@=* k|lt;t !% ^$ jif{sf &@=(k|lt;t / ^% jif{ dflysf $=# k|lt;t dflg;/x]sf] ;g\ @))*
sf] tYofFsn] b]vfPsf] 5 . stf/sf] @))* sf] cg'dflgt tYof+Ë cg';f/ hGdb/ !%=%^ hGd !)))
;+Vofdf /x]sf] 5 . eg] d[Tob/ $=($ k|lt;t ;+Vofdf /x]sf] 5 . a;fO{ ;fO{ !@=!* k|lt !))) hg
;+Vofdf /x]sf] 5 . stf/df ;/b/ cfo' &$=% k|lt;t O:nfldx? *=% k|lt;t
ls|lirog / !$ k|lt;t cGo wdf{jnDjLx? /x]sf] ;g\ @))$ sf] tYo+fsn] atfp5 . oxfFsf] d'Vo efiff
c/jL xf] eg] c+u|]hL k|rlnt bf]>f] efiff xf] oxfF sf] !% jif{ dflysf k9\g / n]Vg ;Sg] ;fIf/tf hDdf
*(=! k|lt;t 5 . h;df k'?if *(=! / dlxnf **=^ k|lt;t @))$ >f]t /x]sf] 5 . stf/ O:nflds b]z
ePtfklg wd{df la:tf/} pbf/aGb} uO{/x]sf] 5 .

8
 stf/sf] OltxfF;
k"/ftflTjs P]ltxfFl;s vf]h,tnf; cg';f/ stf/ $ cf} ztfAbL klxnfb]lv g} cl:tTjdf /x]sf] b]z xf] .
lj=@) cf} ztfAbLsf] bf]>f] efudf ePsf] 8]lg; - !(%^—!(^%_ la|l6; - !(&# _ / k|m]Gr -!(&^ _
k"/ftflTjs cleofg4f/f of] kQf nu]sf] lyof] pQm k"/ftflTjs cleofg4f/f @)) eGbf al9 :yfgsf] vf]h
tnf; ePsf] lyof] / h'g ljleGg k|fu]lts xfl;n o'u ;u ;DaGw lyof] .
s_ k"j{df pdafa
v_ blIf0f ;fbf gflyn
pdafa— tufx b'vfgsf] blIf0fk"j{,hxfF 9'‹fsf] pks/0f agfpg] p3f]u e]l6of],h'g dWo 9'‹f] o'u;+u
;DjlGwt lyof] bf]If] k'/ftflQs :yfg df];fO{bsf] blIf0f k"j{df e]l6Psf] lyof] . pQm vf]haf6 d];f]
kf]tfldof paf{Obf ;Dotfsf] k|df0f e]l§Psf] lyof] .
klxnf] afl;Gbf M—
o'gfgL OltxfF;sf/ x]/f]8f]6; - $*%—$@% O=k"=_ sf] cg';f/ safgsf] gfjL stf/sf] k|yd
afl;Gbf lyP . o'gfgL —ld;L e"uf]nljb\ K6f]gf]dL - !))—!&) P=l8=_ n] cfˆgf] @) cf} ztfAbLdf agfPsf]
c/jsf] gS;fdf stf/ gfds b]zsf] a0f{g u/]sf 5g\ . s]xLsf cg';f/ stf/ zAb jt{dfg stf/L zx/
cn—h'jf/f hf],To; ;do uNkmsf] ;d'Gb| lalgod4f/ lyof] / pQm 4f/nfO{ stf/ eg]/ ;Djf]wg u/]sf]
lyof] .
O:nfdLs o'u M—
stf/sf lgjf;L h;n] dWo & cf} zfJbLdf :nfddf kl/jt{g u/]sf lyP / ;d'Gb|kf/L laleGg
7fpx?df O:nfdsf k|rf/ k|;f/df cxd\ e"ldsf lgefPsf lyP . To; ;do stf/L k|fo¢Lk / o;sf
jl/k/L cn—dfgfhf]/f hghfltsf] /fhf lyof] . cndghL/ OAj ;flj e'n tdLdL O:nfd wd{ ckgfpg]
k|yd /fhf lyP . Tof] o'udf tsf/ a+l;,efnf,3f]8f,/ pF6sf ;fy} a'lgPsf cfe'ifn stl/of jx/fOg /
cf]dg k|rlnt lyof] stf/ . cg]sf} PltxfFl;s ;Gbe{df pNn]v u/] cg';f/ df]xDat k}uDj/n] klg
st/Lofx nfupFy] / pgsL >LdtL cfO{;fn] st/L l;N8 nfufFplyg . st/Lofx kf];fs nfufpg] uy]{ .
stf/ cfˆgf] gfljs Ifdtfsf nflu k|l;¢ lyof] . clg wd{sf] - lhxfb _ nflu ca' cn cnf cn
xb/fdLsf O:nflds ;]gfsf nflu ;fd'Gb|Ls gf} ;]gfsf] :yfkgf ug'{df stf/af;Lx?n] cxd e'ldsdf
lgjfPsf 5g\ / k|l;¢ k|lrg O:nfddf slj vfjhL{ klg stf/sf lgjf;L x'g eg]/ elgPsf] 5 . stf/n]
cAafl;b o'u - &%! — *^* P=l8= _ df w]/} k|ult u¥of] / aubftsf] k/Dk/fut cAal;b s}lnkmsf ;fy
jlnof] ;DjGwsf] z'?jft u¥of] . klZrd stf/sf] d'jfa kmf]6f]df w]/} cJal;b l;Nksf/ kfO{Psf lyP .
oxfFsf lsnf cJafl;t a:t'snfsf] k|lts x'g .
cf}6xf]d]g o'u M—
;g\ !^!& df stf/ k'tf{ufn;+u o'¢df k/flht eof],hf] ltlgx?n] agfPsf lsNnfsf] v08x?n]
pgLx? oxfF cfPsf ;+s]t lbG5 . k'tf{ufnsf /fhfnfO{ !^#* df cf}6f]d]gx?n] vtd u/]sf lyP . ltg
ztfAbL;Dd stf/ c? d'n's em} cf}6f]d]g /fhfx?sf] zf;gdf lyof] .
cnyflg kl/jf/ M—
dWo !( O:jL ztfAbLdf stf/ df]tL pBf]usf] s]Gb| aGg nfUof] . z]v d'xDat lag yflg lagf
d'xDdb,cn yflg kl/jf/sf ;+:yfks x'g . pgn] ;g\ !*!( df bf]xfdf cfPkl5 cfkm'nfO{ stf/sf] klxnf]
/fhf 3f]lift u/] . ;g\ !*^* df z]v dxDdbn] la|6]g ;/sf/;+u P]ltxfFl;s zflGt ;+lGwdf x:tfIf]k k'j{
?kn] cGToul/ d'xDdbnfO{ stf/sf] /fhf 3f]lift ug{ jfWo eP . zfx;L,b[b / j'l¢dfg z]v sf]l:;d
9
a]g d'xfDdb cn yfgL !*&* df /fhf ag],hf] stf/sf] /fHo ;+yfks x'g eg]/ elgG5 . h:sf]
O:tfDa'ndf cf}6f]e]gsf] clen]vn] klg k'li6 u5{ . pgn] cf}6f]d]g / lj|l6;;“u+ cgflwgky lnP/ o;
If]qsf] ;a}egbf zlQmdfg /fhfsf] ?kdf :yflkt ag] . pgL t'sL{¢f/f stf/sf] cfGtl/s ls|ofsnfkdf
x:tIf]k / lt/f] s/sf] cTolws cTorf/L j;'nLaf6 w]/} g} c;Gt'i6 lyO . ;g\ !(!# stf/sf] nflu
dxTjk'0f{ ;fn xf] lsg eg] To;} ;fnsf] h'nfO{ @( sf] P]Unf]–cf}6\6«f]d]g ;Dd]ngn] of] 3f]if0ff u¥of] sL
stf/df cj cn–yflg kl/jf/sf] /fh x'G5 / z]v sl:;dsf] d[To' ;Zrft z]v cAb'Nnf lag sl:;d -
!(!# – !($! _ n] stf/sf] jfu8f]/ ;Dxfn] . ;g\ !(!% df t'ls{; bnn] stf/ Ps la|l6; ;+/Ifs d"n's
aGof] . o; k|sf/ stf/nfO{ ;d'b|L / e"ld cfs{d0f af6 la||6]gsf] ;'/Iff ldNof] . pQm ;+emf}tf ;g\ !(#(
df pRr u'0f ePsf] t]n b'nfddf e]l6of] t/ bf]>f] ljZjo'¢sf] sf/0fn] t]nsf] pTkfbg ;g\ !($( l8;]Dj/
dlxgf;Dd z'?ul/Psf] lyPg . j[xt t]nsf] lgof{t ;g\ !(%) ;Dd klg z'? ul/Psf] lyPg .
:jtGqtf M—
stf/ z]v cxDdb ljg cn yflgsf] zf;gsfn df:jt /fi6«sf] ?kdf :yflkt eof] . ;g !(&! Df
la|6]gn] uNkm If]qnfO{ 5f]8]kZrft stf/ To; ;fnsf] ;]K6]Da/ dlxgfdf :jtGq eO Ps c:y ;+lawfg
ckgfP/ O{:nflds /fi6«|sf ?kdf pbo eof] . stf/n] c/las efiffnfO{ /fli6«o efiff 3f]lift u¥of] . ;g\
!(&! ;fndf g} stf/n] o'=P]g / c/a ln+usf] ;b:o aGof] . @@ km/j/L !(&@ df z]v vlnkmf ljg
cxDdb cn yflg stf/sf /fhf aGg'eof] . pgsf] zf;gsfndf b]zsf sof} If]qdf dxtjk"0f{ ljsfz eof]
/ ;g\ !(*) df uNkmsf] ck/];g sfplG;n - hL=l;=l;= _ sf] ;+:yfkg ;b:o aGof] . @& h'g !((% df
z]v xDdb lag vflnkm cn yfgLn] /fhkl/jf/ stf/ hgtfsf] cf>odf /fHo ;DxfNg'eof] To; lbg
b]lv pxfFn] cfFkm'nfO{ /fhg}lts ;'wf/ / nf]stGqsf] gLlDt :d/0f ug'{ eof] .

stf/sf] /fhgLlt
/fhg}lts /LltM
stf/ ;/sf/sf] /fhg}lts /Llt cn yfgL kl/jf/ / xdfb ljg vlnkmf lag xdfb cjb'Nnf
sfl:/dsf k'?; hfltsf ;Gtfgdf k/Dk/fut 5 . stf/sf] Tof] zf;g Tof] k'qn] kfp5 h;nfO{ cld/-
/fHosf] ;/bf/ Kfmf}hsf] ;]gfktL_ n] cfkm\gf] /fhkl/jf/sf] ;b:o / /fHosf] ;Nnfxsf/ -c6n cn xn jn
cfUb _ x?sf] ;Nnfxdf 3f]l;t u5{ olb kl/jf/df k'q 5}g eg] To;sf] laz]; clwsf/ To;n] kfp5
h;nfO{ cld/n] 3f]l;t u5{, To;kl5 ltgsf] k'q zf;gsf] pQ/lwsf/L x'G5 .

cnyfgL kl/jf/M
stf/sf] /fh ;b:o c/j s'6'Dj afgL tldd ,h;n] !* O{= ;tfAbLdf gHbaf6 c/j
k|fol4ks]f b];fGt/ u/]/ cn h'jf/fdf :yflkt ePkl5 plg bf]xf cfPsf] lyP . hf] cfh stf/sf] /fhwfgL
aGof] . cnyfgL kl/jf/sf] gfd z]v yfgL lag d'xDdbaf6 ldNof] hf] kl/jf/sf] k|wfg lyP !* O{=
ztflAbdf stf/sf] klxnf] /fhf ;]v d'xDdb lag yfgLsf] lktf x'g'x'G5 .

cld/sf] ;+a}wflgs clwsf/ M

stf/df cld/ /fHosf] k|d'v x'g'x'G5 . h;sf] pkfwL cnUo x'G5 / k|hfn] p“xfnfO{ ;Ddfg
u5{g . cld/ kmf}hsf] ;]gfktL x'g'x'G5 h;n] cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] tn /Iff kl/ifbsf] lgdf{0f ug'{x'G5 h;sf]
;xotfn] /fHosf] ;a} txsf] lgl/If0f ul/G5 . stf/df k|wfg dGqLsf] lgo'QmL cld/n] ug'{x'G5 / cGo
10
dGqLsf] lgo'QmL k|wfgdGqLsf] ljlgof]hg kqsf] cfwf/df r'lgG5 / ltgLx?sf] kb Tofu klg To;} k|sf/
x'G5 . cn z'/f larf/ ;ef r'gfjsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ / /fHosf] lxtdf p;sf] laefhg ug{ klg cld/sf]
clwsf/ x'G5 t/ cld/nfO{ To; laefhgsf] sf/0f atfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . larf/ ;efsf] ljefhg 5 dlxgf
leq go“f larf/ ;efsf] r'gfj u/fpg h?l/ k5{ . cfGtl/s / aflx/L sfo{ P+jd cGt/fli6«o ;DjGwdf
/fHosf] k|ltlglwTj x'g'sf] ;fy ;+lawfg cld/nfO{ of]Uotd k|bfg u5{ .

!= /fHosf] ;fdfGo gLlt agfpg' / dGqL kl/ifbsf ;fy of] x]g{ ls /fhg}lts , sf/f]jfl/s , ;fdflhs ,
lzIff / zf;gsf] If]qdf o;sf] kfngf x'b}5 .
@= lgodx?nfO{ k|dfl0ft ul/ To;}nfO{ 3f]lift ug{ cld/sf] d+Gh'/L lagf s'g} klg lgod nfu' x'g ;Sb}g .
#= ;/sfl/ / kmf}hL sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgoldt ?kn] lgo'QmL .

dGqL kl/ifb M
dGqL kl/ifb b]zsf] ;a}eGbf pRr sfo{sfl/0fL xf] / h;sf] cfkm\gf] 3/]n' / cGt/fli6«o sfo{x?df
clwsf/ x'G5 . dGqL kl/ifb dGqLd08n4f/f k|:tfj ul/Psf lgod / ;+sNkx?nfO{ k|dfl0ft ub{5 t/
To;nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug'{x'GGf . dGqLx?sf] ;efn] ;/sf/sf] cfly{s / k|jGwsf/L qmdnfO{ lgoGqLt /fVb5 .
;efnfO{ ;fdfGo cfo Aoosf] n]vf agfpg' / cNkAofoL sfo{nfO{ d+h'/L lbg tyf pQm sfo{ nfu' x'g] ;Dd
-rf}s;L_ lgu/fgL ug]{ sfo{ klg o; ;efnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 .
:yfoL ;+ljwfgdf dGqL ;ef /fHosf] ljb]zL / cGt/fli6«o lxtdf b[li6 /fVg / cfkm\gf] ;'/Iffug]{ /
To; ;efsf] 3/]n' ;'/Iff / l:y/tfnfO{ sfod /fVg] / ;/sfl/ sd{rf/LnfO{ lagf cld/ cyjf dGqLx?sf]
kIfkftsf] sfddf lgo'Qm ug'{ jf lgsfNg' klg o; ;efnfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] x'G5 . /fHosf] ;a} -:jhfrL_
lgo'Qm ePsf sd{rf/Lx?n] h;sf] k|f/Dedf dGqLx?sf] ;ef cld/sf] ;'? ePsf] sfo{ / c? ug'{ kg]{
sfdx?sf] la:tf/ k'j{s k|dfl0ft -l:js[t_ u/fpg'sf] lgDtL lgod k'j{s cld/sf] k]z ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . dGqL
d08nsf ;b:ox? cfkm\gf] lgwf{l/t sfddf k"0f{ ?kdf cld/ k|lt ;fd'lxs jf AofQmLut ?kdf pQ/bfoL
x'G5g\ . dGqL d08ndf dGqLx?sf] ;fy c? s]lx /fHo dGqLx? Kflg 5g\ . /fHodf k|yd rf]l6 ;""rgf
dGqfnonfO{ /4 u/L ;"rgf ldl8ofnfO{ ;+ul7t ug{sf nfuL c? dGqfnox? 5g\ h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\ .
!= /Iff dGqfno
@= lab]z dGqfno
#= u[x dGqfno
$= cfjfz tyf nf]s;]jf dGqfno
%= cy{Aofj:yf / Aofkf/ dGqfno
^= zlQm / pwf]u dGqfno
&= ;DklQbfg tyf O:nflds dfldnf dGqfno
*= ljQ dGqfno
(= Aofo dGqfno
!)= gu/kflnsf tyf s[lifdfldnf dGqfno
!!= lzIff dGqfno

cnz'/f larf/ ;ef M

cn z'/f larf/ ;ef stf/ :jfoQtf x'g' eGbf klxnfaf6 g} k|hftfGqLs cg'ej ePsf]
;ef xf] . hf] c:yfoL ;+ljwfg nfu' eP kl5 ! dO{ !(&@ df klxnf] ;ef Pslqt ePsf] lyof] h;df #)
hgf ;b:o lyP . hf] ^ jif{sf] cjlwsf] nfuL lyof] ;+ljwfg nfu' x'g' eGbf klxnf h'g @))@ df o;sf]
sfo{sfn @ aif{sf] nfuL a9fOof] . lgGbflgo sfd u/]df cn z'/f larf/ ;efsf] k'j{ cg'dtL ljgf p;sf]
11
s'g} klg ;b:osf] lu/km\tf/ ug{ ,vf]h tnf; ug{ ;Sg]5 . :yfoL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f && sf cg';f/ larf/
;efsf] ;b:otf a9fO{ $& hgf sfod ul/of] h;dWo] #) hgf ;b:o cfd lgjfr{gaf6 / a“fsL !% hgf
dGqL cyjf cfd hgtfaf6 cld/n] lgo'QmL ug]{ Aofj:yf ul/of] . r'lgPsf ;b:ox?sf] sfo{sfn cjlw
pgLx?n] Tofu kq jf kb 5f]8\g k/]df ;dfKt x'G5 . cn z'/f larf/ ;efsf] ;b:on] cfkm\gf] clwsf/
If]qleq /x]/ ;Djlwt k|Zgsf] :kli6s/0f k|wfg dGqL jf s'g} klg dGqL;“u ;f]wk'5 ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

Goflos clwsf/ M
stf/sf] sfg'g :jtGq 5 / s'g} klg clwsf/Ln] To;df j“fwf jf x:tIf]k ug{ ;Sb}g .
;+ljwfg cg';f/ Goflos clwsf/ eO{ p;nfO{ ljz]if k|sf/ / >]l0fsf] cbfntdf lglxt ul/G5 . cbfntn]
lg0f{o ,lgodsf] cg';f/ ub{5 . To;sf] cltl/Q ;+ljwfgdf klg of] 5 ls Gofolw; cfkm\gf] sfddf :jtGq
5g\ / pgsf] g}lts sfo{df plg dfyL lgod cg';f/ s'g} bjfj / Gofonosf] lg0f{odf s'g} x:tIf]k
l:jsfo{ x'b}g . Gofolw;nfO{ ljz]if l:yltdf dfq ;]jf d'Qm ul/G5 . ox“fsf] cflwsfl/s wd{ O:nfd
ePsf]n] ubf{ ox“f ;fl/of sfg'g klxnfaf6 g} lyof] t/ t]nsf] vf]hLkl5 Pp6f go“f ;do cfof] hxf >d
ljjfb , cGo ljjfbsf] nflu b]zdf go“f lgod / sfg'gsf] cfj:ostf lyof] To;kl5 ck/flws Gofonosf]
:yfkgf eof] d'4f n8\g' nfdf] ;dosf] oftgf ePsf]n] Goflos kl6sf lbg / >d h:tf] ljlzi6 lajfbsf
nflUf ;dy{ ;+:yfsf] u/]/ pQm oftgfdf ljho kfpgsf nflu sf]lz; ul//x]sf 5g\ . Gofonosf] sfd
sfhnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf]sf] lgDtL Gofolw;sf] ;+Vof a9fpg'sf] ;fy} k|zf;lgo k|s[ofnfO{ sDKo'6/fOlhs/0f
ul/ lbPsf] 5 o;} k|sf/ kl/>d / ;do arfpgsf] nflu b]zn] cGo k|zf;lgs k|s[ofnfO{ klg
sDKo'6/s/0f ul/ uf]e/d]G6-Government_ sf] sfo{qmd Plss[t 5g . hj o:tf] cfbl/ hfnLs/0f
:yflkt e};S5 h;n] Gofolw; / Goflos;“u ;Djlwt ;a}hgfsf] k|To]s d'4f pkbIf /fVg / To;df larf/
ug{ kfpg] 5 .

s]lGb|o gu/kflnsf ;ldlt M

stf/ /fHos]f s]lGb|o gu/kflnsf ;ldltdf @#) If]qx?sf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ @( ;b:o 5g\ . lo
;b:on] ;a} :t/df /fHosf] hg lasf;sf] k|s[ofdf k|f]T;fxg u5{g\ . ;ldltsf ;b:osf ;]jf sfo{sfn $
jif{sf] x'G5 . nf]stflGqs Aofaxf/sf] kl/kfng ub}{ ;ldltn] gful/sx?nfO{ lg0f{osf/ agfpg'sf] lglDt
k|f]T;fxg u5{ .
stf/sf] dxfdlxd cld/sf] ;g !((* cf1fKtLsf] cg';f/ gu/kflnsfsf] ;ldltdf k''?; jf
dlxnfsf] pd]/ !* jif{ ePsf] / !% jif{sf] stf/L /fli6«otf ePsf] cfb/l0fo AofQmLhgsf] lvnfkm sfg'gL
?kdf s'g} cleof]u gnfu]sf] :jR5 AofQmLn] o; ;ldltsf] ;b:o aGgsf] nflu pd]4f/ aGg ;S5 t/
pd]4f/ s'g} km}fh jf k|xl/df s'g} ;DjGw gePsf / h'g lhNnfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{ rfxfG5g\ To;}
lhNnfsf lgjf;L x'g' kg]{ 5 .
o; ;ldltn] s[lif tyf gu/kflnsf dGqfnosf] lgod , lg0f{osf] kl/kfng , hldg, jfl0fHo
tyf cf}wf]lus If]q , ;fjf{hflgs If]qsf] of]hgf Pjd\ lgdf{0fsf] ?k/]vf sf]g]{ ljif]z clwsf/ x'G5 . o;sf
;fy} o; ;ldltnfO{ dGqfnosf] of]hgf ,sfo{qmd ,cfoAoo ,;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs ljifo nfu'
ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 . k|To]s @ ;ftfdf o; ;ldltsf] ;Dd]ng x'G5 . @ ltxfO{ ;b:on] rfx]df laz]if
;Dd]ng ul/G5 . x/]s ;Dd]ngdf @ ltxfO{ ;b:osf] pkl:yt ePdf Tof] sfg'gM x'G5 . of] ;efsf] ;Dd]ng
# lbg eGbf al9 x'b}g . olb s'g} sf/0fj; ;efsf] ;Dd]ng # lbg eGbf al9 x'g uPdf k'/f ;b:osf] !
ltxfO eP klg sfkmL x'G5 . o; ;ldlt s[lif tyf gu/kflnsf dGqfnosf] clwgdf x'G5 . o; ;ldltdf !
dxf;lrj sfo{nosf] Aofj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;ldltsf] dxf;lrjn] ;Dd]ngsf] sfo{qmd tof/ ug}{ /
;Dd]ngdf kfl/t k|:tfjx?sf] lnlvt dfOg]6 ug]{ / To;sf] oyf{y lja/0f s[lif tyf gful/s dGqfnodf
k]z ug'{ k5{ .
12
 stf/sf] lzIff
stf/df lzIff pGgfO{;f} ztfAbLsf] cTo lt/ klxnf] sbd stf/L¢f/f lnO{of] . !*() df z]v
sfl;dsf] /fhdf !) j6f stf/Lx? lyP . stf/Lsf] Psarg s[Gtj x'G5 . of] k"j{ ljBfno lyof] hxfF
ljwfyL{ k9\g n]Vg / s'/fgsf] AofVof -lzIff_ lbOGYof] . of] rng @) ;f} z'?jft ;Dd rNof] .
!((# df b]zn] lgoldt ?kdf lzIff /Lltsf] u7gsf] nflu klxn] k|of; u¥of] . P]ol/Rof wfld{s
:s'n v'Ng o;sf] k|yd sbd lyof] . of] ljBfno s'Gtj eGbf cfw'lgs lyP !(#* ;Dd v'n] / aGb eP
o;sf lzIfsx? ;fpbLc/j lt/ nfu] . o; aLrdf stf/jf;Ln] cfˆgf sfo{ ;~rfng /flv/x] . !($& df
k|ofKt ;'wf/ ul/Psf æP]gl//ofj}Æ :yfgdf v'n] . o;sf] gfd o;sf ;+:yfks z]v xfDdb ljg cAb'Nnf
cnyfgL sf] gfddf æcnÆO:nfx cn xfldb of æljBfnoÆ eof] . of] ljBfno h;df !%$ hgf ljBfyL{
lyP . h'g b'O{ jif{ rNof] .
cfhsnsf h:tf ljBfnox? !(%),!(%! Df z'? eP ha stf/ k|fylds ljBfno v'Ng yfn],of]
ljfBfno rf/ sIff lyP / s'n !() hgf lyP . !(%@,!((# df lzIff hg;d"x sf] kl5 cfP/ lzIff
dGqfno aGof] . o;n] cnvf]/df bf]>f] ljBfno vf]Nof],km]l/ csf]{ aif{df pQ/fw{df cn ?O{; ufFp / bf]xfdf
yk b'O{ ljBfnox? Vff]lnP . o; jif{ 5fqfx?sf] ljBfno klg vf]lnof] . klxn]af6 vflnPsf] 5fqfx?sf]
s'Gta ljBfnos} 7fpFdf lnof] .

klxnf] lzIff ljefu

;g\ !(%% df lzIffsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu lzIff ljefusf] :yfkgf eof] . b'O{ jif{ kl5 pQm ljefu
lzIff dGqfno aGof] . of] ;do;Dd ljBfnosf] ;+Vof a9]/ !$ k|yflds jf jfnljxf/ ljBfno eP .
lzIfsx?sf] ;+Vof a9]/ $% eof] ljBfyL{x? !))) eGbf al9 eP ;g\ !(%* df ;a} lzIffsf pd]/ ePsf
stf/L / lgjf{l;tx?nfO{ lzIff k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o lnOof] . h; cg';f/ ljBfnox?sf] ;+Vof a9]/ @@ k'Ug
uof] . h;dWo] @ j6f 5fqfx?sf] nflu lyP . k'?ifx?sf] Ps ljBfno x:tsnf ;DjlGw lyof] . ;g\ !(%(
=====df z}lIfs ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/jt{g u/]/ tLg txdf afFl8of] .
— k|f/lDes -k|fylds_
— cf/flDes
— pRr
pRr ljBfnonfO{ b'O{ d"ndf ljefhg ul/of] . h;dWo] Pp6f j}1flgs / csf]{ ;flxTo ;g\ !(^@
df wfld{s / Aofkf/ lzIffnfO{ klg lzIffgLlt leq ;Ddfg ul/of] .
klxnf] z}lIfs pRr ljBfno ;g\ !(^&,!(^* df klxnf] Aofkfl/s ljBfno v'Nof] . 5fqfx?sf]
klxnf] pRr ljBfno ;g\ !(^(,!(&) df stf/ lzIff pRr ljBfno;+u vf]lnof] . ;g\ !)&* df cfb{z
ljBfno NofO{of] . o:tf tLg ljBfnox? Vff]lnP . !(*(,!(*) df Ps k~r jflif{s of]hgf nfu' ul/of]
kl5sf] p2]Zo k'?if 5fqx?sf] nflu b]zel/ cfbz{ ljBfnox? :yfkgf ug'{ lyof] . h;n] ubf{ o:tf]
k|sf/sf] :s'nsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4x'g yfNof] .
clgjfo{ lzIff
tNnf] / dWod;Dd clgjfo{ lzIff cGtu{t kb{5 . ;a} stf/Lx/nfO{ ljZjljBfno ;Ddsf] lZfIff
lgMz'Ns 5 nueu *) k|lt;t stf/Lx? ;/sf/L ljBfnodf egf{ 5g\ , ;g\ @))@ df 5fqx?sf] nflu
b'Oj6f ;:yf v'n] cn cdfg OlG;Ro'6kn/ AofO{h !(*! Dff v'Nof] eg] cn cdfn Plg;Ro"6 km/ ux{;
!((* df v'Nof] ;g\ !(*$ df dfgl;s / nf6f,jlx/f jRrfx?nfO{ 5'§f5'§} ul/of] . o; k|sf/ 5fqfx/sf]
nflu b'O{ / 5fqfx?sf] nflu b'O{ ;+:yfx? :yfkgf eP . .dfgl;s lzIff / ;'Gg] b]Vg] lzIff cgw -g]qxLg_
x?sf nflu æcng"/Æ ;+:yf ;g\ !((*, (( df v'Nof] .

13
nuftf/ pGglt M
of] ;dodf cfO{=l6=lzIffsf] cfj:os ePsf] 5 . cfO{6Lsf]lzIff ;g\ !(() df lgrn] >]l0fdf
k|f/Desf] nflu hf]8lbP/ of] rf/jif{ kl5 of] lg0f{o lnOof] ls =cfO{6L zfIf/t ;a} ljBfnox?df x'g'kg]{ 5
. ;g\ !((* ;Dd ;Dk"0f{ k|f/flDEfs ljBfnodf of] sfo{s|d ;lDdlnt ul/Psf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] lzIff
If]qnfO{ st/fOhug{sf] nflu vf; Wofg lbPsf] 5 clxn] &^=^ k|lt;t cWofks sd{rf/L stf/L 5g\ .
(@=% k|lt;t dlxnf lzIffsf] If]qdf dlxnf 5g\ .
lzIff gLlt M
stf/ lzIffsf] gLlt ckgfpg] klxnf] GCC b]zx?df kb{5 . lzIffnfO{ lnlvt ?kdf lgod
agfOof] . of] gLlt a[l¢,;f+:s[lt,;fdflhs / /fli6«o efjgfdf cfwfl/t 5 . of] eGbfklg klxn] c/a /
O:nflds d"n tTjdf cfwfl/t 5 o;sf] p2]Zo o:tf] lk9Lsf] pTkfbg ug'{ xf], Pstkm{ /fli6«otf / c/j
l;4fGtnfO{ dfG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ dfgj ;:s[ltnfO{ ckgfpb5 .
;kmntf / ;+VofM
oxfFsf] ljBfno -z'?jf6 jf tNnf] tx _ df 5fq,5fqf - k'?if dlxnfsf] _ sf] s'n ;+Vof
^&%(! / &^!# cWofks – dlxnf / k'?if _ / cGo clwsf/Lx? 5g\ . of] tYof+s ;g\ @))$—@))%
;Ddsf] nfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf xf], !%) j6f ljBfnox? dWo] s]6fx?sf] nflu $$ j6f / s]6Lx?sf] nflu &*
j6f 5g\ . ltg} k|sf/sf ljBfnox?df s|dz ##!@^,!&%** / !^*&& ljBfyL{ ;+Vof 5g\ . cf6{; /
jfl0fHodf s|dz @ j6f / @$& 5g\ . ljb]lz ;xof]u / 5fq j[lQdf PHD.M.A. / B.A. k9\b} u/]sf
5fqx?sf] ;+Vof #!*,#@$ s|dz 5g\ . nueu &)) cWofksx?nfO{ tflnd lbO{Psf] 5 . @) j6f gofF
ejg agfpg] @! j6f k"/fgf ejgnfO{ ;'wfg]{ h:tf pknlAw lzIff dGqfnon] u¥of] . o;} jLrdf lghL
ljBfnosf] ;+Vof !@,k|f/lDes $,lk|k/]6/L @,;]s]G8/L !, ;f+s]lts cf]ojd cf}wf]uLs ^ ef}lts eP . lzIff
dGqfnon] ljz]if cfj:ostf x'g] jfnf AoflQmx?sf] lzIffsf] ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . ljb]zdf
k9\gsf] nflu 5fqj[lQ cyjf P]s]8]lds aLrsf] nflu stf/ kmfp08]zg kmf]/ P]h's]zg, ;fOG; P08
sDo'lg6L 8]enf]Kd]G6sf] k|bfg u5{ GCC sf ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«x?sf] Ps} kf7\ok':ts / ;dfg agfOof] stf/sf]
lzIff dGqfno lg/If/tfnfO{ x6fpgsf] nflu k|f}9 lzIffsf] clwsf/df ;g\ !(%$ df o;sf] z"?jft eof]
eg] !(^^ df o;sf] ;+Vofdf j[l¢ x'g yfNof] . ;g\ !((* df Ps k~rjlif{o of]hgf nfu' eof], h;df !)
b]lv dflysf $% jif{;Ddsf stf/Lx?nfO{ lg/If/tf x6fpg] sfo{s|d NofO{of] . Ps} jif{df ljBfyL{x?sf]
b'O{tx x'GYof] l¢lto k|yflds / rf}yf] k|fyflds stf/sf] lzIff gLlt cg'?k k|fylds lzIff ^ jif{,lgDg
dfWolds lzIff # jif{ / dfWolds lzIff # jif{ lbg] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
stf/df ;af]{Rr lzIff kl/ifbn] stf/L laBfyL{nfO{ cfj:os bIftf / 1fg pknAw u/fpg
dxTjsfIfL lzIff k'g ;+/rgf sfo{qmd Nofpg yfn]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))^ b]lv @))& sf] Ps tYofË cg';f/
stf/df @&* j6f :s'n /x]sf 5g\ . o; dWo] !#* j6f :s'n lzIff k|0ffnL dGqfnosf] cGt{ut /x]sf 5g\
. afls dWo] #& j6f lghL c/ljs %@ j6f :jtGq,/ %! Jf6f cGt/fli6«o tyf ;fd'bflos k|0ffnLdf
;+~rflnt 5g\ . ;f]lx tYof+s cg';f/ @))^.@))& sf] z}lIfs aif{df s'n !!@$(* laBfyL{ lyP o; dWo]
$**#$ laBfyL{ lzIff k|0ffnL dGqfnosf] dftxtdf !)*)! lghL c/ljs @()!( :jtGq / @#*$$
cGt/fli6«o tyf ;fd'bfoLs k|0ffnL cGt{ut 5g\ . ox“fsf :s'nx?df k|fyflds sIffdf 5fqsf] t'ngfdf
5fqfsf] ;+Vof al9 /x]sf] 5 h;df 5fqf %!∞ eg] 5fq $(∞ /x]sf 5g .
stf/ ;/sf/sf] lzIffsf] ljsfz ug{ 7"nf] wg/f;Lsf] nufgL ub}{ cfPsf] 5 h'g b]zsf hgtf
lzlIft x'G5g\ . Tof] b]zsf] ljsfz ;du|df l56f] x'G5 . eGg] dfGotfn] oxfFsf] ;/sf/sf] ljsfznfO{
Aoj;foLs sf/0ftkm{ cufl8 a9fpb} lgMz'Ns u/]sf] 5 . stf/n] clgjfo{ lzIffsf] gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] 5
. stf/sf] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf sfd ug]{ ljb]zL gful/ssf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;d]t lgz'Ns lzIff pknAw u/fpb}
cfPsf] 5 . stf/sf ljleGg b]zsf gful/sn] sfd ug]{ x'gfn] cf—cfˆg} b]z ljz]ifsf ljBfnox? Klg
:yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . :d/l0fo s'/f s] 5 eg] stf/sf ;/sf/L lghL ljBfnox?df 5fq 5fqsf] k9fO{ 5'§f
14
5'§} ul/Psf] x'G5 . stf/df ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf dfq sn]h :t/Lo cWoog z'? ePsf] xf] . stf/df
ljZj ljBfnox?df ;d]t ;a} laifo c/aL efiffdf cWoog u/fO{G5 . s]6f / s]6Lsf nflu ;d]t 5'§f 5'§}
ljZj ljBfnosf] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . oxfFsf ljZjljBfnox?df lzIff,dfgjLsL tyf
;dfhzf:q,lj1fg,O:nfd,k|zf;g,cy{zf:q,OlGhlgol/Ë / k|ljlw ;+sfo /x]sf x'G5g\ .
ljZj phf{ pBf]udf stf/sf] clt g} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 . lsgsL ljZjsf] ;j}eGbf jl9 Uo“f;
pTkfbg If]q stf/df g} 5 . To;}n] :yfgLo :t/df dfq geP/ k"/f c/j d"n's / cGt/fli6«o If]qdf
lzIffsf] s]Gb|ljGb' agfpg' stf/sf] d"n p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . cfˆgf] d"n'ssf o'jfju{x?nfO{ cfw'lgs/0fsf]
w|'jlt/ w'ljs/0f ug{sf] nflu d'n'ssf] cyfx nufgL ul//x]sf] 5 . h;sf] nflu Ph's]zg l;6Lsf] :yfkgf
ul/;s]sf] 5 . zf:q tyf ;fdflhs ljsfzsf] nflu stf/ kmfp08];g n] stf/ kmf}h,ljrsf] gl;gsf]
;]oG6 gf]6{j]i6 Ps]8]dL,cf:k]o/ Ps]8]dL tyf cGt/fli6«o jsfnf]/]6sf] ;+o'Qm ;fem]bf/Ldf dfWoflds
lzIffsf] nflu stf/ ln8/ l;k Ps]8]dL :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))% clk|n @% tfl/vdf o; Ps]8]dLsf]
dfggLo z]v h'jfgn] pb\3f6g ug'{eof] . stf/ kmfpG8]zg sf] d'Vo ;+:yfks stf/sf cld/sf] klTg
cfb/0fLo z]vf d"hf laGt gf;/ cn ld:gfb x'g'x'G5 . O:nfdL Pjd\ stf/L ;+:s[ltsf] sfo{s|dsf] d"No
cyjf cGt/fli6«o :jLs[t g]t[Tj sfo{s|d o; ln8/sf] Ps]8]dLn] ub{5 . o; Ps]8]dLsf] kf7\os|d c+u|]hL
x'g] 5 / ljZjsf VoftLk|fKt sfo{s|dx?af6 5gf}6 u/L kf7\os|d lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5,h'g ljZjs} pTs[i6
x'G5 . o; Ps]]8]dLn] !* jif{sf] ljBfyL{nfO{ u|fh'P6 agfp5 .
stf/sf] o:tf] s'6gLltssf] kl/If0f ul//x]sf] 5, h;n] O:nflds ;+:s[lt / lj/f;tLsf] ;DkGg
u/fpg ;sf];\ . o; bz{gn] clek|]l/t eP/ lzIff, zf:q tyf ;fdflhs ljsfzsf] nflu stf/
kmfp08]zgsf] z'?jft ul/Psf] xf] . h;n] cGt/fli6«o lzIffsf] nIodf dxTjk"0f{ :yfg ldnfpg ;S5 .
lzIff,zf:q Pjd\ ;fdflhs ljsfzsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] stf/ kmfp08]zg Pp6f lglh nfe lg/k]If k|flwsf/
;+:yf xf] , h;sf] ;g\ !(%% :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ljZjsf k|l;4 ljZj ljBfnox?sf] ;xof]udf
s]Gb|,lzIff gu/ Pjd\ kl/;/ xf/ ePsf] dfgjzlQmsf] ljsfz cyjf pkof]u ug'{ of] ;+:yfsf] nIo xf] .
stf/ kmpG8];gsf] d'Vo nIo eg]sf] stf/L dlxnf k'?ifnfO{ lzlIft agfpg' xf] . ;fy} stf/sf] lzIff
gul/ssf] ?kdf ljsfz u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbgsf] nflu o"/f]k,cd]/Lsf cyjf b'lgofsf] afsL
d'n'sx?df ljlzi6 ljZjljBfnox?nfO{ cfs{lift u/fO{ pgLx?sf] lj1fg stf/L ljBfyL{ ;Dd k'¥ofpFg'
To:t} u/]/ o;sf] csf}{ nIo cfˆgf] stf/L jf O:nfdL ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ cyjf cGo ;+:s[ltx?;+u
;dGjo u/fFpg', h;n] go“f k/Dk/fsf] gljg cGt/fli6«o;dfh ;xh tl/sfaf6 z'?jft u/fFp5 . o;nfO{
lzIff gu/Lsf] ?kdf ljslzt ug{ ljZjsf k|l;4 z}lIfs ;+:yfx? ;+u ;dGjog ub}{5 eg] zf:q tyf
k|fljlws kfs{ hf]8tf]8sf ;fy lgdf{0f ub}{5 . stf/sf] lzIff dGqfnosf] cfˆgf] b]z 5f]8]/ cfPsf
;d"bfonfO{ ;d]t z}lIfs ;+:yf vf]Ng] cg"dlt lbPsf] 5 . stf/df xfn go“f P6nfG6L
sn]h,l;Prg o"lgel;{6L,stf/ ljZjljBfno nufotsf y'k|} ljZj ljBfnox? /x]sf 5g\ .

15
 stf/df v]ns'b

stf/n] v]ns'bsf] ljsfzdf lgs} 7"nf] nufgL nufpb} cfPsf] 5 ;g\ @))^ df Pl;og u]dsf]
;kmntf k'j{s ;DkGg u/]/ cGt/fli6«o :t/sf v]ns'b 7"nf 7"nf u]dx? cfof]hgf ug{ ;Ifd /x]sf] k|dfl0ft
ul/ ;s]sf] 5 . stf/n] ;g\ !)!^ df x'g] cf]nDkLssf] nflu ;d]t cfkm\gf] dgf]gog btf{ u/]sf] lyof] .
kl5Nnf] ;dodf stf/n] v]ns'bsf] lasfz ug{ c/jf} 8n/sf 7"nf 7"nf kl/of]hgfx? ;~rfng ub}{
cfO/x]sf] 5 . laleGg cGt/fli6«o :t/sf k|ltof]lutfx? ;~rfng x'b} cfO/x]sf] 5g\ . o;n] v]ns'bsf]
dfWodaf6 klg b]znfO{ laZjdf lrgfpg] ;+sNk af]Sb} cfPsf] 5 .
stf/sf] v]ns'bsf] plrt lasfz tyf kj{4gsf nflu stf/ g]zgn cf]nlDks ;ldltsf] u7g
u/]sf] 5 . o; ;ldltn] b]zsf] v]ns'bsf gLlt , lgodx?nfO{ :yflgo txdf nfu' u/fpg laleGg
k|sf/sf sfo{x? ub}{5 . If]lqo tyf cGt/fli6«o k|ltof]lutfx?sf] cfof]hgfsf] nfuL ;xof]u ug]{ b]lv
stf/sf] v]n k|zf;g / k|fljlws lgl/If0f ug'{ xf] . ;g\ !)!^ df cfof]hgf x'g] cf]nlDkssf] nfuL stf/sf]
df};dnfO{ k|lts'n eg]/ bf]xfnfO{ aflx/fof] . of] oyf{y klg xf] . k|s[ltn] o;df stf/nfO{ 7u]sf] klg 5 t/
stf/n] k|lts'n df};dnfO{ cg's'n agfpg w]/} nufgL u/]sf] 5 . v]ns'bsf] k'jf{wf/df dfq stf/n] c/jf}
8n/ vr{ u/]sf] 5 . stf/df v]n ;DjlGw lasfz ug{ v]ns'b dfldnf laefu, hg ;Dks{ tyf ;'rgf
ljefu , k|zf;g tyf n]vf ljefu ,of]hgf tyf dfldnf ljefu u7g ul/ stf/ cf]nlDks sldl6n] cfkm\gf]
;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . To;}ul/ vlnkmf :kf]6{;,l;l6 l8kf6{d]G6 ,vlnkmf cf]nlDks l;l6
,bf]xf uNkm Snj ,xdfb cGt/fli6«o sDKn]S; km/ jf6/ :kf]6; { \ cGt/fli6«o :t/sf k|ljlwx? cjnDjg u/]/
lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\ . stf/sf cf]nlDks l;l6 leq x'g' kg]{ cGt/fli6«o dfkb08 adf]lhdsf ;'lawfx?
pknAw 5g\ . vlnkmf cf]nlDks l;l6 ;g !(&^ df lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] of] km'6jnsf] nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
lyof] h;sf] sIfdf $) xhf/ bz{s y]Ug ;Sg] /x]sf] 5 . oxf af:s]6jn ,elnjn,xof08jn,6]lg; /
:kf]6{;\ d]l8sn ;]G6/ /x]sf 5g\ . olx l;l6 leq g} cGt/fli6«o :t/sf] 6]lg; tyf :Sjf; aflif{s ?kn]
cfof]hgf ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . stf/n] cfkm\gf] b]zdf v]ns'bsf] lasfz ug{ s'g} s;/ afls /fv]sf] 5}g ..
laleGg v]n;u ;DjlGwt :6f/x?nfO{ stf/df cfdGq0f ul/ plgx?sf] efjgf ;f6\g] sfd kl5Nnf
lbgx?df al9 ePsf] kfOG5 . laZjsf] ;'ljwf ;DkGg :6]l8odx? dWo]df cu|kGQmLdf kg]{ vlnkmf
cGt/fli6«o :6]l8od stf/df 5 h;df $% xhf/ l;6 Ifdtf 5 . ;a} k|sf/sf cfw'lgs ;'ljwfx?n]
el/k'0f{ 5 stf/df km'6jn / 6]lg;sf] /fd|]f ljsfz ePsf] kfOG5 . 6]lg;sfnflu y'Kf|} ;'ljwf ;DkGg
u|fp08x? /x]sf 5g\ . stf/df dWok'j{df lgs} nf]slk|o df]6/–ofnLsf] aflif{s ?kdf cfof]hgf x'g] u5{ .
16
h'g v]n laZjsf ;e|fGt kl/jf/sf] nfuL xf] eg]/ jlu{s/0f g} ul/Psf] 5 . 7"nf] wg/f;Lsf] k'/:sf/ /flv
cfof]hgf ul/g] of] v]n stf/df nf]dlk|otfsf] lzv/df 5 . stf/df p6 bf}8 k|ltof]lutf,3f]8fsf]] Dof/fy'g
,kf}l8 nufotsf v]n klg k|rlnt 5g\ . stf/n] cfkm\gf] cfDbfgLsf] 7"nf] lx:;f v]ns'bsf] lasfz ug{
laBfno :t/ b]lv laleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . gLlt lgdf{0fdf plQs} rgfvf] eP/
nfuL /x]sf] 5 . v]ns'bsf] lasfzsf] nflu cGt/fli6«o :t/sf :6]l8odx?sf] lgdf{0f ul/ k'jf{wf/sf] lasfz
u/]sf] 5 .. v]ns'bdf nfu]sf v]nf8L Pjd Aofa:yfksx?nfO{ ;Ddfg / plgx?sf] Aofj;foLs ;Lk
lasfzsf] nflu lg/Gt/ k|of;/t /x]sf] 5 .

t]n
stf/df k]6«f]lnod ;g\ !(#* df kQf nfu]sf] lyof] . hj sRrf t]n @%)) lkm6sf] ulx/fO{df
ldn]sf] lyof] tj t]nsf] laifodf sof} ;'wf/x? NofO{of] . o;}n] t]n /fli6«o cNkJosf] d'Vo ;fxf/f aGg
uof] . o:tf l:ylt hj;Dd /x\of] ls,tj;Dd t]nsf] al9dftdf nfhL lglt ePsf] lyPg\ . cfh t]n If]qdf
sof} k|jGwsf/Lsf] cbn abn;u} ;g\ !(&) df stf/ hg/n k]6«f]lnod skf]{/]zg - So"=lh=lk=;L=_ sf]
:yfkgf eof] . sfnGt/df stf/sf] t]n tyf Uof“;sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd stf/ k]6«f]lnodsf] clwgdf cfof] .
stf/ k]6«f]lnod M
;g\ !(&$ df :yfkgf ePsf] stf/ k]6«f]lnod k"j{t ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf] 5 . of] t]n /
Uo“f; pBf]usf] ;a} r/0fsf] nfuL lhDd]jf/ 5 . h:t} t]nsf] vf]hL / pVvgg\ ug]{ k|s[lts Uo“f; / cGo
xfO{8«f]sfaf]{g tTjx? To;sf] pTkfbg, ;+;f]wg 9'jfgL / / eG8f/ ug]{ . Tolt dfq geO{ o;af6 cfpg] c?
tTjx? h:tf] k]6«f]ns]ldsN; / t/n k|flstLs Uo“f; -Liquefied natural gas _ / To;sf] Aofkf/
las|L lat/0f / lgof{t ug]{ sfo{ klg o;n] ub{5 . stf/ k]6«f]lnod klg t]n / Uo“f; pBf]usf] laleGg
If]qdf bIf laefu af6 ag]sf] 5 . stf/sf] zStL tyf pBf]u dGqfnon] o;sf] of]hgf agfpg] tyf
sfo{x? t]n Uof“; tyf o; ;+u ;DalGwt pBf]ux?n] ;fwf/0f lglt cg';f/ gePsf] lgl/If0f ub{5 .
stf/sf] /fHon] stf/ k]6«f]lnod tyf o;sf] of]Uo hgzQmLsf] Plss[t ;xof]u af6 t]nsf] pTkfbg j[l¢
ug{sf] lglDt e" tyf ;d'lGb| t]n pTkfbg vfgLx?nfO{ lg/Gt/ a9fP/ n}hfg] k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 .
stf/ k]6«f]lnodsf] cfˆg} nufgL / k|ljlwdf b'vfg,d]bg dxhd / j'n xgLg lkmN8df s'n ^!
Kf|ltzt sRrf kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ lhDd]jd/ 5 . pTkfbg / j[l¢sf] sfo{ stf/ cyjf cGt/fli6«o eflubf/
h'g d;|s,cf]lS;8]g6n,aLlk cfd|f]sf] , Pluk,6f]6nlkmgP]Nkm, z}j/f}g / k]Gh]O{n 8]d nd]G6 P08 k|f]8S;g
z]l/Ë clu|dG6sf] ;xfotf ¢f/f ul/Psf] 5 . stf/ / jx/fO{gsf] aLr If]qkmn / kfgLsf] ljjfbn] ljifodf
OG6/g]zgn sf6{ ckm hfl:tsf] lg0fo{n] stf/ k]6«f]lnodsf] cgzf]/ ck/]zg k/ vf;u/L cnxdfg stf/
k]6«f]lnodsf] Uo“f;¢f/f cfDbfgL >f]t clws x'g]5 .
Knfgdf sfd ub]{ g]kfnLx?

17
ckmg/ ck/]zg
stf/ k]6«lnodsf] cfgzf]/ l/h{jsf] cg'dfg t]nsf] !*$@) nfv Aof/]n h}ljs tTjsf] !(*)
nfv Aof/]n 5 . o; l/hj{sf] cg'dfg nueu * dxfz+v 5 . h}ljs tTjsf] !@) nfv Aof/]n c/j al9
k|f]h]S6df agfPsf] 5 . Uo“f; l/;fOsnsf] nflu .
cfgzf]/ sfo{
stf/sf] cfkmzf]/ l/hj{sf] cg'dfg $(^% nfv Aof/]n t]n / !*(# nfv Aof/]n h}ljs tTj 5 .
;+o'Qm l/h{a %@^! dxf;+Vo So'ljs lkm6 eGbf klg al9 5 . jt{dfgdf nueu !)^& nfv Jof/]n cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5 .
d'Vo lkmN8
stf/ k]6«lnod l8kf/d]G6 P08 k|f]8S;g z]l/ª clu|d]G6sf] d'tfljs d'Vo sDkgLsf] ;fy cfˆgf]
k|ltlglwsf] ;'wf/ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . stf/df cem ;ftj6f d'Vo lkmN8 5g\ . h'g ljsfzsf] af6f]df 5 .
ltgLx? x'g,O{b Pn zfuL{ gy{ 8f]d; O{b P]n zcfuL{ ;fpy8f]d ct zfxLg, cn /}ofg, cnvlnh / cy
s/s/f, kxnf] Pl/of pQ/ klZrd lbzfdf / bf]>f] kfFr jf Pl/of .
O{b P]n zflu{
stf/ k]6«lnodsf] ;+emf}tf d'tfljs cf]lS;8]G6n k]6«f]lnodn] ;g\ !(($ df o; If]qsf] vf]h
tnf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ sfd gy{ 8f]ddf / !((^ df ;fpy 8f]ddf ;DkGg u¥of] . ;g\ @))! Df o;n]
pTkfbg a9]/ @()))) Aof/]n k|ltlbg - aL=kL=8L=_ ePsf] 5 .
cn zfxLg
o; ckmzf]/ If]q ;g\ !((^ df z'?jft ePsf] lyof]+ . stf/ k]6«lnod / d;[s cfon stf/sf]
aLr ;xdlt eO{ o;sf] z'?jft ul/of] . o; If]qsf]] km]l/ la:tf/ ul/of] h'g If]lth v'bfO{ l/lt / cfw'lgs
eg]/ lrlgG5 . h;nfO{ d;{s cfonn] la:tf/ u/]sf] lyof] .
cn /}ofg lkmN8
la|l6z k]6«lnodn] o; ckm;f]/nfO{ rnfpb} cfPsf] 5 . cn /}ofg lkmN8 la|l6z k]6«f]lnodn]
pTkfbg Ifdtf a9\b} cfP/ @@))) aL=8L=kL=x'g' k'u]sf] 5 .
cn vlnh If]q
6f]6nlkmGP]nkm cyjf p;sf] eflubf/ Plhk OG6/g]zgnn] o; If]qnfO{ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
stf/ k]6«f]lnod / Plhk OG6/g]zgn aLr Ps pTkfbg ;xdlt ag]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf t]nsf] ( j6f s'jf
5, h;sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf #)))) aL=kL=8L= 5 . stf/ k]6«f]lnodn] o; If]qsf] la:tf/sf] nflu
k'¥ofO{/x]sf]5 . t]nsf] 5]b jf k|efx ;dfnL oxfF cTofw'lgs tf}/ –tl/sf ckgfOPsf] 5 . o; 6fd}gndf
gfjf] dfly k|fs[lts Uo“f;sf] af]em p7fFpgsf] nflu jf /fVgsf] nflu Ps Sj] 5 . h;sf] lgof{tug{sf] nflu
@!@ ld6/ nDjfO{ / !#! ld6/ ulx/f] 3f6sf] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
xn'n bLk
o; s]Gb|df stf/sf] ckmzf]/ t]n /flvG5 . o;sf] If]qkmn !=% ls=ld=5 . o;df ( j6f 7"nf–7"nf
:6f]/]h 6of+s 5g\ / klDkª :6]zg klg 5 . Pp6f lah'nL pTkfbs kfgL l8;"lng]zg s]Gb| / csf]{ Ps
x]lnKof8 5 . o;sf] ;fy} %)) j6f 3/ stf/ k]6«f]lnodsf] / 7]s]bf/sf] nflu 5 . ox“f dgf]/~hg
;'ljwfx? ;d]t pknJw 5 .

18
sfo{ tyf nIo
stf/sf] jt{dfg gLlt / o;sf] eljio t]nsf] gLlDt b'O{ d'Vo nIo xfFl;n ug'{ 5 . lglZrt t]n
l/h{jsf] $=$ c/j Aof/]n t]n k"/f ug'{ 5 / gofF cGo ;[hgfsf] kQf nufpg', ;g\ !(($ sf] cGTo;Dddf
stf/ k]6«f]lnodn] Pp6f go“f+ sfo{s|dsf] z'?jft u/]sf] 5 . h'g cgzf]/ / ckmzf]/sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf
a9fP/ ;g\ @))! ;Dddf ())=))) Aof/]n k"/f ug'{ 5 . t/ of] sfo{ ;g\ @))) sf] cGTodf km]l/
ablngk'Uof] . ;g\ @))% ;Dddf o;sf] pTkfbg j9fP/ sl/j !)% nfv Aof/]n k|ltlbg k'–ofpg] nIo
lnof] .

stf/ k]6«f]lnod¢f/f ;~rflnt sfdx?

!_ l/kmfO{gl/sf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / p;sf] a[l¢ !#&))) Aof/]n ;Dd k|ltlbg
@_ l;=Pkm=l;= tf]8]gsf] nflu o'lg6 agfpFg xn'sf tTj agfO{/xg'
#_ h}ljs tTjsf] nflu l/kmfO{gl/ h;sf] Ifdtf !$^))) Aof/]n k|ltlbg
$_ vf]lhug]{ b'Mv,cgzf]/ / ckmzf]/ If]q cyjf l/h{j 6of+ssf] Ifdtf a9fpg' .
%_ l/h{asf] nflu s'jf agfpg'
^_ k"/fgf] s'jfsf] gof OGh]S;g ¢f/f km]l/ z'? ug'{
&_ t]n pTkfbg a9fpg'
stf/ k]6«lnodsf] cGo pB]Zox?
!_ k|s[lts o'lQmaf6 k"lhsf] leGg ug{
@_ ljz]if ;+:yf agfpg',h'g ljZj ahf/;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;sf];\ .
#_stf/LnfO{ sfd lbg' / pgLx?nfO{ lzlIft agfpg'

19
 stf/sf] Uof;
stf/ k|fs[lts Uo“f;df ;+;f/s} wgL /fi6«x? dWo]df cu| k+lQdf kb{5 . ljZjsf] ==========k|ltzt Uo“f;
stf/df dfq kfOG5 . stf/sf] b'|tt/ cfly{s a[l¢sf] d'Vo sf/0f g} pxfFsf] Uo“f; klg xf] . t/n k|fs[lts
Uo“f; (i) - Lighified natural Company (ii) Ras Laffan lighified Natural Gas
Company
;'?df stf/ k]6«f]lnodn] :yfgLo pkef]Stfx?nfO{ nIo /fv]/ UofF;sf] pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] lyof]
. cGt/fli6«o ahf/df UofF;sf] d"No PSsf;L a9\g hfFbf stf/n] ljb]zL sDkgLx?sf] ;fem]bf/Lsf] cfwf/df
UofF;sf] k|;f]wg sfo{nfO{ tLj|tfsf;fy cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . stf/ k]6«f]lnodsf] cGo pknAwx?df /:nfkmg
aGb/ufx klg xf] . h;sf] #) xhf/ d]l6«s 6gsf] pTkfbgn] o;nfO{ ;+;f/s} ;j}eGbf w]/} LNG lgof{t
ug]{ 6fd]{gnx?sf] k+lQdf NofPsf] 5 .

stf/n] cfˆgf] UofF; If]qsf] pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/df k'¥ofpFg ;Sbf] k|of; ub}{5 . hfkfg,sf]l/of /
ef/tsf] k]6«f]g]6x?;+u stf/ Uo“f; / /f; Uo“f;n] pTkfbg u/]sf] LNG nfdf] ;do;Dd vl/blas|L ug]{
;DjlGw cg]s ;+emf}tfx? ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf 7"nf t]n / UofF; sDkgLx?;+u c? cGo vl/b–
laqmL ug]{ ;+emf}tfx? klg ul/Psf] 5 . h;sf] lglDt cem} 7"nf] / j[xQ/ LNG pTkfbug]{ OsfO{x?sf] 7"nf]
k|df0fdf k|f]h]S6x?sf] z'?jft x'g uO{/x]sf] 5 .
stf/n] cfpFbf] ^ jif{df clxn]sf] LNG pTkfbg IfdtfnfO{ rf/u'0ff a9fP/ ^#=% ldlnog 6g
agfpFg] dxTjsf+IfL of]hgf agfPsf] 5, h;sf] nflu o;n] @% ljlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ nufgL ug]{ 5 . ;g\
@))*–@))( ;Dddf b'O{j6f cd]l/sL sDkgLx?nfO{ #^ ldlnog 6g LNG las|L ug]{ ;+emf}tf e} ;s]sf] 5
. stf/n] sf]Gsf]lkmlnK; sDkgL / PShf]g sDkgLdfkm{t cd]l/sfnfO{ &=% tyf a]nfotnfO{ !% ldlnog 6g
LNG lgof{t u5{ . To:t} ef/t / O6flnsf] lgof{t aflif{s &=% / #=% ldlnog 6g k'u]sf]5 . of] klg lg0fo{
ul/Psf] 5 ls b'O{j6f gofF sDkgLx? stf/ UofF;–@ / stf/ UofF;–# sf] :yfkgf ubf{ b'j} sDkgLdf stf/
k]6«f]lnodsf] &) k|lt;t :jfldTj /xg] 5 . To:t} stf/ UofF; –@ df PShf]g sDkgLdf #) k|lt;t
:jfldTj /xg] 5 . eg] stf/ UofF; –# df sgf]sf]lkmlnK; sDkgLsf] #) k|lt;t :jfldTj /xg] 5 .

20
;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fdf s=k]=sf pknlAwM
s_ l;;f /lxt Uof;f]lng pTkfbg ug]{ klxnf] dWok"j{sf] /fi6« stf/ xf] . o;n] l;;f ePsf]
Uof;f]lngnfO{ /f]Sg] sfd ;g\ !(() sf] bzs df z'? u/L ;g\ @))) ;Dd rn]sf] lyof] .
v_ kof{j/0fnfO{ kg]{ c;/nfO{ dWogh/u/L stf/n] ;a}eGbf ljslzt Pjd\ kof{j/0fnfO{ c;/ gkg]{ k|ljlw
/ ;fdu|L k|of]u u/L ;a} lsl;dsf] 7f]; / t/n -Water_ sf] ;d:of;+u h'Wg' / sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f ;fy}
xfjfsf] Sjfln6LnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of; ub{5 .
u_ stf/ kof{j/0fnfO{ arfpg] u/L /fli6«o :t/df ePsf] s[ofsnfkx?nfO{ /fHo¢f/f ;3fpg] sfd w]/}
a9]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf o;sf] of]ubfgx? Efg]sf] lgwf{l/t s]xL If]qx? Hf:t} b'vfg, d];O{b / /:nfkmgsf]
cf}wf]lus If]qx?df j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ / o; If]qsf] ;+/rgfx?df ;'wf/ Nofpg] klg xf] . h;sf] nflu
kf/Dkfl/s e"–;+/rgf,hnwf/f,:df/sx? Tfyf oxfFsf] xl/ofnLnfO{ hf]ufpb} ko{6gnfO{ a9jf lbg] klg xf] .
3_ ;fdflhs sfo{x?df klg stf/n] cem ;a}nfO{ dfu{lgb]{z ug]{sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf o;sf]
pknlAwx?dWo] ;j}eGbf pNn]vgLo eg]sf] ljz]if cfj:ostfx? ePsf] zfl//Ls ?kdf sdhf]/ jfn–
jflnsfx?sf nflu Sprialized Centre sf] :yfkgf xf] . To;}u/L cGo u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] cfof]hgf
u/]sf ;+:s[lt sfo{s|dx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ klg xf] .
ª_ stf/n] /fHoleq /x]sf >ldsx?sf] ljsfzsf] nflu ul/g] cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{x?df klg ;xof]u ub{5 .
o;;+u} o;n] To:tf] sfo{x?nfO{ a9af lbg] u/]sf] 5, h;n] kof{j/0fsf] ;+/If0f ;d]t ub{5 .

21
pQ/L UofF; If]q - North Gas Field _
;g\ !(&! Df kQf nfu]sf] pQ/L Uo“f; If]q stf/sf] pQ/–k"j{ lbzfdf k5{ . of] e"–efuaf6
6f9f ;d'Gb|;Dd :yflkt 5, h;sf] kfgLsf] ulx/fO{ !% b]lv &) ld6/;Dd 5 / o;n] ^))) ju{ ls=dL=sf]
If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . Ps} 7fFpdf hDdf eP/ /x]sf] of] ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] Uo““f; l/he{ xf] . h;sf]
Ifdtf ( ;o lqlnog So"ljs lkm6 5 . hf] ;+;f/s} hDdf Uo“f; l/hj{sf] @) k|lt;t k5{ . o;n] ubf{ g}
stf/nfO{ ?; / O/fg kl5sf] t]>f] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] l/hj{ ePsf] b]z agfpF5 .
;g\ !(*) sf] bzs ;Dddf k|s[lts Uo“f;sf] cfGtl/s cfj:oQmf b'vfgsf] ;fd'lGb|s Uo“f;n] g}
k"/f ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 cs:dft ?kdf Uo“f;sf] cfj:oStf a9\g uof], h;n] ubf{ stf/
k]6«f]lnodn] NGF r/0fj¢ ?kdf ljsfz ug{ z'?u¥of] . h;cGtu{t o;sf] klxnf] r/0fsf] lznfGof; ;g\
!(*^ df ul/of] . ;d'Gb|df /x]sf] Uo“f; pTkfbg s]Gb|af6 ;d'Gb|leq ljR5ofPsf] kfOknfO{gx?sf]
dfWodaf6 d];fO{b k7fOG5 , hf] stf/sf] k|yd To:tf] zx/ xf],hxf k]6«f]s]ldsN; / l/kmfOlgË - ;+;f]wg_
sfd x'g] u5{ .
Ps} 7fpFdf ePsf] Uo“f;sf] e08f/ cg's'n ef}uf]lns jgfj6 / jftfj/0fn] ubf{ o;sf] pTkfbgdf
;+;f/s} cGo If]qx?sf] t'ngfdf w]/} ;/n / sd nfutdf x'g] ePsf]n] NGF Uo“f; pTkfbg / Uo“f;
pBf]usf] nflu 7"nf] nufgLsf] >f]t ag]sf] 5 . Uo“f;sf] ckf/ e08f/ / of] Pp6f sd vlr{nf], ;kmf / nfdf]
;do;Dd /xg] OGwgsf] >f]t ePsf] sf/0fn] stf/ k]6«f]lnodn] o; If]qdf cem} ;'wf/ Nofpg / ePsf]
>f]taf6 w]/} eGbf w]/} d'gfkmf lbg gofF pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf ub}{5 . /f:nfkmfgdf gofF aGb/ufxsf] lgdf{0f
ub}{5, h; dfkm{t o;n] Uo“f;nfO{ t/n cj:yfdf lgof{t ug]{ 5 . ;fy} kfO{knfO{g ¢f/f Uo“f;sf] lgof{t
a9fO{ o;af6 cfpg] cfDbfgLnfO{ a9fpgsf] nflu gofF of]hgfx? agfO{ /x]sf] 5 .

22
 stf/sf] cy{tGq
stf/sf] cy{tGqsf] d]?b08 g} k]6«f]lnod xf] . /fHosf] s'n cfDbfgL dWo] &) k|ltzt o;}af6
cfp5 . of] cfDbfgL ox“fsf] s'n u|fxt pTkfbg -gdp) sf] ^) k|ltzt / lgof{taf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLsf] *)
k|ltzt k5{ . o;sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] t]nsf] l/h{e hf] !% lalnog Aof/]n 5 n] o;nfO{ xfnsf] /km\tf/df
g} cem} @# aif{ ;Dd k'Ug] to 5 olx t]nn] stf/nfO{ cGo klZrdL o'/f]k]nL cf}wf]lus /fHox?sf] t'ngfdf
# rf}yfO{ k|ltAoflQm cfob/ sfod ug{ ;kmn u/fPsf] 5 o:t} stf/sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] k|fs[lts Uo“f;sf]
vfgL &))) s]=Pd= eGbf w]/} 5 of] ;+;f/s} s'n Uo“f; Ifdtfsf] % k|ltzt xf] / o;n] stf/sf] Uo“f;
vfgLnfO{ ;+;f/s} t];|f] ;a}eGbf w]/} Uo“f; ePsf] atfp5 . To;} sf/0fn] o; k|fs[lts Uo“f;sf] pTkfbg /
lgof{t w]/} dxTjk'0f{ aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 o;} cg'?k /fHosf] lb3{sflng of]hgfdf ;d'Gb|df /x]sf] k]6«f]nsf]
pTkfbg / lasf; ub}{ b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{ la:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg] /x]sf] 5 .
;+;f/s} d'l:nd /fi6«x?df stf/ ;aeGbf wgL /fi6« xf] (&) sf] k|ltAoflQm cfob/ ljZj /]s{8
sfod ub}{ !!%^ k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . of] b/ !(*) ;Dd cfOk'Ubf yfldg g;ls %# k|ltztdf
cfOk''Uof] t/ km]l/ laZjAofkL ?kdf t]nsf] dfu a9\b} uPsf]n] km]l/ !(() df ($ k|ltzt eof] . w]/} v'Nnf
cy{tGqsf] nflu cem} la:tf/ x'g Pp6f lb3{sflng r'gf}ltsf] laifo ag]sf] 5 .

23
This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Qatar at the market prices estimated by the
international monertary fund with figures in millions of Qatari rials
year Gross US doller Inflation
domestic exchange index
product (2000=100)
28631 3.65QR 53

1980
1985 22829 3.63QR 64
1990 26792 3.64QR 77

1995 29622 3.63QR 85

2000 64646 3.63QR 100
2005 137783 3.64QR 115

For Purchaning power parity comparisons the US doller is exchanged at 5.82 Qatari Rials only.
Average wages in 2007 over around $352 – 426 perday.

!(&# df cfP/ t]nsf] pTkfbgdf / To;sf] cfDbfgL klg ck|Tofl;t ?kdf a9\g k'Uof] h;n]
stf/nfO{ ;a}eGbf ul/j b]zx?sf] ;'rLaf6 x6fP/ o; If]qsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} cfob/ ePsf] b]z agfO lbof] .
!(*@ b]lv o;sf] t]n pTkfbgdf ePsf] Xf; / d'No kl/jt{g ePklg stf/ cem} klg Pp6f cld/ /fi6«
/lx cfPsf] 5 .
!(*@ b]lv !(*( ;Dd stf/sf] cy{tGqdf s]lx lu/fj6 cfof] . Gdp ( -k]6«f]lnod lgof{Tf
b]zx?sf] ;+u7g _ sf] sfrf] t]n pTkfbgdf sf]6f k|0ffln nfu' ug'{,t]nsf] d'No 36\g' / cGt/fli6«o ahf/
;fX} pT;fx hgs g/xg'n] ubf{ t]naf6 x'g] cfDbfgL w]/} 3f6f k'Uof] . kmn:j?k 36\bf] cfDbfgL;“u d]n
u/fpg] ul/ /fHo ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] vr{ ug]{ of]hgfx?nfO{ ;d]t klg 36fpg' k/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] c;/
ox“f /x]sf cfGtl/s Aofkf/ Aofj;foLx?nfO{ klg kg'{ uof] . plgx?n] ljb]lz >ldsnfO{ TofUg' k/of] t/
km]l/ !(() sf] bzs af6 stf/sf] cy{tGqdf w]/} ;'wf/ cfpg yfNof] To;}ul/ ljb]lz >ldsx?nfO{ laz]if
ul/ ld>L / blIf0f Pl;ofnL >ldsx?sf] hg;+Vofdf a[l4 x'g yfNof] . t]nsf] pTkfbg ;w}el/ lzv/
cj:yfdf cyjf %))))) Aof/]n k|ltlbg /xg' ;Dej 5}g . @)@# ;Dddf of] t]nsf] vfgLx?sf] ;dfKt
eP/ hfg] elgPsf] 5 . t/ ;f}efUo j; stf/sf] pQ/ k'j{ tl6o If]qdf 7"nf] k|df0fdf k|fs[lts Uo“f; kQf
nfUof] . stf/sf] of] k|dfl0ft ePsf] Uo“f; l/;r{ ;+;f/ s} t]>f] 7"nf] dflgPsf] 5 . h;sf] Ifdtf @%)
l6«lnog So'ljs lkm6 -&)))s]=Pd= So'_ eGbf w]/} 5 . o;l/ !((! Df gf]y{ lkmN8 gfds o; Uo“f;
pTkfbgsf] lasf;df !=% lalnog cd]l/sL 8n/sf] nfutdf ;'? ul/Psf] k|yd r/0fsf] ;'?jft ;u}
stf/sf] cy{tGqdf km\l/ Aofks ;'wf/ cfof] . ;g\ !((^ b]lv o; stf/ Uo“f; k|f]hS] 6n] hfkfgnfO{ t/n
k|fs[lts Uo“f; -LNG) lgof{t ug{ ;'? u/of] . ;fy} o; gf]y{ lkmN8 Uo“f;sf] cGo lasf; sfo{x?df c/af}
cd]l/ls 8n/sf] nfutdf r/0fa4 ?kn] cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 .
stf/sf] xf]d;fO8 eGg] 7fpdf /x]sf] 7"nf 7"nf cf}wf]lus k|lti7fgx? Hf:t} b}lgs %)))) Aof/]n t]n
l/kmfOg ug]{ l/kmfOgl/ ,o'l/of / Pdf]lgofsf] vfB pBf]u ,l:6n pBf]u,k]6«f]s]ldsn pBf]ux? ;a}n] OGwgsf]
nflu k|fs[lts Uo“f;sf] k|of]u u5{g . o:tf pBf]ux?df w]/} h;f] o''/f]k]ln / hfkfgLh sDklgx? stf/
;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] stf/ hg/n k]6«f]lnod skf]{/];g;u ldn]/ rnfPsf pBf]ux? 5g\ . To:t}
24
stf/sf] Uo“f; pBf]unfO{ d]l;g ,cf}hf/x? pknAw u/fpg] k|d'v /fHo eg]sf] cd]l/sf xf] . ;f]lx cg'?k
stf/sf] gfy{ lkmN8df /x]sf] Uof;sf] pTkfbg / lasf;df cd]l/sL sDdklgx?n] 7"nf] e"ldsf lgaf{x ub}{
cfO/x]sf] 5 . stf/n] stfl/og -Qatrization) sf] wf/0fnfO{ hf]/ ;f]/n] cufl8 a9fpg] k|of; ub{5 .
h; cg'?k hltklg lab]lz sDklgx? ;“u ldn]/ rnfPsf] pBf]u xf];\ jf ;/sf/sf] cGo laefu ;a}sf]
pRr :tl/o kbx?df stf/L gful/snfO{ /fv]/ plgx?nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] k|of; u5{ . cfh ef]nL
7"nf]dfqfdf lab]zaf6 h:t} cd]l/sfaf6 lzIff xfl;n u/]/ kmls{Psf stf/L gful/sx? 7"nf 7"nf
sDkgLx?sf] pRr :tl/o kbx?df sfd ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . h'g kbx?df klxn] lab]zL /xg] ub{y] . To:t}
lab]zL sfdbf/x?sf] hyfefjL k|j]znfO{ /f]Sg laut s]lx aif{otf ljb]zL >ldsx?sf lgDtL s8fO{ ckgfO{
/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f ;'/IffnfO{ dflgPsf] 5 .

t]n,Uo“f; / ;fgf–7"nf pBf]ux? Gf} stf/sf] cy{tGqsf cfwf/zLnf x'g . /fHosf] cfly{s gLlt
eg]sf] klg t]n / Uo“f;af6 ePsf] cfDbfgLnfO{ d'gfkmf d"ns cf}Bf]lus of]hgfx?df nufgL

u/L alnof] cf}Bf]lus 9fr“fsf] lgd{f0f / ljsfz ug'{ xf] . /fHon] cfly{s / v'Nnf Aofkf/ If]qdf go“f ljrf/
/ ;f]+r ckgfO{ / j}b]zLs nufgL / u}/ ;/sf/L If]qx?nfO{ j9fjflbg] / la:tf/ ug]{ k|of; ub{5 .
stf/sf] cy{tGq ;+;f/s} ;a} eGbf k|ultzLn cy{tGq dWo] Ps xf] . ;g\ @))% kl5 PSsf;L a9]/
uPsf] t]nsf] d"Non] o;nfO{ cfˆgf] cfly{s j[l¢b/ pRr :t/df /fVg ;kmn u/fPsf] 5 . @))% df
stf/n] xfF;Ln u/]sf] GDP sf] j[l¢b/ /]s8{ ##=# k|ltzt cyjf !%#=# ljlnog l/on /x\of] . of] @))$
df !!% ljlnog l/on dfq lyof] . of] ljzfn j[l¢sf] d'Vo sf/0f eg]sf] t]nsf] d"No a9\g' / To;sf]
pTkfbg / lgof{t a9\g' klg xf] .
t]n / Uo“f;,lgdf{0f,cfly{s ;]jf / l/ofn O:6]6n] cfly{s If]qdf cu|tf xfFl;n u¥of] . h;sf] @))$
sf] t'ngfdf @))% df pNn]vgLo $^=# k|ltzt,#^=! Kf|ltzt, / #(=# k|ltzt sf] j[l¢b/ /x\of] . o;
If]qx?sf] j[l¢d'Vo ?kn] cGt/fli6«o jhf/df nuftf/ ePsf] t]nsf] d"No j[l¢ / lgdf{0f Aoj;flos, cfly{s
sf/f]jf/ / l/ofn :6]6df ePsf] s|flGtn] ubf{ ePsf] xf] . t]n / Uo“f; If]qn] nuftf/ j[l¢ 3f]lift ub}{ uof]
/ @))% ;Dddf @(=! ljlnog stf/L l/onaf6 a9]/ (@=! ljlnog stf/L l/on k'Uof] . cWofog ubf{ of]
kQf nfU5 ls @))% df u}/ t]n If]qx?n] t'ngfTds ?kdf %(=( k|ltzt lyof] . o;/L ePsf] j[l¢n]
o;nfO{ @$=@ ljlnog stf/L /Londf NofO{ k'¥ofof],h;n] o; If]qnfO{ u}/ t]n If]qsf] hDdf pTkfbg
d"Nosf] #*=&# k|ltzt z]o/ lbof] . o; If]q;+u;+u} cfpbf pTkfbg pBf]u xfndf /x]sf cf}Bf]lus
k|lti7fgx? Hf] d'Vo?kn] k]6«f] s]ldsN; /;fOlgs vfB / cGo a:t'x?sf] pTkfbgsf] nflu
k|fs[lts Uof;df lge{/ 5, To;sf] Aofn]G; j[l¢ eP/ !# ljlnog stf/L l/ofn k'Uof] . ToxL jif{df cGo
25
If]qx?n] klg 7"nf] j[l¢ u/]sf] dxz'; u¥of], h:t} ljB't / kfgLdf &=#$ k|ltzt Aofkf/ xf]6n /
/]i6'/]G6df *=* k|ltzt,lgdf0f{ I]fqdf @#=$@ k|ltzt oftfoft / ;~rf/ If]qdf !!=)% k|ltzt cfly{s /
l/on O:6]6df *=&^ k|ltzt / ;]jfd"ns If]qdf & k|ltzt /xof] .
k|fs[lts Uo“f; /t]nn] ePsf] pTkfbg a[l4n] ubf{ stf/ clxn] cfly{s ;kmntf / ljsf;lt/ b'tt/
ultdf cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} k|fs[lts Uo“f; e08f/ vf]hL Pjd\ ljsf; / phf{ afx]ssf cGo efudf
AoflQmut tyf lab]lz nufgL a9fpg] stf/sf] cfly{s gLlt /lx cfPsf] 5 . k|fs[lts Uo“f; tyf t]nn]
stf/sf] s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] ^) ∞ cf]u6\5 . emG8} *%∞ lgof{t sdfO{ / &)∞ ;/sf/L /fh:j ;+sng
klg o;}n] u5{ . k|fs[lts t]n / Uo“f;n] stf/nfO{ laZjs} Ps b|'tt/ ultdf laslzn /fi6« tyf pRrtd
k|ltAoflQm cfo -h'g @))& df EUsf] xf/fxfl/df lyof] _ ePsf] /fi6« agfPsf] 5 . clxn] ePsf] t]nsf]
d'No j[l4 / Uo“f;sf] a9\bf] lgsfl;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ stf/n] jh]6 tyf Aofkf/ gfkmf / ljb]lz d'b|f al9
;~ro ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . clxn] ;Dd kQf nfu]sf] t]n e08f/n] -h'g !% lalnog Aof/]n eGbf al9 5_
cfufld @@ aif{ ;Dd cfhef]nLs} h:tf] pTkfbg lbg ;Sg] 5 . stf/;“u cem} @% l6«lnog So'ljs ld6/
Uo“f; e08f/ 5 . h"g laZjdf /x]sf] s'n e08f/sf] !%∞ xf] uPsf] bzsdf stf/n] Uo“f; lkmN8sf]
ljsfzdf k"jf{wf/ ;lxtsf] lab]zL nufgL v'nf u/]kl5 stf/ t/n Uo“f; lgsf;Ldf ;g\ @))& df laZjs}
Ps pTs[i7 d'n's ePsf] 5 . s'n u|fx:y pTkfbg -GDP) : - $%&,^( ljlnog -@))&_ .
hL=l8=lk= M -;/sf/L ljlnog b/_ M$ ^%=*! ljlnog -cg'dflgt,@))&_
hL=l8=lk=M -jf:tljs j[l4 b/_ M &=*∞-cg'dflgt,@))&_
hL=l8=lk=M -k|ltAoflQm_ M $&%,())-cg'dflgt,@))&_
hL=l8=lksf] If]q cg';f/ M s[lif M )=!∞
pBf]]u M&#=%∞
;]jf M @^=$∞ -cg'dflgt,@))&_
>d zlQm M ^#*,))) -cg'dflgt,@))&_
a]/f]huf/ M )=&∞ -cg'dflgt,@))&_
ul/jLsf /]vfd'lgsf hg;+Vof M ck|fKt
u|fx:y cfDbfgL jf k|ltztsf] cfwf/df pkef]u M
Go'gtd M !)∞ ck|fKt
pRrtd M !)∞ ck|fKt
d'b|fl:kmlt b/ M !#=&∞-@))&_
nufgL -s'n lgwf{l/t_ M $#=%∞ -lhl8lksf] _
ah]6 /fh:j M $@#=% lalnog-cg'dflgt,@))&_
vr{x? M $!(=^! lalnog
;fjf{hlgs C0f M lh=l8=lk sf] @#=@∞
s[lifhGo pTkfbg M kmnkm"n,;fu;AhL,s'v'/fkfng,b'Uw,k|jfoufO{,uf]? hGo vfB kbfy{,df5fkfng
pBf]u wGbfx?df M sRrf t]n pTkfbg tyf k|;f]wg ,Pdf]lgof ,Uo“f;,dn,k|f]6«f]s]ldsn ,l:6n pBf]u ,l;d]G6
,Aofkfl/s kfgL hxfh dd{t
cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg j[l4 b/ M *∞-cg'dflgt,@))&_
laB't pTkfbg M !#=%$ lalnog KWH-@))%_
cjz]if OGwg M !))∞
kfgL M )∞
cf0fljs M )∞
cGo M )∞ -@))%_
laB't vkt M !@=%@ lalnog KWH

26
laB't lgof{t M )
laB't cfot M )
t]n pTkfbg M !=!!! ldlnog k|To]s lbg -@))%_
pkef]u M (%))) Aof/]n k|ltlbg
lgof{t M !^)^)) Aof/]n k|ltlbg-@))$_
cfot M )
t]nsf] k|dfl0fs e08f/ M !%=@! lalnog Aof/]n -!hgj/L @))^df cg'dflgt_
k|fs[lts Uof“; pTkfbg M $#=(# lalnog So'ljs ld6/ -@))%_
pkef]u M !&=(# lalnog So'ljs ld6/ -@))%_
lgof{t M @%=(( lalnog So'ljs ld6/ -@))%_
cfot M )
k|dfl0fs e08f/ M @%=&( l6«lnog So'ljs ld6/
jt{dfg PsfpG6 jrt M $ &=&## lalnog -cg'dflgt,@))&_
lgof{t M $ ##=@* lalnog Pkm= cf]= la= -cg'dflgt,@))&_
lgof{t a:t'x? M k|;f]lwt k|fs[lts Uof“; ,k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ ,dn / l:6n
lgof{tsf kf6{g/x? M hfkfg $)=@∞ , blIf0f sf]l/of !^=$∞, l;+ufk"/ ^=%∞ , yfONof08 $=!∞ -@))^_
cfot M $ !%=#@ lalnog Pkm= cf]= la= -cg'dflgt,@))&_
cfot a:t'x? M cf}hf/ tyf oftfoftsf] ;fdfg ,vfBfGg , s]ldsN;
cfoft kf6{g/x? M k|mfG; !#=#∞, hfkfg !)=@∞ , cd]l/sf (=#∞ ,O6fnL *=(∞ ,hd{gL &=( ∞ ,j]nfot
&=@ ∞, ;fobL c/j %=&∞ , blIf0f sf]l/of $=&∞ -@))^_
cy{tGq ;+lrlt M $ @=!* ldlnog -@))$_
lab]lz d'b|f tyf ;"g ;+ro M $ ^=#^* lalnog -#! l8;]Dj/ @))&_
lab]lz C0f M $ #!=)& lalnog -#! l8;]Dj/ @))&_
stf/sf] /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsfzsf] nflu k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf w]/} nufgL u/]sf] 5 . lghL If]qsf]]
e"ldsnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ agfpg cfj:os ;Dk"0f{ sfg"gx? o;n] NofPsf] 5 . j}b]lzs nfufgLnfO{ cfsif{0f
ug{sf nfuL d}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ Pjd\ pTkfbLn If]qdf
clwstd ?kn] k|jfxug{ :6fk gLlt / lgodsf] th'{df u/]sf] 5 . nufgL ug]{ k|s[ofdf pbf/ / gLltut
;/nLs/0f ckgfPsf] 5 . stf/n] u}/k|HjnzLn If]qaf6 cfpg] /fh:jsf] ;+sngdf hf]8\b} cfPsf] 5 .
o;n] ubf{ /fli6«o cy{tGqdf dxTjk"0f{ j[l¢ eO{ /x]sf] 5 . ljb]zL d'Gb|fsf] ;+lrt ;Gt'ng sfod ePsf] 5 .
Pjd\ d'b|fl:kmtL / Aofhb/ 36b} /x]sf] 5 .

27
 stf/df a}b]lzs nufgLsf] nflu aftfj/0f
lasfzf]Gd'v /fi6« stf/n] a}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfs{lift ug]{ cg's'n jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf]
5 . s'g} klg b]zdf a}b]lzs nufgL leqofpg To;b]zsf] /fhgLltn] d'Vo e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . stf/sf]
kl/k|]Ifdf s'/f ul//xbf ox“fsf] /fhgLlt zfGt 5 . ox“fsf] ;dfh ;Eo 5 . cg's'n /fhgLltn] ubf{
a}b]lzs gLlt :k:6 / ckl/jt{lgo 5 . stf/ ;/sf/sf] d'Vo :jfy{ g} stf/sf] lasfz ug'{ xf] . stf/nfO{
;DkGgtfsf] lzv/df k'/ofpg' xf] . ox“fsf] dfq 1fg l;k ,k|lalw / nufgLn] dfq stf/n] lasfzsf]
cfzflbt ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ sbfkL ;Sb}g . ox“fsf] >f]t / ;fwgaf6 dfq cfw'lgs stf/sf] kl/sNkgf
6f9fsf] laifo aG5 . t;y{ stf/ ;/sf/n] a}b]lzs nufgL leqofpgsf] nfuL laleGg sfg'gL ;/ntfx? /
pbf/tfx? b]vfpb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ab]}lzs nufgL leqofpg cfs{ifs cfly{s gLltx? cjnDjg u/]sf]
kfOG5 . stf/ dWok'j{sf] nflUf cfs{ifs uGtJo aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 . k|fs[lts Uo“f; / t]nsf] k|r'/ e08f/
/x]sf] x'gfn] ltgLx?sf] oyf]lrt k|of]u ul/ cfw'lgs stf/sf] lgdf{0fdf ox“fsf] ;/sf/ nfu]sf] 5 . /fHon]
lasfzsf] k'jf{wf/x? ;8s,kfgL, ljh'nL ,aGb/ufx,;+~rf/ ;fwg nufotsf cGo pkof]uL ;fwgx? ;a}
pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . ox“fsf] kfgLsf] s'g} >f]t 5}g . ;d'Gb|sf] kfgLdf e/ kg'{ kb{5 . t/klg xfd|f] b]zsf]
sf7df08f}+sf 3/sf dlxgf}+ kfgL gcfP/ lgbfp/f] aGg' kb}{g ox“fsf] wf/fn] . vf]nf gfnfsf] s'/} 5f8f} t/
Ps ldg]6 nf]8 ;]l8Ë x'b}g . xfd|f] b]zsf] h:tf] zQf / zlQmsf] nfuL rSsfhfd klg x'b}g . g]kfn aGb
h:t} v} stf/ aGb clxn] ;Dd ef 5}g . sfg'gL /fHo 5 . ox“fsf] v'Nnf cy{tGq ahf/d'vL 5 ox“f ;a}
b]zsf nufgLnfO{ v'Nnf ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} pBf]u Aofj;fo ;~rfngsf nfuL k'/f ug'{ kg]{ sfg'gL k|ls[of
eG;f/ nufotsf laifodf lgSs} ;s/fTds 5 ox“fsf] eG;f/b/ Hofb} Go'g 5 eg] s/klg lgSs} sd lt/]
x'G5 . t/ ox“fsf] ;/sf/n] s'g} klg sDklgdf lab]lz nufgLsf] %(% efu dfq l:jsfg]{ / afls %!% efu
nufgL ox“fsf] gful/sn] g} ug'{ kg]{ Aofj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
stf/df k'jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; e} ;s]sf] x'gfn] / ox“fsf] ahf/ v'Nnf x'gfn] s'g} klg nufgL
k'0f{?kdf ;'/lIft /xG5 . stf/df lgof{t d'vL , lgdf0f{ ;DjlGw , go“f k|lalwsf] pTkfbg , k|fs[lts >f]t,
phf{ , nufotsf If]qx?df nufgL al9 ;'/lIft dflgG5 . stf/df h'g ;'s} If]qdf nufgL u/]klg nufgL
;'/lIft /xg'sf ;fy} 5f]6f] ;dodf g} k|r'/ d'gfkmf sdfpg ;lsG5 . stf/sf] v'Nnf cy{tGqsf] sf/0fn]
ubf{ laZjsf k|Voft ax'/fli6«o sDklgx?b]lv ;of} /fi6«sf gful/ssf] nufgL lelqPsf] 5 . stf/ ;/sf/n]
pBf]u,s[lif,vlgh, phf{,ko{6g ,lgdf0f{ 7]SsfnfO{ v'Nnf ul/Psf] 5 . ox“fsf] ahf/ Aojl:yt 5 . ;a}sf]
nfuL ;dfg sfg'g 5 . t/klg lab]lz gful/snfO{ a}+s tyf lalQo ;+3 ladf sDklgx? 3/ hUuf
Aofj;fodf nufgL ug]{ 5'6 5}g . laZj Aofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o e} ;s]sf] x'gfn] ox“fsf] nufgLsf]
jftfj/0f k'0{f ?kdf ;'/lIft 5 . stf/ ;/sf/n] laleGg dxTjsf+lIf of]hgfx? cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 h'g PSn}n]
k'/f ug{ c;Dej x'G5 . To;}n] laleGg ax'/fli6«[o sDkgLx?;“u ;xsfo{ ul/ cufl8 a9\b} 5 . ox“f ;fgf]
7'nf] h'g k|sf/sf] Aofj;fodf nufgL uPklg 8'Ab}g . cfkm'n] OR5f nfu]sf] sfdbf/ Nofpg] :jtGqtf 5 .
cfkm\gf] sdfOnfO{ :jtGq k'j{s nufgL u/]/ k|fKt d'gfkmf n}hfg] s'g} af/ aGb]h 5}g . af:tjdf eGg] xf]
eg] ox“fsf 7"nf 7"nf kl/of]hgfx?df stf/Lsf] nufgL ePsf] kfOG5 . ;–;fgf c+;ul7t Aofa;fodf
g]kfnL nufotsf cGo Aofa;foLsf] nufgL /x]sf] kfOG5 . stf/sf] nufgLsf] cg's'n jftfj/0fnfO{ x]g]{
xfdL xfd|} g]kfnL Aofa;foLx? Tfkm{ kmls{P k'U5 . oBkL xfd|f g]kfnL Aofj;foLx? ox“fsf cGo
Aofj;foLx?sf] t'ngfdf t'ng} ug{ gldNg] laifo xf] t/klg ;fdfGo sfdbf/sf] ?kdf stf/ lelqPsfx? Gf}
cfh Aofj;foLsf ?kdf pbfO ;s]sf 5g\ . cfly{s ?kdf ;an e};s]sf 5g\. 5f]6f] ;dodf g} cfly{s
;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . ox“f Aofj;fo ug]{ lab]zLnfO{ cfj:os ;Dk'0f{ ef}lts k'jf{wf/ alg;ssf]
x'gfn] Aofj;fo ug{ ;lhnf] 5 . 9f6\g] rf]g]{ 5Ng] h:tf sfdx? ox“f x'b}g . ;a}n] cf–cfkm\gf] sfd u5{g .
csf{sf] sfddf x:tIf]k ub}{gg\ . ;fgf] c;+ul7t If]q b]vL s'g} 7"nf] kl/of]hgf ;Dd hxf xft xfn] klg
ox“f nufgL ;'/lIft x'G5 . ;du|df eGbf ox“fsf] /fhgLlt / ;dfh a}b]lzs nufgLsf] nflu cg's'n /x]sf]
28
5 . ox“fsf] ;a}eGbf ;jn kIf eg]sf] g} z'–;f;g xf] . /fhg}lts :yfloTj / ljlwsf] zf;gn] ubf{ g}
stf/df a}b]lzs nufgL leqofpg] cg's'n jftfj/0f aGg ;s]sf] 5 / lbgk|ltlbg stf/n] ;Dkgtfsf]
lzv/ r9\b} 5 .
/fHon] cy{tGqnfO{ la:tf/ug{,j}b]lzsk"Flh cfslfif{t ug{ / /fli6«o cfDbfgLsf] >f]tnfO{ j[l¢ ug{
/fHosf] ljsfzdf dxTjk"0f{ dflgg] If]qx? h:t} ;8s,aGb/ufxf,;~rf/ tyf cGo ljsfznfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg]
If]qx?sf] ljsfznfO{ w]/} dxTjsf ;fy Wofgdf /fv]sf] 5 .
stf/n] /fHosf] ljsfzsf nflu cfj:os kg]{ j}b]lzs >ldsx? nfO{ b]zdf leqofpg] / sfd lbg]
kIfdf /x]sf] 5 . To:t} ljb]zLx?n] klg stf/sf] nufgL ;DjlGw sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq /lx stf/sf] cfly{s
If]qdf nufgL ug{ kfFp5 t/ p;sf] To:tf] nufgL ug{sf] lglDt Pshgf stf/L kf6{g/ /fVg' kg]{ x'G5,
h:sf] z]o/ %! k|lt;t jf ;f] eGbfal9 x'g' k5{ . ;fy} To:tf] sDkgL stf/sf] Joj;flos sfg"gn]
agfPsf] dof{bf leq /lx :yfkgf ePsf] x'g'k5{ . pBf]u dlGqsf cf1f cg';f/ To:tf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf
;+rfng /x]sf] sDkgLdf ljb]zLsf] c+z -Share _ $( k|lt;t eGbf w]/} cyjf s'n k"lhsf] !)) k|ltzt
klg x'g ;S5 . t/ dfu s]xL l;ldt If]qx?df h:t} s[lif,pBf]]u,:jf:Yo,lzIff,ko{6g,b]zsf] k|fs[lts
>f]tx?sf] ljsfz jf k|fs[lts >f]tsf] pTvgg\ If]q cflb t/ of] ;a} k|f]h]S6/x?sf] d'Vo p2]Zodf lgDg
s'/fx? x'g' ug]{ x'G5 . lgof{t ;DjlGwt x'g'k5{, go“f ;fdfgsf] pTkfbg x'g'k5{,go“f k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'g'
k5{,;fy} cGt/fli6«o :t/df k|Voft x'g] pBf]usf] z'?jft ug'{k5{ jf /fli6«o dfgj >f]tsf] ljsfz ug'{kg]{
x'G5 .
/fhfsf] cfb]zdf cfwfl/t stf/sf] sfg"gn] lgDg If]qx?df ztk|ltzt ljb]zL nufgL ug{
kfpg]] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 . h:t} pBf]u s[lif,dfOlgË,OGwg,ko{6g,sG6«oflS6ª t/ dfq Tof] cj:yfdf hj of]
nufgL o;;+u ;DjlGwt pBf]usf] ljsfzsf] lglDt ul/Psf] x'G5 jf ;dfhnfO{ w]/} eGbf w]/} kmfO{bf,;]jf
lbgsf] lglDt x'G5 . o; sfg"gn] u}/ stf/L nufgLstf{nfO{ o; k|f]h]S6sf] nflu b]zdf pknAw g/x]sf
;fwgx?sf] cfotug{ kfpg] ;d]tsf] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 .
ljb]zL k"lh / oxfFsf] stf/L k“"hL jLr hfoh cyjf ;lx tl/sfsf] k|lt:kwf{sf] ljsfz ug{ /fi6«n]
ljb]zL dfly s'g} yk /f]stf]s gug]{ k|ltj¢tf u/]sf] 5 . t/ s'g} ljb]zL nufgL stf{n] a}lsË
If]q,Joj;flos k|ltlglwTjsf] If]q / l/ofn :6]6 If]qdf eg] nufgL ug{ gkfpg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . ljut
s]xL jif{otf t]n / Uo“f;sf] If]qdf nufgL @^ ljlnog stf/L l/ofn k'u]sf] 5,h;dWo] ! ljlnog cd]/LsL
8n/ ljb]zaf6 cfPsf] 5 . a'em\g' kg]{ s'/f of] 5 ls, stf/n] ljZj Aofkf/ ;+uh -World Trade
Organisation _ sf] ;b:tf xfFl;n ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))! Df o;n] rf}yf] dlGq :t/Lo j}7s sf] ;kmn
cfof]hgf ul/;s]sf] 5 .

29
 stf/df le;f ;DjlGw Aoj:yf
stf/ k|j]z ug{sf] nflu clgjfo{ ?kdf j}b]lz gful/sn] oxfFsf] k|j]zf1f k|Kt ug'{ kb{5 . ljgf
k|j]zf1f s;}nfO{ klg stf/df k|j]z ug{ lbO{b}g\ . ljgf k|j]zf1f stf/df k|j]z lgif]w ul/Pklg stf/sf]
k|j]zf1f k|fKt ug{sf] nflu cTofGt ;lhnf] 5 . ljZjsf cGo /fi6«xn] em} stf/n] klg j}b]lzs gful/ssf
nflu laleGg lsl;dsf] le;fx?sf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] kfO{G5 .

!_ ko{6sLo le;f M
stf/ k|j]z ug]{ ko{6sx?sf nflu ;lhn} le;f k|fKt x'G5 . ko{6sx?n] stf/ sf] s'g} /lhi6]8
xf]6ndf sf]7f a's u/]sf] k|df0f b]vfPkl5 bf]xf cGt/fli6«o ljdfg:ynLo cWofudg ljefusf] zfvfaf6
t'?Gt o:tf] le;f k|fKt ug{ ;lsg5 . o:tf] k|j]zf1f ;fwf/0fto ;'?df !$ lbgsf] nflu kfO{G5 . o;nfO{
cfj:ostf cg'?k yk !$ lbg a9fpg ;lsG5 .

@_ ljhg]; le;f M
s'g} sDkgL jf k|ltli7t Aofj;foLsf] kl/ro lbg] s'g} klg sfuhft k]z u/]/ stf/sf]
cWofudg ljefuaf6 ljhg]; le;f k|fKt ug{ ;lsg5 . z'?df o:tf] le;f !$ lbgsf] nflu lbg] ul/g5 /
o:tf] le;f ;fdfGot ;do;Ldf c? yk # dlxgf;Dd a9fFpg ;lsG5 .

#_ lhl;;L /]l;8]G6 le;f M

uNkm b]zx?sf afl;GbfnfO{ stf/sf] ljdfg:yndf k'Ug] lalQs} k|j]zf1f lbO{G5 .
k|j]zf1fsf] ;do ;Ldf !$ lbg;Ddsf] nflu x'G5 . t/ vf8L /fi6« dWo]sf] s'g} Ps /fi6«sf] kl/rokq eg]
rflxG5 . o:tf] k|j]zf1fnfO{ yk !$ lbgsf] nflu yk ug{ ;lsG5 . lhl;;L sDkgLsf nflu stf/sf]
s'g}klg k|j]z ljGb'df o:tf] k|j]zf1f pknAw x'G5 .

$_ sfdbf/ le;f M
stf/sf] ef}lts lgdf{0fsf] nflu j}b]lzs sfdbf/sf] ckl/xfo{ cfj:oStf 5 . To;}n] klg
sfdbf/ le;f ;lhn} pknAw x'G5 . stf/sf] cfGtl/s dfldnf;DjlGw dgqfnosf] :jLs;lt /
/f]huf/bftfn] k]z u/]df @$ 306fleq le;f pknAw x'G5 . o:tf] le;f Ps jif{ jf ;f] egbf al9 ;do
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

%_ ˆofd]nL le;f M
o; k|sf/sf] le;fklg stf/sf] cfGtl/s dfldnf;DjlGw dgqfnosf] :jLs[ltdf /f]huf/bftfn]
sfdbf/sf] cfkmgtnfO{ z"Ns lt/]/ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] le;f k|fKt ug{sf] nflu sfdbf/sf] cfDbfgL
eg] lglZrt l;dfeGbf al9 g} x'g'kb{5 .

^_ jx'k|j]z le;f M
st/sf] s'g}klg /f]huf/bftfsf] l;kmfl/;df ldlgi6L ckm OlG6l/o/af6 :jLs[lt k|Ztrft
o:tf] le;f sfuhhft k'¥ofP/ lgj]bg lbPsf] @$ 306fleq} pknAw x'G5 .
stf/df le;fsf] nflu Tolt ufXf] 5}g\ . s'g} Pp6f /f]huf/bftfn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] @$ 306fleq
oxffsf] le;f t'?Gt} j]e;fO[6df /fVg] u5{ . stf/sf] le;f ;DjlGw x]g]{ c+s ldlgi6L ckm OG6]l/o/ xf] .
o;sf] j]e ;fO6 www.moi.gov.qa xf] . cfˆgf] le;fsf] hfgsfl/sf] nflu stf/ k:g] hf] ;'s}n]
o;}af6 hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ .

30
 stf/sf] >d ;DjlGw sfg"gsf d'Vo–d'Vo k|fjwfgx?
s_ sfdbf/n] kmfO{n u/]sf] d'¢fdf >d P]g tyf s/f/ ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd sf/jfxL x'g] .
v_ d'¢f n8\gsf] nflu Court Fee gnfUg] .
u_ o; P]gsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ jf s/f/ ;Demf}tf cg';f/sf d'¢fx?sf] bfjL ug]{ Dofb s/f/ ;dfKt ePsf]
ldltn] ! aif{;Dd dfq /xg]5 . t/ czQm tyf ePsf] xf] eGg] osLg u/]sf] ldltn] jf d[To' ePsf] ldltn]
! aif{ dfq /xG5 .

s:tf] cj:yfdf u}/ stf/L gful/nfO{ /f]huf/ lbg ldNb5

s_ rflxPsf] sfdsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ of]Uotf ePsf] stf/L gful/s pknAw gePdf .
v_ Valid Resident Permit ePdf - % jif{_
u_ d]l8sn lkm6g]z ePdf .
s:tf] cj:yfdf u}/ stf/Lsf] Work Ppermit /¢ x'g ;Sb5 .
s_ Valid Resident Permit gePdf - % jif{_
v_ d]l8sn lkm6g]z gePdf .
u_ sfdbf/n] plrt sf/0fljgf JolQmut sf/0fn] # dlxgf eGbf a9L sfd gu/]df .
3_ cfˆgf] Sponsor eGbf cGo Party ;+u sfd u/]df .
ª_ cg'zf;g ;DaGwL af]8{af6 sfo{jfxL u/L sfdaf6 x6fOPdf .

s:tf] JolQmn] ljefusf] :jLs[lt geO{ sfdbf/ Nofpg kfpb5 M

s_ stf/sf 3/ dflnsx?n] ljefusf] k"j{ :jLs[lt ljgf g} cfˆgf] JolQmut k|of]hgsf] nflu sfdbf/
Nofpg ;Sb5 .

tnsf] cj:yfdf sfdbf/nfO{ tnj ;lxtsf] ljbf lbO{g] 5

s_ Ob'n lkmt/ # lbg
v_ Ob'n cwf # lbg
u_ stf/sf] :jtGqtf lbj; - /fli6«o lbj;_ ! lbg
3_ sfdbf/n] lg0f{o u/] adf]lhd ckem{6 ljbf # lbg

Dfly pNn]lvt ljbfsf] cjlwdf sfd u/]df cf]e/ 6fOd jfkt vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnjsf] @% k|ltzt
/ ;f]xL cjlwdf /ftL ( ah]b]lv ljxfg $ ah];Dd sfd u/]df vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnjsf] %) k|ltzt yk
;'ljwf lbg' kg]{ .
ª_ % aif{eGbf sd sfd u/]sf] sfdbf/nfO{ jflif{s # xKtf / % aif{eGbf a9L sfd ug]{ sfdbf/nfO{ jflif{s
$ xKtfsf b/n] ljbf lbg' ug]{ - tnj ;lxtsf] _

s:tf] cj:yfdf lj/fdL ljbf nufotsf ;'ljwf kfOG5 M

s_ 8fS6/sf] l;kmfl/z k]z u/]df sfd z'? u/]sf] # dlxgf k'/f u/]sf] sfdbf/ .
v_ o:tf] ljbf @ xKtf;Ddsf] xsdf tnj ;lxt lbg' ug]{ . o;df yk ljbf lng' k/]df $ xktf;Dd cfwf
tnj / of] eGbf a9L ePdf ljgf tnjsf] ljbf lbg' kg]{ .

31
u_ 8f=n] sfdbf/ sfd ug{ of]Uo 5}g egL l;kmfl/z u/]df lj/fdL ePsf] !@ xKtfdf ;]jfjf6 x6fpg
;lsg] .
3_ olb 8f=n] lbPsf] l;kmfl/; ;lxt ^ xKtfleq /fhLgfdf lbOPdf tnj ;lxt ;]jfjf6 ljbf lbg' kg]{
ª_ /f]uaf6 d[To' ePdf klg ^ xKtfsf] tnj lbg' kg]{ .
r_ o;n] E.S.B. kfpg] s'/fnfO{ c;/ gug]{ .
5_ xh ug{ hfg] d'l:nd sfdbf/n] tnj ljgfsf] ljz]if ljbf Ps k6ssf] nflu @) lbg kfp5g\ . -o;df
;a}eGbf nfdf] cjlw sfd ug]{nfO{ k|fyldstf x'G5 _.
h_ ljbfsf] ;dodf /f]huf/bftfn] ;]jfaf6 x6fPsf] hfgsf/L lbg gkfpg] .
`_ !^ aif{ d'lgsf gfjfnsnfO{ sfddf nufpg gkfOg] .

dlxnf sfdbf/sf] lxt / clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] ;DaGwdfM

dWok"j{sf vf8L dn'sx?df g]kfnL dlxnfx?nfO{ 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf k7fpg' Tolt
;'/lIft dfGg ;lsGg . cGo >f]t d'n'sx?af6 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf k7fO{Psf dlxnfx?sf] l:ylt x]bf{
To:tf dlxnfx? Zfl/l/s,dfgl;s tyf cfly{s ?kdf ;d]t ;tfOPsf] cj:yfdf b]lvG5g . Organized
Sector sf] xsdf dlxnf sfdbf/ k7fpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 . t/ o;sf nflu dlxnf sfdbf/ dfu ug]{
sDkgLsf] sfdsf] k|s[lt,:yfg,hf]lvd,lgjf; - Camp / Residence _ sf] cj:yf clgjfo{ cjnf]sg u/L
sfuhft k|dfl0ft ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] .

stf/sf] Labour Law sf] efu ( bkmf (# b]lv (* ;Dd dlxnf sfdbf/sf] lxt / clwsf/sf] jf/]df lgDg
Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 .

bkmf (# —dlxnf / k'?if aLr ;dfg sfdsf] nflu ;dfg Hofnf / tfnLd tyf a[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/
k|bfg ul/g] .

bkmf ($—dlxnfnfO{ s8f kl/>d nfUg],vt/fo'Qm,g}lts ktg x'g] lsl;dsf] sfddf nufpg gx'g] .

bkmf— (% dlxnfnfO{ dlGq:t/Lo lg0f{oaf6 tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo{ 306f x'g] .

bkmf—(^ Ps aif{ ;]jfjlw k'/f ePsf dlxnfnfO{ ;'Ts]/L x'g' klxn] / kl5 u/L %) lbgsf] ;'Ts]/L ljbf lbg]
. ;'Ts]/L kl5sf] ljbf cjlw #% lbg eGbf sd gx'g] . ;'Ts]/L ljbf lnPsf] sf/0f dlxnf sfdbf/sf] cGo
ljbf kfpg] ;'ljwfdf c;/ gkg]{ .
bkmf— (& dlxnfnfO{ aRrfnfO{ b'w r';fpgsf]nfuL ;'Ts]/L ljbf ;lsP kl5 klg ! aif{;Dd lbgsf] !
306f 5'6\6L lbg' kg]{ / o;nfO{ sfo{ 306fdf hf]8\g' kg]{ / o; cjlwsf] tnj 36fpg gldNg] .

bkmf—(* ljjfxf u/]df jf ;'Ts]/L ljbf lnPdf /f]huf/bftfn] dlxnf sfdbf/sf] Contract Teriminate
ug{ gldNg] . ;'Ts]/L ljbf cjlwe/ jf o; cjlwdf ;lsg] u/L dlxnf sfdbf/nfO{ ;]jfaf6 Terminate
u/]sf] hfgsf/L /f]huf/bftfn] lbg g;Sg] .

32
sfdbf/sf] ;fdflhs tyf :jf:Yosf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwdf M
s_ sfd z'? ug'{ klxn] g} /f]huf/bftf jf lghsf] k|ltlglwn] sfd ;DaGwL hf]lvd / o;af6 aRg] pkfo
jtfpg' kg]{ .
v_ o;sf nflu /f]huf/bftfn] pko'Qm tl/sf ckgfpg' kg]{ .
u_ o:tf] vt/f lg/fs/0f ug]{ pkfo gePsf] v08df dGqLn] To:tf] sfd /f]Ssf ug{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg] . o;
cjlwdf sfdbf/nfO{ k'/f tnj lbg' kg]{ .
3_Sanitation,Ventilation,Adequatate Light, Clean Drinking Water,Drainage System sf] Joj:yf
sfdbf/n] ug'{ kg]{ .
ª_ % b]lv @% hgf sfdbf/ ePdf First Aid Box ;fy}df /fVg' kg]{
r_ olb @% eGbf a9L sfdbf/ ePdf k|To]s % b]lv @% hgfsf] nflu Ps j6f First Aid Box ;fy}df
/fVg' kg]{
5_ !))hgf eGbf a9L sfdbf/ ePdf Full Time Male Nurse sf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ .
h_ %)) eGbf a9L sfdbf/ ePdf ! hgf 8fS6/ / ! hgf Male Nurse ;lxtsf] lSnlgssf] Joj:yf ug'{
kg]{ .
em_ sfd ;DaGwL rf]6k6s tfy /f]usf] lgbfgsf] nflu cfjlws ?kdf cfjZostfg';f/ :jf:Yo kl/If0f
ul/g' kg]{ . o;/L kl/If0f u/fpbf v/fjL b]lvPdf ljefunfO{ # lbg leq hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{ .

zx/eGbf 6f9f sfdbf/ /fVg] /f]huf/bftfn] lgDg ;]jf pknJjw u/fpg' kg]{ M
s_ k|ofKt oftoft tyf j;f]jf;sf] Joj:yf .
v_ ;kmf lkpg] kfgL .
u_ oy]i6 dfqfdf kf]if0fo'Qm vfBfGg tyf k|fKt ug]{ pkfo .
dGqL:t/Lo lg0f{on] kl/eflift u/]sf] If]q .

sfd;+u ;DalGwt rf]6k6s tyf Ifltk"lt{ M

s_ sfdbf/sf] d[To' ePdf tTsfn k|x/L / >d ljefunfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg], /f]huf/bftfn] o:tf] l/kf]6{df
sfdbf/sf] gfd,pd]/,k]zf,7]ufgf,/fli6«otf,gful/stf,36gfsf] ljj/0f,arfpgsf] nflu ckgfOPsf pkfo
v'nfpg' kg]{ .
v_ k|x/Ln] hfgsf/L kfP kl5 tTsfn cg';Gwfg z'? ul/ o;df ;fIfLsf] egfO{, /f]huf/bftfsf]
egfO{,;Dej ePdf 3fOt]sf] egfO{ pNn]v ug'{ kg]{ .
u_ cg';Gwfg ;lsP kl5 k|x/Ln] ;f] sf] hfgsf/L ljefu / /f]huf/bftnfO{ lbg] . olb cfjZos k/]df
ljefun] k|x/LnfO{ cg';Gwfg k'/f ug]{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg] .
3_ 3fO{t] sfdbf/n] /f]huf/bftfsf] vr{df pkrf/ u/fpg] clwsf/ x'G5 . sfdbf/n] cf}ifwL pkrf/ jf ^
dlxgfeGbf j9L ePdf pkrf/ u?~h]n jf ckf+u ePsf] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] cjlw h'g 36L x'G5,;f]
cjlwsf] cfwf tnj kfpg] .
ª_ sfdsf] cjlwdf d[To' ePdf jf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf ckf+u ePdf sfdbf/sf] cfkmGtn] Ifltk"lt{ dfu
ug{ kfpg] . sfd ;DalGw d[To'sf] xsdf O:nflds ;/lo jdf]lhd lgwf{l/t x'g] . cf+lzs jf k"0f{
czQmtfsf] xsdf k|ltztsf] cfwf/df Ifltk"lt{ lbg' kg]{ t/ tnsf] cj:yfdf

33
Ifltk"lt{ lbg gldNg] M
– sfdbf/n] hfgfhfg rf]6k6s nufPdf .
– 3fO{t] jf d[To' x'bfsf jvt sfdbf/ gzfn' kbfy{ jf /S;Lsf] gzfdf lyof] eGg] k|dfl0ft ePdf .
– sfdbf/n] /f]huf/bftfn] lbPsf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwL hfgsf/LnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf a]jf:tf u/]df .
– plrt sf/0f ljgf sfdbf/n] 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ pkrf/ ug{ guPdf .

sfdbf/sf] czQmtfsf] ljifodf /f]huf/bftf / sfdbf/ aLr ljjfb cfPdf ljefun] o;nfO{ ;DjlGwt
d]l8sn cyf]l/l6df k7fP kl5 o;sf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 .

czQmtf,ckf+utf,jf d[To' ePsf]df clGtd d]l8sn l/kf]6{ cfPsf] ! aif{leq Ifltk"lt{ bfjL ug]{ clwsf/
/xG5 .

czQm ePsf] jf czQm ePsf] cg';Gwfgaf6 7x/ ePsf] ldltn] !% lbg leq Ifltk"lt{ cbfntdf a'emfpg'
kg]{ . To:tf] /sd cbfntn] d[tssf] xsbf/nfO{ k7fpg] t/ o;/L d[To' ePsf] # aif{;Dd Ifltk"lt{ bfjL
gk/]df State Treasury df k7fpg] .

sfd;+u ;DalGwt /f]u tfyf rf]6k6ssf jf/]df k|To]s ^ dlxgfdf ljefunfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{ .

;g\ @))% eGbf kl5 sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf lgwg ePsf / ;jf/L b"3{6gfdf k/L lgwg ePsf sfdbf/x?nfO{
stf/L /lofn !,%),))) Ifltk"lt{ d[tssf cfkmGtnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ .

To:tf] /sdsf] nflu clGtd d]l8sn k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] ! aif{leq bfjL u/L ;Sg' kg]{ .

cbfntaf6 km};nf eO{ h]g]/n cyf]l/6Ldf /sd hDdf u/fPsf] xsdf cfkmGtx?n] # aif{ leq ;Dks{ tyf
bfjL gu/]df State Tresury df hDdf x'g] .

cf+lzs c+ue+u ePsf]df dflysf] hDdf /sd dWo] c:ktfnn] clGtd d]l8sn k|ltj]bgdf tf]ls lbPsf]
k|ltzt /sd kfpg ;Sg] .

s:tf] cj:yfdf sfdbf/n] E.S.B. glbO{ sfdbf/nfO{ x6fpg ;lsg] M

s_ gSsnL sfuhft k]z u/]sf] kfOPdf .
v_ sdkgLnfO{ 7"nf] cfly{s xfgL gf]S;fgL x'g] sfo{ u/]df .
u_ ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ljifodf ljljw tj/n] hfgsf/L x'bfx'b} sDkgLsf] cfb]z ljk/Lt sfo{ u/]df
3_ k"j{ ;Rf]Tf ul/ ;Sbf klg >d P]g tyf sG6ofS6 ljk/Lt sfo{ u/]df .
ª_ ;+u7gsf] dxTjk"0f{ uf]kgLotf e+u u/]df .
r_ sfdsf] ;dodf nfu'kbfy{ ;]jg u/]sf] kfO{Pdf .
5_ sfd;+Uf ;DalGwt emu8fdf sfdbf/n] cGo sfdbf/ tyf cfk'meGbf 7"nf dfG5]dfly cfqmd0f u/]df .
h_ Ps jif{df !% jf & lbgeGbf j9L ;do sfddf cg'kl:yt ePdf .
em_ JolQmut sf/0fn] sfdbf/nfO{ cbfntn] s;'bf/ 7x/fofPdf .

34
sfdbf/nfO{ ;hfo lb+bf tnsf] s'/fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 M
s_ kmf}hbf/L / ck/flws s[ofsnfkdf ;+nUg ePsf]df jfx]s sfdbf/nfO{ cf/f]ksf] jf/]df !% lbg cufj}
;"rgf lbg] .
v_ sfdbf/n] sfdsf] ;doeGbf jflx/sf] ;dodf u/]sf] uNtLsf] nflu ;hfosf] efuL jgfOg' x'Gg .
u_ lnlvt jf df}lvs ?kdf ;hfosf] hfgsf/L u/fP/ dfq ;hfo lbg' kg]{ .
3_ Ps uNtLsf] nflu Psk6s dfq ;hfo x'g] .
ª_ /f]huf/bftfn] b:tfvt u/]sf] ;hfo cGo clwsf/Ln] sfof{Gjog ug{ gx'g] .
r_ ljlgoddf pnn]v ePsf] ;hfo dfq sfdbf/nfO{ lbg ldNg] .

;hfo kfPsf] sfdbf/n] /f]huf/bftf ;dIf & lbgleq k'glj{rf/sf nflu cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg] . olb lgj]bg
k]z u/]sf] & lbg leq hjfkm glbPdf c:jLs[t ePsf] dfgL ljefudf hfg ;Sg] . ljefun] lgj]bg k|fKt
u/]sf] & lbg leq km};nf lbg] / of] lg0f{o clGtd x'g] . sfdbf/n] k'gM:yflkt u/L jfls tnj lbnfpg
;Sg] .

tnjM
s_ s/f/ cg';f/ x'g] .
v_ s/f/df pNn]v gePdf ljlgPdx?df Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g] .
u_ b'j}df gePdf ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] sfdsf] nflu cGo sfdbf/nfO{ lbP ;/x tnj lbg' kg]{ .
3_ cg'dfgsf cfwf/df tnj glbg] . To;f] ePsf] cj:yfdf pko'Qm cbfntn] tnj lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
ª_ k|To]s dlxgfsf] Ps k6s tnj lbg' kg]{ / ;f] tnj sfdbf/nfO{ g} lbg' kg]{ . a}sdf klg hDdf ug{
;lsg] .

sfo{306fM
s_ cGo ;do jif{e/L xKtfsf] $* 306f .
v_ /dfbfgsf] ;do xKtfsf] #^ 306f .

cGo k|fjwfgx? M
s_ k/LIf0f sfn x'g ;Sg] t/ ^ dlxgf eGbf s9L gx'g] . Pp6} sfddf k/LIf0f sfn ! k6s eGbf a9L
gx'g] .
v_ k/LIf0f sfndf sfdaf6 x6fpg' k/]df sDtLdf # lbgsf] k"j{ ;"rgf lbg" kg]{ x'G5 .
u_ s/f/ cjlw gjLs/0f ePdf kxn]s} lgo'lQmnfO{ a9fPsf] dflgg] / sfdbf/sf] sfo{jlw z'? b]lv g}
u0fgf ul/g] 5 .
3_ s/f/ cjlw pNn]v geO{ cl;ldt 5 eg] % jif{;Ddsf] nflu #) lbg cl3 / % jif{eGbf j9L ;]jfjlw
ePsf]df ^) lbg cl3 ;]jfjf6 x6fO{Psf] hfgsf/L lbg' kb{5 .

lnlvt ?kdf s/f/ cjlw pNn]v ePdfM

s_ ! jif{ jf ;f] eGbf sd Ps xKtf
v_ % jif{ jf ;f] eGbf sd @ xKtf
u_ % jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L #) lbg cl3 ;]jfaf6 x6fO{Psf] hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{ .

35
sfdbf/nfO{ s:tf] ;hfo x'g ;Sb5 M
s_ ;r]t u/fpg] .
v_ tnj 36'jf ug]{ k|lt dlxgf % lbg eGbf a9L gx'g] u/L .
u_ dlxgfsf] % lbg;Dd lgnDag ug{ ;Sg] .
3_ ck/flws sfo{ u/]sf]df sfo{jfxL 6'+uf] nfu];Dd lgnDag / To;kl5 :yflkt ePdf ;a} tnj kfpg] .
ª_ ^ dlxgf;Ddsf] Annual Baenefist /f]Ssf ug]{ .
r_ a9'jf x'g] ePdf ! aif{;Dd a9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{ .
5_ E.S.B. lbP/ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] .
h_ E.S.B. glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] .

tnsf] cj:yfdf /f]huf/sf] s/f/ sfod} x'g] ;]jfaf6 x6fpg glDfNg]M

s_ Contract Personal Basis df ;xL gePsf] / /f]huf/bftfsf] sf/0fn] sfdbf/sf] d][To' ePdf .
v_ Company Merge eO{ go“f :yflkt ePdf .
u_ olb d[To' ePsf] # aif{;Dd d[tssf] xsbf/n] Ifltk"lt{sf] /sd cbfntn] Public Treasury
k7fpg] .
ª_ k]G;g lbg] lgsfon] E.S.B. lbg' kb}g t/ k]G;gsf] /sd E.S.B. eGbf sd ePdf lbg' kg]{
o;df k]G;g jf E.S.B. lng] jf /f]Hg] clwsf/ sfdbf/sf] x'G5 .
r_ s/f/ ;dfKt ePsf] @ xKtfleq sfdbf/nfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{ kg]{ . stf/ ;dfKt eP kl5 /f]huf/bftfn]
lgDg s'/f k'/f ug'{ k5{ .
– lgz'Ns cg'ejsf] k|df0fkq lbg] .
– ;a} lsl;dsf sfuhftx? Tfyf k|df0fkq / cGo ;DalGw s'/fx? lkmtf{ lbg] .
– ! aif{eGbf a9L sfd u/]df E.S.B. lbg] . of] /sd k|ltaif{ # xKtfeGbf sd x'g gx'g] .

sfdbf/x?sf] ;+u7g ;DaGwdf M

stf/sf] >d ;DaGwL P]gsf] bkmf !!^ b]lv bkmf !@# ;Dd sfdbf/x?sf] ;+u7g ;DaGwL
clwsf/sf] af/]df Joj:yf 5 . o;sf s]xL d'Vo Joj:yfx? lgDg 5g\ .
s_ !)) hgf eGbf a9L stf/L sfdbf/x? ePsf] pBf]udf ! j6f dfq Workers Committee u7g
ug{ ;lsg] .
v_ Pp6} k|s[ltsf pBf]udf sfd ug]{ w]/} j6f Workers Committee n] General
Committee / w]/} j6f General Committee ldn]/ General Union of the
Workers of Qatar u7g ug{ ;Sg] .
u_ oL tLg} lsl;dsf sldlgl6x?df stf/L sfdbf/ dfq ;b:o x'g kfpg] .
3_ /f]huf/bftfn] sfdbf/nfO{ s'g} ;+u7gdf nfUg jfWo ug]{ 5}g .
ª_ /f]huf/bftf / sfdbf/sf] cfwf cfwf k|ltlglw /xg] u/L ;+o'Qm ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg] .
r_ sfdbf/ k|ltlglw Workers Committee af6 5gf}6 x'g] jf pgLx?n] rog u/] adf]lhd x'g]
t/ lab]zL sfdbf/x?n] eg] s'g} lsl;dsf] aGb,x8\tfn,wgf{ cflb ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf o; P]gdf gePsf] /
o;/L aGb,x8\tfn tyf wgf{ u/]df sDkgLn] sfdbf/n] kfpg] s'g} ;'ljwf glbO{ klg :jb]z lkmtf{ ug{ ;Sg]
5.

36
 stf/df >ldssf gLlDt dfgj clwsf/
>d;DaGwL sfg'gn] !* jif{ gf3]sf Tolxsf gful/snfO{ lghL If]qdf sfd ubf{sf] cj:yfdf
sfdbf/x?sf] P;f]l;P;g vf]Ng] cg'dlt lbPsf] 5 t/ To:tf] sfd ug]{ 7fpdf gful/ssf] ;+Vof Ps ;o
gf3]sf] x'g'kg]{ 5 . Jofjxf/df rfxL o; lsl;dsf] P;f]l;P;g vf]Ng y'k|} sl7gfO 5 . u}/gful/sn]
sfdbf/sf] sld6L agfpg ;Sb}g . a? ljb]zLsfdbf/n] ;+o'Qm >lds Joj:yfkg sld6Lsf] ;b:o;Dd aGg
kfpb5 . ;/sfl/ If]qdf sfd ug{ s;}n] klg o'lgogdf nfUg kfpg] 5}g\ . sfg'gn] klg stf/sf >ldssf]
Pp6} dfq dxf;ldltdf dfq cfj4 /xg] cg'dlt lbPsf] 5 . d'n's aflx/ sf] t s'g} klg ;+u7gdf
;+nUgtf ;d]t /fVg dgfxL u/]sf] 5 .
o:tf] l:yltdf s'g} o'lgog gePkl5 clxn] >d sfg'g d'tflas} dhb'/x?n] ;o'Qm ?kdf ph'/L ug{
;Sg] k|jwfg k|efjsf/L x'g k'u]sf] 5 . sfo{ If]qdf dhb'/ / /f]huf/ bftf larsf] ;Demf}tfsf cfwf/df
sfd to x'g] u5{ . t/ ;o'Qm ?kn] dhb'/ ;+ul7t eP/ s'g} dfu /fv]sf] cj:yf cem} oxfF b]vf k/]sf] 5}g
. sfg'gn] dhb'/nfO{ x8tfnsf] k|fjwfg klg /fv]sf] 5 t/ 3'dfp/f] kf/fn] To;nfO{ Joxf/df nfu' ug{
sl7gfO{sf] cj:yf 5 . olt x'bfx'b} klg lat]sf] jif{ slDtdf !) j6f x8tfnsf 36gf oxfF eP . To; dWo]
a9L h;f] 36gfsf cu'jfnfO{ b]zlgsfnf ul/Psf] ;d]t b]vf k¥of] .
;/sf/L hflu/],3/]n' sfdbf/ / :jfYo ;'/Iff nufPtsf ;fj{hlgs dxTj If]qdf sfd ug]{nfO{ oxfF
x8tfn ug{ /f]lsPsf] 5 . plgx?n] sfg'gL cfwf/ lnP/ le8 hDdf kfg{ ;S5g t/ o:tf] klg s;}n] u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5}g . lglhIf]qsf /f]huf/bftfn] ;/sf/L ;nUgtf ljg} cfkm'—cfkm' ldn]/ Hofnfb/ to ub{5g .
:yfgLo cbfntn] sfdbf/ / /f]huf/ bftf larsf] ljjfb nfO{ x]g]{ u5{ . t/ ljb]zL sfdbf/x?n] eg]
cfkm\gf]s/L cyjf Tof] b]z af6} lgsflng] 8/n] lj/n} cbfntsf] 9f]sf 3r3Rofp5g\ . o:tf sfdbf/
cfPsf] d'n'ssf b'tfjf;x? / s]xL :jtGq sfdbf/n] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ oxfFsf] >d laefun]
cfkm';+u ;fu'/f] clwsf/ x'bfx'b} klg s'g} sfdbf/n] klg Hofnf gkfPsf] d'¢f cfPsf] j]nfdf To;nfO{
ulDe/tfk"j{s x]g]{ u/]sf] 5 . ljefusf cg';f/ p;n] cfkm'sxfF cfPsf o:tf d'¢f dWo] *) k|ltzt cfkm}n]
;'NemfP/ k7fpg] u/sf] 5 . yf]/} dfq ;'Nemg g;s]sf d'¢fnfO{ p;n] >d cbfntdf k7fpg] u/]sf] ljefu
atfp5g . @))^ df ;/sf/n] dhb'/ dfldnf x]g]{ ;lrjfno ;d]t u7g u/]sf] lyof] . To; cGt/ut %)
hgf tflnd k|fKt lgl/Ifs ;d]t /flvPsf 5g . plgx?nfO{ sfg'gn] lbPsf ;'ljwfx? dhb'/n] ef]u ug{
kfP gkfPsf] lgl/If0f ug]{ u/]sf 5g .
sfg'gn] s]6fs]l6 nufot s;}nfO{ klg ha{h:lt sfddf nufpg /f]s]sf] 5 . t}klg s]lx :yfgdf of]
s'/fsf] kfngf geO/x]sf] l/kf]6{ cfO/x]sf 5g . laz]if u/]/ lab]zL sfdbf/sf dfdnfdf To:tf sfdbf/
k'0f{tof /f]hufl/ d} e/ kg]{ u5{g .
o;l/ g} clwsf/ xggsf 36gf klg al9/x]sf 5g . h:tf] ls d'n's 5f8\g s'g} dhb'/n] rfx]df
/f]huf/bftfsf] cg'dtL lng} k5{ . s]xL /f]huf/bftfn] dhb'/sf] rfxgf ljk/Lt a9L sfddf nufPsf] ;d]t
36gf km]nf k/]sf 5g\ . cbIf sfdbf/ / 3/]n' sfdbf/n] tna} gkfpg] cyfjf l9nf] u/]/ kfpg]u/]sf] 36gf
klg aflx/ cfPsf 5g .
sfg'gn] afn>d lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . oxfFsf gful/s afnaflnsf xsdf ;/sf/ of] dfdndf uDeL/
b]lvP tfklg ljb]zsf xsdf afndhb'/ b]lvPsf 5g\ . >d sfg'gn] dhb'/sf] pd]/ !^ jif{eGbf dfly x'g}
kg]{ tf]s]sf] 5 . To;dfly !* jif{ ;DdnfO{ eg] cleefjfssf] cg'dltlnP/ / xNsf sfd ug{ kfpg]
k|fjwfg b]lvG5 . To:tf sd pd]/sfnfO{ sfddf nufpbf /f]huf/bftfn] lzIff dGqfnosf] cg'dlt lng'k5{
. To;afx]s pgLx?n] ug]{ sfd vt/fk"j{ b]lvP >d ljefun] /f]Sg ;S5 . o;df hl/jfgf / s}bh:tf
;hfPklg /flvPsf 5g\ . t/ clxn];Dd To:tf d'2f b]lvPsf 5}gg\ . >d P]gn] cld/nfO{ Go"gtd Hofnf
tf]Sg] k|fjwfg /fv] klg pgn] To;f] u/]sf] kfO{b}g . u}/gful/s >ldssf lglDt tf]sLPsf] Go"gtd Hofnf
pgLx?sf] kl/jf/sf] e/0f kf]if0fsf lglDt lrQa'em\bf] b]lvb}g . sfg'gn] ;ftf $* 3G6f sfd ug]{ cjlw
37
tf]s]sf] 5 . To;f] t ;/sf/L ;]jfdf hDdf #^ 3G6f dfq 5 . /dfbfsf] ;fj{hlgs labfsf a]nfdf tf]lsPsf]
cjlweGbf a9L sfd ug]{ dhb'/nfO{ cf]e/6fO{dsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . t/ sltko :yfgdf 3/]n'sfdbf/
/ cbIf dhb'/nfO{ Tof] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;ft} lbg b}lgs !@ 3G6fsf b/n] sfd ug]{
dhb'/ klg oxfF 5g\ . h;n] To; lsl;dsf] cltl/Qm ;'ljwf eg] kfO{/x]sf 5}gg\ .
blIf0f Plzof,lkmlnlkG; / OG8f]g]l;ofaf6 cfPsf sltko sfdbf/nfO{ /f]huf/bftfn] b{'Jojxf/
ul//x]sf] s'/f;d]t aflx/ cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf b{'Jojxf/df ;dodf Hofnf glbg] jf lbb} glbg],anfTsf/
cyjf zf/Ll/s cfqmd0fh:tf s'/f klg b]vfk/]sf 5g . s]xL b'tfjf;n] cfkm\gf gful/snfO{ $* 3G6f;Dd
c:yfoL ;]N6/;d]t k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . To:tf gful/s sfdbf/af6 ePsf] b{'Jojxf/sf sf/0f
lgsflnPsf x'G5g . / pgLx?sf] d'2f ;/sf/L clwsf/L;Dd k'Ub}g . b"tfjf;x?df cg';f/ o:tf k|foM d'2f
$* 3G6fleq} ;'lNemg] u/]sf] 5 . g;'lNemPsfsf] xsdf eg] To;nfO{ ck/flws 36gf 5fgljg ug]{
ljefudf k7fO{g] ul/Psf] 5 . ToxfF klg ;ft lbgleq s'/f] ldn]g eg] >d cbfntdf of] d'2f hfg] u5{ .
stf/df /f]huf/bftf JolQm jf sDkgLaf6 @))& df ef/t,g]kfn / >Ln+sfsf dlxnf / k'?if
sfdbf/n] b'Mv kfPsf] ph'/L u/]sf lyP . sfdbf/n] b'Jojxf/sf] l;sf/ x'g'k/]sf] sl/a !% xhf/ ph'/L
cfkm\gf b"tfjf;df lbPsf lyP . g]kfnL b"tfjf;df b}lgs !) b]lv !! / >Ln+sfnL b"tfjf;df %) b]lv ^)
o:t} ph'/L cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . tL ph'/Lx?df of}g, b{'Jojxf/,tna e'Qmflgdf l9nfO{,anhkmtL sfddf
nufOg],s/f/ gfdfsf] pNn+3g x'g],/fxbfgL y'Tg] plrt af;sf] Joj:yf gx'g] / zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s
oftgfsf ;d:of kg]{ u/]sf] pNn]v 5 .
t/ hfuL/ u'dfO{g] 8/n] k|foMh;f] 3/]n' sfdbf/n] cfkm\gf] dflnsdfly To:tf cleof]u nufpg
rfxb}gg\ . ef/tLo b"tfjf;sf cg';f/ # nfv !# xhf/ hgfn] lbPsf ph'/Ldf @ ;o * hgfsf] d[To' klg
ePsf] pNn]v 5 . lt dWo] !& hgfn] cfTd xTof u/]sf lyP .g]kfnL b"tfjf;df k/]sf @ nfv ^^ xhf/
ph'/LdWo] ! ;o %* sf] Hofg uPsf] ljj/0f lyof] . d[To' x'g]df ! ;o & hgfnfO{ x[bof3fts,@@ hgfsf]
sfd ug]{ qmddf b'3{6gfdf k/]/ d[To' / * hgfn] cfTdxTof u/]sf lyP .
:yfgLo sNof0fsf/L ;d"xsf cg';f/ /f]huf/bftfn] sfdbf/sf] d[To'sf] sf/0f n'sfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .
sf/vfgfdf d[To'sf] sf/0f n'sfpg x[bo3fts ePsf] e"m6f] ljj/0f lbg] u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . ;/sf/n]
>ldssf] :jf:Yo ;'/Iffsf] cg'udg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lnP klg c;Ifd hgzlQm / tflndsf] cefjdf of]
k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s"6gLlts lgof]usf k|ltlglw y'k|} >lds SofDkdf k'Ubf cbIf ljb]zL
sfdbf/nfO{ kfgL,ljB't,vfgfsf] ;'ljwf gePsf],kmf]xf]/ jf;:yfg / ;fF3'/f] 7fFpdf sfd u/]sf] kfPsf 5g\ .
@))^ sf] clk|ndf stf/sf] /f;nfkmfgdf b'O{hgf sfdbf/sf] ljiffn' Uo“f;sf sf/0f d[To' ePsf]
lyof] . emG8} ! xhf/ sfdbf/n] To;sf] lj/f]w u/]sf lyP . o;/L lj/f]w ug]{x?nfO{ y'Gg] jf pgLx/sf]
d'n's lkmtf{ k7fpg] sfd ul/Psf] lyof] . 36gf t]n / Uo“f;h:tf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff;Fu ufFl;Psf] If]qdf
ePsfn] klg o:tf] ePsf] lyof] . /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] 36gfsf] lg/LIf0f ug{ SofDkx?df hfg
vf]Hbf ;'/IffsdL{n] /f]s]sf lyP . o;n] ubf{ klg pQm 36gfsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ x'g ;s]g .
sfdbf/ ;'/Iff tflnd / cj:yf ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff ljefun] x]g]{ u5{ t/ /fHon] ;~rfng ug]{
k]6«f]lnod sDkgLsf eg] cfˆg} ;'/Iff gLlt 5 .
s'g} klg sfdbf/ ko{6s leiff lnP/ stf/ k:g s:5 . t/ p;sf] leiffnfO{ js{ leiff agfpgsf lglDt
:kf]G;/sf] cfj:ostf k5{ . To;}u/L sfdbf/n] d'n'saflx/ hfg'k/]df klg To:tf k|fof]hgsf] b'?kof]u ug]{
sltkonfO{ /fHon] sf/jfxL klg u/]sf] 5 .
sfdbf/x?nfO{ vt/gfs :yfgdf sfd ug{ OR5f gnfu]sf] cj:yfdf :j]R5fn] gug]{ Joj:yf P]gn]
j:t'ut 9+un] u/]sf] 5}g . o:tf] a]nfdf sfdaf6} lgsflng] eon] sltko sfdbf/x? To;f] ug{ afWo x'G5g\
. cK7\of/f] sfd ug{ dg gnfu]sf] a]nf sfdbf/n] sfg'gL ;xfotf dfUg ;Sg] k|fjwfg rflx 5 . To;f] ubf{
d'n'saf6} lgsflng] ePn] jif{el/ s'g} klg dhb'/n] o:tf] u/]sf] eg] kfOPg .
- cd]l/sL b"tfjf; bf]xf stf/, !@ h'g @))& _

38
 stf/df dfgj cf];f/ k;f/ k|ltj]bg
stf/ clgR5fk"j{s dhb'/L ug{ nufO{g] / s]xL xb;Dd of}gzf]if0f klg ug]{ p2]Zon] dlxnf
k'?ifsf] cf];f/ k;f/x'g] uGtJo xf] . ef/t, kfls:tfg, g]kfn,a+unfb]z, lkmlnlkG;, OG8f]g]l;of, leotgfd,
>Ln+sf, Olyof]lkof, ;'8fg, yfONofG8, OlhK6, l;l/of, hf]8{g / rLgaf6 dflg; oxfF 3/]n' sfd / dhb'/L
ug{ cfFpb5g . t/ s;} s;}n] bf;Tj klg v]K5g\ .
oxfFsf] d'Vo >d ck/fw eg]sf] dhb'/nfO{ sfddf nufpbfsf] eGbf lgDg:t/sf] ;t{ :jLsfg{ afWo
kfg'{ xf] . To;afx]s oxfFsf >lds aFw'jf dhb'/Lsf] cj:yfdf klg 5g\ . ltgsf] df / le;f;d]t ;f6km]/
tyf las|L ljt/0f x'G5 . sDkgLn] dhb'/sf] kfl/>lds /f]Ssf klg u5{ . ltgsf] kf;kf]6{ / cGo sfuhkq
hkmt;d]t x'g] u/]sf] 5 . :jtGq lx+88'ndf /f]s 5 . alxu{dg k|j]zf1f lbO{b}g . dflns pQ/bfoL x'g]
d'2fdf klg dhb'/dfly cleof]u nufO{G5 .
u}/sfg'gL lu/km\tf/L klg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . dhb'/nfO{ sfg'gL sf/afxL / b]z lgsfnfsf] wDsL klg cfFp5 .
ltgLx? e"m7f] cleof]u tyf of}g b'?kof]uh:tf ;d:ofdf klg 5g\ . sfd ug]{ / a:g] 7ffpsf] cj:yf lgs}
bogLo 5 . stf/df 3/]n' sfd ug]{ eg]/ NofO{Psf g]kfnLnfO{ ;fpbLdf uf]7fnf] x'g afWo kfl/Psf 5g\
,eGg] ;'lgPsf] 5 . st/fdf of}g Joj;fosf nflu dlxnf klg NofOG5g\ . t/ ltgsf] cleo'QmnfO{ dfq}
kqmp u¥of] / pgLx?nfO{ kfFr jif{sf] h]n ;hfo tf]Sof] . ;/sf/n] c? ck/fwLnfO{ ;dfTg] sfd u/]g .
xfnsf] cf];f/—k;f/lj?¢sf] P]gcg';f/ ;/sf/n] k|x/L,GofowLz,jlsn / sfg'gL lzIfsnfO{ tflnd lbG5 .
k|lta]bg ;doe/ stf/ ;/sf/n] lkl8tsf] z'/Iff ug{ ;s]g . of}g Jo;fodf ;+nUg eP afkt ;dfltPsf
dlxnf,ljb]zL sfdbf/ h:tf hf]lvd df k/]sf lkl8tsf] klxrfgug]{ / ltg nfO{ ;'/Iff lbg stf/n]
l;nl;n]jf/ k|of; u/]g . kl/0ffd:j?k lkl8tx? cS;/ bl08t x'G5g . ljgf ;'/Iff plgx?sf] b]z
kmsf{OG5 . ck|jf;L lgodsf] pNn+3g u/]sf / k|fof]hg u/]sf] Aoltm af6 efu]sf] eg]/ stf/ ;/sf/n]
cfd?kdf b08 hl/jfgf ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . t/ of] ;j u}/ sfg'lg ?kdf ePsf] dfgj cf];f/ k;f/sf sf/0f
x'guPsf] xf] . d'Vosf/0fnfO{ vf]Hb} gvf]hL stf/ lkl8tnfO{ b08 lbG5 .
slt lkl8tx? t alx/ udg ljefudf j;f}{b]vL Gofosf] k|ltIffdf Hofnf kfpg] cf;df, k|of]hsaf6
3/hfg] cg'dlt kfpg] cf;df / gof k|of]hssf] vf]hLdf j;]sf 5g . ;/sf/L cf>o:yn ;Dd lkl8tsf]
kf}r dflysf] k|ltjGwnfO{ x6fOPsf] 5 / x6nfO{gx?sf] lj:tf/ klg u/]sf]5 . s]xL d'2fx?df ;/sf/n]
ck/fwLnfO{ b08ug{ ;3fpg lkl8tnfO{ xf};nf klg lbPsf] 5 . clg clt yf]/} dfqdf lkl8tnfO{ Gofosf
nflu p;}sf b]z k7fpg]klg u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L cf>onodf of] jif{ @) hgf lkl8t 5g\ .
k|ltj]bg n]v]sf] jif{ s]xL If]qdf dfgj cf];f/k;f/ /f]syfd ug]{ stf/sf] k|of;df ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 .
;/sf/n] aRrfx?dfly p6 r9\g nufPsf] k|ltjGw kfnfgf eP gePsf] x]g{ cg'udg 6f]nLn] lgl/If0f u/]sf]
lyof] . stf/n] $@ j6f sfdbf/ cfk"lt{ sDkgLnfO{ e]nf u/fP/ cf];f/k;f/ la?4 ;r]t u/fpg sfo{zfnf
u¥of] . k|x/L clws[t,cfGt/Ls z'/Iff clwsf/L / cGo z/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ dfga cf];f/ la?¢sf] z/sfl/
lgsfon] o;af/] ;fdflhs, sfg'lg / z'/Iff ;DalGw tflnd klg lbP . k|xl/ clwsf/Lsf] cfwf/e't
kf7\os|ddf cf];f/ k;f/ la/f]wL tflnd klg ;dfa]; ul/Psf] 5 . k|of]hssf] bfloTj / lkl8tnfO{ pknJw
;+;f]wgnfO{ ;+;f/ dfWodn] dxTj lbPsf lyP . stf/sf] /fi6« ;+£fsf] ;g\ @))) sf] dfgj cf];f/ k;f/
la?¢sf] cle;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g .
- cd]l/sL b"tfjf; bf]xf stf/, !@ h'g @))& _

39
 g]kfn stf/ s'6g}lts ;DjGw
g]kfn stf/ aLrsf] cf}krfl/s s'6g}lts ;DjGw ;g\ !(&& sf] hgj/L @! Dff lalwjt ?kdf :yfkgf
eof] . s'6gLlts ;DjGwsf] :yfkgf sfn b]lv g} b'j} d'n's pQd tj/-tl/sf_ n] cfgGbdo ?kdf b}fTo
;DjGw -efOrf/f_sf] sa'lnot -d~h'/L_ ;'b[9 kfg{ k|of;/t 5g\ . b'O{ d'n's aLrsf] ;DjGw kf/:kl/s
,cfkl; d]nldnfk, ;xsfo{ / ;xof]ufTds efjgf cg'?k cfwfl/t ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fy} hgtfx?sf]
tkm{af6 klg las/fn cj:yfsf] dgg ul/ cfkl; -;femf_ kf/:kl/s nfesf] jftfj/0f >[hgf ul/Psf] 5 .
oBkL ef}uf]lns If]qkmn ;fgf] /x]sf b'j} b]zdf k|r'/dfqfdf bfg lbg ;lsg] -u'7L agfpg]_ k|fs[lts
>f]tx? 5g\ . g]kfn;“u k|r'/dfqfdf hn>f]t / k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfsf] ;}efEotf 5 . stf/ egL x'g'df
Aofks dfqfdf k|ds[lts Uo“f; / t]nsf] e08f/n] ubf{ xf] . b'a} d'n'sn] o:tf >f]tx?nfO{ pkef]u ug]{ xf]
eg] Ps lsl;dsf] pRr :t/sf] lasfznfO{ laZj dfg lrqdf kfpg ;lsg] 5 . b'j} d'n's stf/ / g]kfn
aLr laleGg ;DjGwdf ;dfgtf kfOG5g\ . b'j} d'n'sn] cfkm\gf egL k|flrg ;+:s[ltdf dxfgtfk"j{s uj{ ug{
;Sg] 5g\ .

b'j} b]zx? cfkm\gf 7"nf l5d]sL b]Zfx?sf] t'ngfdf ;fgf] 5g\ . b'j};“u dxfg Oltxf; / ;lxi0f'tf
;dfhx? 5g\ . hf] rflx ;a} hgtf ;TotfnfO{ sb/ u5{g\ / ;u} ldn]/ ;femf uf]n ug{ kl§ cu|;/ 5g\ .
of] Pp6f ;Gtf]if hgs dfdnf xf] hf] g]kfnaf6 lab]lzPsf AoflQmx?n] stf/L hgzlQmsf] cefj x6fO
lbPsf] 5 eg] cfkm\g} 9+uaf6 o; b]znfO{ pGgtL / ;d[l4 agfpg of]ubfg lbO/x]sf 5g\ . of] clt g}
k|;+;flog 5 h;df g]kfnL hgtfx?sf] OdfGbfl/tf / s8f ldxgtn] ubf{ ;/sf/ / stf/L hgtfsf]
tkm{af6 laZjf;k"j{s /f]huf/sf cj;/x? pknAw u/fpb} cfPsf] 5 . xfn rfv nfUbf] tl/sfn] laleGg
k]zf clg au{ / >]0fLaf6 w]/} ;+Vofdf g]kfnL sfdbf/x?n] ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . lab]zdf sfo{/t
g]kfnLx?n] b'O{ d'n's / hgtf aLr Ps csf{nfO{ hf]8\g] k'nsf] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfn / stf/ ;dfg b[li6af6 w]/} cGt/fli6«o Ph]08f / dfdnfx? k|lt ;fem]bf/ 5g\ . b'j} d'n'sx?
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf ;b:o 5g\ eg] Ps csf{nfO{ c;+nUg cfGbf]ngn] dfgj hfltsf] xslxtsf] nflu ;femf
?kdf c;n sfd ub}{ 5g\ . b'j} d'n'sx? dxTjk"0f{ tl/sfn] laZjdf zflGt / ;'/Iff cem a9fpg of]ubfg
lbg rfxfG5g\ . k|flrg sfn b]lv g} c/j hutsf c/jL Aofj;foL;“u blIf0f Pl;ofsf] 3lgi6 cGtlqmof
lyof] . g]kfnn] stf/ / cGo vf8L d'n's k|ltsf] cfkm\gf] ;DjGwsf] cfsf+Iff cg'?k dWo k"j{s} zflGt
rfx]sf] 5 . ;femf ;dembf/L tyf ;xof]u v“f8L If]qsf] ;fy} ;d:t laZjdf g} ckl/xfo{ 5 . g]kfn /
40
stf/ aLr ;femf nfesf ;xof]u ;DjlGw laBdfg kof{Kt sfo{ If]qx? 5g\ . ;xof]usf] 9f“rf -If]qkmn _
o; lsl;dsf] x'g ;lsG5 .
!= pBf]udf ;+o'Qm nufgL h:tf] ls vfBfGg k|;f]wg , lxdfnosf] g/d kfgL lkpg] pb]Zosf] nflu ,
k]6«f]lnod / hn laB't of]hgf .
@= a}lsË tyf lalQo If]q .
#= ko{6g / ko{6g ;DjlGw Aofj;fo .
$= k]6«f]lnod pTkfbgsf] Aofkf/ xftaf6 agfOPsf un}rf, tofl/ sk8f , x:tsnfsf k|sf/x? , cf};wL
hl8a'6L , d';'/ bfn ,;'sd]n ,cb'jf , tfhf ;fu;AhL / km"nx? cflb .
Gf]kfn stf/sf] xjfO{;]jf ;+Demf}tf ;g\ @))@ df ul/of] . xfn stf/ Po/j]hn] sf7df08f}sf
ofq'x?sf] nflu b}lgs l;wf p8fg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 / rng cg';f/sf] kl/df0fdf g]kfnL a:t'x?sf]
lgof{tnfO{ o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf] l;dfgf ;Dd k'/ofO{ lbg 7f]; 6]jf k'/ofpb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] ev{/ dfq
lxdfnosf] ;'Gb/tfsf] k|l;l4 sdfpg'sf] ;fy} :jod a:t'snfsf] wgL b]z g]kfnn] laZjAofkL ?kdf
Wofgfsif{0f u/fO{ lbPsf] 5 . ;+;f/sf s'gfaf6 pn]Vo ?kdf ko{6ssf] ;+Vofdf klg lbgfg' lbg a[l4
eO/x]sf] 5 . sf]nfxn / cfw'lgstfaf6 s]lx 6f9f cfkm\gf] 5'l§ dgfpg cfpg] stf/L ko{6ssf] nflu
g]kfnn] pRr :t/sf] a}slNks kof{jl0fo ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg ;Sg]5 . o; k|sf/sf] of]ubfgn] klg b'O{
d'n's aLrsf]] k':tf}gL 3lgi6 Aofkf/ / nufgLsf] ;DjGwnfO{ cem k|uf9 x'g lbG5 . o;l/ pknAw sd
vlr{nf] sfo{jn / cGo k|fs[lts ;'ljwfx?n] klg lg:ro g} g]kfndf nufgLnfO{ nfe k|b agfpg ;lsG5 .
g]kfnn] xfn} v'Nnf cfly{s k|0ffnLnfO{ cjnDjg u/]sf] 5 / lxt}ifL nufgLsf] nflu plrt jftfj/0f l;h{gf
ul/Psf] 5 . k|tIo lab]zL nufgL ;DjlGw gLlt lgodx? DffyL ;+;f]wg ul/Psf] 5 . xfn h“xf k|jf;L
nufgLsf] kmfObf dfyL s'g} klg sfg'gL / Aofjxfl/s a“fwf c8\rg nufOPsf] 5}g . ;du|df ko{6g ,Aofkf/
/ nufgLsf] nflu g]kfn Pp6f /f]hfO{sf] uGtAo xf] .
pRr :tl/o e|d0fn] ;w} ;b\efj / laZjf;sf] jftfj/0fnfO{ cem laslzt agfPsf] 5 o:t}
cflTdo efjgfn] Toxf g]kfnaf6 stf/sf] w]/} e|d0f eO{;s]sf] 5 . :ju{jf;L /fhf >L % dxf/fhlw/fh
la/]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]j ;/sf/n] ;g\ !((( sf] lu|idsflng ;do tfsf n08gaf6 sf7df08f}+ lkmtL{
;jf/Lsf] qmddf stf/ e|d0f ul/aS;]sf] lyof] . To;} ul/ :ju{jf;L >L % o'j/fhlw/fh lbk]Gb| jL/ ljqmd
zfxb]jn] ;g\ @))% h'gdf bf]xf e|d0f ul/jS;]sf] lyof] . >L % j8fdxf/fgL sf]dn /fHonIdL b]jL
zfxaf6 ;g\ @))! sf] cui6 dlxgfdf / ;g \@))@ sf] gf]e]Dj/ dlxgfdf n08gaf6 sf7df08f}+ lkmtL{
;jf/Lsf] qmddf ;d]t bf]xf e|d0f ul/aS:of] . >L % o'jf/fhlw/fh kf/; jL/ laqmd zfxb]j tyf >L %
o'j/f1L lxdfgL /fHo nIdL b]jL zfx df};'km ;/sf/ 4oaf6 ;g\ @))! sf] cui6df bf]xf e|d0f ul/jS:of]
. ;g\ !((* sf] ;]K6]Dj/ dlxgfsf] z'?jft lt/ ;Ddfglgo k|wfgdGqL lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] klg stf/
e|d0f ug{' ePsf] lyof] ;fy} pQm e|d0fsf cj;/df stf/ ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pRr :t/sf clwsf/Lx?l;t
cy{k"0f{jftf{ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . dGqL :tl/o tyf pRr >]0fLsf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?af6 ;d]t nuftf/ stf/
e|d0f eO{/x]sf] 5 . xfn g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfnL hgtf cToGt pT;'stf-Aou|tf_sf ;fy stf/L k|ltli7t
AoflQmx?sf] :jfutfy{ k|ltIf/t 5g\ / ;fy} g]kfn stf/ ;DjGw sf];]9'ËfnfO{ cem cuf8L a9fpg emg}
lqmoflzn 5g\ .

41
 stf/sf] ljsfzdf g]kfnLsf] of]ubfg
Uof; Knfgdf sfdub}{ g]kfnL sfdbf/

ljZjdf b|'tt/ ultdf ljsfz eO{/x]sf] /fi6«x? dWo]df stf/ cu| :yfgdf cf+Psf] 5 . 5f]6f]
;dodfg} rdTsf/ k"0f{ ljsfz u/]sf] stf/ ljZjdf k|lt JolQm cfob/ pRr ePsf] ;d'b|L /fi6«sf] ;"lrdf
k|yd :yfgdf k5{ . stf/sf] of] cnf}lss ljsfzsf] k5f8L nfvf} g]kfnLsf] k|ToIf Pjd\ ck|ToIf ;xof]u
/x]sf] 5 . sfd,bfd / To;kl5 aNn dfd vf]Hg ljZjsf ljleGg s'gf s'gfdf 5l/Psf nfvf} g]kfnLx?
dWo] tLg nfvsf xf/fxf/Lsf g]kfnL stf/df sfo{/t 5g\ . stf/sf] s'n hg;+VofnfO{ hf]8\g] xf] eg]
g]kfnLx? !) k|lt;t x'g cfp5g\ . cfw'lgs ;DdGg,ljslzt stf/sf] efUo sf]g{ g]kfnL cfdfsf OdfGbf/
;k"tx? cfˆgf] of}jgnfO{ cfˆg} k};fn] a]r]/ xfF;L–xfF;L sd{e"lddf h'lw/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf]
kl;gfsf] jx'd"No ljhf/f]k0f g} ;DkGg stf/ xf] .
g]kfnL stf/df ljleGg lsl;dsf bIf,cw{bIf / cbIf u/L tLg k|sf/sf g]kfnL sfdbf/x? /x]sf
5g\ . d"ntM lgdf{0f sDkgLx?sf] jfx'Notf x'gfn] To:tf sDkgLx?df s'g} t s'g} sfdbf/sf ?kdf g]kfnL
sfdbf/sf] pkl:ylt kfO{G5 . stf/sf ljleGg sDkgLx? ;+u dfq #)) eGbf al9 OlGhlgo/x? sfo{/t
/x]sf 5g\ . OdfGbf/,st{Jolgi7f,/ d]xgtL g]kfnL OlGhlgo/ Pjd\ sfdbf/sf] 5jLn] ubf{ cfhklg stf/
;/sf/n] j}b]lzs sfdbf/ Nofpg] /fi6«x?sf] ;"lrdf g]kfnLnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 . stf/sf]
sfg'gsf] k"0f{ kfngfu/L cfˆgf] sfdk|lt k"0f{ jkmfbf/L eP/ OdfGbf/L k"j{s sfd ug]{ sfdbf/x?df cfhklg
g]kfnL sfdbf/x? g} 5g\ . g]kfnL sfdbf/ ;:tf] x'g' / ;lhnf];+u pknAw x'g' Pp6f sf/0f x'g ;S5 .
t/ klg Go"g tnadf :t/Lo sfd lbg' g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] ljz]if g} stf/ ;/sf/sf] klxnf] k|fylds ;"lrdf
kg'{sf] sf/0f xf] . stf/ k|To]s sDkgLdf s'g} g s'g} ?kdf g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] pkl:ytL kfOG5 . rfx]
stf/sf ljleGg Uo“f; sDkgLdf x'g,rfx] t]n sDkgLdf g} lsg gx'g',ToxfF cfˆgf] 3/,kl/jf/ hg /
dft[e"ldnfO{ r6\Ss} lj6 df/]/ cfˆgf] of}jgnfO{ j"9\of}nLdf :yfgfGt/0f u/L sDd/ s;]/ cfˆgf] >d kf]Vb}
u/]sf g]kfnL stf/sf pRr txsf AolQmx?sf] ;'/Iffb]lv ;fttf/] xf]6nsf ljleGg tx / tKsf;Dd stf/
Po/j]hb]lv sfjf{;Dd, ;g}ofb]lv s'gf–s'gf ;Dd pkl:ylt e]l6G5 . stf/df nfvf} o'jfx?n] lhGbuLsf
pj{/zLn jzGtx? vr]{sf 5g\ . ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ dft[e"ldsf] cfFugdf c6fFpg g;s]/ stf/df
6l/P//x]sf g]kfnLx?n] oxfF cfˆgf] / lj/fgf] eg]/ slxNo} ljefhg ub}{gg\ . cfˆgf] 1fg,l;k / bIftfn]
EofP;Dd cfˆgf] sfddf nflu/xG5 . s'g} u'6 / pku'6n] g]kfnLn] g]t[Tj ub}}{gg\ . cfˆgf] >ddf ljZjf;
ug]{ g]kfnL sfdbf/ slxNo} cfˆgf] sfdnfO{ ;fgf] lbb}gg\ . kl;gfsf gbLx? aufP/ d?e"ldnfO{ ;bfjxf/
d?Bfg agfpFg ljleGg k]zfdf nfvf} g]kfnL ls|ofzLn /xb} cfPsf 5g\ . Uo“f; nfO{gdf kfOk ljR5ofpg]
42
b]lv slg{;df aGb} u/]sf] bh{gf} tn] uugr'nL ejgx?sf 5td} e]l6G5g\ . axfb'/ st{AogLi7f / sd{zLn
g]kfnLx? g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] OdGbfl/tf / ;RrfO{n] ubf{ bf]xfdf clwsf+z sDkgLx?df g]kfnL dfq e]l6G5g
. cfˆgf] sd{df ljZjf;ug]{ g]kfnLx? lbg/ft s]xL gelg x'l/jtf;sf] s'g} k|jfx gu/L,hf8f]–udL{sf] s'g}
;Gb]x gu/L sd{ e"lddf /dfO{/x]sf 5g\ .
stf/sf] ljsfzdf lj:tf/} g]kfnL nufgL klg lelqg yfn]sf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 ljleGg sfdsf]
l;nl;nfdf stf/ jf ljZjsf cGo s'gfx?df 5l/P/ /x]sf g]kfnLx?n] l;ldt dfqdf ePklg nufgL ug{
yfn]sf 5g\ . o;af6 b'a} kIf,g]kfnL Joj;foLx? / :jo+ stf/nfO{ klg kmfObf 5 . ;fgf,7"nf u/L bIftfdf
cfˆg} aoj;fo ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf g]kfnLx?sf] ;+Vof b'O{ bh{g gfl3 ;s]sf] 5 . bf]xf stf/df /x]sf
*) eGbf al9 g]kfnL ;fdflhs ;+3,;+:yfx?n] k|ToIf,ck|ToIf ?kdf oxfFsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\
kj{4gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpb} cfPsf 5g\ . stf/ ;/sf/ / g]kfnL ;/sf/sf] aLr ldng u/fpg] k'nsf] ?kdf
:yfkgf ePsf] g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] klg o;df k|;:t} cEof; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . b'O{ b]zsfaLr cfk;L ldqtf /
go“f ;DjGwsf] z'?jft ug]{ cfwf/e't s'/fx?sf] ljsfz ug{ NRNAICC stf/ r]K6/ nufPt ljleGg ;‘+3
;+:yfx? klg nflu k/]sf 5g\ . stf/df xdfb d]l8sn skf]{/]zg ;+usf] ;xsfo{df bh{gf} k6s /Qmbfg
sfo{s|d oxfFsf ;+3,;+:yfn] u/]sf 5g\ / ub}{5g klg . ;d'b|sf] lsgf/f ;kmf ug]{ sfdbf/ ;r]tgf d"ns
sfd ug]{ nufPtsf cGo sfdx? oxfF l:yt g]kfnL ;+3 ;+:yfn] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
stf/df sfo{/t clwsf+z g]kfnL sfdbf/x? cbIf sfdbf/sf ?kdf sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ . h:tf];'s}
hf]lvd p7fpg k/]klg g]kfnL sfdbf/ g} cufl8 ;b{5g\ . hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd ub}{ hfFbf sof}+ g]kfnLsf] lgwg
x'g k'u]sf] 5 . sof}+ g]kfnL c+ue+u ePsf 5g\ . cfˆgf] /fhL–/f]6Lsf] Joj:yf h'/fO{lbg] k|lt g]kfnL sfdbf/
s[tWg 5g\ . cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] nfng–kfng ug]{ bfloTj af]s]/ d'unfg k;]sf g]kfnL sfdbf/ oxfFsf]
sfg'gsf] k"0f{ kfnfgfu/L sDkgLsf] Pjd\ ;d:t stf/sf] ljsfz ug{ lg/Gt/ h'l6/x]sf 5g\ . tLg nfv
xf/fxf/Lsf g]kfnLsf] d"No oxfFsf jfn'jfsf s0f –s0fdf e]l6G5g\ . udL{ ue]{ C0fdf x's]{sf xfd|f
ufpF,3/sf clwsf+z e'mk8L olxsf] sdfO{n] kSsL ejgdf lgdf0f{ gePsf sxfF x'g / < ul/jLn] h/f]
uf8]sf] / cfGtl/s bGbn] u|l;t ag]sf] xfd|f] b]zsf] cy{tGq oxLsf] /]ld6\ofG;n] wfg]sf] oyfy{tf n's]sf]
rfxL kSs} 5}g . cfw'lgs stf/sf] lgdf{0f ug{ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] dxTjnfO{ ;a}n] gh/
cGbfh u/]s} ljifo xf] .
stf/df ljleGg b]zsf sfdbf/ /x]sf 5g\ tfklg oxfFsf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL pBdLn] g]kfnL
sfdbf/ g} cfˆgf] /f]hfO{sf] klxnf] k|yfldstfdf kb{5g\ . cfˆgf] kl/>ddf ljZjf; ug]{ g]kfnL ljZjsf] s'g}
s'gfdf klg s;}sf] cg'u|xdf afRb}gg\ . Tofu,zfx; / sl6jåtf g} stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnL sfdbf/sf
ljz]iftfx? x'g . kl5Nnf] !) jif{df stf/sf] h'g rdTsf/ k"0f{ ljsfz u/]sf] 5, To;df g]kfnLsf] e"ldsf
/ ;xof]uklg Tolts} /x]sf] oyfy{ttf cfh xfd|f] ;fd' 5n{Ë 5 . stf/ ;/sf/n] g]kfnLsf] k|lti7fgsf]
ljifo ag]sf] 5 .

e]8fafv|fnfO{ 3f“; xfNb} g]kfnL

43
v08 - v
stf/sf g]kfnL
%% l8u|L tfkqmddf sfd ub}{ g]kfnLx?

k'm;{bsf] Aokf/

g]kfnLx? ljb]lzg' kgf{sf sf/0fx?

g]kfnsf] OltxfF;df !)$ jif]{ /f0ff zf;g / PsbnLo k~RffotL zf;g sfnnfO{ cFWof/f] o'u
eg]/ lrlgG5 . sfd,bfd / To;kl5 aNn dfd vf]Hg afWo eP/ ;+;f/sf s'gf–s'gfdf laleGg x}lifotn]
a“flr/x]sf nfvf} g]kfnLx? ToxL cFWof/f] o'usf] sf/0fn] ubf{ xf] . k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ ;Dkbfn]
kl/k'0f{ ljljw ljsfzsf ;Defjgf x'bf x'b} klg ljsfzsf] Pp6f 7"nf] b"ef{Uo lgDTofpg] of] o'usf] AofVof
ub}{ hfFbf Pp6f 7"Nf] /fdfo0f g} aG5 . /f0ff sfndf pgLx?sf] la?¢df af]Ng]x?sf] ;j{:jx/0f ;lxt b]z
lgsfnf x'GYof] . g]kfnL hgtfx? jfWofTds cj:yfn] ubf{ ljb]lzg' kYof] . csf]{ tkm{ /f]hL,/f]6Lsf] sf/0fn]
ubf{ klg g]kfnLx? ef/t nufPt ljZjsf cGo b]zx?df hfg' kYof{] . xfd|f] ;dfhdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf
hfg] rng w]/} klxnf b]lv g} rln cfPsf] xf] . g]kfnLx? slx uf]vf{nLsf gfddf slx {gfDn]sfÚ gfddf t
sxL jxfb'/sf gfddf ef/tnufPt cGo ljleGg b]zx?df w]/} klxnfb]lv g} /xb} cfPsf x'g\ . cfˆgf]
b]zdf sfd u/]/ kfl/jf/Ls bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;Sbf cj:yfsf] ljsfz ePkl5 go“f cj;/sf] vf]hL ub}{
cfˆgf] st{Jo k"/f ug{ g]kfnLx? ljb]lzg yfn]sf x'g .
lj=;=@)$^ ;fnsf] k|hftGqsf] cEo'bo kZrft ;dgtf / ;d'Gtf g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Ptf
klg c;dgtf / cfly{s lje]btfn] xfd|f] ;dfhdf ;'gfdL g} Nofof] . ;dfh w|'ljs/0f x'b} uP/ wgL /
ul/jaLr vf8n emg–emg km/fsLnf] x'g yfNof] . ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf la:tf/} nf]k x'b} uP/ ckl/do
:jfyL{ kgsf] cEo'bo x'g yfNof] . st{Aoaf]w Aofxfl/stf / ;fdflhs aGwgn] xfdLnfO{ afWg ;s]g .
;dfh k|lt pQ/bfoL geP/ /fhg}lts bnsf g]tfx? cfGtl/s zQmL ;Gt'ng / ;Qf k|fKtLsf nflu
cfTdj~hs alglbbf af:tlas k|hftGq ufp“ ´'k8L ;Dd k'Ug ;s]g . cw{ k'lhafbL pTkfbg k|0ffln
ePsf] xfd|f] /fi6« ;fF:s[lts ?kdf cGw ?l9afb ;fdflhs ?kdf cg]stf, cfly{s ?kdf lakGg, /fhg}lts
?kdf c;r]t, z}lIfs ?kdf lk5l8Psf / k/Dk/faflb Pad k'/fgf kGyL larf/wf/fn] cf]tk|]t 5 . ;+ls0ftf
u'6afb / km'6kmf6df u|:t eP/ xfd|f] b]zsf s'g} /fhg}lts a}rfl/s ;d'xaf6 b]z lasfzsf] ;jfndf
slxNo} cu|udg ePg . lxhf]sf] laZjdf klg, cfhsf] laZjdf klg / ef]lnsf] laZjdf klg s'g} klg d'nsf]
cfly{s pGgtL xfl;n ug{ cfˆg} xfjfkfgL df6f] ;'xfpbf] / cfkm};+u ePsf sRrf k|bfy{sf] ;b'kof]u x'g]
cfˆg} df}lns df]8n x'sf{p g} k5{ t/ xfdL sxfF b'ef{Uo s] eO{lbof] eg] k|hftGqsf] k'g{axfnL kl5 ;Qfdf
k'u]sf] kf6L{n] cfˆgf] 3f]if0ff kqdf pNn]v ePsf] cfly{s sfo{s|d tyf df]8]ntkm{ Psk6s klg kms]{/
x]/]gg\ . k|ltkIfdf /x]sf kfl6{x?n] cfly{s s|flGtsf] df]8]ntkm{ jx; g} u/]gg\ . xfd|f /fhgLlt bnsf
44
g]tfx?n] 6f]lsof] sf] h:tf] 3/ / lgof]s{sf] h:tf] /f]8sf] kl/sNkgf dfq ul/ latfP . u|fdL0f a]/f]uf/L
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ / cfo lat/0fdf b]lvPsf] c;Gt'ng ;'wsg{ u|fdL0f s[lif cy{tGqsf] Aoj;flos/0f /
s[lifhGo ;fgf >d k|wfg pTkfbg ug]{ pwf]unfO{ u|fdL0f zx/pGd'v If]qdf la:tf/ u/L bofTds
cy{tGqsf] cGTo ul/g' kb{Yof] . t/ To;f] x'g ;s]g . u|fdL0f l;dfGt ju{sf] hLjg emg–emg si6k"0f{ x'g
k'Uof] . lbgel/ hf]t]sf] ls;fgn] a]n'sL r'nf] gaNg] l:yltsf] lasfz x'b} uof] . ;Lldt ju{sf kf]N6fdf
zQfsf] kx'r k'Ug' / cfly{s pbfl/s/0fsf] lglt cjnDjgug'{ b]zdf ePsf b'O{rf/ 7"nf pwf]ux?nfO{
lglhs/0f ul/g] / yk gof pwf]u wGbfx?sf] lgdf0f{ gul/g'n] j]/f]huf/Lsf] ;+Vof xTj} a8\gk'¥of] .
a]/f]huf/Ln] pTkfbg ub}{ / cfDbfgL klg ub}{g < / o;n] pTkfbgzLn >d k|of]u ug'{ gkfpFbf / cfˆgf]
kl/jf/sf] Go"gtd dfgjLo cfj:os k"/f ug{ kfpb}g\ . a]/f]huf/LnfO{ ;dfhn] cs}{ lsl;dn] x]5{ . pm
;dfhdf :jfledfgL gfu/Lssf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g ;Sb}g\ . ;dfhdf cfˆgf] klxrfg / cl:tTj sfod ug{
kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ ls t s'g} ljWj;fTds sfddf nfU5, ls t cfˆg} k};fn] a]lrg afWo x'G5 .
xfd|f] b]zsf] gful/sx? lab];Lg' kgf{sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f xf] lzIff, cfhsf] 1fgnfO{ k|ljlwn]]
lht]sf] of] k|lt:kwf{Tds ljZjdf xfd|f] k'/ftgjfbL lzIffsf] s'g} d"No g} 5}g\ . xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnL sf]/f 5
. Aoj;flos lzIff / k|fljlws lzIffdf cem} xfd|f] ;/sf/n] ;f]Rg ;s]sf] 5}g\ . lzIffnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg]
axfgfdf Rofp pd|] em} ljBfno / laZjljBfnox? t v'n] z}lIfs a]/f]huf/x? klg k|;:t} pTkfbg ul/P
t/ ltgLx?nfO{ lbPsf] k|df0f kq ?kL vf:6f]sf] s'g} d"No g} ePg\ . ;/sf/n] pTkfbgsf] 6fFsf t nufO{
lbof] t/ ahf/sf] ;d'lrt Aoj:yf ug{ ;s]g\ . z}lIfs a]/f]huf/Lx?n] /fi6«af6 s'g} s'/fsf] ck]Iff ug]{ s'/f
klg ePg lsgsL xfd|f] ;/sf/ cfkm} a]/f]huf/L 5, c?af6} cfl>t 5 . a]/f]huf/Lx?n] cfˆgf] 6fpsf]
n'sfpg] s'g} cf]t kfPgg\ la:tf/} pgLx? larlnt x'g yfn] . Pp6f larlNt s'lG7t tyf cj:yfn] u|:t
AolQmn] cfkm":jo+nfO{ cfˆgf] kl/jf/nfO{, ;dfhnfO{, b]znfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] ;sf/fTds of]ubfg lbg} ;Sb}g\
lsgsL pm cfkm} dfgl;s cft+s4f/f lkl8t x'G5 clg cf–cfˆgf] x}l;ot cg';f/ ljZjsf s'g s'gfdf
5l/g k'U5g\ g]kfnLx? .
xfd|f] ;dfhdf laslzt x'b} uPsf] rf]/ ;dfpbf kmfObf x'g] 5f]8]/ OdfGbf/ dflg;nfO{ lu/ˆtf/ ug]{
;+:s[ltsf] kmn:j?k k|hftGqsf] cNkcfo"df g} xTof x'g k'Uof] / c;Gtf]ifL dgx? /fHosf] k"g;+/rgf ug]{
axfgfdf xltof/ af]Sg] Pp6f g]kfnLn] csf]{ g]kfnLsf] 6fpsf]sf] d'No tf]Sof] . Pp6f g]kfnL csf]{
g]kfnLnfO{ dfg{ uf}8f] s'/]/ a:g yfNof] . a'4sf] b]zdf /utsf /ftf glbx? aUg yfn] . cfnf nfzx?n]
le/, kfvf / kv]/fx? el/g yfn] k|To]s g]kfnLsf] cfFvfel/ cfF;'sf] d:of{ËbL / l;pbf] el/ lxdkft km'Ng
yfNof] . 6'x'/f sljtf / uLtx? n]lvg yflnof] d]rL clg dxfsfnL klg slxn] PDa';df t slxn]
OgsfpG6/df k/]/ elTsP . bf]xf]/f] aGb'ssf] ef/df k/]/ ;]tLn] w]/} lk8f n'sfof] . df5fk'R5|]n] w]/} cfF;'
;'sfof] clg /ut / cfF;'sf] a}t/0fL ug]{ ;Dd aGof] g]kfndf afx|} df; h'7f] k/]sf] ;do zL/df af]s]/
;gfvt ePsf gePsf af?bsf] v]nx? ;+u v]Ng] v]nf8L x'g g;s]/ hLjg /Iffsf] les dfUb} xhf/f}
g]kfnL ljb]zLg jfWo eP/ ljb]lzP, To;}n] bzs eGbf al9 rn]sf] cfGtl/s 4Gb klg g]kfnL ljb]lzg'sf]
d'Vo sf/0f xf] .
/x/n] ljb]lzg] ;fob s'g} g]kfnL g xf]nf Û cfˆgf] hGde"ldsf] dfof ddtf / :g]xn] ubf{ cfˆg}
df6f] hf]t]/ kl;gfsf] gbL aufpg] clenfiff ePsf t/ Ps 6's|f] hldg gePsf sof}+ g]kfnL 5g\ . slt
g]kfnLn] t cfˆgf] b'O{ kfp ;Dd csf{sf] df6f]df 6]Sg' k5{ csf{s}df Zjf; km]g'{ k5{ , af; a:g' k5{ .
cfˆgf] >d a]r]/ laxfg–a]n'sfsf] 5fs 6fg]{ sof}+ g]kfnL 5g\ . g t cfˆgf] >d a]r]/ b}lgs u'hf/f rnfpg
g} kfP Û ;LdfGt ju{ /fHosf] gh/df ;w} bf]>f]bhf{sf] gful/s eP/ a;] Û /}tL eP/ a:g afWo eP . hf]Tg
rfxg]nfO{ /fHon] g t Ps 6's|f hldg lbof],g t >d a]Rg] >ldssf] >d g} lslglbof] . ef]s–efs} ;':tfP/
xhf/f} b'MvL ul/jx?nfO{ /fHon] slxNo} ;Daf]wg u/]g . cfˆg} b]zdf k/fO{ eP/ a“fRg' k¥of] . cfˆg}
cffugdf la/fgf] agfpg' k¥of] . cfºgf] b]zdf k/fO{ eP/ afWo ljjz dgx? afWo eP/ >d a]Rg]sf] nflu
ljZjsf] kNnf] e"uf]ndf 5l/g k'u]+ .

45
 a}b]lzs /f]hufl/df hfFbf Wofg k'–ofp“g'kg]{ s'/fx?
;Demf}tf kq ;fydf /fVg'xf];
lab]zdf sfd ug{ lbg] /f]huf/bftf / sfdbf/ aLrsf] s/f/ cyjf ;+Demf}tf kq dxTjk'0f{ sfuh
xf] / ;+Demf}tfdf lab]zdf ug'{kg]{ sfd ,slt ;do sfd ug]{ < sfd u/] jfkt slt k};f kfpg] < labf
,cf};wL pkrf/sf] ;'lawf ladf / sfd 5f]8]df slt Ifltk'tL{ kfpg] h:tf laifo pNn]v x'G5 . o;}n]
;Demf}tf kqdf /fd|l/ k9]/ a'em]/ dfq b:tvt ug'{ k5{ . s;} s;}n] gSsnL ;Demf}tf kq b]vfP/ em'Sofpg]
ub{5g . >d laefuaf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] ;Demf}tf kq dfq ;SsnL xf] . lab]zdf kf;kf]6{ / leiff em}
o;nfO{ ;fydf /fVg' k5{ . cfkm\gf kl/jf/ ,;xof]uL / laZjfl;nf] ;fyLnfO{ klg To;sf] 5fo“f Ps k|lt
/fVg' lbP j]; x'G5 .

lg/f]lutf k|df0fkq
:jf:Yo kl/If0fsf] sfuh lagf a}b]l;s /f]huf/df hfg ;lsb}g . s'g b]zdf s] sfdsf nfuL
hfg] lgl:rt eP kl5 sfd ug{ ;Ifd ePsf] :jf:Yotfsf] k|df0f kq k]; ug'{ k5{ . sfddf hfg' cl3
lg/f]uL /x]sf] k|df0f ;fydf /fv] dfq lab];df c? /f]u nfu]sf] v08df pkrf/ e/fpg ;lsG5 . :jf:Yo
kl/If0f ug{ b]z cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] lSnlgs / c:ktfn x'G5g . htf;'s} af6 lnPsf] :jf:Yo kl/If0f k|df0f
;a} b]zn] l:jsf/ gug]{ x'gfn] ;/sf/n] tf]lsPsf] :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 dfq lg/f]lutfsf] k|df0fkq agfpg' k5{
.

jLdf u/f}+ ;'/lIft agf}+

jLdf u/]/ w]/} k|sf/sf hf]lvdnfO{ Go'lgs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ljb]zdf /f]u nfUg ;S5 . b'3{6gf /
la/fdL k/] pkrf/ vr{ kfpg ;lsG5 ,d[To' g} ePdf cfl>tx?n] ladf jfktsf] /sd kfpg ;S5g o;}n]
;Demf}tf kq cjlw e/sf nfuL rfx]sf] ladf u/fpg'xf];\ .
Af}b]lzs /f]huf/ sfg'gdf clgjfo{ ljdfsf] Aofj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 . lab]zdf klg ljdf ug]{
sDkgLx? 5g\ . ladfsf] sfuh kq eg] cfkmGt jf xsjfnfnfO{ 5f]l8lbg' k5{ . o;f] ubf{ bfjL ug{
plgx?nfO{ ;lhnf] k5{ .

Kf|:yfg k"j{sf] tof/L

Af}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg' k"j{ s]lx laif]z tofl/ ug'{k5{ . a}b]lzs /f]huf/ d]nfkft xf6ahf/ jf
:jb]zsf] s'g} zx/ 3'Dg lx8]sf] xf]Og / To;f] u/]df To;}n] cfkm}nfO{ ;d:of k5{ a}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg]
AofQmLn] o;af/] ulx/f] rf;f] /fv]/ ;'rgf lng'' k5{ . bnfnx?n] laleGg k|nf]eg b]vfP/ 7Ug], ef/tsf]
af6f] x'b} aDa}+df k'/ofP/ cnkq kfg]{ ,of}gbf;L agfpg] 36gf xfdL af/Daf/ ;'Gb} cfO/x]sf 5f} o;af6
ar]/ ;'/lIft x'g ;lx ;'rgf lnP/ 5gf}6 ug]{ ;fdy{ a}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] AofQmLn] h'6fpg'k5{ .

>d 8]:ssf] k|of]u

>d laefun] cGt/fli6«o ladfg:yn / cGo gfsfdf a}b]lzs /f]hfuf/df hfg nfu]sf sfdbf/sf]
a}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg nfu]sf sfdbf/sf] a}wflgs l:ylt kl/If0f ug{ cfj:os ;xof]u ug]{ >d 8]:ssf]
Aofa:yf u//]sf] 5 >d 8]:s tyf laefusf sd{rf/L a;]sf x'G5g\ . plgx?n] >d l:6s/ cled'lvs/0f
tflnd lnP glnPsf] /fh:j a'emfPsf] h“fr ul/ clen]v agfp5g\ . a}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft k|:yfg
cl3 >d 8]:sdf clgjfo{ btf{ ug'{ k5{ .

46
lab]z k'u]kl5
Af}b]lzs /f]huf/df kfOnf kfOnfdf ;t{stf ckgfpg' k5{ gq cg]s ;d:of cfOkg{ ;S5 .
xjfOhxfhsf] ;kmn ofqf kl5 klg laleGg r/0fdf sl7gfO a“fls x'G5g\ . ladfg:yn k|j]z b]lv ladfg
r9\g ;Ddsf tl/sf hfGg' kb{5 eg] ladfgaf6 cf]ln{P kl5 cWofudg kmf/d eg]{ ,nfOgdf a:g] , cfkm\gf]
;fdfg k|fKt ug]{ tl/sf af/] klg hfGg'kb{5 .

lab]zdf k'u]kl5 lgDg s'/fsf] Vofn ug'{k5{ .

!_ Kff;kf]6{ ,leiff, ;Demf}tfkq ;Ssn jf gSsn ;'/lIftsf ;fy cfkm};“u /fVg] .
@_ sfd ubf{ tnjsf] a}s vftf vf]nL kfpg] /sd ;se/ a/c r]s dfkm{t dfq e'QmfgL lng] .
#_ b'tfjf; g]kfnL ;+u7g of :jb]zdf ;d]t ;Dk{s ug]{ / cfkm\gf] cj:yf atfpg] .
$ kl/ro kq ;w}+ cfkm};u /fVg] .
%_ kf;kf]6{ / leiffsf] Dofb af/] ;r]t /xg],olb Dofb ;lsg nfu]sf] eP gljs/0f u/fpg] .
^_ ;Demf}tf kq cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf lng] .
&_ sfd ul//x]sf] sDklgsf] gfd,7]ufgf / To;sf] lhDj]af/ AofQmLsf] lja/0f / b'tfjf;sf] 7]ufgf
lnP/ dfq aflx/ lx8\g] .
*_ :jb]]zdf ;'rgf / ;Dks{ ug{sf nfuL 6]lnkmf]g,km\ofS; ug]{ 7fp“,x'nfs sfo{no hfgL /fVg], ;lsG5
eg] Od]n rnfpg l;Sg] / To; dfkm{t :jb]zsf cfkmGt;“u ;Dk{sdf /xg] .
(_ sfd ug{ uPsf] lbg b]lv 8fo/L n]Vg yfNg] . o:tf] 8fo/Ln] /]s8{ /fVg / kl5 s]lx cK7\of/f] k/]sf]
a]nf clwsf/ lng ;lhnf] x'G5 . cfj:os k/]sf a]nfdf rflxg] dxTjk'0f{ kmf]g gDj/ l6k]/ /fVg'k5{ .

/sdsf] jrt
ljb]zdf sdfPsf] ;DktL ;b'kof]u gu/] elj:odf cfkm} cK7\of/f]df kl/G5 eGg] w]/}nfO{ yfxf 5
t/ of] hfGbf hfGb} klg /sdsf] ;b'kof]u gu{g] g]kfnLx?sf] afgL 5 . h“f8 /S;L / df]hd:tLdf kmh'n
vr{ ug]{ tyf cg'Tkfbs If]qdf vr{ ug]{ afgLn] ubf{ /sdsf] ;lx ;b'kof]u x'b}g lab]zsf] sdfO ;'/lIft
3/ k7fpg] / To;sf] ;b'kof]u u/]/ cfkm\gf] ,kl/jf/ / /fi6«s} pGgtLsf] sfddf nfUg ;lsg] x]Ssf /fVg}
k5{ .
-;|f]tM g]kfn lasf; cWoog ;+:yfg lg8\;_

47
 stf/sf g]kfnL
sfdsf] tflnd lnb} g]kfnL sfdbf/x? z'qmaf/] ahf/df g]kfnL

stf/ g]kfnL sfdbf/sfnflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ ugtJo :yn aGb} uO{/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] kl5Nnf] tYo+fs adf]lhd @ nfv ^^ xhf/ g]kfnL oxfF sfo{/t /x]sf] atfp5 . ljljw
sf/0fn] ubf{ oxfF tLg nfvsf xf/fxf/Ldf g]kfnL sfo{/t /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . cfw'lgs stf/sf]
;'?jft;+u} g]kfnLx?sf] cfudg a9\gyfn]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnLx? ;f]emf x'G5g\ . cfˆgf] >ddf ljZjf;
u5{g,s;]}sf] cg'u|xdf a“fRg hfGb}gg\ . d]xgtL,O{dfGbf/L Pjd\ zfx;L g]kfnL g} oxfFsf >d ahf/df klxnf]
/f]hfO{df k/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] klg stf/ ;/sf/n] g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] cg'zf;g / sfdk|ltsf] jkmfbf/LnfO{
cfTdf ;fy ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ha,stf/df cfly{s s|flGt eof],k|s[lts t]n / Uof;n] pTkfbgn] ta ox“fsf]
lasfzdf r/0fjå 7"nf–7"nf k|f]h]S6x? cl3 ;fl/P . b]zsf] k"g{lgdf0fsf] nflu stf/ ;/sf/n] 7"nf]
dxTjsf+IfL of]ubfgx? Nofpg yfNof] >dsf]]nflu nfvf} sfdbf/ rflxg] lyof] . cGt/fli6«o >d ahf/df
sfdbf/ vf]Hg] s|ddf stf/sf] cfv“f xfd|f] /fi6«dfyL klg k¥of] clg g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] stf/ lelqg] s|d
z'? eof] . s'g} lglZrt hfgsf/L gePklg g]kfnL sfdbf/x? stf/ l5/]sf] ;do;Ldfn] ltg bzs
sfl6;s]sf] 5 . stf/df g]kfnLsf] Pp6f 5'§} Od]h alg;s]sf] 5,ls g]kfnL zfGt / OdfGbf/ k|j[ltsf
x'G5g\ .cfˆgf] kl/>ddf ljZjf; u5{g\ . s'g} u'6 / pku'6df ljefhg eP/ sfdug{ hfGb}gg\ .
stf/ If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df ;fgf] /fi6« xf] tfklg oxfF cfˆgf] b]zsf] hg;+Vof eGbf al9 a}b]lzs
sfdbf/ /x]sf 5g\ . stf/df /x]sf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] !) k|lt;t g]kfnL sfdbf/n] cf]U6\b5 . stf/sf]
kl5Nnf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ oxfFsf] s'n hg;+Vof (,)&@@( 5 eg] g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] ;+Vofdfq # nfvsf]
xf/fxf/Ldf 5 . o; cy{df klg stf/sf] k|To]s s'gf–s'gfdf g]kfNfLsf] pkl:ylt kfOG5 . ;fpbL c/j
glhs}sf] h+undf p6 r/fpb} u/]sf] b]lv jx/fOgsf] af]8{/df glhs} dh/fdf aGbsL hLjg JolQt ub}{
p6,u}8f,e]8f,afv|f,do'/,?dL,p8k+vL cflbsf] :ofxf/ ;';f/ ub}{ u/]sf] ;Dd g]kfnL e]l6g5g\ . rfx] ;dfnsf]
xj]nfdf e]8f,afv|f;+u /dfpb} u/]sf] g]kfnL xf];,rfx] b'vfdsf] jfn'jfnfO{ rfNb} xf];, ToxfF g]kfnL e]l6G5 .
cem} eGg'kbf{ stf/sf] jfn'jfsf] s0f–s0fdf g]kfnLsf] k|ltljDj e]l6G5 . rfx] ;fxlgof lsg gxf];\, rfx]
;dfn g}, rfx] /;nfkmfg lsg gxf];, rfx] xf]d ;fO6,s'g} g s'g} ?kdf g]kfnLsf] pl:ytL x'g' kb{5 .
stf/sf] ;d'Gb| k'g{ b]lv Uof; nfO{g la5\ofpg,t]n pTkfbg u[x agfpg b]lv sf]g]{;sf uug r'DdL
dxnsf t6df plSng;Dd,stf/Pokf]6{sf Joj:yfks b]lv l;=6L=;]G6/ ;d]t tf/] xf]6nsf ljleGg tx/
tKsf;Dd stf/ k]6«f]lnodsf] k|sfzg tx b]lv dfgjLo dGqLHo'x?sf ;'/Iff uf8{ ;Dd,stf/sf] v'Nnf
;8sb]lv stf/L :kf]G;/k|fKt gful/s;Dd stf/sf] h]nb]lv d[To'b0b kfPsf ;Dd, g]kfnLsf] kx'Fr
48
k'lu;sf]sf] 5 . stf/sf] htf uPklg g]kfnLnfO{ e]6\g ;lsG5 . ckgTj e]§fpg ;lsG5 . stf/ ;/sf/sf]
sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/;Dd g]kfnL g} x'g'x'G5 . stf/sf] sxfF–sxfF 5g\ t g]kfnL eg]/ ;f]Wg'eGbf sxfF 5}gg\ t
eg]/ ;f]Wg' /fd|f] x'G5 . ;dli6df eGbf bIf,pkbIf,cw{bIf / cbIf u/L ;a} tx / tKsfdf h'g;'s} k|sf/sf]
sfddfklg g]kfnLsf] pkl:ylt kfOG5 . stf/df cw{bIf tyf bIf sfdbf/x?df l;sdL{, 8sdL{, gsdL{, x]le
8«fOe/, nfO6 8«fOe/, nf]8/, ck/]6/, 6]n/ 8«fOe/, s|]g ck/]6/, d]sfgLsn, KnfDj/, Onf]S6«f]lgs, ;d}o/
cf]e/l;o;, sDk'6/ ck/]6/, Sn/s, Psfpg6]g, cflb kb{5g\ eg] pRr bIf sfdbf/sf ?kdf
OlGhlgo/,g;{,sDo"6/ ljz]if1,8fS6/,xf]6n d]g]hd]G6,k|sfzg cflb /xG5g . To;}ul/
Po/xf]:6]h,Sol;P/,;]N;d]g,s's,;'/Iff uf8{,ls|Ng/,nufotsf] sfdbf/x?klg pNn]Vo dfqdf /x]sf 5g\ .
e'mdfsf] -lalxaf/_ /ftdf /dfp“b} g]kfnLx?

stf/df ljleGg Aoj;fodf cfjå /x]sf] g]kfnL Aoj;foLx?sf] ;+Vof tLg bh{g gfl3;s]sf] 5 .
d"ntM lgdf{0f sDkgLx?sf] jfx'Notf /x]sf] x'gfn] clwsfFz g]kfnL Aoj;fox? lgdf0f{ kIf;+u g} cfjå
/x]sf] kfOG5 . To;} ul/ g]kfnL xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6,a}s,tyf lalQo ;+:yfx?,kq–klqsf Pjd\ cGo Jo;fodf
;d]t g]kfnL Joj;fxLx?sf] ;+Ungtf kfOG5 . stf/sf] sfg'g cg';f/ stf/ k|j]; ug{sf] nflu cg'dlt
lbg :kf]G;/ ug}{ clwsf/ k|fKt g]kfnL;Dd stf/df 5g\ . ;fdfGo sfdbf/sf ?kdf stf/ lelqPsf x'g
clwsfz+ Joj;foLx?
stf/df csf]{ k|j[tL ju{df ulgG5 . OlGhlgo/x? ljleGg If]q;+u ;DjlGwt /x]sf tLg;o eGbf al9
OlGhlgo/x? stf/df sfo{/t /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL ;d'bfosf nflu OlGhlgo/x? e"ldsf dxTJfk"0f{
dflgG5 . stf/sf 7"nf 7"nf kl/of]hgfx?df g]kfnL OlGhlgo/x?sf] /fd|f] ks8 :yflkt e} ;s]sf] 5 .
stf/ k]6«lnodb]lv stf/ Uo“f; ;Dd klg g]kfnL OlGhlgo/x?n] /fd|f] cj;/ kfO{/x]sf 5g\ . d"ntM lgdf{0f
sDkgLx? d} OlGhlgo/x?sf] rrf{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . slt OlGhlgo/x?n] t cfˆg} Aoj;fo ;d]t ;~rfng
ug{ yfln;s]sf 5g\ .
lzlIft / k|fljlws 1fg ePsf g]kfnLx?n] stf/df cfP/ /fd|f /f]huf/sf cj;/x? kfPsf 5g\ .
stf/df bIf hgzlQmsf] lgs} vfFrf] 5 . xftdf l;k ePsf dflg; stf/df /fd|f] If]qdf hflu/kfpg],lzlIft
/ k|fljlws If]qsf g]kfnLx?n] stf/df :yflkt sDkgLx? ljleGg txdf sfd u/]sf kfOG5g\ . pglx?sf]
;]jf / ;'ljwf /fd|f] x'G5 . dfl;s nfvf}+ ?lkof sdfpg ;S5g . stf/sf] tftf] / lr;f] clg jfn'jfsf] s'g}
lk/–lrGtf lng' kb}{g, s} ;DkGg b]zsf] eGbf sd x]l;otdf a“fRg' kb}{g . sDkgLn] /fd|f] Joj:yf ul/lbPsf]
x'G5 . sltsf kl/jf/ ;d]t oxfF g} a;]/ :yflkt e} ;s]sf 5g\ . stf/df dfs]{l6ªsf] If]qdf sfd ug]{
g]kfnLx?sf] cj:yf /fd|f] 5 . stf/sf km/flsnf ;8sdf lrNnf] sf/df u'8\g] g]kfnL oxL ju{df kb{5g .
oxfFsf] ahf/ ;Gt'lnt / lgoldt 5 . To;}n] klg dfs]{l6ªdf w]/} g]kfnLx?sf] cfj¢tf kfOG5 . g]kfnaf6
s'g}klg sfddf bIftf xfl;n u/]/ cfPsf g]kfnL l;=6L=;]G6/df Sofl;o/b]lv tf/] xf]6nsf k|zf;lgs
49
tx;Dd k'u]sf 5g\ . stf/sf] =====b]lv stf/ kmfpG8];g ;Dd g]kfnLsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 . stf/ Po/j]h
b]lv xdfb d]l8sn skf]{/];g ;Dd,sfjf{ 6«fG;kf]{6 b]lv cs'b ;Dd g]kfnL sf] jfSnf] pkl:ylt kfOG5 . $
l;pg b]lv ;]/f6g;Dd / /dbfsf] k|zf;lgs tx;Dd k|;:t g]kfnLsf] kx'Fr k'lu;s]sf] 5 . t/ klg 7"nf]
g]kfnL hdftsf] cufl8 of] pkl:ylt Go"g x'g hfG5 . of] ju{df d'l:snn] !) k|lt;t g]kfnLsf] pkl:ylt
b]lvG5 . logLx?sf] sdfO{ /fd|f] x'G5 . cf/fdsf] lhGbuL afFr]sf 5g\ . 3/–kl/jf/sf cfj:ostfx?nfO{
;xh ?kn] Aojfl:yt ug{ of] ju{nfO{ s'g} d'l:sn k/]sf] 5}g\ . of] ju{ dWod ju{sf] ?kdf lrlgG5g .
stf/df lxhf] b]lv cfh;Ddklg ax';+Vos g]kfnLn] tNnf] txsf] sfd u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf]
;/sf/sf] gLltut sdhf]/sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;:tf]df sfd ug}{ g]kfnL eg]/ oxfF lrlgG5 . stf/df ;a}
eGbf tNnf] txsf] sfd ug]{ g]kfnL sfdbf/x? x'g . d"n'saf6 w]/} k};f vr{ u/]/ cfPklg sd tnjdf
g]kfnLn] sfd ug'{ k5{ . j+ufnfb]z,kfls:tfg,>Ln}sf,ef/tsf sfdbf/x?sf] t'nfgfdf g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf]
cj:yf Tolt /fd|f] 5}g . ;]jf / ;'ljwfaf6 g]kfnL alGrt 5g\ . g]kfnLx?n] a:g] ;'ljwf kfpF5g t/ Go"g
tnjdf sfd ubf{ klg vfg] ;'ljwf 5}g . bzsf}+ lalt;Sbf klg g]kfnLx?sf] :t/ rfxL dfly p7\g ;s]sf]
5}g . /fHosf] gLltut c:ki6tfsf] lzsf/ ag]sf x'g g]kfnsf sfdbf/ . /fHon] slxNo} hgtfnfO{ j}b]lzs
/f]huf/sf]nflu bIf agfpg cfj:os 7fg]g t/ ltg} cefuLn] k7fPsf] /]ld6]G;n] eg] /fHosf] cy{tGq
hf]ufP/ /fHosf] sdhf]/ kxn g} stf/sf g]kfnLsf] b'vbkIf xf] . stf/df g]kfnLx? ;:tf] d"Nodf
OdfGbf/k"j{s sfd ul/lbg] ePsfn] ;a} k|sf/sf pBf]usf tNnf] txdf g]kfnLsf] jr{:j b]vg kfOG5 . s]xL
l;ldt g]kfnL eg] dflyNnf kf]i6x?df ;d]t kfOG5g\ . stf/sf] km/flsnf] ;8sdf 3f]l6P/ d'v 5f]kL sfd
ug]{ klg clwsf+z g]kfnL x'G5g . slg{;df ag]sf 7"nf–7"nf uugr'DjL ejgsf] 5tdf ;d]t s'b\g] g]kfnL
x'G5g . s'g} Dof/]hdf 6]n/sf] k~r/ 6fln/x]sf] x'G5g g]kfnLn] . ljxfg} af;L eft l6lkmgsf] a§fdf a“fsL
sk8fn] d'v 5f]kL s'g} 3/sf] 5t 9nfg ug{ xf];\ g]kfnL g} e]l6G5g . bf]xfsf km/flsnf /f]8x?df 6\of:sL
8«fOe/ x'g jf stf/sf] l;=6L= a;df xf];\ g]kfnL s} pkl:ylt e]l6G5 . stf/sf dfggLo dlGq Ho" sf]
;'/Iff uf8{b]lv s'g} ;fgf] ;'k/ dfs]{6df ;Dd axfb'/ g]kfnL uf8{sf] ?kdf e]l6G5 . ;dfnsf] s'gfdf e]8f
afv|f r/fpb} u/]sf] g]kfnLnfO{ csf]{ g]kfnL k'u]df c+ufnf] xfn]/ cfˆgf] Joyf kf]V5g .

50
 g]kfnLsf] cj:yf
stf/sf] >d ahf/df g]kfnL >dsf] lbg k|ltlbgsf] vktsf] sf/0fn] lbgx'F ;of} ;kgf ef]uL
g]kfnLx? stf/ lelqb} 5g\ . g]kfnLx?sf] a9\bf] pkl:ylt ;+u} lbgx'F ;of} g]kfnLsf ;d:ofx? ljleGg
dfWodaf6 aflx/ cfpg] ub{5g . ;d:ofx? :jfefljs x'g,t/ Ps} k|sf/sf ;d:ofx? em\ofFlub} hfg rfxL
/fd|f] xf]O{g . stf/df sfdug]{ clwsf+z dhb'/sf ?kdf tNnf] tx / sd tnjdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5g\ .
e"uf]nsf] of] kftf];Dd cfO{k'Ubf cNkefifL,xfjfkfgL,;+:sf/ / e"uf]ndf ljljw k|fljlws ;d:ofx? pAhb}
hfg'klg c:jfles xf]O{g . d'n'saf6 lx8]b]vL d'n's gkms{bf ;Dd g]kfnLx? ;d:of g} ;d:ofaf6 u|l;t
5g\ . stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLsf ljleGg k|s[ltsf ;d:ofx? Ps lbg dfq g]kfnL b'tfjf; k'Uof] eg]
5n{Ë e]l6g5 . stf/sf g]kfnLsf d'Vo ;d:of g} olxsf l;ldt g]kfnLx? clwsf+z ;d:ofx? olxsf

dfgj t:s/x?n] ;[hgf u/]sf x'g . slt k6s k|ljlws / sfg'gL ;d:ofx? klg 5g\ . t/ d'Vo ;d:of
eg]sf] g} g]kfnsf d]gkfj/ sDkgL / stf/sf dfgj t:s/x? x'g\ . eGbf clt;of]QmL gxf]nf . stf/sf
sfdbf/sf () k|lt;t ;d:of log}sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ e}sf] ;fob dtleGgtf klg gxf]nf . s]xL xb ;Dd
sfdbf/ :jo+ klg bf]ifL 5g .
g]kfnL sfdbf/ ha cfˆgf] d'n'saf6 /f]huf/sf] nflu stf/ k|:yfg ub{5g{ . To;j]nf g}
;f]emf;femf sfdbf/sf dl:tisdf d]gkfj/ Ph]G;Ln] el/lbPsf] ;+;f/ w]/} ljzfn x'G5 . cfˆgf] ufpF,3/df
d]nf kft ub}{ v;|fePsf dgx? ljb]z eGgf;fy lrNnf] sf/df r9]sf 7"nf dfG5]sf s'/fdf ljZjf; u/]/
;'v ;DkGgtfn] el/Psf] ;kgf af8]sf x'G5g . pgLx?nfO{ elgPsf] x'G5 sfd w]/} ;lhnf] 5,k};f g;f]r]sf]
x'G5, ltd|f] ul/jLn] sf]iff} 6f9f af; ;f5{ . stf/df ;a} s'/f x'G5 . sDkgL /fd|f] 5, vfg],a:g] ;'ljwf 5 .
olx cf;df ;os8f kfFr ?lkof ;Ddsf] rsf]{ Aofhb/df C0f sf8]/ cfp5g\ . t/ ha pgLx? ox“f plqg]
5g\ . Tolta]nf af6} g} pgLx?sf] ;kgf t'lxg yfN5 . dgleq Hjfnf blGsG5 . eg]h:tf] tgvf, g t eg]
h:tf] sfd . g t 7"nf] dfG5]n] eg]h:t} ;'Tg] sf]7f,g t vfglkg ;]jf / cGo ;ljwf t k/} hfcf]; Pst
;fF3'/f] sfnf] sf]7fdf e]8f,jfv|f em} b'O{ l;ˆ6 ;'Tg' kg]{ hLjg Û To;}a=nf b]lvg} logLx?nfO{ uXf} C0fn]
lyRg yfN5 . 3/]n' ;d:of / tgfjx? klg ylkg yfN5 . hLjg g} a]sf/ h:tf] nfUg yfN5 . dg lalu|g

51
yfN5 . lo ;a sf/0fn] pglx?df dgf]a}1flgs em6\sf pAhg z'? x'G5 . / sf]xL ;'t]s} ;'t} x'G5g . s]fxL
d/]/ a“fRg ljjz aG5g . pgLx?sf ;kgf stf/ cfPsf] s]xL lbgd} c:tfP/ hfG5g\ .
g]kfnL d]gkfj/ Ph]G;Lx?n] eg] adf]lhdsf] s]xL x'b}g\ . ;ft;o l/ofn eg]/ cfPsf] % ;o
l/ofndf em5{ eg] ;'k/dfs]{6df eg]/ cfPsfx? Bulding Contriction df n]j/ aGg k'U5g . stf/sf]
jf:tljQmf xf] . ljb]z cfpg s'g} l;k gl;sL xtfl/g'sf] sf/0fn] xhf/f} g]kfnLx?n] ljleGg b'Mvsf] ;fdgf
ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . Pp6f sfd eg]/ cfpg] oxf cs}{ sfddf afWotfa; nfUg' g} sfdbf/sf] cbIftfn] xf] .
xfd|f] b]zdf lab]z hfg] eGgf;fy h:tf] ;'s} sfddf klg PskN6 t uO{xfnf} g eGg] 6]8 g} rn]sf] 5 .
lagf l;k lagf bIftf cGt/fli6«o >d ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ uxf]{ x'G5 . xfd|f] b]zdf 6'8] eP/ cfPsf klg
ox“f cfOk'Ubf x]Nkm/ jf n]a/ g} x'g k'U5g . stf/df g]kfnLsf k|d'v ;d:of dWo] Pp6f ;d:of g} s'g}
l;k gx'g' xf] . h;n] ubf{ xhf/f} g]kfnL ;ftlbg sfddf hf]lt/xbf klg sd kl/>ddf lrQ a'´fpg' kg]{
lk8fbfo ca:yf ox“f 5 . stf/df cfpg] clwsf+; g]kfnL clzlIft x'G5g . d]gkfj/ sDkgLn] agfPsf]
´'6f] ;D´f}tf kq af]s/] stf/ k;]sf g]kfnLx?n] k9]/ xf]; , d'vsf] e/df k9]/ ;'gfO{Psf] tnasf] cf;f
u5{g . t/ af:tlastf To:tf] x'b}g lzIffsf] cefan] ubf{ plgx?n] cfˆgf] leiffr]s b]lv sDklgsf] l8dfG8
n]6/ b]lv ;+´f}tf ;Dd csf{s} e/ kg{ kb{5 . h;n] ub{f stf/sf jf stf/ cfpg] g]kfnL b}lgs 7lug] /
cnkqdf kg]{ u/sf pbfx/0f k|;:t} 5g clzlIft g]kfnL sfdbf/nfO{ ox“fsf] sDkgLn] klg z]fif0f
ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 .
stf/df cfpg] clwsf+z g]kfnL;+“u ;dfo;Ldf ;DjlGw s'g} 1fg x'b}g\ . s'g} lgl:rt p2]Zosf
nflu of]hgfj¢ sfd u/dfO{ x'b}g . clwsf+z g]kfnLsf ;d:of eg]sf g} kl/jf/sf] nfng, kfng,lzIff–
lbIffsf] bfloTj af]s]/ dfq cfPsf x'G5g . pgLx?nfO{ kfl/jf/Ls nfng,kfngsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ g]kfndf
d'l:sn x'G5 . xfd|f] ufpF ;dfhdf C0fdf x'ls{Psf sof} ue]{ C0fLx? !^ jif]{ hjfgL s'/L cfkm'nfO{ g}
a]rfpg k|ltIff/t x'G5g\ . 3/df a;]sf] ul/jL / a9\b} u/]sf] C0fnfO{ hlt rf8} ltl/of] Tolt kmnbfoL
;f]r]/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf x]lng k'U5g . pgLx?nfO{ Kn]g r9\g] xtf/dfq x'G5 . pgLx?n] cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf]
/fd|f] k|fjwfg ;d]t ug{ ;s]sf x'b}gg\ . ljb]z hfg] df]xdf efFl;P/ xtfl/b} rsf]{ Aofhb/df C0f vf]Hg
;d]t kl5 kb}{gg\ . sltko g]kfnLn] t stf/df s'g sDkgLdf sfd ug]{ xf] slt tnj 5 , s] sfd xf],eGg]
;d]t yfxf gkfO{ cfPsf x'G5g . stf/sf] Po/kf]6{df cnkq kg]{x? dWo] w]/}sf] ;d:of g} oxL xf] ls
pgLx?n] j}b]lzs /f]hufl/nfO{ ;fdfGo ?kn] ;f]r]sf] sfd ub}{gg\ . sxf hfg] , s] sfd ug]{ < cfˆgf]
of]utf s] xf] < s'g d]gkfj/ /fd|f] 5 < slt tnjdf hfg] < eGg] s'g} lglZrt of]hgf stf/ cfpg] ;+u
gx'g' g} d"Vo ;d:of xf] . lglZrt of]hgf gePsf cJol:yt g]kfnLsf] eL8 stf/df ylkg' g} d'Vo ;d:of
xf] . o; k|sf/sf] ;d:of Hofb} 3fts x'G5 .
stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLx?sf] d'Vo ;d:of eg]sf] efiffsf] xf] . stf/df ;/sf/L sfd sfhdf
c/jL efiffsf] k|of]u x'G5 . c/jL efiffsf] 1fg ePsf] g]kfnL e]§fpg d'l:sn k5{ . efiffsf] 1fgsf] cefjn]
ubf{ c:ktfn,k'ln;,cbfnt,Pjd\ sDkgLx?df klg ljljw ;d:ofx? ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 . sfg'g sfjf{xL ug{
xf]; jf c:ktfndf pkrf/ ug{ ;d]t Hofb} ufXff] k5{ . x'g t sDkgLx?df cu|]hL efiffsf] k|of]u x'G5 .
tfklg c+u|]hL efiffsf] n]vfk9 ug{ hfGg] d'l:sNfn] !) k|lt;t xf]nfg . To;}n] stf/ cfpg] hf] sf]xLnfO{
klg oxfFsf] sfg'g,xfjfkfgL,;+:s[lt,efiff / ;fdfGo c+u|]hL efiffsf] cEof; u/fpg' kb{5 .csf]{ s'/f,
stf/df cfPsf clwsf+z g]kfnL n]j/ jf x]Nk/sf ?kdf sfo{/t 5g\ . oxfF cfpg]n] ox“fsf cf}hf/x?,sfd
ug]{ tf}/–tl/sf,cg'ej,sxL xfFl;n u/]sf x'b}gg\ . pgLx?n] /ftlbg kl;gf aufpklg of] tftf] jfkmn] s'g}
d"No lbb}g . To;}n] sd tnjdf x]lkP/ sfd ug'{ kg]{ lttf] oyf{ytf 5 oxfF . g]kfnL eg]sf] ;:yfdf sfd
ug]{ n]j/ x'g eGg] ;f]lrG5 . ;+Dk'0f{ g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] k|lti7f ;+u hf]l8Psf] laifo xf] of] . To;}n] stf/
cfpg' k'j{ s'g} klg sfdsf] cg'ejL AoflQm af6 6«]lgª lnPsf] x''g'k5{ . olx sf/0fn] ubf{ sDklgn] ;dodf
tna lbb}gg ;'lawf 36fO{lbG5g g]kfnsf d]gkfj/n] sfdbf/ k7fpbf ox“fsf sDkgLnfO{ 9f6]sf x'G5g .
To;}n] To;sf] k|ltIff sfdbf/n] kfO{/x]sf x'G5g . / 5g klg g]kflnx? 7lug' k/]sf] 5 . kfOnf lkR5] x]lkg'

52
k/]sf] 5 . stf/sf] rsf]{ udL{ / d'6' sfDg] hf8f]nfO{ 5Nb} sfd ug]{ g]kfnL jf:tljs lkl8t g} 5g .
;dodf tna glbg] sfdaf6 lgsflnlbg] / dlxgf} ;Dd 3/ gk7fP/ ´'nfP/ l/Q} k7fpg] sDklgx?af6
xhf/f} g]kfnL aaf{b ePsf 5g . sltko kl/jf/ larlNndf k/]sf 5g . xfjfkflgsf] laifdtfn] ubf{ sltn]
d"To'j/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . To; sf/0f stf/ cfpbf ox“fsf] xfjfkfgLnfO{ laz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5 . stf/df
sfd ug]{ g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf] csf]{ dxTjk'0f{ ;d:of eg]sf] Safety / Awareness s] xf] < site df sfd
ug{ hfbf ghfg]/ jf hfgL–hfgL x]nr]s|ofO{ u/]/ ;'/IffTds pkfo clnDfgL gu/]/ sof}n] Hofg u'dfPsf
5g\ . To;}n] stf/ cfpg] hf] sf]xLnfO{ ;'/IffTds cj:yfsf af/]df a'emfpg' nfebfos b]lvG5 .
stf/sf g]kfnLsf ;d:ofx? w]/} 5g\ . kfOnf lkR5] s'g} g s'g} ;d:of cfO{/xG5g . sltko
sDkgL /fd|f x'b}gg\ . sDkgL 6'6]/ cnkqdf kg]{, ;dodf tnj v'jfpg g;Sg] y'k|} sDkgL 5g\ . sltsf
kl/jf/ ;+GwL tf]lsP/ b'3{6gf u|l;tklg gePsf xf]O{gg\ . gSsnL le;fsf sf/0fn] cnkq / h]n kg]{x?
Klg 5g\ . g]kfnLsf] 7Ug] k|j[QLn] ubf{ slt g]kfnL ajf{b ePsf 5g\ . sltsf ;kgf t'lxPsf 5g\ .
kl/jf/sf] ljrNnL ePsf] 5 . csf]{ ;d:of ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf] 5 . stf/df sfo{t/ ;fdfGo g]kfnLsf]
kx'“r OG6/g]6;Dd 5}g\ . ;fKtflxs ;Ddklg cflwsf+z g]kfnLsf] kx'“rdf k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . b]zsf]
/fhg}lts 36gfs|d / ;d;fdlos cj:yfsf af/]df sd} g]kfnLnfO{ yfxf x'G5 . oxfF g]kfnL l6=eL= /
/]l8of]sf] klg cfj:oQmf 5 .
stf/df sfo{t/ clwsf+z g]kfnL ;fdfGo sfdbf/sf?kdf Go"g tnjdf sfd ub{5g . stf/df
lbg k|ltlbg dxËL a9\b} 5 . vfB a:t'sf] b/ cfsflzb} 5 . clwsf+z g]kfnLsf] cfo;|f]t Go"g x'gfn] vfg]
s'/f xfd|f] b]zsf] h:tf] kf}li6s tTj vf]h]/ kfO{b}g\ . kmnk"mn,xl/of] ;fukft g]kfnLx?sf] x}lifot eGbf
dflysf] laifo aG5 . oxfF t df5f,df;' g} ;:tf] x'G5 t/ xfd|f] b]zsf] h:tf] tfhf sxfF xf] / < t/
cflwsf+z g]kfnLn] oxfF lbgx'F df5f,df;' g} vfG5g\ . x]bf{ cfsif{s z/L/ t sG5 t/ z/L/sf] an eg] s]xL
x'b}g\ . oxfFsf clwsf+z g]kfnL aflx/ sfd u5{g t/ kfgL sd vfG5g\ . udL{7fpFdf sfd ubf{ w]/} kfgL
vfg' kb{5 . To;} sf/0f stf/df sfd ug]{ g]kfnLx? Nj8k|];/ / ;'u/sf] ladf/L w]/} e]l6G5g\ . :jf:Yo
;DjlGw cglj1tfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ slt g]kfnLn] csfndf d[To'j/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ .
stf/df g]kfnLsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 t eg]/ a'em\g] xf] eg] g]kfnL b'tfaf; uPk'U5, lbgx'F ;of}
7luPsf,le;f gnufPsf,tnj gkfPsf,sDkgL 6'6]sf,cflb ¢f/f kLl8tx?sf] 3'O{rf] nfU5 . stf/sf] jf
g]kfnsf] sfg'gdf ;d]t pNn]v e};s]sf] tna,tyf ;]jf,;'ljwf g]kfnLn] clxn];Dd k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\
. ax/fO{gsf] glhs} e]8f r/fO{/x]sf] g]kfnLsf] ;d:of s;/L AoSt ug]{ . cfFz'sf] efiff AoQmug{ ;lsbf]
/x]g5 . stf/sf clwsf+z dflg;x?sf] . 7"nf–7"nf lhDd]jf/Lsf kxf8x?n] pgLx? g} lylrPsf x'G5g\ .
stf/df cfOk'Ubf g} sltko g]kfnL 7lu ;lsPsf x'G5g\ . Pp6f sfddf eg]/ csf]{ sfddf k'¥ofOG5g\ .
w]/} tna eg]/ yf]/} lbOG5 . of] uNtL :jo+ cfpg] JolQm / d]g kfj/ Ph]G;Lx?sf] xf] . jf:tljstf
n'sfpg] d]gkfj/ sDkgL / s]xL klg ga'emL stf/ k:g xtfl/g] g]kfnLx? s} sf/0fn] ubf{ o:tf ;d:ofx?
ylkbf 5g\ . s'g} klg sDkgLn] g]kfn leiff k7fpFbf h'g xt{ /fv]sf] x'G5,Tof] k"/f gu/] sDkgLn] sfdbf/sf]
;]jf,;'ljwf 36fpg ;Sbf] /x]5 . To;}n] klg cbIf xfd|f g]kfnL df/df k/]sf x'g\ . () k|lt;t g]kfnL
cbIf 5g\ . ;a}nfO{ sxL g st} ;d:of gk/]sf] eGg] 5}g\ . oxfFsf sDkgL t le;f nufpFg] a]nfdf oxfFsf]
>d Depertment ul/g] ;+emf}tf kfngf ug{ dfq afWo x'bf] /x]5 .
stf/df b'MvL dfq g]kfnL 5}gg\,;'vL g]kfnL klg 5g\ . stf/s} sdfOn] 7"nf–7"nf k|ult ug]{x?
Kflg / oxfF cfP/ g} ;kmn ePsfx? klg k|;:t} 5g\ . stf/sf] pRr tx / tKsfdf k'u]sf s]xL ;Lldt
g]kfnLx?sf] hLjg t ;fdfGo g]kfnLsf] nflu ;kgf aGg hfG5 . olxs} sdfO{n] w]/}sf 3/sf] cfly{s
cj:yf /fd|f] ePsf] 5 . ;dfhdf /fd|f] k|lti7f cfh{g ul/Psf] 5 . JolQm,;dfh / /fi6« cfly{s ?kdf ;an
aGb} uO{/x]sf] 5 . nufgL lelqPsf] x'gfn] ljleGg /f]huf/sf cj;/x? Af9\g yfn]sf 5g\ . stf/df /x]sf
jx';+Vos g]kfnLsf] cj:yf /fd|f] 5 . sfd ub}{ hfbf cg'ej a9\b} hfg' / oxfFsf] efiffsf] 1fg x'gfn]

53
clwsf+z o:tf g]kfnLx?sf] sdfO{ /fd|f] x'G5 . sfdklg ;lhnf] x'G5 . xftdf ;Lk 5 eg] stf/df dfq
xf]Og ljZjsf] ;a} b]zdf uPklg p;sf] ;Lk laSb5 . t/ s'g} ;Lk} gePsf] dfG5]sf] s] sfd Û
stf/df z'?df ;fdfGo sfdbf/sf] ?kdf k|j]z ug]{x? dWo] sltn] /fd|f] cj;/ kfP/ cfh
;kmntfsf] Oltxf; klg sf]b]{ 5g\ . cfˆgf] 3/–kl/jf/nfO{ cfly{s >kdf ;an agfpFb} 5g\ . t/ sf]xL emg
lalu|P/ uPsf klg 5g . h'jf,tf;,/S;L / dfof lk/tLn] a9\bf] ePsfx?sf] ;+Vof k|;:t} e]l6G5g . csf]]{
dxTjk"0f{ kIf / eGb} cfO{/x]sf] kIf eg]sf] dfgj t:s/x?sf] xf] Û lbgx'F cnkq kg]{ g]kfnLnfO{ stf/
leq\ofpg] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Aoj;foLx?nfO{ stf/sf] g]kfnL hghLjgdf dfgj t:s/ elgG5 . cfFkm'
df]6fP/ csf{nfO{ l;Wofpg' jf cnkqkfl/ xfdL g]kfnLsf] ljz]iftf t xf]; t}klg of] jfn'jfsf] /fhwfgLdf
s:nfO{ s:sf] dxTj eg] h:t} 5 .
stf/df k"j{ d]lrb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL ;Ddsf k|foM ;a} lhNnfsf dflg;x? 5g\ . sf]xL
;fdflhs ;+3,;:yfdf dfgjLo ;+j]bgfn] cfs|fGt ag]/ nfU5g\ . t sf]xL /fhlgltdf . sf]xL
;f+:s[ltdf,s]fxL ;flxlTosdf, 3'Dg],vfg] / df]hd:tLdf lx8\g] g]kfnLsf] ;+Vof klg k|;:t} e]l6G5 . kl5Nnf]
;dodf bf]xfdf laleGg k|s[ltsf g]kfnLx? e]l6G5g\ oxfF ljleGg hft,wd{,k]zf / ju{sf g]kfnLx? cfk;df
ldn]/ a;]sf 5g\ . dw];L / kxfl8of eGg] s'g} lsl;dsf] alu{s/0f klg 5}g\ . ;a} xfF;]/ b'Mv ;'v af8]/
ckgTj km}nfpb} a;]sf 5g\ . sxL–st} ;–;fgf 36gfx? Affx]s clxn];Dd g]kfnLx? dfyL stf/df s;}n]
k|Zg p7fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . t/ g]kfnLn] g} g]kfnLnfO{ 7Ug] / x]Kg] k|j[lQ la:tf/} a9\b} uO{/x]sf] kfOG5 .
stf/sf clwsf+z g]kfnL g} 5g\ . ePsf 5g\ cr]n . ;a}eGbf al9 g]kfnLn] g]kfnLnfO{ 7Ug],x]Kg] / b'Mvlbg]
;d:of 5 oxfF le;f k7fpg]klg g]kfnL,dfG5] k7fpg]klg,g]kfnL / stf/ cfpg] klg g]kfnL . lsg lbg–lbg}
7lug],cnkqdf kg]{ sfd x'G5 < Pp6f g]kfnLn] cfsf]{nfO{ 7Ug],x]Kg] / b'Mv lbg] p;sf] /ut lkpg] ljut xf]
/ xfd|f] < Pp6f g]kfnLsf] 6fpsf] b'Vbf,csf]{ g]kfnLsf] 5ftL kf]Ng' kg]{ Oltx“f; xf] xfd|f] t/ stf/df Pp6f
;f]emf] g]kfnLnfO{ cnkq kf/]/ csf]{ g]kfnL dfltPsf] 5 . k};fsf] v]tL u/]/ ;df;;]jL algPsf] 5 . cfˆg}
k};fn] cfkm} cleglGbt x'b}5 . dfgj t:s/ a:g] o'¢ s]Gb| aGb}5 stf/ ,g]kfnL b'tfjf;df k'Ug] ;d:of
clwsf+z g]kfnL s} sf/0fn] k'u]sf] x'G5 . Pp6f g]kfnLnfO{ k|jf;df b'Mv lbg' slt /fd|f] sfd xf] < bf]xfsf
dfgj t:s/k|lt t]l;{Ps} k|Zg xf] of] < eujfgn] olt /fd|f] hLjg lbPsf 5g\ . sfd ug{sf] nflu xft
lbPsf 5g . t/klg lsg g]kfnLnfO{ 7Ug] of]hgfdf csf]{ g]kfnLn] ;f]lr/xG5 < v} of] k|jf;df ckgTj
eGg] s'/f < cfk"mnfO{ agfpg lsg ;vfk kfg'{ k¥of] / < ;'v / ;DkGgtf cfFk"mleq vf]Hg] ljifo x'G5 k};fn]
lsg]sf] ;'v / OHjt w]/} nfdf] ;do rL/:yfoL x ;Sb}g\ . x/]s rlDsg] a:t' ;'g jf lx/f klg x'b}g lg .

54
 stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnL hgzlQm
stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnL hgzlQm-sfdbf/_ nfO{ la:t[t ?kdf $ efudf laefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ k]z]j/ M
-v_ bIf , k|fljlws
-u_ cw{ bIf
-3_ cbIf

Kf];]j/ >]0fL tkm{ M

!= d]g]h/-k|jGws_
@=OlGhlgo/-h:tf] ls sDKo'6/ ,l;len , d]sflgs ,s]ldsn cflb_
#= d]l8sn lrlsT;s
$=a}1flgs-laleGg If]qdf_
%=k|fWofks-laleGg laifosf lzIfsx?_
^=rf6{/ ,nfut PsfpG6]G6
&=cfls6]Sr/ of]hgfsf/
*=a}lsË ljz]if1
(= 6«fen tyf 6'/ ;~rfns
!)=n]vfkfn-PsfpG6]G6_

bIf k|fljlws tkm{ M

!= l8Knf]df OlGhlgo/ -:gfts OlGhlgo/_
@ = kmdf{l;i6
#= k|of]u;fnf k|fljlws
$= d]l8sn ;xfos
%=Kof/fd]l8S;
^= kmf]/d]g -laleGg If]qdf On]l6«sn,d]sflgsn, l;len_
&= ;]km
*= lgdf{0f ;'k/efOh/
(= Sjfln6L ;e]{o/
!)= Jf]N8/
!!= sfk]{G6/
!@= lalN8Ë k]G6/ :k|] k]G6/
!#= l:6n lkmS;/
!$= d];g
!%=6fOn lkmS;/ tyf Knfi6/
!^= KnDj/
!&= kfOk lkm6/
!*= 8f«Oe/-x]le tyf nfO6_
!(= 8«fº6 d]g
@)= j]6/ ,s's tyf j]s/
@!= ;]So'l/l6 uf8{

55
@@= ck/]6/ -d]l;g,nG8«L,;f]e]n,a'n 8f]h/,kfj/ 6«]n/ sDKo'6/_
@#= uf]N8l:dy -;'gf/]_
@$= l:6n km]la|s]6/

cw{bIf tkm{ M
!=On]lS6«s x]Nk/
@=d]sflgsn x]Nk/
#= :sfkmkmf]N8/
$=Unf; s6/
%= d];g x]Nk/
^=jf;/ d]g -sk8f w'nfO ug]{ wf]jL _
&= k|];d]g
*=clkm; cl;:6]G6
(= j]6/
!)=;xfos s's
!!=lsrg x]Nk/
!@=af/d]g-xhd_
!#= uf8{g/
!$= zk cl;i6]G6
!%=;]N;d]g -6fOd lsk/,clkm; AjfO{_

cbIf sfdbf/ M
!= lgdf{0f ;SjlGw sfdbf/
@= lSng/
#= jfrd]g
$= s[lifsfdbf/
%=cf}wf]lus >lds
^= ?d AjfO{ cflb .

56
 stf/df g]kfnL hg hLjg
e"uf]nsf] Pp6f s'gfdf /x]sf] stf/ / csf]{ s'gfdf /x]sf] g]kfndf w]/} s'/fx?df laifdt kfOG5
. w/ftnLo :j?k,xfjfkfgL,/xg—;xg,snf,;f+:s[lt wd{,/Lltl/jfh cflbdf lje]btf kfO{G5 . xfd|f] b]zsf]
h:tf] v'Nnf ;dfh of] sfg'gL /fHodf vf]h]/ kfO{b}g\ . xfdL :jtGqtfsf] gfddf emg—emg ljs[lt /
lj;+utLx?nfO{ c+sdfn ug{ ;d]t kl5 kb}{gf}+ . To;}n] stf/ / g]kfnsf] hLjg z}nLdf w]/} km/s 5 .
dfgjLo hLjgsf w]/} cfj:ostfx? oxfF ;lhn} k|fKt x'G5g . b|'tt/ ultdf ljsfzsf] km8\sf] dfb}{ u/]sf]
ljZjdf k|ltAoltm cfDbfgL pRrePsf] ;d|fGt /fi6«;+u ul/j /fi6«x? dWo]df klg ul/j /fi6« sf] ?kdf
;"lrs[t ePsf xfdLn] t'Nfgf ug}{ gldNg] laifo xf] of] .
stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLx¿n] ;fdfGo hLjg ofkg ub{5g . d"ntM cfly{s ;d:ofsf sf/0fn] hGd
e"ld,kl/jf/,cfkmGtaf6 5'l§P/ ;ft ;d'b|kf/L cs}{sf] cfFugdf jfWotfjz /dfpg' kgf{n] / s]xL sdfpg'
k5{ eGg] efjgfn] clek|]l/t clwsf+z g]kfnLx?sf] dg g} ;fdfGohLjg ofkg tkm{ df]l8G5 . k|r08 udL{df
hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd u/L kl/jf/sf] nfng kfng lzIfflbIff Pjd\ cGo Aofxf/Ls bfloTj af]s]/ cfPsf x'fn] klg
clwsf+zsf] hLjg ;fdfGo b]lvG5 . lbg el/ v6]/ sfd ug'{ kg]{ / cfDbfgL klg Tolt /fd|f] gx'g]x?n] s'g}
ljnfl;t hLjgsf] sNkgf;Dd ug{ Eofpb}gg\ Ps t sfg'gsf] /fHo,xsf]{ tkm{ kfl/jf/Ls bfloTjsf] 7"nf]
ef/Laf]s]/ jfWotfjz k|jf;LPsf] dg vf8Ldf k'u]/ sf] g]kfnL /dfp5 / < vf8Ldf cfpg]
clwsf+;g]kfnLx? ;fdfGo hLjg ;}lnnfO{ g} ?rfp5g . xfd|f] b]zsf] 7d]n vf]h]/ klg kfO{b}g . Psfw
kfO{Pdf ;fdfGo g]kfnLsf] x}lifot eGbf w]/} k/sf] ljifo aG5 . oxfF xfd|f] 7d]n em} /ft l5lkb} hfFbf
l76fx? dflQb} / l86Lx? gflËb} hfg] s'/fsf] sNkgf ;Dd gu/] x'G5 . ;fO{nLsf el§sf vf]of las]{ / l;tg
oxfF kfO{b}g\ . To;}n]klg lalu|Psf 5f]/fnfO{ ;kfg{ vf8L k7fpg' k5{ eGg] egfO{ ufp3/df k|rlnt ePsf]
xf] .
stf/df cfˆg} Joj;fo ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf jf s'g} /fd|f] sDkgLdf sfo{/t cfly{s x}lifot pRr
ePsfx? eg] bf]xfdf cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf ;fydf a:b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . pgLx?sf] hLjg w]/} pRr sf]6Lsf] 5 .
stf/df ;DkGg ju{sf] nflu Hofb} ;'vk"0f{ hLjg Aoltt ug]{ cg's'n jftj/0f 5 . ljsfzsf] v'8\lsnf]
rb\b} u/]sf] stf/df ;DkGg ju{sf nflu s'g} o"/f]k / cd]l/sf eGbf sd ;'ljwf 5}g . cfˆg} Aoj;fo
;~rfng ub}{ a;]sf xfd|f g]kfnL bfh'efO{x?sf] hLjgz}nL clwsf+z g]kfnLsf] eGbf Hofb} k[ys 5 . lgdf0f{
sDkgLsf] jfx'Notf /x]sf] stf/df sfo{/t clwsf+z g]kfnL sfo{/t 5g . stf/ If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df ;fgf]
/fi6« xf] . stf/df /x]sf] hg;+:ofsf] !) k|ltzt g]kfnLn] cf]u6]sf5g . stf/sf s'g} s'gf s'g} ulNn slx
st} g]kfnL gk'u]sf] 7fFp5}g . Pp6f lrofk;nb]lv ;lkË ;]G6/;Dd g]kfnL d} af]n] klg x'G5 . o;n] ubf{
k|jf;L hLjg emg emg ;/n aGb} u}/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnLsf] lbgfg' lbg a9\b} u/]sf] pkl:yltn] ubf{ g]kfnL
hg hLjg emg emg ;'ud / v's'nf] aGb} uPsf] cfefif e]l6G5 . g]kfnLkg emlNsg] kf];fs x'g jf g]kfnL
:jfbsf kl/sf/ ldNg] g]kfnL /]i6'/]G6x? s|dz km}lnb} 5g . g]kfnL ufpsf] l98f] cj stf/sf] afn'jfdf
kfO{G5 eGbf cf:ro{ gdfg] x'G5 . g]kfnsf af;sf]tfdfsf] crf/sf] stf/df Aofkf/ x'G5 . u'Gb|'s / e§sf]
s'/} gu/f} . xKtf} lkR5] x'g] ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfsf sfo{s|dx?n] ubf{ g]kfnL hghLjg clt ;/n / ;'ud
aGb} uPsf] 5 .

57
 tgx"“ ;]jf ;dfhsf] ;+:yfut ultljlw

stf/sf] lgodcg';f/ z's|af/ ;/sf/L ljbf lbO{G5 . To;}n] clwsf+z sDkgLx? z's|af/ ljbf
x'G5g . Psfw rn]sf sDkgLx?n] cfwf dfq sfd u/fpb5g\ / cfwf cf]e/6fO{d ylklbG5g . cSsn
e'mSsn kg]{ ;/sf/L ljbfsf lbgx? / ;fKtflxs ljbfsf lbg z's|af/df clwsf+z g]kfnLx? ljljw sfo{x?
u/]/ latfp5g . ljlxaf/sf] ;femnfO{ stf/df em'df elgG5 . clwsf+z g]kfnLx? ljlxaf/sf] ;ffemb]lv g}
cfkmGthg,;fyLefOsf]df hDdf eO{ dL7f],dl;gf] vfg] ,;'v,b'Mv la;{fpg of] lbgnfO{ j8f] dxTjsf ;fy
lnO{G5 . ef]nLkN6 ;a]/} 8\o"6Ldf hfg gkg]{ ePsfn] w]/} 6f9f 6f9f;Dd cfkmGtsf] lt;{gf d]6fpg
ckgTjsf] vf]hL ub}{ SofDk SofDkdf ef}tfl/G5g . n'ls5Llk h'jftf;df e'Ng]x?sf] dgklg cf}wL v';L x'G5
. stf/sf] sfg'gdf h'jf tf; /S;L cfbL b08lgo dflgG5g . Tffklg n'lsl5kL sfg'gsf] gh/df n'sL
o:tfdf /dfpg] g]kfnLx?sf] dfqklg cj sd /x]g . log} s'/fx?n] ubf{ slt g]kfnL stf/df h]ndf tftf]
xfjf vfO{/x]sf 5g\ . e'mdfsf] /ftblv g} ljleGg sfo{s|dx? to u/]/ k|jf;L
hLjgsf cK7\of/f / clt c;xhtfnfO{ Ifl0fsnfO{ g} e"Ng] k|of;df oxfsf clwsf+z g]kfnL ub}{ cfPsf 5g\
.
;kl/jf/ sf] ;fyfdf g]kfnL bf]xf stf/df

stf/df d"nt ;a} lhNnfsf dflg;x? sfo{/t 5g\ . g]kfndf 5bf slxNo} gb]lvPsf / ge]l§Psf
w]/} 6f9f 6f9fsf g]kfnLx? stf/df e]l6G5g\ . k"j{ d]lrb]lv klZrd dsfsfnL ;Ddsf] ;a} g]kfnL g]kfnL
eP/ afR5g\ . oxfFsf g]kfnLdf kxf8Lo / dw]zLof eg]/ s'g} e]befj ul/b}g\ . 7"nf] / ;fgf] eg]/ s'g}
ljefhgsf /]vf sf]l/b}g\ . stf/df a9\bf] g]kfnLsf] ;+d:of ;+u} pgLx?sf] cfˆg} lhNnf,ufFp jf If]qsf
;dfh aGb} uPsf 5g . bf]xfdf g]kfnL ;dfh dfq} *) eGbfjl9 5g\ . logLx?n] k|To]s xKtf s'g}
sfo{s|dsf] cfof]hgf ub{5g . h;n] ubf{ Ps g]kfnLsf] csf]{ g]kfnL;+u e]63f6sf] s|d a9\bf] 5 . k|jf;L
58
hLjgsf b'Mv la;fpg] rf}tf/L / ;'v af8\g] logL ;fdflhs ;+3,;+:yfx? x'g . stf/df sfo{t/ g]kfnLx?
s'g} g s'g} dfWodaf6 Pp6f :yfgdf e]nfx'G5g . dgel/sf] b'Mvsf] kf]sf] k'msfFp5g / u?Ëf] dgnfO{ xn'Ëf]
agfP/ n}hfG5g . ufFp3/,d]nfkftf / /f]wLsf s'/fb]lv b]zsf] ;d;fdfoLs /fhgLltsf u/d s'/f ;d]t
x'G5g oxfF . k|jf;LPsfsf] s'g} g s'g} syf x'G5g . cf—cfˆgf] syfdf s'g} pksyf hf]8]/ lj/xdf
5rlNspsf] dgsf] ax kf]Vg] dfWod aG5 .
stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLx? z's|af/ zL/df g]kfnL 9fsf 6f]kL nSs 9NsfP/ xQfl/b} k'U5g\ . g]kfnL
rf]sx?df g]kfnLsf] psfl;bf] pkl:yltn] ubf{ ;fx|f g]kfnLx?nfO{ y]Sg} g;Sg] ePsf 5g\ l;ldt g]kfnL
rf]sx?n] . g]kfnL rf]s eg]/ sxlnPsf] lal:dNnf cr]n ;fF3'/f] e} ;s]sf] 5 . klxnf yf]/} g]kfnL x'gfn]
o; rf]sdf g} g]kfnLx? c6fpg rfxfG5g . bf]xfsf] a9\bf] ljsfz;+u} lal:dNnfklg ;fF3'l/b} uPsf] 5 .
o;n] dfq wfGg g;Sg] ePkl5 g]kfnLx? lal:dNnfsf] ememNsf] d]6fpg t/jf/u]6,sfjf{j; kfs{ k5fl8sf]
kfs{, ;g}ofsf] cnlbof, g]zgnsf] ;f]lkm6n cflbnfO{ e]63f6sf] ?kdf g]kfnL rf]s agfPsf 5g . z's|af/
stf/df oftfoftsf] Hofb} ;d:of x'g5 . sfjf{n] nfvf} ofq'nfO{ ;]jflbg ;Sb}g . To;}n] klg bf]xfaf6
ljs6 elgg] ;dfn ,b'sfg,;fxgLof,h'd]nLof =,cnvf]/,xf]d;fO{6,nufPtsf 7fFpx?af6 lj/n} g]kfnLx?
bf]xfsf] g]kfnL rf]sx?df d]nf eg{ cfp5g . g]kfnL rf]sdf g]kfnL uLtsf l;=8L=x? Gf]kfnL lkmNdx? jfF;L
g]kfnL kqklqsfx? lsg]/ cfˆgf ;fyL ;uL;+u dgsf] kL/sf] ef/L lj;fFp5g . g]kfnL rf]s eg]/ lrlgg]
o:tf :yfgx?df cnkqdf k/]sf g]kfnL b]lv cfˆg} sDkgL rnfP/ a;]sf ;Dd e]nf x'g5g . k"j{sf] sf]zL
/ klZrdsf] dxfsfnLsf] ce"tk"0f{ ldng x'G5 . t/fO,kxf8 / lxdfnsf ;a} g]kfnLn] ckgTj e]l6/x]sf
x'G5g. bf]xfsf dfgj t:s/ n] cnkq k/]sfsf] p4f/ o:t} 7fFpdf x'g] u5{ . dflnssf] ;]jfdf lbg/ft
nvt/fg ePsf] dg z's|jf/ lkh8faf6 k'mlQPsL d}gf em} pGd'Qm eP/ :jtGq ?kdf lxl8/x]sf x'G5g .
g]kfnLx?sf] jfSnf] pkl:yltnfO{ dWgh/ /fv]/ s]xL rnfv g]kfnLx?n] ljleGg k'm;{lbnf Aofkf/ ul//x]sf
xG5g. bf]xfdf g]kfnL uLt ;+uLtsf] l;=8L=sf cflwsfl/s k;n 5}gg . o:t} z's|jf/] g]kfnL ahf/af6
d]nfaf6 logLx?sf] cefj k"lt{ ul/b} cfPsf] 5 s;}n] g]kfnL r'/f]6,v}gL,;"lt{ a]lr/x]sf x'G5g . eg] s;}n]
g]kfnL kqklqsfx? s;}n] xftdf lrofsf] ef8f] x'G5 t s;}sf] xftdf rgf r6k6] 3f]nL/x]sf] x'G5g .
ufFp,3/af6,stf/ k;]sf s;};+u ;dks{ ul/ dufO{Psf laleGg lsl;dsf ;fdfgx? Af]lr/x]sf x'G5g
sf]xL . Ps t ufFp,3/sf ;fyL;uL cfkmGt nufPt c? g]kfnL bfh'efO{x? ;+u e]6 x'g],csf]{tkm{ k'm;{bsf]
;dosf] ;b'kof]u x'g'sf ;fy} yf]/} ePklg cfDbfgLx'g] atfp5g . o:tf k'm;{lbnf v'nf Aofkf/df nfu]sfx?
.

k'm;{tsf] Aofkf/df Ao:t g]kfnLx?

59
 bf]xfsf g]kfnL rf]sx? g]kfnsf ljleGg efusf b'MvL,;'vL g]kfnLsf syf ;'Gbf ;'Gb} cEo:t
alg ;s]sf 5g . dft[e"ldnfO{ r6Ss} dfof df/]/ e"uf]nsf] kNnf] s'gfdf jfWotfjz /dfpg' kbf{sf] kL8f
sd bbf{gs 5}g . ev{/} dfq ljjfx u/]/ leq\ofO{PsL >Ldlt;+u latfPsf cw'/f knx? sd dd{:kzL{
x'b}gg\ . Ps} a;fO{df cfTdLo ag]/ dgleqsf] b'Mvsf] kf]sf] k'msfpg] xhf/f} g]kfnL e]l6G5g . ;jsf cf—
cfˆgf u'gf;f x'G5g . To:tf u'gf;f ;'Gg] / ;'gfpg] sfd x'G5 sDkgLn] lbPsf] b'Mv / bb{sf] sfxfgL x'g5
. 5f]/fsf] af]l8‹ :s'nsf] lkm glt/]sf] / zx/df >Ldltn] a:t} cfPsf] sf]7f ef8f glt/]sf] kfGgf vf]lnG5
oxfF . Pp6f g]kfnLn] csf]{ g]kfnLsf] efu vf];]sf] xf];\ jf k]6 sf6]sf] s'/f hf]8;+u ul/G5 ToxfF . k|jf;df
a:g] hf] sf]xLnfO{ g]kfnL eg] kl5 k'U5 . s'g} lhNnf,If]q jf c~rnn] af/ aGb]h nufFpg ;Sb}g .
stf/df dfo{/t g]kfnLx?sf] ;ftfsf 5 lbg lgs} si6k"0f{ tj/n] ljTb5g\ . /fd|f] sDkgLdf /fd|f]
sfddf cfPsf sxL l;ldt g]kfnL afx]s clwsf+z g]kfnL stf/sf] aflx/L aftfj/0fdf 3'nldn x'g} k5{ .
d?e"ldsf] ljz]iftf eg]sf] udL{df udL{ / hf8f]df hf8f] xf] . jfn'jfsf] tftf] jfkmnfO{ lkpb} %% l8u|Lsf]
tfks|ddf kmnfd / l;d]G6 ;+u v]Ng Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . cem} hf8f]sf] t s'/} gu/f}+ . d'6'sdfpg]
d?e"ldsf] hf8f] eGg] t g]kfnL uLt g} 5 . ljxfg ;a]/} SofDkaf6 sfdug{ 7fp -;fO{6_ df hfg' kg]{ x'gfn]
s]xL agfpFg g} Eofpb}g . sDkgLsf] * 306f / @,$ 306f cf]e/6fO{d hf]8]/ sfdaf6 kmls{bf lbg
9lNs;s]sf] x'G5 . s'g a]nf s] vfg] ,8o"6L hfg] a]nf g} s]xL g s]xL vfg]s'/fsf] hf]xf] ug'{ kb{5 . clwsfFz
sfdbf/n] a]n'sL 8o"6L af6 kmls{P/ kl5 vfgf agfp5g, ToxL vfgfnfO{ Pp6f ef8f]df xfn]/ ef]lnkN6
sfddf hfFbf nu]/ hfG5g . / ToxL af;L vfgf vfG5g . vfg afWo 5g\ . s;}s;}n] va'; -/f]6L_ lnP/
sfddf hfG5g . Hofb} b'Mvk"0f{ tj/df pgLx?sf] ;ftfsf ^ lbg sl6/x]sf x'G5g . clwsfFz g]kfnLx?
sfo{/t /x]sf SofDkx?sf] cj:yf klg bogLo 5g . g vfg]kfgL,g ;'Tg] g P;L Hofb} b'Mvk'0f{ hLjgofkg
ug{ jfWo 5g . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ stf/df sfo{/t clwsfFz g]kfnLsf] hLjg z}nL ljleGg cf/f]x cj/f]xsf
b'Mvx?n] em]lnPsf 5g\ .
laxfg ;a]/} p7g' . lgTo sd{ ug'{ / a]n'sL g} ksfP/ l6lkmgdf xfn]/ /fv]sf] af;L eft af]s]/
dflnssf] ;]jfdf nfUg clwsf+; g]kfnLsf] b}lgls xf] ljb]zdf k'u] kl5 gofF hLjgsf] z'? x'G5 eGg] 3/sf]
;kgf af]sL hLjgdf slxNo} j;Gt cfpGg . ljNs'n} km/s 5 stf/ . dlxgfdf $ ;o l/on d'l:snn]
kfpg] w]/} g]kfnL 5g . lgdf{0f sDklgsf b' Mv . nfdf] ;':s]/f xfn]/ sfd ug'{ k5{ . sdfPsf] cfwf /sds
vfgfdf g} vr{ x'G5 . lbg e/Lsf] 3fddf kl;gf aufpg' kg]{ . 7"nf –7"nf kmnfdsf kftfx? prfNg' kg]{ .
sDtL b' Mv 5}g . ufFp 3/df d]nfkft ubf{ b' Mv 7fg]/ ;'v ;+un k};f sdfpg ljb]z k;]sfx? Af8f]
cK7]/f]df 5g . clwsf+; g]kfnL lgdf{0f Jofj;foLdf g} ;+nUg x'gfn] pgLx?sf] k|ltlglw syf xf] of] .

60
 stf/df ;a} k|sf/sf g]kfnLsf] pkl:ylt kfOG5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf pRr Ps
stf/df :yfgdf sfdrfns
;jf/L ug]{ clt bIf
Uof; Knfgsf]
hgzlQx? 6\of+slelqg
Kflg stf/ Lleq yfn]
sfdsfub}5g{ g].kxfd|
fnLx?f] dfgl;stf lj:tf/} kl/jt{g x'b} hfg yfn]sf] 5 . vf8L
;Ab ;+u} gfs v'DfRofpg] kl/kf6L{sf] lj:tf/} cGTo x'b}5 .
stf/df ;fdfGo sfdbf/sf] ?kdf lelqP/ g]kfnLsf] kf}/vsf Oltxf; sf]g]{x? klg k|;:t dfqdf 5g .
;fdfGo sfd u/]/ eP klg ue]{ C0fdf x'ls{Psfx?n] C0f ltg{ ;Sg] ePsf 5g . csf{sf]df sfd u/]/
dfq r'Nxf] aNg] kl/jf/df stf/ s} sdfO{n] kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L :s"ndf afnaRrf k9fpg
g;s]/ a;]sfx?n] jf]l8Ë :s"n tfs]/ a;]sf 5g . ufpsf em'k8Lx? kSsL 3/ ag]sf 5g . ufpsf
ul/ljsf] afWotf 36\b} uPsf] 5 . stf/sf] sdfO{n] cfly{s sfFr'nL km]g]{x? klg k|;:t} 5g .

lh=l;=l;=sf n]vfkfn
cs'bsf] ck]|zg d]g]h/
ljgf]b cof{n
;Gtf]; k/fh'nL
3/af6 lx8]b]lv b' Mv bb{ / lk8fsf kxf8x? krfpb} cfPsf g]kfnL sfdbf/x? ox“f lgs}
6f7faf7f ePsf 5g . ;don] ;a} s'/f l;sfpbf] /x]5 . sfd ub} hfbf go“f go“f cg'ejx? Kflg ;+uflnb}
hfbf] /x]5 . ox“f ;a} k|sf/sf ;'vL b'vL g]kfnL e]6LG5g . clwsf+; g]kfnL b' MvL 5g . lsgls clwsf+;
g]kfnL tNnf] txsf] sfddf Go'g tnjdf sfd ub{5g . k};f 7"nf] s'/f xf]O{g ;Gtf]if g} 7"nf] s'/f xf] eg]/
k|jf;sf] c;xhtfnfO{ lal;{P/ d:t /fd aGg]x? klg 5g . sfd u/]/ ToxLdf klg v';L x'g] clwsf+;
g]kfnLx?sf] afgL g} eO{;s]sf] 5 . stf/df z'qmaf/ ;/sf/L labf x'G5 . To;} klg k|To]s z'qmaf/
;fyL;+uL st} e]6]/ ufp3/ lt/sf b]z lt/sf / dfofn'sf tfhf va/x? cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ ub{5 . ahf/df
cfPsf gof gof g]kfnL uLtsf l;l8x? hDdf ug{sf nfuL sltn] z'qmaf/ labfnfO{ k|of]u u/]sf x'G5g .
z'qmaf/sf lbg bf]xfsf] lal:dNnfdf g]kfnLsf] 7"nf] d]nf g} nfU5 . ;'v b'vsf kf]sf / u'gf;fx? a;fpg]
g]kfnLsf] rf}s eg]/ lal:dNnfnfO{ lrlgG5 .

l;l8 lsga]r ub}{ g]kfnL rf]s lal:dNnfdf g]kfnLx?

61
 of] b"/ e"uf]ndfg ;a} g]kfnL Ps 5g . kxf8] / dw];] eg]/ ox“f s'g} laefhgsf /]vf sf]]l/Psf
5}gg . k"a{sf] g]kfnL / klZrdsf] g]kfnL klg ldn]/ a;]sf] 5 . dgfËsf] ef]6]sf] ;fyL t/fO{sf] rf}w/L
aG5 . w]/} ;d:ofx?n] u|l;t aGbf klg xf;]/ afRg] g]kfnLsf] afgL 5 . sDklgdf sfd u/]/ Aofn]G; a9\b}
uPsf] cj:yfdf klg ufpsf] ;fx'“sf] rfqmo Aofh ;+Dem]/ ?b} a:g] x? klg k|;:t} e]l6G5g . >Ldltsf
uxgf / eft vfg] ulxl/ v]t slxn] aGbuL d'Qm kfg]{ xf]nf eg]/ cf}nf efrL a:g]x? klg 5g . cfh ef]nL
ubf{ ub} / ;fx'“sf] C0f lt5'{ eGbf eGb} a;f}+ laltlbG5 t/ 3/ kms{g] ;fFOt gh'/]sfx? Kflg k|;:t} e]l6G5g
. 3/ kl/jkf/nfO{ ;lDemb} b' Mv u/]/ sdfPsf] kl;gfsf] ax'd'No sdfO{nfO{ hDdf ub}{ 3/ u[xl:t
rnfpg]x? klg d:t ;+u z'qmaf/ ljbf dgfp5g . ;fyL;+uL;+u sDklg /fd|f] gePsf / nfdf] ;do tnj
gkfPsfx? sDklg 5f]8]/ bLg uGtL sfd ug{ bf}l8/x]sf klg e]l6G5g . dfbs kbf{y ;]jg ul/ e}memu8f
ug]{x? h'jf tf;df /ft lbg /Dg]x? / ljb]zL lk/ltdf kfun x'g]x? sltko bf]xfdf :jR5Gb 3'ld/x]sf 5g
t sltko 3/hfg] bLg uGb} lkmlt{ s]Gb|df cf/fdsf] hLGbuL a“frL /x]sf 5g . x'bfx'b} stf/df klg
ljleGg 8\ofË 8'Ë ug]{ o"jfx?sf] hdft g} alg;s]5 . laleGg UofË agfpb} lgl:sg]qmddf 5g, g]kfnL
d'Gb|]x? .
stf/df laleGg ;fdflhs ;flxlTos ;+.:s[lts wfld{s sfo{qmdx?df nfUg] g]kfnLx? Kflg k|;:t
5g . /fhgLlts emg rsf]{ ?kdf x'G5 ox“f . g]kfnL Jofj;flos Aofj;los ljr g} /fd|f] ;DaGw 5}g .
Pp6fsf] ;DkGgtfn] csf]{ g]kfnLnfO{ lyR5 . x/fpg] / lhtfpg] v]n u'6 / pku'6sf] /fhgLlt / k|ljlwsf
nflu vf]lng] gfd dfqfsf ;fdflhs ;+3, ;+:yf ;fy} g]kfnLnfO{ 7Ug] dfga t:s/x?sf] laulauL g} b]Vg
kfOG5 . bf]xfsf s'g} s'gfsf] kfs{df a;]/ jf s'g} SofDk Pl/ofsf] lelq 6]a'ndf a;]/ gSsnL le;fsf
sf/f]af/ ug]{x?n] ;'gf}nf of]hgfx? Klg a'gL /x]sf x'G5g . g]kfnLnfO{ lauf{g] km;fpg] / pgLx?sf] kl/jf/
a/jfb agfpbf ;Gtf]ifn] ;fz km]g]{x?sf] nfdf] k+lQma¢ nfOg g} 5 ox“f . s'g sDklgdf slt leiff 5g
cfkm'nfO{ slt cfp5 eg]/ lx;fj hf]8b} ;do sf6\g]x? klg 5g . ;a} eGbf al9 rn]sf] ;AbfjnL rfxL
rDrf lu/L xf] stf/df . ;a} g]kfnLsf SofDkdf rDrf uLl/ zAb k|Voft 5 . Pp6f g]kfnL n] cfkm\gf]
Ifl0fs :jfy{sf] nflu csf]{ g]kfnLnfO{ alnsf] af]sf agfpg] rng klg gePsf] xf]Og . To:tf g]kfnLnfO{
tx nufpg] klg 5g oxf .
stf/df ;a} eGbf km:6fPsf Dofg kfj/sf bnfnx? g} x'g . lg Mz'Ns k|fKt x'g] leiff ;d]t pN6}
sld;g lbP/ ;lhn} lnG5g bnfnx?n] . clg e]8f / afv|f em} a]R5g g]kfnLnfO{ Pp6f g]kfnLn] csf]{
g]kfnLnfO{ p;}sf] k};fn] e]8fafv|f em} a]lrlbG5g ;Q/L xhf/sf] 6f]kL le/]/ cfPsf] axfb'/ bf]xfsf] ljdfg
:yndf xKtf} lbg a|t a:5 of] d?e"ldsf] 3fd krfpg cem} 3/sf] ;d:of b]vfP/ k};f ;fk6L dfUg] / lbg]
a]nfdf b'nxL xf]xNnf dRrfpg]x?sf] v]tL km:6fpbf] 5 . To;f] t cfkmGtnfO{ le;f lgsfNg eg]/ k};f
klxNo} lbPsfx? Nfktf eO{lbbf nfdf] ;':s]/f xfNb} st} e]l6xfN5' ls eg]/ lx8g]x? klg 5g . ;du|df ;a}
k|sf/sf g]kfnL 5g . stf/sf] tftf] afkmnfO{ lkpb} kl;gfsf] ;Ënf] gbL aufpg]x? o;/L u'gu'gfp5g

b'O{ jif{ t k'luuof] cj ufp“ lkm5'{ d}n]

k|jf;df xf/]klg cfºg} ufp“df lhT5' d}n]

62
 stf/df g]kfnL dlxnf sfdbf/sf] cj:yf
stf/df dlxnf sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof olt g} eg]/ olsg eGg ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g . stf/df eg] cGo
vf8L /fi6«x?df dWo g]kfnL dlxnf cln al9 :jtGq 5g\ . t/ klg oxf b'O{ k|sf/sf dlxnf sfdbf/
/x]sf5g\ . ;+ul7t If]qdf sfdug]{ dlxnf h:t} d"ntM ljleGg c:ktfndf g;{, cyjf lSnlgª sDkgLdf
lSng/sf] sfd ug]{ dlxnfx? tyf c;=ul7t If]q cyjf 3/u[x:yLdf sfd ug]{ xfp;d]8x? . xfn stf/df
;+ul7t If]qdf sfd ug]{ dlxnfx?sf] ;+Vof a9\b} 5 . Pg cf/ Pg P sf at{dfg s]lGb|o ;lra ;fu/
g]kfnsf] egfO{ df ;+ul7t Pjd\ c;+ul7t b'a} If]qdf u/L sl/j %)) hgf g]kfnL dlxnfx? oxfF sfd
ub{5g t/ vf8L b]z c;+ul7t If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ dlxnfx?nfO{ g]kfnL ;/sf/n] cg'dlt glbg] kl/k|]Ifdf
pgLx? cgf}krf/Ls af6f] af6 stf/df k|j]z ug]{ x'bf pgLx?sf] ;+Vofdf olsg ug{ cK7\of/f] k5{ .
stf/df 3/df xfp;d]8sf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ dlxnfx? ;Dks{ lalxg 5g . t;y{ o:tf dlxnfx?sf] ;+Vof g}
kQf] x'b}g .

stf/sf] Pp6f lSnlgË sDkgLdf sfo{/t g]kfnL dlxnfx?

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfnfO{ k7fpg' kfO{g] gofF Aoj:yf cfd hfgsf/Ldf 5}g . o;sf] cefjdf

clxn] klg b}lgsh:tf] ef/tsf] af6f] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ klg stf/ hfg] g]kfnL dlxnfsf]
;+Vof olsg ug{ sl7g k/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ ltgs]faf/]df oyfy{ a'em\g ;/sf/L ;+oGqnfO{ xDd] –xDd]
k/]sf] 5 . ut ebf} b]lv x'g yfn]sf] of] Aoj:yf af/] oltsf dlxgf;Dd cfd gful/s ;"lrt x'g;s]sf]
5}gg\ . j}wflgs af6f] x'b} stf/ k|j]z u/]sf dlxnfx?sf] ;+Vof Hofb} Go"g kfOG5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Pg
)^$ n] 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf klg stf/ nufPt cGo c/jL d'n'sx?df hfg dlxnfnfO{ af6f] v'Nnf
u/]sf] xf] stf/df sfo{/t dlxnfx? ljleGg tx / tKsf ;Dd k'u]sf kfO{G5g . stf/ k]6«f]lnod, stf/
Po/j]h, ljleGg ;lkË ;]G6/x?df Sofl;P/, ljleGg c:ktfn,dlg 6«fG;km/,xf]6n,l/;]K;g,xfp;d]8 /
lSng/sf ?kdf kfO{G5 . stf/df ;+ul7teGbf c;+ul7t If]q h:tf] 3/]n' sdbf/sf nflu hfg] dlxnfx?n]
a9L ;d:of a]xf]g'{ k/]sf] 5 . pgLx? dWo clwsf+zn] b]vfpg] cfˆgf ;d:ofsf ?kdf zfl//Ls,dfgl;s
63
oftgf kfPsf,yf]/} tna kfpg],;dodf tnj gkfpg], w]/} sfd ug'{ kg]{,;dodf vfgf vfg gkfpg],s'6lk6
x'g] tyf of}g b'{Aojxf/ x'g] cflb kb{5g . To:t} sltko g]kfnL dlxnf eg] cfw'lgs /xg;xg ePsf]
ljb]zL 3/u|[x:yLdf k|of]u x'g] ;/;fdfg rnfpg k6Ss} ghfGg] x'bf 3/ dflnssf] lzsf/ ePsf] tyf
dflifs tyf ;fF:s[lts b[li6«sf]0fn] leGg b]zdf /xbf 3/ kl/jf/sf] ;+emgfn] cfs|fGt /x]sf] klg kfO{Psf] 5
. c/j ;+:s[ltdf dlxnfx? clwsfF; ;do 3/leq} /xg] klg v'nf ;dfhjf6 cfPsf xfd|f dlxnf al9
dfqfdf 3/ kl/jf/sf] ;+emgfn] cfs|fGt aGb5g . To;sf ;fy} g]kfnsf bnfnx?n] tL dlxnfx?nfO{
ljb]zdf sfd ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] / ToxfF /xbf cf/fd;+u lbg latfP/ dlxgfsf] cGTodf xhf/f} ?lkof sdfpg
kfO{g] h:tf em'§f b]Vg] cfbt a;fO{ lbPsf] t/ ljb]z cfPkl5 jf:tfljstf lgtfGt km/s ePsf] x'bf
sltko dlxnf ;s];Dd oxfF af6 plDsg kfP x'GYof] eGg] /x]sf] kfO{G5 . ufFp ;x/df
;fyL;uL,kl/jf/hg;+u xf;L v]nL lx8]sf xfd|f] v'Nnf ;dfhsf dlxnfx? sfg'gsf] b]zdf kNnf] e"uf]nsf]
Pp6f 7"nf] 3/sf] rf/ lsNnfleq leGg /xg,;xg,snf,;fF:s[lt /Lltl/jfh,wd{,k/Dk/f;+u slt klg d]n
vfg ;Sb}g . cem} dfgj t:s/sf ufln / jrgn] pgLx?nfO{ lk/f]nL /xG5 . ljb]zdf sl7gfO{ k/]df t'?Gt
efu]/ b'tjf;sf] z/0fdf hfg] / /fhb'tfjf;sf] ;xof]udf g]kfn jf ef/t lkmtf{ cfPkl5 tTsfn} csf]{
b]zdf /fd|f] leiffdf k7fO{lbg] cfZj;g afF8]sf sf/0fklg w]/} g]kfnL dlxnf sfdbf/ oxfFsf] /xg;xg
efiff,;+:s[lt a'em]/ sfddf cEof; x'g'eGbf g]kfn kmls{g rfx]sf] ;d]t cg'ej 5 .
stf/sf] ;+ul7t If]qdf sfd ug]{ g]kfnL dlxnfx?sf] cj:yf cGo vf8L /fi6«x?sf] t'ngfdf /fd|f]
/x]sf] Ps cWogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . c/j /fi6« dWo]sf] Ps /fi6« stf/ xf] tfklg s§/ wfld{s gLod nufO{Psf]
5}g . g]kfnL dlxnf sfdbf/x? a'sf]{ - 6fpsf]b]lv v'§f;Dd 5f]Kg] sk8f _ gnufO{sg klg :jtGq ?kdf
lx88'n ug{ kfFpb5g\ . clkm;b]lv SofDk ;Dd s;}n] s]xL v/fjL ug]{ dg;fon] sfo{ u¥of] eg] tTsfn}
k|sfzgdf hfgsf/L u/fFpbf pgLx?n] ;'/Iff kfpb5g\ . stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnL dlxnfx? kl5Nnf
lbgx?df cem al9 ;lqmo ?kdf ljleGg ;fdfhLs ;+3, ;+:yfsf sfo{qmdx?df pkl:ylt hgfpg ;d]t
yfln;s]sf 5g\ . bf]xfdf lgld{t ljleGg ljwfsf g]kfnL Do"lhs lel8of]df stf/d} sfo{/t dlxnf
sfdbf/x?n] sfd rnfO{Psf 5g . lbgfg'lbg a9\bf] g]kfnLsf] pkl:yltn] ubf{ stf/df ljleGg lsl;dsf
;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdx? aflSnb} hfg yfln ;s]sf 5g . o:tf ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmdx?df ufoLsf / g[Toug{
snfsf/x?sf] cfk"lt{ pgLx? Aff6g} ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnL dlxnf sfdbf/x?n] cem}
;s[otfdf lthsf] eAo sfo{qmd ;d]t ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . oBkL s8f lgod / aGb]hdf a:g' kg]{ dfu klg
s]6L g]kfnL dlxnf sfdbf/x? sf] b}lgs gePsf] xf]O{g . SofDkdf af]n]sf] rsf]{ lgodn] ubf{ cfˆg}
OR5fePsf] 7fpdf hfg], ufFp,3/sf ;fyL ;ËL;+u e]63f6 ug]{,dg k/]sf] ;lkª ;]G6/df ;lkª ug{ hfg]
nufPtsf ;'ljwfaf6 cem} klg w]/} dlxnf kLl8t /x]sf 5g . sfd ug]{ 7fFpdf sxLn] sfFxL ckdflgt
x'g'kg]{ / of}ghGo ls|ofsnfkdf jfWotfjz ;fd]n x'g'kg]{ Psfw 36gfx? g36]sf klg xf]O{gg\ .
stf/df g]kfnL dlxnf sfdbf/sf] cj:yf cGo /fi6«x? lkmnLlkG;,OG8f]g]l;of,>Ln+sf / OlG8ofsf
dlxnf sfdbf/x?sf] eGbf bogLo b]lvG5 . Pp6} sfddf klg tnj :s]ndf tndfly x'G5 . cem} xfd|f]
u“fp, ;dfhdf vf8Ldf sfd ug]{ dlxnfnfO{ g/fd|f] b[li6\sf]0fn] x]g]{ ul/G5 . stf/df klg o:tf]
s[ofsnfksf] l;sf/ w]/} g]kfnL r]nLa]6L x'g' k/]sf] kfO{G5 . dlxnf sfdbf/x?s} ;'/Iff lbg] vf8L
d"n'sx?nfO{ g]kfnL dlxnf sfdbf/sf] uGtAo :yn agfpg g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f xf] .
o;sf nflu ;/sf/ tyf lghLIf]q b'a} nfeflGbt5g\ . ljb]zdf sdfP/ k7fpg]x?sf 3/ klg cfly{s ?kdf
alnof] x'b} uPsf] ;Totf xfd|f] ;fd' 5nË 5g\ . la:tf/} ufFp zx/df a:\b} u/]sf] dlxnf a]/f]huf/Lsf]
;+Vof ;/sf/sf] 6fpsf] b'vfO{sf] ljifo aGg ;S5 . To;}n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ cem dof{lbt Pjd\
pQ/bfoLk"0f{ agfpb} dlxnf sfdbf/ nfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug'{ kb{5 . g]kfnL lbbL
alxgLx? s'g}klg sfd ug{ ljb]z hfg :jtGq 5g\ . eGg] Aoj:yf af/] cflwsf/Ls tj/df ;/sf/n] k|rf/
k|;f/sf] kxn Pjd\ ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L lng' cfj:oStf 5 .

64
stf/df dlxnf sfdbf/ k7fpg' k"j{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug'{kg]{ sfo{x?
!_ o; ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{}sf nfuL ;DjlGwtkIfsf] ljz]o1 6f]nL stf/ cfpg' kg]{ / ptm
6f]nLn] a:t'l:yltsf] cWog u/L ;/sf/x?;Fusf] cGt/lsofaf6 cfj:os gLlt tyf lgod to ul/g' kg]{ .

@_ xfp;d]8 ;]S6/df clGtd :jLs[lt lbg'k"j{ dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff tyf pgLx?sf] xslxtsf] clej[l¢sf nflu
cfj:os ljifodf stf/l:yt ;DjGwLt lgsfo;+u 5nkmn tyf s'/fsfgL u/Lg'kg]{ .

#_ stf/ nufPt cGo vf8L /fi6«df sfdug{ cfpg] dlxnf k|ltsf] wf/0ff kl/jt{gsf nflu kxn ul/g' kg]{

$_ stf/ nufPt vf8L /fi6«x?df dlxnf sfdbf/ k7fpgsf] nflu s]xL d]gkfj/ Ph]G;LnfO{ dfq o;
;DjlGw ljz]if lhDd]jf/L lbg] sfg'gsf] lg{df0f ug]{ . ptm d]gkfj/ Ph]G;Ln] To;sf] ;Dk"0f{ pQ/bfoLk"0f{
lhDd]jf/L lng' kg]{ .

%_ g]kfnL dlxnfx?nfO{ stf/ nufot vf8L If]qx?df sfdug{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ / g]kfnL dlxnfnfO{ oFxfsf]
efiff,;+:s[ltsf] af/]df tflnd pknAw u/fpg] .

^_ xfp;d]8sf] ?kdf sfd ug{ OR5's g]kfnL dlxnfx?nfO{ cfw'lgs 3/u|[x:yLdf k|of]u x'g] pks/0f /
cfw'lgs ;dfhsf] /xg–;xgsf] af/]df ;fy} leGg efiff,;f+:s[lts ePsf] aGb ;dfhdf nfdf] cjlwel/
/xgsf lgldQ dfgl;s ?kdf tof/ agfpg ljleGg tflndsf] Aoj:yf ug]{ .

&_ g]kfndf stf/sf] /fhb'tfjf; :yfkgfsf] nflu kxn ug]{ .

*_ dlxnfnfO{ xfp;d]8sf ?kdf cfpg lbbf g} Ps p¢f/ ;ldlt :yfkgf ug]{ / ;f] nfO{ ;'ljwf ;DkGg
agfpg] ljleGg gLltut tyf sfg'gL Aoj:yf ug]{ .

(_ dlxnf sfdbf/sf] ;d:ofnfO{ d"n ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]hufl/sf] If]qdf b]vf kg]{ ;fdfGo ;d:ofaf6
cnUofpg g;lsg]x'bf tL ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf] lgldQ a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] If]qnfO{ a9L eGbf a9L
pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ agfpg] / To;sf] lgldQ >d tyf oftoft Aoj:yf dGqfno tyf >d tyf /f]huf/
k|a¢{g ljefusf] Ifdtf clej[l¢ ug]{ .

65
 stf/df sfdubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?
stf/ laZjd} ;'/lIft /fi6«dWo]df cu|k+lQdf kg{ cfpF5 . oxfFsf] k|zf;g Hofb} r':t 5 .
ljlwsf] zf;g 5 . stf/sf] cfˆg} gLlt / lgodx? 5g\ . lbgfg'lbg ljsfzsf] prfO{tkm{ nlDs/x]sf]
stf/df ljZjsf laleGg d'n'ssf sfdbf/x?n] sfd ub{5g\ . ljZjsf s'gf–s'gfsf sfdbf/x?sf]
ljljwtfnfO{ ;fdfGh:o NofpFb} Ps?ktfdf 9fNg kSs}klg ;xh 5}g\ . ef}uf]lns agfj6sf cfwf/df
stf/ Pp6f ;fgf] d?e'ldsf] b]z xf] . tfklg lbgk|ltlbg a9b} uPsf leGg efiff,w/ftn,xfjfkfgL,
l/ltl/jfh, ;+:sf/, /xg ;xg, ;dfhsf ;b:ox?nfO{ sfg'gn] afwg'kg]{ afWofTds cj:yf 5 . stf/n]
cfˆgf] b]zdf sfdug]{ sfdbf/sf] nflu, plgx?sf] ;]jf / ;'/Iffsf] nflu s8f sfg'gsf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5.
stf/df sfo{/t hf];'s}n] klg oxfFsf] sfg'gsf] k"0f{ ?kdf kfngf ug{ kb{5 . stf/sf] sfg'gsf] la?4df
sf]lx klg hfg ;Sb}gg\ . stf/df !) nfv eGbf al9 lab]zL sfdbf/ ePklg ILO eg] u7g ePsf] 5}g .
stf/df sfdug]{ sfdbf/n] oxfFsf] gLlt, lgodnfO{ k"0f{ ?kn] kfng ug{ kb{5 . sfdbf/sf] nfuL
sfdug]{ /fd|f] jftfj/0f 5 . xfdL 3/kl/jf/af6 6f9f eP/ ;ft ;d'Gb|kf/L cfpFg'sf] sf/0f g} /f]hL /f6Lsf]
nflu xf] . stf/ cfpg' k"j{ g} xfdLn] sDkgLsf] ;]jf / ;'ljwfdf /fhL eP/ cfPsf x'G5f}+ . Tolx ;]jf /
;'ljwf adf]lhd sfd gePdf xfd|f] b'tfjf;;+u ;xsfo{ ul/ hfg' ljjz x'G5f} . tf]lsPsf] ;]jf / ;'lawf
sDkgLn] lbPg eg]/ gf/f , h'n';, wgf{ cfbL s]xL klg ug{ kfOb}g\ . xfd|f] b]zdf h:tf] oxfFsf] sfg'g\ 5}g .
oxfF s'g} klg lab]zL sfdbf/n] sDklgsf] la?4df s]xL ug{ kfpFb}g . sDklgn] eg]sf] ;]jf / ;'lawf
glbPdf >d cbfnt 5 . oxfF sf] >d cbfnt xfd|f] b]zsf] h:tf] x'g] vfg] ;DklQjfn / ;Qfsf] zlQmn]
lglt lgofdnfO{ g} pN6fpg] h:tf] x}g . xfd|f] b]zsf] h:tf] ul/a lgd'vf / sdhf]/nfO{ dfq lgodn] afWg]
kl/kf6L oxfF 5}G. . oxfFsf] lgoddf ;a} a/fa/ 5g\ ;dfgtf 5 . 7"nf] / ;fgf], wgL / ul/a, /fi6«
/fli6«otfdf s'g} laefhg x'b}g . ;Qf ;lQmn] oxfFsf] lgodnfO{ vnaNofp ;Sb}g\ . stf/sf] s'gf–s'gfdf
k|zf;gsf] kx'Fr 5 . oxfF slxNo} rf]/L x'b}g\ . s;}n] c;'/lIft dxz'if ug{' klg kb}{g\ . oxfF slxNo} e'm6f]
af]Ng'x'b}g\ . sfg'gsf] gh/df k|ltalGwt sfd ug{klg x'b}g\ . gf/f, h'n'z, aGb, x8tfn, wgf{ rSsfhfd
ubf{ ub}{ cEof:tf ag]sf xfdLx?n] cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] nflu eg]/ o:tf sfdx? sbfkL ug{ x'b}g\ . stf/df
g t g]kfn aGbh:tf] stf/ aGb x'G5, g t dlxgf} ;Ddf rSsf hfd g} x'G5 . g t oxfF u'6 / pku'6 g}
5g\ . stf/sf] sfg'gn] s'g} klg lab]zL sfdbf/nfO{ s'g} klg ;+3 ;+:yfx? Vf]Ng] cg'dlt lbP5}g\. stf/
cfpg] hf] sf]xL g]kfnLn] klg cfˆgf] sfdnfO{ klxnf] k|yfldstfdf /fVg' kb{5 . cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] nfng
kfngsf] lzIff–lbIffsf] 7"nf] lhDd]jf/L af]s]/ cfPsf] jf:tfljstfnfO{ e'Ng' x'Fb}g. oxfF s'g} s'/fsf] c;'/Iff
dx;'; ;Dd ug{{ kb}{g\ . pkrf/sf] cefadf sf]xL s;}n] csfndf dg{ kb}{g\. stf/nfO{ sd{ ynf] agfP/
cfpg]x?n] ;j{k|d t oxfFsf] sfg'g, ;dfh /xg,;xg xfjfkfgL, ;fF:s[lt, efiff cflbnfO{ dxTjsf;fy lng'
k5{ . v'Nnf ;dfhdf :jtfGq k+lIf ;+u} p8\g] xfd|f] afgLnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf pGd'ng ug{ kb{5 . oxfFsf] aGb
;dfh / sfg'gL /fHodf cfk'mnfO{ ;Gt'lnt / lgolGqt /fVg' kb{5 . xfdL g]kfnLx?sf] csf]{ sdhf]/L
eg]sf] x]nrs|ofO{ xf] . xfdLn] cfˆgf] :jf:Yosf] af/]df slxNo} ;f]Rb}gf} . oxfFsf] xfjf kfgLnfO{ a'em]/ tb
cg';f/ cfk'mnfO{ ?kfGtl/t ug{ kb{5 . stf/df d[To'j/0f u/]sf cflwsf+z g]kfnLsf] cj:yfnfO{ s]nfpbf
c1fgtf / c;fIf/tf g} k|d'v sf/0fsf ?kdf kfO{G5 . csfn d[To' x'g] g]kfnLsf] ;+Vof a9b} hfg'g} o;sf]
k|d'v sf/0f xf] . To;}n] ;w} ;sf/fTds ;f]Rg' k5{ . tgfjaf6 d'lQm aGg'k5{ .;do cg';f/ cfk'mnfO{
k|:t't ug'{ kb{5 . stf/df hf8, /S;L, h'jf, tf; sfg'gL ?kdf b0bgL 5g\. t/klg clwsf+z g]kfnLx?
hfgL–hfgL o:tf s'/fx?df nflu /xG5. Pstf o:tfs'/fx?df nfUbf b'Mv u/]/ sdfPsf] sdfO{ vr{ x'G5
eg] csf]{tkm{ csf]{tkm{ sfg'gL ?kdf b0bgLof aGg'kb{5 . sfg'gsf] lvnfk u/]sf] sf/0fn] ;of} g]kfnL
bl0bt alg stf/sf] h]ndf ;hfo ef]uL/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf sfo{x?df nfu]sf w]/}sf kl/jf/ larNnLdf k/]sf
5g\ .aif}{ ;Dd 3/hfg] vr{ ;Dd geP/ 3/ ghfg]x? klg stf/df k|z:t} e]l6G5g\ . stf/ cfpbf lnPsf]
C0f @÷$ aif{;Dd ltg{ g;Sg]x? klg stf/df gePsf xf]O{gg\ . sltsf kl/jf/nfO{ wf]vf ePsf] 5g\ .
66
sltsf ;kgf r'l8Psf 5g\ . To;}n] k|jf;L hLjgsf] c:t Aof:ttfnfO{ ;xh?kdf lnb} cfk'mnfO{
;sf/fTds 9+un] k|:t't ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . cem} stL g]kfnLnfO{ lab]zL dfofsf] df]xn] uf8]sf] x'G5 . leGg
efiffsf] s8f sfg'gsf] s'g} af/, aGb]hn] aflwP/ dlxgfsf] ;a} tna lab]zL jf :jb]zL dlxnfk|lt ;d{lkt
ug]{ hfgL ghfgL lab]zL dlxnf;+u 306f} df]afO{ndf s'/f ug]{ xfnf sf8{ k7fO{ lbg] rngklg plt gf}nf]
rflx x}g dfof lk/tLsf] hfnn] slt g]kfnLnfO{ stf/sf] h]n ;Dd k'¥ofPsf] 5 t sltn] cfFTdfxTof ;Dd
u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] o:tf s'/fx?df k6Ss} ;f]+Rg' x'Gg\ . o:tf s'/fx? slx st} ePsf jf x'b} u/]sf eP klg
ltlgx?nfO{ lg?T;flxt agfpg] lhDd]jf/L xfdL ;a}sf] xf] .
stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLx? dWo] s]lxn] cfˆgf] b'Mv u/]/ sdfPsf] sdfO{nfO{ ljgf k|of]hg vr{ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . cfˆgf] jf:tlas w/ftnnfO{ lal;{P/ lx8]sfx? klg 5g\ . k|jf;Lg'sf sf/0fx?sf] 7"n} rfu+ aG5
t/ ;a} lal;{Psfx? klg gePsf x}gg\ . 3/ kl/jf/ cfkmGt ;a}nfO{ la;{g]x? klg st}st} e]l6G5g\ .
cfˆgf] cf}sft eGbf w]/} dfyLsf] x}l;oft psf:g rfxfg]x? klg 5g\ . 3/sf] b}nf]df 9's]/ a;]sf] ul/aLnfO{
lal;{P/ dTxf];L alg 5l/P/ kf]lvPsf g]kfnL bfh'efO{nfO{ g]zgn lt/ k|;:t} e]l6G5g\ . dlxgf lbg ;Ddf
vl6P/ tftf] afkm lkpb} sfdPsf] sdfO{nfO{ cg'Tkfbs P+a cgfj:os a:t'sf] nfuL vr{ u5{g\ . cfˆgf]
cfly{s x}l;ot eGbf al9sf] pkef]Uo a:t'sf] k|of]ufy{ h'6fp5g\ . o;} stL g]kfnL bfh'efO{ xftdf dx+uf]
df]afO{n af]s]/ lx8\bf prfO{ / dfg a9g] /f]usf] p;}klg /f]uL 5g\ . 3/df a'9f af sf] l;/sf] 6f]kL
plw|Psf] 5 . cfdfsf] u'Gof] rf]nL kmf6]sf] 5 laxfg a]n'sLsf] 5fs 6fg{ wf}–wf} kg]{ u/L ul/aLn] h/f] uf8]sf]
5, t/ klg s'g} dtna 5}g lab]z cfpbf lnPsf] C0f ;d]t glt/]/ ;fx'n] u}l/ v]t lnb}5 . t/ klg stL
g]kfnLn] g·n] sf]6\ofP/ v]lng] v]n v]Nb} dlxgf kl5 yfk]sf] tna Eofp5g\ . t/ ca cfpg] g]kfnLn]
o:tf s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' k5{ . stf/ cfpg' ;do sf6\g s} nfuL dfq xf] eg] t s]xL 5}g, gq o:tf
s'/faf6} lgtfGt 6f9f /xg' k5{ . hLGbuLsf dxTjk"0f{ a;Gtx? csf{sf] b]zdf latfpg' kg]{ sf/0fnfO{ sd
cf+sng ug'{ d'v{tf x'g] 5 . To;}n] stf/df sfdug]{ hf] sf]lxn] klg klxnf cfk'mnfO{ a'‰g'k¥of] kl/jf/sf]
bfloTj a'‰g'k¥of] / To;} cg'?k sfdug'{ g} >]os/ x'gcfp5 . slxNo} klg c?sf] s'enf] lrtfpg' x'Fb}g\ .
csf{sf] ;kmNftfn] cfkm'nfO{ g} lyR5 eGg] dfgl;stfsf] xTof ug'{ kb{5 . ;w} dgdf /fd|/L s'/fx?sf]
v]tL ug'{ k5{ . dg;fgf] ug'{ x'b}g . hlxn] klg s'g} ;[hgTds sfddf nfUg'k5{ . cfˆgf] ;donfO{ cGoqdf
vr{ ug'{ x'Fb}g / csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f g]kfnLn] g]kfnLs} rDrflu/L ug{'[ x'b}g g]kfnL bfh'efO{x?sf] efu
vf];]/ cfkm'nfO{ efUofdfgL / axfb'/ ePsf]df 3d08n] km'Ngx'Fb}g . ;a} g]kfnL Ps xf} eg]/ cfk;L
ldqtfsf] eft[Tjsf] clea[lb ul/ g]kfnLTj k|bz{g u/]/ xfF;L v';L a:g' k5{ . dft[ e'ldaf6 w]/} 6f9f
e'uf]nsf] cfsf]{ s'gfdf leGg w/ftndf plebf kSs}klg ;xh 5}g\ . k'u]/ vfF8L k:g] s'g} g]kfnL gxf]nf .
To;}n] cfˆgf] kl/jfl/s cjf:yf, / bfloTj a'em]/ lalaw k|lts'Ntfx?;+u h'Wb} ;w} ;sf/Tds ;f]+rsf ;fy
k|j;L hLjg latfpg' k5{ . xfdL h'g w/ftndf 5f}+, Tolx /dfP/ afFRg l;Sg'k5{, lsgsL cfkm\gf] km'n
la;L{P/ csf;sf] h'g vf]Hg' d'v{tf dfq x'g]5 / csf]{ s'/f x/]s rlDsg] a:t' ;'g jf lx/f x'Gg\ .

67
 stf/df g]kfnL cnkq kg'{sf d'Vo sf/0fx?
stf/df lbg k|ltlbg g]kfnL 7luPsf 36gfx? ;fj{hflgs x'b} gcfPsf xf]Ogg\ . g]kfnLnfO{ 7Ug] /
cnkqdf kfg]{ ;a} g]kfnL x'g . kl5Nnf] ;dodf stf/df dfgj t:s/x?sf] Pp6f /fd|f] / alnof] b:tf g}
ag]/ g]kfnLnfO{ 7Ug] ,ajf{b kfg]{ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\. g]kfnLx?n] g} ubf{ cfh sltko g]kfnLn] gf/lso
hLjg latfpg' k/]sf] 5 . stf/sf] sfg'g cg';f/ s'g} klg sDklgn] lab]zL sfdbf/ Nofpbf lgMz'Ns
Nofpg' kg]{ x'G5 . sDklgn] g} ;Dalwt sfdbf/sf] leiff / xjfO l6s6 lgMz'Ns pknAw ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . t/
xfd|f a}b]lzs /f]huf/L Aoaf;foLx?n] pN6f] sDklgnfO{ sld;g lbP/ ,sDklgsf] tnj :s]n ;d]t 36fP/
Nofp5g\ . lgMz'Ns ?kdf stf/ cfOk'Ug' kg]{ g]kfnLn] nfvf}+ ?lkof rlqmo Aofhb/df C0f sfl8
atf/ t k:5g\ t/ klg g]kfndf eg]sf] ;]jf / ;'lawf la/n} kfp5g\ . sltko t sDklg g}
km]nf gk/]/ cnkqdf kb{5 .
b]zdf a]/f]huf/ jlg c;fdfGo cj:yfdf ef}tfl//x]sf a]/f]huf/ o'jfx? ljb]z hfg] eGgf ;fy
;d:ofdf h]lnG5g\ . ;j{k|yd t lab]z hfgsf] nfuL kf;kf]6{ rflxof] . kf;kf]6{ agfpg] k};f ;Dd x'b}g
C0f sf9\g' k5{ . a]/f]hufl/nfO{ ;lhn} s;}n] kTofpb}gg\ . kTofO xfn] klg laleGg ;t{x? /fVb5g\ . h:tf]
;'s} 3fts :jfy{ ;u cg'alGwt eP/ d]gkfj/ Ph]G;L ;Dd cfOk'Ubf w]/} ;f:tL ef]lu;s]sf x'G5g
;fdfGotM stf/df cnkq kg]{ ufp3/sf clzlIftx? Gf} al9 x'G5g vf;ul/ cfkm' sfd ug{ hfg] d'n's
sfdsf] k|s[lt Toxf hfbf nfUg] vr{,cfkm\gf] tnj / ;'lawfsf] laifodf oyfy{ hfgsfl/ gkfpbf sfdbf/
7lug] u/]sf 5g\ . d]gkfj/ sDklgsf] b}nf] s'/]/ a:g] bnfnx? Gf} d'Vo bf]l; x'g\ . stf/df kfgLsf] ;§f
k]K;L lkpg] xf] elg ukm nfpbf /x]5g bnfnx?n] . h;n] stf/ b]v]sf] 5}g p;n] stf/sf] af/]df efif0f
u5{ . ufpsf ;f]emf p;}sf] s'/f la:jf; u5{ . / *) xhf./sf] la6f]df a]lrP/ leq sfd ug]{ ;kgf af]sL
stf/ k:5g\ . clg Po/kf]6{df g} larNnL k5{g sltko cfkmGt,;fyLefO{ 5/l5d]ssf] gftfaf6 klg
7luPsf 5g\ . stf/df a;]/ AofQmLut kxndf @,$ j6f leiffsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ AofQmLx?n] ubf{ o:tf
7luPsf 36gf al9 x'g . sfd ug{ lab]z hfg] sfdbf/ ;DjlGwt d]gkfj/ sDklg;u k''Ug ;Sb|}g .
;DjlGwt 7fpsf] klxrfg ug{ g;Sg' / 7'nf] cfly{s k|nf]egdf km;]/ bnfnsf] e/kbf{ sfdbf/ 7luG5g\ .
o;l/ 7lug]sf] ;Vof pn]Vo /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] /]s8{nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] gSsnL leiff agfP/ k7fpg] / stf/df gSsnL sDklg
v8f u/]/ 7Ug] k|j[tL stf/ ;/sf/sf] gLlt cg';f/ s'g} klg Aofj;foLn] cfkm\gf] Aofjzfosf] ;~rfnssf
nfuL s'g} klg b]zsf] sfdbf/ Nofpg kfpg] :jtGqtf 5 . stf/df /x]sf s'g} kgl AofjzfoLnfO{ g]kfnL
sfdbf/sf] cfa:stf k–of] eg] p;n] klxn] stf/ ;/sf/af6 sfdbf/ Nofpg] l:js[tL lng' k5{ stf/
;/sf/n] To; sDklgsf] j:t'l:ytLsf] cfwf/df lgl:rt sf]6f leiffsf] nfuL l:js[tL lbG5 To;}sf] cfwf/df
;DjlGwt sDklg b'tfjf;df k'Ub5g\ . clxn] g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] sfdbf/sf] leiff k|dfl0fs/0f ug{ ;'? u/]sf]
5 . g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] laleGg sDklgsf] jf:tljstf a'em\g] sfdsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL b'tfjf;n]
stf/sf] r]Dj/ ckm sd{; / lab]z dGqfnosf] l:js[tLsf cfwf/df dfq sDklgsf] dfukqsf]
la:jf;lgotsf] cfwf/df clGtd l:js[tL lbg] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] l:js[tL kZrft g} slnË leiff
hf/L x'G5 . Tolx leiffsf] cfwf/df g]kfnaf6 plNvt ;]jf / ;'lawf eg]/ g]kfnsf Ph]G;Lx?n] dfG5]
k7fp5g\ . eg] sfdbf/x?n] klg To;}nfO{ la:jf; u/]/ cfp5g\ . ljjw sf/0fn] ;Djlwt sfddf
/f]huf/bftfn] bIf g7x\/ofPdf /f]huf/bftfn] sj'lnot u/]sf] tnj,;]jf;'ljwf glbP/ sfdbf/sf] tnj
36fpg] sfd jf g]kfnn} kmsf{pg] sfd u5{g . stf/sf] d'Vo ;d:of g} olx xf] Pp6f sfd eg]/ cfPsf]
csf]{ sfddf kg{' / tnjdf 36a9 x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f g} olx xf] . /f]huf/bftfn] dfG5] NofP kl5 p;sf]
sfdsf] cfwf/df k'/fgf] Pu|Ld]G6nfO{ oyfjt /fVg] jf gof agfpg] p;sf] xftdf x'G5 /f]huf/bftfn]
leiff;u k7fPsf] Pu|Ld]G6 sfof{Gjg gu/]df oxf sfg'gL n8fO n8\g] x}l;ot g} x'b}g lsgls sDklgn]
sfdbf/ Nofpg oxfsf] >ddGqfnon] x]g]{ s'/} ePg /f]huf/bftfn] sfdbf/;u 5'§} gof Pu|Ld]G6 u/]/
>ddGqfnodf k7fp5 / resident permit sf nfuL cGo process cufl8 agfpb5 . g]kfnaf6
68
ul/Psf] ;+Demf}tf xf]Og ls stf/df sDklg;u ul/Psf] ;+Dem}ftf h'g oxfsf] >ddGqfnoaf6 l:js[tL x'G5
sfdbf/n] Tolx ;'ljwf kfpg] Uof/]G6L oxfsf] sfg'gn] ub{5 . To;}n] g]kfndf ul/Psf] ;+Demf}tfsf] s'g} sfd
g} b]lvGg t/ g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] cfkm\gf] b]zsf] sfdbf/sf] nfuL dfq ePdf ;DjlGwt sDklgnfO{ stf/sf]
>ddGqfnoaf6 clgjfo{ l:js[tL lng' kg]{ Aofa:yf ug{' kb{5 . o;f] ePdf g]kfnL sfdbf/n] leiff hfl/
ubf{ h'g tnj ,;]jf / ;'ljwf kfpg] elgPsf] x'G5 Tof] g} nfu' x'g] ul/ sfg'gL x}l;ot k|fKt ub{5g\ .
g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] kl5Nnf lbgdf a9]sf] 5 . o:tf] sfddf u}/ AofjzfoLx?sf] ;+Ungtf al9 kfOG5 .

7luaf6 aRg] pkfox?M

a}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg' eg]sf] 3/kl/jf/ 5f]8]/ e'uf]nsf] csf]{ s'gfdf leGg ;+:s[tL,w/ftn /
xfjfkfgL ePsf] d'n'sdf >d a]Rg hfg' xf] >d a]Rg hfg] eg] kl5 s'g sfddf cfkm\gf] bIftf 5 ,s'g
sfdcfkm\gf] nfuL pko'Qm 5 cfkm'n] larf/ ug'{ kb{5 To;sfd ;u la1 cfkmGt jf 5/l5d]ssf AofQmL
;u a'em\g' kb{5 ;s];Dd cfkm' hfg nfu]sf] d'n'sdf sfd u/]/ kmls{Psf ;u a'em\g' clt /fd|f] x'G5
To;kl5 cfkm\gf] sfuhft alnof] kfg'{ kb{5 . d]gkfj/ sDklgdf hfbf sDklgsf] ;DjlGWft AofQmLnfO{
e]6\g'k5{ / cfkm\gf] af/]df ;Dk'{0f oyfy{tf atfpg' k5{ cfkm' hfg nfu]sf] b]zsf]
efiff,/xg;xg,;+:s[tL,;dfh / sfg'gsf] af/]df ;fdfGo hfgsfl/ lng' kb{5 . efiff g} dxTjk'0f{ ePsfn]
efiff ;+jfbdf al9 hf]8 lbg' k5{ ;DjlGwt b]zsf] efiff geP klg c+u|]hL efiffsf] /fd|f] 1fg lng cfj:os
5 ;fdfGotMcfkm\gf ;d:ofx? /fVg ;Sg] x'g' kb{5 To;}ul/ >d tyf /f]huf/ laefun] tf]s]sf]
cled'lvs/0f tflnd clgjfo{ ?kdf lng' k5{ . pQm tflnd kl5 stf/sf] xfjfkfgL / Tofxfsf] sfd ug{
;Sg] jftfj/0f 5 ls 5}g < s:tf] sfdsf] s:tf] hf]lvd x'G5 To;af6 aRg s] s:tf pkfox? cjnDjg
ug'{ k5{ k};f k7fpg ;'/lIft /xg s] ug'{ k5{ < cflb nufotsf] laifodf hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 ;s];Dd
/fd|f sDklg vf]Hg' k5{ . s'g} klg s'/f ga'emL s''g} klg d]gkfj/df uO xfNg x'b}g . AolQmut stf/ cfpg
nfu]sf] xf] eg] t emg ;t{s x'g'k5{ .
d]gkfj/ sDklgn] sfdbf/ k7fpg] laifodf cfj]bg dfUbf /fhb'tfjf;af6 Kf|dfl0ft ePsf]
dfukq,cVtLof/Lkq, Ph]G;L ;+Demf}tf gd'gfkq / sfdbf/;u ul/g] s/f/ gd'gfkq >dljefudf k]z u/]/
dfq la1fkg ul/Psf] x'G5 plgx?n] la1fkg ubf{ sDklgsf] btf{ g+=,sfdbf/ k7fpg] d'n's,kb,;Vof,;]jf
,;'ljwf,tnj / vr{ ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf x'G5g\ To;df cfkm'n] hfg]sf] sfd 5}g eg] jn ug{' x'b}g .
sfdbf/n] leiffdf / /f]huf/ ;Demf}tfnfO{ t'ngf u/]/ hfr ug' k5{ . ;a}eGbf dxTjk'0f{ sfd g} olx xf]
o;f] ePdf stf/sf clwsf+; ;d:ofx? :jMt lgjf/0f x'g]5g\ . o;/L stf/ cfpg] sfdbf/n] k'g gof
Pu|Ld]G6 gu{bf klg x'G5 . stf/df sfdbf/sf ?kdf lelqPsf ;a} g]kfnLx?n] employment contract
u/]sf] x'g' k5{ / To;sf] Psk|lt cfkm\gf] xftdf ;w}+ /fVg' k5{ of] g} sfg'gL n8fO{ n8\g] 7'nf] c:q xf] .
To; Pu|Ld]G6df ePsf] tnj ,;]jf;'ljwf sfdbf/nfO{ lbg /f]hufl/bftf afWosf/L x'G5 . sfdbf/sf] xltof/
g} employment contract nfO{ a}wflgstf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . h;sf] k'0f{ ?k o;k|sf/ 5 .

69
ldlt ==============================df ===============================

>L ====================================kb===============================
7]ufgf==================================klxnf] ;d"x - /f]huf/bftf _

>L=================================
/fxbfgL g+M=====================
AolQut ÷kfl/jfl/s kl/ro kq gM+====================
jf;:yfg============================
7]ufgf================================ bf]>f] ;d"x - >lds _
b"O{ ;d"xx? tn pNn]lvt s"/fx?df ;xdt ePsf 5g\ .
bf]>f] ;d"x klxnf] ;d"xsf] nflu ==============kbdf dfl;s tnjdf g============
df stf/df sfd ug{ ;xdt ePsf] 5 .

s_ ;+emf}tfsf] cjlw of] ;+eemf}tfsf] cjlw ,ldltn] stf/df sfdz"? u/]sf] ldltb]lv !÷@ jif{ ;Ddsf]
x'g]5 . klxnf] ltgdlxgfdf kl/If0f sfn x'g]5 o;df /f]huf/bftfn] sDtLdf kl/If0fsfn ;dfKt x'g] cjlw
eGbf # lbg cufj} ;"rgf lbO{ tof] ;+emf}tf /4 ug{ ;Sg]5 . >ldsnfO{ g]kfn kmls{bf nfug] ;Dk"0f{ vr{
/f]huf/bftfn] Aoxf]g]{ 5 . olb kl/If0f sfn ;Gt'li6sf] ;fydf k"/f ePdf ;f] ;+emf}tf stf/df sfd z"?
u/]sf] ldlt b]lv dfGo x'g]5 of] ;+emf}tf o;sf] cjlw k"/f x'g] ldltdf s'g} ;"rgf ljgfg} ;dfKt x'g]5 .
olb sfdbf/bftfn] sfdsf] cjlw yKg rfx]df >ldsnfO{ of] ;+emf} ;dfKt x'g] slDtdf Ps dlxgf cufj}
lnlvt hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{ 5 .

v_ of] ;+emf]tf ;dfKtx'g] cjlw eGbf cufj} /f]huf/bftf / >ldss} ;xdltdf lagf /4 ug{ ;lsg]5 /
>ldsn] sfd 5f]8\g' eGbfk"j{ /f]huf/bftfnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ C0f r'stf ug'{ kg]{ 5 .

u_ /f]huf/bftfn] tf]lsPsf] ;do eGbf jl9 >ldsn] sfd u/]jfkt kfpg' ug]{ kl/>lds of] wf/fsf]
cg'r5]b -s_ jf of] wf/fsf] cg'R5]b -v_ cg';f/ k"0f{ ul/Psf] sfdsf] k|df0f d'tfljs :jd\ ljz]if sf8{
h"g sfd k"0f{ ul/Psf] lbgsf] cGTodf /f]huf/bftfnfO{ /lhi6]zg sf] nflu lbg]5fk ;dfj]z u/L lg{b]zg
ug]{ 5 .

-3_ ;]jfsf] cGodf kfpg' ug]{ pkbfg==================

Jff;:yfg tyf b}lgs a;fO{ M
Ö /f]huf/bftfn] ldsnfO{ pko'{qm / lgz'Ns jf;;yfg k|bfg ug]{ 5 . h;df ;'Tg] la:t/f tyf ;'xfpbf]
:gfgu|[xx? x'g]5g\ . ;f] jf;;yfgdf cfj:os 9s lgsf;,ljh'nL tyf :jf:Yosf] lx;fjdf a:gof]Uo x'g]5
.
:jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs x]/rfx M
Ö /f]huf/bftfn] stf/df k|rlnt lgod sfg"g d"tfljs >ldsnfO{ :jf:Yo pkrf/ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ 5
Ö >ldsn] p;sf] sfd ubf{ ub}{ jf sfdsf] sf/0fn] rf]]6,k6s nfu]df c+ueu ePdf jf d[To'x'g uPdf
stf/L sfg'g d'tfljs kfpg'kg]{ Ifltk"lt{ /f]huf/bftfn] pknAw u/fpg] pQ/bfloTj lng]]5 .
labf
Ö >ldsn] k|To]s aif{ slDtdf klg tLg xKtfsf] tnaL labf kfpg] 5 .
Ö tn pnn]lvt ljbfx?df >ldsn] k"0f{ kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{5 .

70
 Ob cn lkmt/ -ltg lbg_
Ob cn cwf -ltg lbg_
Ob cn Ol:tsnfn - :jtGqtf lbj;_
>ldsn] O{bsf] ltg lbg k"0f{ kfl/>lds ljbf kfpFg] 5 . o:tf ljbfx?sf] af/]df /f]huf/bftfn] lg0f{o
ug]{ 5 .
Ö >ldsn] stf/L sfg'g d'tfljs sfd z'? u/]sf] tLg dlxgf k"0f{ kfl/>lds lj/fdL ljbf kfpFg] 5 .
ofqf vr{ M

s_ /f]huf/bftfn >ldssf] ofqf vr{ g]kfnsf] sf7df08f}b]lv stf/ cfudgDd Aoxf]g]{5 . ;fy} kms{bf
nfUg] vr{klg Aoxf]g]{5 . /f]huf/ bftfn] >lds ljbfdf hfFbf nfUg] bf]xf]/f] ofqf vr{ /f]huf/ ;+emf}tfdf eP
adf]lhd a]xf]g]{5 . o:tf ofqf vr{x?df /f]huf/AoflQmn] /fxbfgL agfpbf nfUg] vr{ jf s'g} jf/]G6 ljgf
ul/Psf e'QmfgL eg]{ 5}g\ .

v_ /f]huf/bftfn] tnsf dfldnfx?df >lds kmls{bf nfUg] vr{ ltg{ jfWo x'g] 5}g .
!_ ;+emf}tf cjlw ;dfKtx'g'eGbf cufj} >ldsn] /fhLgfdflbPdf
@_ olb >ldsn] cg'zf;g,sfg'g jf gLlt ljkl/t sfdu/L ljgf ;'rgf / pkbfg gkfpg] u/L stf/sf]
>lds sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd lgnDag ePdf .

k]ZsL
s_ /f]huf/bftfn] olb >ldsn] rfx]df k]ZsL :j?k ========= cIf]?kL nueu - Ps dlxgfsf] tnj j/fj/sf]
_========================== k|To]s dlxgfsf] tnjdf !) k|lt;tn] sf§fu/L >ldsnfO{ g]kfnaf6 ofqf ug{ k"j{
k|bfg ug]{ 5 .

v_ o;/L ul/g] s§L >ldsn] sfd z'? u/]sf] dlxgfkl5sf] csf]{ dlxgfb]lv nfg' x'g]5 .

u_ dflysf b'O{ a'bfx? >ldsnfO{ stf/L l/ofndf k|bfg ul/Psf cGo C0fx?sf] k|l/k]Iodf nfu' x'g]5 .

tnj / pkbfg - kfl/>lds tyf pkbfg _

s_ b}lgs dfl;s >ldssfnflu v'b tnj s=l/==============k|ltdlxgf lbg,xKtfsf] $* 306f sfd u/]jfkt
k|bfg ul/g] 5 / >ldsn] xKtfsf] Ps lbg tnjL ljbf kfpFg] 5 . >ldsn] lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] ;doeGbf
a9L sfd u/] afkt klg kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{ 5 .

v_ pTkfbg sfo{sf] jf 6's|f sfo{sf] jf sfd sfo{sf] >ldssf]nflu cfwf/e't kfl/>lds stf/L l/ofn
=============== b}lgs sfo{ ;dkfbgsf] Ifdtf x]/L tn pNn]lvt k]zf / Ifdtf x]/L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
=================================================================
==========================================================================================
>ldsn] k"/f sfo{ ge}hfg] kl/l:yltdf >ldsn] k|fKt ug]{ Hofnf stf/L l/ofn=================x'g]5 .

u_ lgh cfkm} s'g} klg /fhg}lts tyf wfld{s dfldnfdf x:tfIf/ gug{ / :yfgLo rfn rng / k/Dk/fO{
dfGg / ;Ddfg ug{ ;xdt .

71
3_ of] ;+emf}tf ;xdltsf] cg'R5]bx? stf/L >d sfg'g / o;sf] sfo{sfl/0fL lg0f{ox?af6 lgb]{lzt 5g\ /
b'O{ kIfsf] jLrdf emu8f jf dgd'6fj kg{ uPdf stf/L sfg'g / o;sf sfo{sf/L lg0f{ox? Gf} cfwf/
dflgg] 5 .

ª_ b'j} b]zsf] clVtof/ k|fKt clwsf/Lx?sf] x:tfIf/ kZrft of] ;+Demf}tf nfu' x'g]5 .

cGo cg'R5]bx? M
s_ >ldsn] cfˆgf] sfo{ p;sf] k]zf d'tfljs lrQa'em\bf] z}nLdf ug{sf] nflu ;xdt 5 . o:tf] gePdf
>ldsnfO{ jf hl/jfgf ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

v_ cGox?df / /f]huf/bftfx?n] >ldsnfO{ csf]{ s'g} /f]huf/bftfsf] sfddf stf/L lgodn] glbP;Dd
nufpg] clwsf/ /xg] 5}g . of] ;+Demf}t c/ljs,g]kfnL / c+u|]hLdf n]vL rf/d'Vo k|ltlnkLdf k|sflzt
ul/Psf] 5 . Psk|lt /f]huf/bftfnfO{,csf]{ >ldsnfO{,t]>f] gful/s ;]jf sfo{ tyf cfjf; dGqfno -stf/_
/ rf}yf] >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno -g]kfn _ df /flvG5 . c/ljs efiffdf tof/ kfl/Psf]
;+emf}tfnfO{ gful/s ;]jf sfo{ tyf cfjf; dGqfno / stf/ Gofonox?n] dfGotf k|bfg ug]{ 5 .
klxnf] ;d'x -/f]huf/bftf_ bf];|f] ;d'x ->lds_
k|df0f k|df0f
>d tyf oftfoft Aoj:yfdGqfno stf/ PDj];L jf sG;'n] g]kfn
sf7df08f} g]kfn

72
 stf/sf] leiff hfRg] tl/sf
stf/ ;/sf/n] s'g}klg ljb]lz sfdbf/nfO{ d"n's leqofpg' k"j{ k|j]z cf1f hf/L u5{ . tjdfq
s"g} klg b]zsf sfdbf/ stf/ cfpFg ;S5g\ . stf/ ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] cflwsf/Ls j]e ;fO{6 df o;sf]
ljj/0f v'nfPsf] x'G5 .
cflwsf+z g]kfnLx? gSsnL leiffsf sf/0fn] stf/df cnkqdf kg]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L
cnkqdf kg]{x? s]fxL stf/sf] Po/kf]6{df g} ;dfltG5g\ . eg] sfxL sDkgL km]nf gk/L Tolts} ljrlNndf
kb{5g . stf/df sfd ug{ ;Sg] s'g} jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g g;Sbf o:tfx? g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] cf>o:yndf
z/0f lng k'Ub5g\ . To;}n] stf/ cfpg' k"j{ ;DjlGwt ;a} sfdbf/n] stf/ ;/sf/sf] cflwsfl/s j]e
;fO{6 df uP/ le;f hfFr ug'{ k5{ . o;f] ul/of] eg] gSsnL le;faf6 x'g] jbdf;L /f]lsG5 . stf/sf]
leiffnfO{ hfFr ug]{ tl/sf o; k|sf/ 5 .

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73
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a}b]lzs /f]hufl/df hfbf xf];\ jf hfg'k'j{ cfkm' 7luPsf] dx;'; eP To; la?4 sfg'gL pkrf/ ug]{
laleGg pkfox? 5g\ . lab]z hfg'k'j{ 7luPsf] xf] eg] >d tyf kj{4g laefusf] sfof{nodf ph'l/ ug'{ k5{
. olb stf/ cfO;s]kl5 7luPsf] dx;'; ePdf g]kfnL b'tfjf;df ;Dks{ ug'{ k5{ . ;+Demf}tf cg';f/ tnj
;'ljwf gkfP sDkgL km]nf gk/]/ Po/kf]6{ cnkq k/] gSsnL leiffsf] sf/0fn] b'Mv kfP jf s'g} ;d:of
k/]df g]kfnL b'tfjf;df ;Dk{s ug'{ k5{

stf/sf] nfuL 7]ufgf o; k|sf/ 5

g]kfn /fhb'tfjf;
:yfg M leNnf g+=!# l:6«6 g+= *!)
$@ lag jhfx bf]xf stf/ -l; l/Ë /f]8 uNkm 6fOD;sf] sfof{no,glhs _
Kf]fi6 aS; g+= M @#))@
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O{ d]n M newdoha@qatar.net.qa
Jf]e ;fO6 M www.nembdoha.org.qa
nembdoha@qatar.net.qa

g]kfndf
>d ytf /f]huf/ k|jb{g ljefu
kmf]g M $$^!@((,$$^!@(%,$$&&^&!,$$()*@^
km\ofS; g $$&&^&# dxfb]j :yfg gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}

74
 sDkgL 5f]8]/ efu]sf g]kfnLsf] cj:yf
cfˆgf] Pp6f Sponsor sf] cg'dlt a]uf/ sfd 5f8]/ csf]{ s'g} sDkgLdf sfd ug'{nfO{
stf/df b08gLo dflgG5 . stf/sf] >d sfg'gsf Aoj:yf eP adf]lhd h'g sDkgLdf cfPsf] xf], To;}
sDkgLdf sfd ug'{ kb{5 jf klxnf] Sponsor af6 Noc lnP/ dfq cGo s'g} bf>f] sDkgLdf sfd kfO{g]
sfg'gL Aoj:yf 5 . stf/L sfg'gdf pNn]v eP cg'?kn] st{Ao oxfF sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ sfdbf/n] k"/f ug'{
kb{5 . klxnf ox“fsf] sfg'gdf Noc lbg] Aoj:yf ePtfklg xfn cfP/ oxfFsf ;/sf/n] g} o; Ao:yfsf]
af/] hfgsf/L lbg] t;y{ stf/sf clgR5fk'a{s dhb'l/ ug{ nufOg] /fi6«sf] ;'lrdf kb{5 .
xfd|} b]zsf dfga t:s/x?sf] a]Odflg k'0f{ v]ndf efl;P/ lab]z l5/]sf ;kgf af]ls sof}
g]kfnLx?df cfkm}n] eg]sf] sfd / tna gkfP kl5 km|i6]zg x'g yfN5g . ufpdf ;fx'“;+u lnPsf] rsf]{ l/0f
hf]l8b} u/]sf] Aofhn] ubf{ cfkm'n] ;f]r]sf] lab]z / jf:tlas lab]zdf kfPsf] cGt/n] ubf{ p;sf] dgdf
lxgtfaf]w ,lg/f;f / lk8faf]w ylk hfG5 . lab]z cfpbf lnPsf] l/0f ltg{ dfq a;f} nfUg] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf
x'g k'U5 . Pp6f sfd eg]/ cfPsf] t/ oxf cs}{ sfd ug' kg]{ afWotfn] ubf{ dgleq uxf}{ af]´sf] ;'gfld
rNg yfN5 . y'r'Ss} lyr]sf] ufpn] ´'kl8 leqsf] af; / l98f]sf] uf;nfO{ ;+lD´b} dlxgf} dfG5] a]Rg]
nfO;]G; kfPsf dfga t:s/sf b/af/ tkm{ 8f]l/bf yfs]sf] kfOnf / 5'/f h:tf 3f]lr /xg] ;fx' dxfhgsf
ltvf argx?nfO{ ;D´bf stf/sf] a;fOnfO{ 5f]6\ofpg ;lhn} sxf ;S5g / ;kgfsf] 7"nf] ef/L af]s]/
stf/sf] s'gfdf l5/]sf ;kgf ef]uL w]/} g]kfnLsf ljkgfx? jf:tfljstfdf cfO{k'Ubf IftljIft alg ;s]sf
x'G5g . v08x/ eP/ 6'ls|G5g . pgLx?sf ;kgfsf k'lnGbfx? s'g} cl:yTj gePsf cf:yfx? Efm} e]l6G5g\
. clg s'g} sfg'gL af/ aGb]hx?n] pgLx?nfO{ 5]Sg ;Sb}g . cfˆgf] sDkgL leqsf] rf/ lsNnf leq c6fFpg
;Sb}gg\ . clg sDkgL 5f]8]/ efUg ljjz aGb5g\ .
aflx/ stf/df sDkgLdf sfd ug]{sf] eGbf efu]/ sDkgL 5f]8]/ sfd ug}{sf] t'nfgfdf sdfO{ /fd|f]
x'G5 . lsgsL efu]/ sfd ug]{sf] nflu le;f nufpg' kb}{g . a:g] SofDksf] Aoj:yf Aofj;foLn] ul/lbg'
kb}{g, cf}wf]uLs ljsfzdf b|'t/ ultdf nlDs/x]sf] stf/df sfd kfpg Tolt ufXf] 5}g . o:tf euf}8]x?nfO{
sfddf Nofpbf y'k|} kmfO{bfx? x'g] x'gfn] klg s]xL Aoj;foLx?n] sDkgL 5f]8]/ efUg pS:ofO{ /x]sf] kfO{G5
. 5f]6f] ;dodfg} w]/} sdfpg] nf]edf km;]/ xhf/f} g]kfnLx? sDkgL 5f]8]/ aflx/ sfd ul//x]sf] 5g\ .
s'g}klg sDkgL 5f8]/ efu]sf] euf}8]sf] kf;kf]6{ nufPt p;sf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f ;DjGwLt sDkgLn] stf/sf]
l;=cfO{=8L=df lbbf stf/sf] sfg'gn] pnfO{ bf]ifL 7x¥ofp5 lsgsL p;n] sDkgLsf] Noc lagf g} cfFkm"
v';L sDkgL 5f8]sf] xf] . p;nfO{ oxfFsf] k|zf;gn] vf]Hg yfN5 . stf/df s'g} klg sDkgL 5f]8\gf ;fy
p;sf] /]l;8]G6 k|ld6 ;lsG5 . stf/df sfd ug{ cfPsf g]kfnLn] /]l;8]G6 k|ld6 lng'k5{ . t;{y sltko
g]kfnL sfdbf/x? EfFfFu]sf] s]xL lbg leq} h]n kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
stf/df oltg} g]kfnL sfdbf/ sDkgL 5f]8]/ efu]sf 5g . eGg] s'g} cflwsf/Ls ljj/0f g]kfn
;/sf/sf s'g} klg tx / tKsfdf gkfO{P klg !) xhf/ eGbf al9 g]kfnLx? EfFfu]/ sfd ug{ ljj; 5g\ .
sDkgL 5f]8]/ efu]/ sfdug{ s:sf] /x/ lyof] xf]nf / < ljljw jfWotf / ;d:ofx?sf] kmGbfdf k/]/ efUg'
k/]sf] s'/f atfp5g pgLx? Û stf/df efu]/ sfd ug{ Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g,;fgf] b]z s8f sfg'g,stf/sf]
afn'jfsf] s0f—s0fdf k|;fzgsf] jlnof] pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] k|;fzgsf] gh/df sf]xL klg Pskn
l5Kg ;Sb}g . efu]/ sfd ubf{ sf]xL klg ;'/lIft x'b}g,stf/df efu]/ sfd ug]{x?sf ;d:of w]/} 5g .
efu]/ sfdubf{ ;j{k|yd dgdf ;w} 8/ / qf;dfq a9\5 . sfd ubf{ ub}{ s'g a]nf ;dfltg] xf] s'g} 7]ufg
x'b}g . sfd u/fpg] d'lb/sf] pQmL ;f:tL a]xf]g'{ k5{ . p;n] eg] cg';f/ gu/] t'?Gt} h]n k'¥ofO{lbG5 .
eg]sf] a]nfdf tnj lbb}g . /ftlbg sfddf hf]tfp5 . sfdu/]sf] Hofnf dfUbf pN6} ljleGg cf/f]k nufp
5 . efu]/ sfd ug]{sf] dfgl;s?k emg n8kLg k'Ub5 . g vfg] s'/fsf] Aoj:yf x'G5 . g t ;'Tg] af;sf]
efu]/ sfdu/]sfx?nfO{ s;}n] klg a:g] sf]7f lbb}g . sltj]nf ;dfltg] x'g / cfˆgf] sf7fef8f ;d]t u'Dg]
8/ x'G5 , To;}n] stf/df efu]/ sfd ug]{ x?sf] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of a:g] af;sf] b]lvG5 . efu]/
sfdu/]ssf sof} g]kfnL bfh'efO{df k'Ubf bh{gf} Pp6f ;fgf] ?ddf e]8f,afv|f em} u'lD;O/ a;]sf x'G5g . g
75
t Po/s8L;g g} x'G5g\ g t 6\jfO{n]6 jfdy?df stf/sf] udL{df lbg el/ sfd u/]sf] tftf] zl// Po/
slG8;g ljgfsf] ;fgf] sf]7fdf nu]/ lj;fFpbf emg jflkmg yfN5 . sf]7fdf kfgLsf]cefjdf xKtf} lbg
g'xfFpg kfFpb}gg\ . ;/—;kmfO{ ub{f ub}{ kflg k'Ub}g . clg laleGg /f]u af6 lkl8t x'g k'U5g . efu]/ sfd
ug]{nfO{ d'lb/n] dlxgf ljlt ;Sbf ;d]t p;sf] Hofnf lbb}g . pgLx?nfO{ s'g} k;n]n] kTofpb}g . To;}
s'g} :yfOTj x'b}g . g t a}s sf8{ x'G5 . g t s'g} cfO{8L g} efu]/ sfd u/]sfx?n] g t rfx]sf] 7fFpdf
:jtGqf k"j{s 3'dlkm/ ug{ kfFp5g . g t ufFp3/sf ;fyL;+ËL ;+u ;'v,b'Mv af8\g g} kfFp5g . efu]/
sfdug]{ clwsf+z g]kfnLx? Dffgl;s /f]uL aGb5g . klxnf] sDkgLdf eGbf s]xL /fd|f] sdfO{ ePklg
pgLx?;+u s'g} v';L / pd+u x'b}g . dfgl;s cft+s¢f/f u|l;t alg /xG5g . efu]/ sfd u/]sf sof}
g]kfnL bfh'efO{;+u k|tIo e]6ubf{sf] If0f Hofb} kL8f bfos kfOof] . pgLx?sf] b'Mvn] xfd|f cfFvf
g/;fO{/xg ;s]gg\ . dgdf Ps lsl;dsf] g}/fZotf pTkGg u/fp5 . ;'v,lsGg] ;kfgf af]sL cfˆg}
k};fn]cfkm} a]lrP/ csf{sf] cfFugdf x's{g',/dfpg' kbf{sf] kL8f t 5b} 5 cem} ylkPsf] b'Mv, bb{ /
kL8fbfPs hLjgsf cWoox? ;fRr} g} sf?l0fs 5g . dg ?jfpg] vfnsf 5g . stf/sf s'gf sfKrfdf
cFWof/f sf]7fx?df jlQ ljgfsf P;L lagfsf kxf8h:tf ufXf lbgx? Aoltt ub}{ a;]sfx?sf] syf o:tf] 5
.
sDkgL 5f]8/ efUg]sf] k|d'v ;d:of eg]sf] cf}ifwL pkrf/ sf] xf] . stf/df ;/sf/L c:ktfndf
pkrf/ u/fpbf ox“fsf] d]l8sn sf8{sf] clgjfo{tf sfod ul/Psf] 5 . d]l8sn sf8{ ePsf hf] sf]xL
sfdbf/n] klg lgMz'Ns pkrf/ ug{ kfFpb5g . pQm d]l8sn sf8{ agfpg stf/sf] cfO{8L rflxG5 .
sDkgL 5f]8]/ efu]sfx?;+u cfO{8L x'g] s'/} ePg . To;}n] pgLx?;+u d]l8sn sf8{ x'b} g / ;/sf/L
c;ktfndf pgLx?sf] pkrf/ x'g ;Sb}g . s'g} sf/0fjz lj/fdL x'g k'u]df k|fO{e]6 lSnlgsdf pkrf/ ug'{
k5{ h'g ;fX} dxËf] x'G5 . efu]/ sfd ug]{x?sf] kx'r eGbf Hofb}] dfly x'G5 . To;}n] efu]/ sfd ug]{x?sf]
d'Vo ;d:of eg]s} d]l8sn sf] xf] o;/L efu]/ sfd ug]{x?sf] s'g} sf/0fjz d[To' ePdf emg} 7"nf] ;d:of
kb{5 . p;sf] zj g]kfn n}hfgsf] nflu k'¥ofg'kg]{ k|s[of w]/} xG5g . cj}wflgs x'gfn] p;sf] af/]df ;a}
tYofs pknAw gx'g klg ;S5 o:tf] cj:yfdf zjnfO{ dlxgf} ;Dd c;ktfndf /fVg' kg]{ x'g ;S5 .

76
v08 u
g]kfnL b'tfjf;
laleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnLx? lab]lzg' k/]sf] 5 . laZjsf laleGg efudf g]kfnLsf] pkl:ylt
ljutdf @, # bzs cl3 b]lv g} /xb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !((# df stf/df 7"nf] dfqfdf k|fs[lts
Uo“f;,t]nsf] kQf nfu]kl5 aNn stf/df lasfzsf] af6f]df nlDsg yfn]sf] xf] . ;fgf] b]z x'bfx'b} klg
lgdf{0f If]qdf ePsf] pNn]vlgo j[l4sf sf/0f ox“f /f]hufl/sf] laleGg cj;/x? ;[hgf x'g yfn] .
cj;/sf vf]hLdf /x]sf g]kfnLx? la:tf/} stf/ k:g yfn] . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzs lt/ g} g]kfnLx?
/f]hufl/sf] l;nl;nfdf stf/df k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;g\ !(() sf] bzs lt/ dfq stf/sf] >d
ahf/df g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf] lgSs} kl/0ffddf j[l4 x'g yfNof] . lbgx'“ cj;/sf] v]fhLdf ;of}+ g]kfNfLsf]
pkl:ylt a9\b} hfg yfNof] , kmn:j?k plgx?;“u ;DjlGwt laleGg k|sf/sf ;d:ofx? Yflkb} hfg yfn]
e"uf]nsf] of] kNnf] e"uf]ndf leGg xfjfkfgL, efiff , wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf sf/0fn] ;d:ofx? ;[lht x'g'
:jefljs} lyfof] . tTsflng stf/sf g]kfnLsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ x]g{sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s'g}
k|ltlglw;Dd lyPg . ;fpbL c/jsf] l/ofb l:yt g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] g} stf/sf] ;d]t lhDdf lnPsf] lyof]
stf/sf g]kfnLsf d'Vo,d'Vo ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfgsf] nflu l/ofb l:yt g]kfnL b'tfjf;df k7fpg] /
kf;kf]6{ gljs/0f ug]{sf] nflu cfj:os Aofj:yf ldnfpg g]kfn ;xof]u ;dfhn] sfd ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] .
stf/df g]kfnLsf] pkl:ylt a9\b} uPsf]n] stf/;“u b'O{klIfo s'6g}lts ;DjGw la:tf/ ug{' cfj:os e}
;s]sf] lyof] . ;f]lx k|;Ëdf ;g\ !((* df g]kfnsf tTsflng ;Ddfglgo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb
sf]O/fnfn] bf]xfsf] cf}krfl/s e|d0f ug'{ eof] . ;f]lx e|d0fsf] cj;/df k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ox“fsf ;d:ofx?
cujt u/fpg] df}sf ldNof] ;fy} stf/nfO{ a}b]lzs /f]hufl/sf nflu s'6g}lts kxn ug{ cfu|x ul/of] .
To;}ul/ tTsflng /fhf >L % la/]Gb|sf] bf]xf e|d0fsf cj;/ kf/]/ g]kfn ;xof]u ;dfhsf] g]t[Tjdf o“xfsf
;d:ofx?nfO{ Plss[t ul/ 1fkgkq a'emfOof] . tTsflng k|=d=lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] stf/ e|d0fsf]
cj;/df stf/L clwsf/Lx?n] cfºgf sfdbf/x?sf] ;'/Iffsf] gLlDt bf]xfdf lgof]u vf]Ng cfu|x u/] .
stf/df /x]sf g]kfnL ;+3, ;+:yfsf l;kmfl/; / stf/L clwsf/Lx?sf] cfu|xdf stf/sf g]fkNfLx?sf]
;d:ofnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhb't txsf] :yfoL cfjfl;o lgof]u vf]Ng] lg0f{o u/of] .
To;kl5 nuQ} g]kfn ;/sf/n] bf]xfdf cfkm\gf] lgof]u v8f ug{'sf] ;fy} k//fi6«dGqfno dfkm{t ZofdgGb
;'dgnfO{ /fhb'tsf ?kdf lgo'lQmsf ;fy sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg sf] nflu bf]xf k7fOof] . /fhb't ZofdgGb
;'dgn] cfºgf] cf]xf]bfsf] k|df0fkq stf/sf cld/;]v xdfb ljg vlnkmf cn yfgL ;dIf ;g\ @))) sf]
h'nfO !! df k]z ug'{ eof] . ;f]lx lbg b]lv g} ljlwjt ?kdf g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] :yfkgf eof] .

xfn g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] clkml;on ;+/rgf o; k|sf/ 5

!= g]kfnL /fhb't 8f= ;'o{gfy ld> lgof]u k|d'v
@= lgof]u pk k|d'v tyf k|yd ;lrj M /fdsfhL v8\sf -sG;'n/ ,cfly{s tyf ;+:s[lt ,>d, k|f6f]]sn
,lz:6frf/ _
#=;xrf/L M k|]d k|;fb a/fn -nf]vf ,/fxfbfgL tyf k|zf;g_
$=:yflgo sd{sf/L
/fhb'tsf] ;lrj M !
Hfg;Dks{ clwsf/L M !
Rffns M @
lkog / clkm; AjfO{ M

77
stf/l:yt g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] ;Dk{s 7]ufgf M
g]kfn /fhb'tfjf;
:yfg M leNnf g+=!# l:6«6 g+= *!)
$@ lag jhfx bf]xf stf/ -l; l/Ë /f]8 uNkm 6fOD;sf] sfof{no,glhs _
Kf]fi6 aS; g+= M @#))@
6]lnkmf]g M (&$$^&%^*!,$^&%^*#
ºofS; M(&$ $^&%^*)
O{ d]n M nemdoha@qatar.net.qa
Jf]e ;fO6 M www.nembdoha.org.qa
sfd ug]{ ;do M cfOtaf/ b]lv lalxjf/ ;Dd -laxfg *M)) b]lv ck/fGx @M)) ah];Dd_

/fhb'tjf;sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] 7]ufgf M

-!_Dfxfdlxd 8f= ;'o{gfy ld>
/fhb't c;fwf/0f / ;j{lwsf/ ;DkGg
leNnf g+= @ n]g g+= $ j]i6 j] ^#
kmf]g g+= M (&$ $^&%^*! -sf=_
(&$$*#)$!&-gL=_
-@_ >L /fdsfhL v8\sf
lgof]u pk k|d'v tyf k|yd ;lrj gHdf bf]xf
Kfmf]g g+= M (&$ $^&%^*! -sf=_
(&$ $*#)$!& -gL_
%*@#%)#
#= >L k|]d k|;fb a/fn
;xrf/L gHdf bf]xf
Kfmf]g g+= M (&$ $^&%^*# -sf=_
(&$ $$!&%#% -gL=_
^*^$*!^ -df]=_

Gf]kfnL /fhb't tyf stf/sf nflu xfn ;Ddsf s'6gLlts lgof]u k|d'v
!= dxfdlxd >L ZofdfgGb ;'dg -/fhb't, cltl/Q tyf ;jf{lwsf/ ;DkGg h'nfO{ @))) b]lv gf]e]Dj/
@))^ ;Dd_
@= >L /fh]Gb| kf08] -k|yd ;lrj tyf sfo{jfxs /fhb't kb l/Q /xbf h'g @))^ b]lv dfr{ @))& ;Dd_
#= >L /fdsfhL v8\sf -lgof]u pk k|d'v tyf sfo{jfxs /fhb't dfr{ @))& b]lv gf]e]Dj/ @))& ;Dd_
$= sxfdlxd 8f=;'o{gfy ld> -/fhb't cltl/Qm tyf ;jf{lwsf/ ;DkGg gf]e]Dj/ @))& b]lv xfn ;DDf _

78
 g]kfnL b'Tffjf;sf] sfd / st{Ao M
s"6g}lts ;DaGw ;DalGw leogf dxf;lGw !(^! df pNn]v eP adf]lhd s"6g}lts lgof]usf] sfo{x? M
!_ cfˆgf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] d'n'sdf cfˆgf] /fHosf] k|ltlglwTj ug'{ .
@_ cfˆgf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] d'n'sdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g4f/f k|bQ ;Ldf leq /xL cfˆgf] d'n's / d'n'saf;Lsf]
lxtsf] /Iff ug'{ .
#_ cfˆgf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] d'n'sf] ;/sf/;+u aftf{ ug'{ .
$_ cfˆgf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] d'n'sdf ePsf ljleGg 36gf qmd tyf ljsf; sf lqmofsnfksf] jf/]df
cfˆgf] ;/sf/nfO{ k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ .
%_ cfˆgf] /fHo / cfk"m pkl:yt /x]sf] /fHo aLrsf] ldqjt ;DaGwnfO{ k|j4{g ug'{ / logLx? aLr
cfly{s,;f+:s[lts tyf a}1flgs ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ug'{ .

s_ ;}4flGts ?kdf s"6g}lts lgof]usf sfo{x? M

!_ cfkm" k|dfl0ft /x]sf] d'n'sdf /x]sf cfˆgf gful/sx?sf] hGd,d[To',ljjfx ug]{ .
@_ /fxbfgL hf/L ug]{,/fxbfgLdf Dofb yk ug]{,/fxbfgL ug]{ .
#_ cfkm" k|dfl0ft d'n'ssf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g cg';f/ ;hfo kfO{/x]sf] cfˆgf] gful/ssf] ;'k'b{uL dfu ug]{ .
$_ cfk"m k|dfl0ft /x]sf] d'n'sdf /x]sf cfˆgf gful/s JolQm, lghx?sf] ;DklQ tyf cGo lxtx?sf]
;+/If0f ug]{ .
%_ :yfgLo ;/sf/,To;sf ;b:ox? tyf cGo b"tfjf;x? / cGt/f{li6«o ;d"bfon] cfof]hgf u/]sf]
;fdflhs tyf Jofkfl/s dfldnfdf h:t} ljleGg tyf ef]hx?df pkl:ylt hgfpg] .

s lgoldt sfo{x? M
!_ cfk"m k|dfl0ft /x]sf] d'n'sdf /x]sf cfˆgf gful/sx?sf] hGd,d[To',ljjfx ug]{ .
@_ /fxbfgL hf/L ug]{, /fxfbfgLdf Dofb yk ug]{,/fxbfgL gjLs/0f ug]{ .
#_ cfk"m k|dfl0ft d'n'ssf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g cg';f/ ;hfo kfO{/x]sf] cfˆgf] gful/ssf] ;'k'b{uL dfu ug]{ .
$_ cfk"m k|dfl0ft /x]sf] d'n'sdf /x]sf cfˆgf gful/s JoflQm,lghx?sf] ;DklQ tyf cGo lxtx?sf] ;+/If0f
ug]{ .
%_ :yfgLo ;/sf/,To;sf ;b:ox? tyf cGo b"tfjf;x? / cGt/f{li6«o ;d"bfon] u/]sf] ;fdflhs tyf
Jofkfl/s dfldnfx? h:t} kf6L{ tyf ef]hx?df pkl:ylt hgfpg] .

v cGo dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x?M

!_ k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ M
—jfl0fHo,Jofkf/,nufgL,ahf/,/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ nufot cGo ;DalGw ljifo .
—cfk"m k|dfl0ft d'n'sdf 36]sf /fhgLlts, cfly{s ljsf; tyf ;DalGwt ;/sf/sf] cfkgf]
d'n's;+usf] ;DaGw jf/]df .
— b'O{ kIfLo ;DaGwdf vnn k'/ofpg] ljifox? .
— lgof]un] ;+rfng u/]sf ljljw sfo{qmx? / pQm d'n'sdf To:tf sfo{qmdsf] k|efj cflb
jftf{ ug]{ .
— cfˆgf] ;/sf/sf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ cfk"m k|dfl0ft /x]sf] d'n'ssf] ;/sf/;+u ljleGg l4kIfLo rf;f]sf
ljifox? .

79
stf/l:yt b'tfjf;dfly ;j{kIfLo lhDd]af/L /x]sf] ePtfklg jt{dfg cj:yfdf o;sf] d'Vosfd a}b]lzs
/f]huf/nfO{ Aoj:yLt ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . stf/df g]kfnLx?sf] a9\bf] pkl:ylt;+u} pgLx?;u+ ;DjlGwt
laleGg ;d:ofx? lbgx'F j9\g] s|d hf/L 5 . a}b]lzs /f]hfuf/Ldf lelqPsf ljs|tL / la;+utLx?n] ubf{
lbgx'F 7lug],cnkqdf kg]{, csfn d[To'j/0fug{ jfWox'g] 36gf a9\b} u}/x]sf 5g\ . k|jf;df /f]hL /f]6Lsf]
nflu cfPsf cfˆgf gful/ssf] xs,lxt,clwsf/ / ;'/Iffsf lglDt b'tfjf; lhDd]jf/ /xG5 . ;/sf/sf]
k|ltlglwsf ?kdf /x]sfn] klg b'tfjf;sf] lhDd]jf/L km/flsnf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] g} /fHosf] cy{tGq
arfPsf] 5 . t;y{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ la:tf/ / ;'/lIft agfpg b'j} lhDd]jf/L stf/l:yt b'tfjf;sf]
5.
stf/df g]kfnLsf w]/} ;d:ofx? 5g\ . b'tfjf; PSn}n] lt ;a} ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;S5
eGg] xf]Og . b'tfjf;sf] ;]jfnfO{ cem r':t / l56f],5l/tf] agfpg o“xf l:yt ;fdflhs ;+3,;+:yf / k|jfl;
g]kfnLx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ xft x'G5 . l;ldt >f]t / ;fwgaf6 cl;ldt ;d:ofx? 5' dGt/ em} ;dfwfg x'g]
cfzf g/fVbf g} x'G5 . b'tfjf;sf] sfd t o“xfsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd ;fdfwfg ug]{ / ;d:ofsf]
sf/0fx? kQf nufP/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt ,lgod th'{df ug]{ :yfg ;Dd k'/ofpg] dfq xf] . o“xfsf ;+3 ,
;+:yfx?n] b'tfjf;sf] ;xof]uLsf ?kdf sfd ug'{ kb{5 . stf/df g]kfnLx?sf ;d:of o;l/ cfsfl;bf 5g\
ls ltgLx?sf] s'g} n]vfhf]vf 5}g . ltgnfv g]kfnL dWo] clwsf+; slx g st} s'g} g s'g} ;d:ofn]
a]l//x]sf] x'G5 . ljljw sf/0fn] ubf{ g]fknL b'tfjf;n] sfd gu/]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . t/ oyf{ytf To:tf]
xf]Og . b'tfjf;n] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 t/ hlt ug{ ;Sg'kYof]{ ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . To;df sd{rf/Lx?sf]
cefj, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltsf] cefj / s]lx sfg'gL ;d:ofx? x'g ;S5g\ . t/klg g]kfn ;/sf/ cfºgf]
lhDd]jf/Laf6 plDsg ldNb}g . d'n'sdf eO/x]sf] kl/jt{g;“u} k|jf;L g]kfnLx?n] /fHoaf6 lautdf eGbf
al9 cfzf / laZjf; pdf/]sf] 5g\ . gLltut :ki6tf / ;'/lIft a}b]lzs /f]hufl/sf nflu sfdgf ul//x]sf
5g\ . /fhg}lts ;+/If0fdf x'ls{b} cfPsf] a}b]lzs /f]hufl/;u ;DjlGwt dflkmofx?sf] h/} pv]lnof];\ eGg]
rfxfgf af]s]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf g]kfnL b'tfjf;df g]kfnLx?sf] ;d:ofsf af/]df klxn]sf] eGbf al9
;lqmotf hgfpg vf]h]sf] ,leiffsf] k|dfl0fs/0f ubf{ dfukqdf pNn]v ePsf s'/fx?sf] laZj;lgo cfwf/x?
vf]Hg yflnPsf] d'n'sdf ko{6gsf] k|j{4gsf nflu laleGg k|of;x? ug{ yfn]sf] b'tfjf;sf]] b}lgs
;~rfngdf ;/ntf tyf kf/b{lztf ckgfOPsf] cg'e'tL ;a}n] ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . t/ oltn] dfq k'Ub}g .
g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] ;Dk"0f{ k|jfl;Psf g]kfnLsf] dg lhTg' k5{ . g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] ;s/fTds kIf tyf
b'tfjf; g]kfnLsf ;d:of ;fdfwfgsf nflu /x]sf] cg'e'lt x/]s g]kfnLn] dx;'; ub}{gg\ ,tj;Dd g]kfnL
b'tfjf;sf] af/]df u'gf;f] pl7/xG5 . o:tf u'gf;fx?nfO{ b'tfjf;n] :jfeflas ?kdf lng' kb{5 . ;fdflhs
;+3,;+:yfx?n] klg lj;'4 dfgljo ;f]rfOsf ;fy b'tfjf;nfO{ gLlt ,lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 /
b'tfjf;n] klg oxfsf ;+3,;+:yf Pjd k|j'4 AoflQmTjx?nfO{ ;u} lnP/ cufl8 a9]sf] v08df stf/sf]
xsdf w]/} xb ;Dd ;d:ofx?sf] ;fdfwfg ug{ ;xh Pjd\ k|efjsf/L x'g]df b'O{dt gxf]nf . ablnbf]
/fhg}lts kl/ 36gfx?n] kSs} klg g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] a}b]lzs /f]hufl/ ;DjlGWf gLltut :ki6tf sfod
ug]{ 5 . stf/sf nfvf} ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug]{ g} 5 olx ck]IFf u/f}+ . go“f g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f;u} xfd|f
;f]r / st{Aox? km/flsnf x'b} hfpg . g]kfnLn] g]kfnLnfO{ 7Ug] ;+:s[ltsf] cGTo x'b} hfcf];\ . g]kfnL
b'tfjf; ;Dk"0f{ k|jf;Lsf] ;'v ,b'Mv la;fpg] rf}tf/L agf];\ .

80
 g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf; bf]xf stf/af6 pknJwx'g] ;]jfx?
l; sfdsf] ljj/0f sfuhft k]z ug]{ ;do sfuhft lkmtf{ lng] b:t'/ k]z ug'{kg]{ sfuhftx¿
g+ ;do

!= /fxbfgL gljs/0f ljxfg *M)) jh]b]lv ljndf tf]lsPsf] lbgsf] s=l/= s_ ;Ssn /fxbfgL
!@M)) jh];Dd !@M)) b]lv @M)) jh];Dd #)).)) v_ kmf]6f] @ k|lt
u_ /fxbgLsf] k|ltlnlk
@= /fxbfgL x/fPsf] v08df ljxfg *M)) jh]b]lv ljndf tf]lsPsf] lbgsf] s=l/= s_ k|x/L k|ltj]bg
gof lng' kbf{ !@M)) jh];Dd !@M)) b]lv @M)) jh];Dd #)).)) v_ :yfgLo klqsfdf k|sflzt u/]sf] ;"rgf
u_ g]kfnL gful/stfsf] ;Ssn÷k|ltlnlk
3_ x/fPsf] /fxbfgLsf] k|ltlnlk
#= leiff ljxfg *M)) jh]b]lv k|s[of k'/f ePsf] xsdf s=l/= s_ leiff cfj]bg kmf/d
!@M)) jh];Dd ;f]xL lbg t'?Gt !@).)) v_ kmf]6f] @ k|lt
u_ /fxbfgL ;Ssn
3_ sDkgLsf] kq
$= Driving Licence ljxfg *M)) jh]b]lv ;f]lx lbgsf] !@M#) s=l/= @%.)) s_ ;Ssn Driving Licence
-g]kfnL nfO;]G; stf/sf] !@M)) jh];Dd jh]b]lv @M)) jh];Dd v_ /fxbfgLsf] k|ltlnlk
s'g} klg cg'jfb ug]{
sDkgLaf6 cg'jfb e}
cfPsf] x'g'kg]{5
%= cGo sfuhft k|dfl0fs/0f ljxfg *M)) jh]b]lv k]z u/]sf] lbgsf] ef]lnkN6 s=l/= @%.)) s_ lgj]bg
tyf /fxbfgL ;+;f]wg !@M)) jh];Dd lbgsf] !@M#) b]lv @M)) v_ k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ sfuhft
jh];Dd u_ pQm sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk
^= TO Whom It May ljxfg *M)) jh]b]lv sfdsf] rfksf] cfwf/df s=l/=$).)) s_ /fxbfgLsf] k|ltlnlk
Concern: (for !@M)) jh];Dd al9df @ lbg;Dd nfUg
police Clearance ;Sg]5 .
Certificate)
&= d[tssf] Ifltk'lt{ tyf ljdf sfof{no ;doe/ t'?Gt cfjZos s_ Death Certificate Issued by Public Health Ministry
gkg]{ v_ Notification of Death
u_ Police Report
3_ Letter from the Company
ª_ Passport Copy of The Accompanying Person.

* Demand Letter ljxfg *M)) jh]b]lv SofDk lg/LIf0f kZrft Demand s_ leiff Approval Details
!@M)) jh];Dd plrt ePdf t'?Gt v_ I D Copy of The Sponsor
Letter u_ CR Copy
!%).)) 3_ Computer Card Copy
kfj/ ckm ª_ Guarantee and Undertaking
P6gL{
!%).))
;le{;
Plu|d]G6
#).))
Contract
Paper
#).))
Guarante
e Letter
#).))
( Problems ljxfg *M)) jh]b]lv t'/Gt lgz'Ns l/t k'/ofO{ e/]sf] ;d:ofsf] kmf/fd
)@M)) jh];Dd

81
 b'tfjf;4f/f ;~rflnt cf>o :yn
stf/df g]kfnLx?sf] a9\bf] pkl:ylt;“u} laleGg lsl;dsf ;d:ofx? Kflg ylkb} uO/x]sf 5g\
. lbgx' cnkqdf kg]{ ,7lug] / csfndf d[To'j/0f u/]sf ;drf/n] o“xfsf kqklqsfdf k|d'v :yfg kfp5g\
. kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ laleGg lsl;dsf ;d:ofdf g]kfnLx? kl//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL b'tfjf;df lbgx'
o:tf ;d:ofx? cfpg] qmd a9\bf 5g\ . stf/sf ;a} sDkgL /fd|f 5g\ eGg ;lsGg . sltko sDkgLdf
sfd ug]{ g]kfnLx?n] aiff}{;Dd tnj gkfPsf la/fdL x'bf pkrf/ vr{ gkfPsf cfjfzdf Go'gtd ;'ljwfx?
;d]t pknAw gePsf ;d:ofx? clwsf+; g]fknLsf ;d:ofx? x'g g]kfnsf a}b]lzs /f]huf/
Aofj;foLx?sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ gSsnL kf;kf]6{df stf/ cfPsfx? Klg glel6g] xf]Ogg\ . b'jO hfg] eg]/ /ftf]
cIftf lgwf/ el/ nufP/ wg sdfpg lx8]sf ;kgf ef]uL cefuLx? stf/df gplqPsf klg xf]Ogg\ .
gSsnL sDkgL / gSsnL leiffsf] sf/f]jf/df lnKt /x]sf bf]xfsf] dfgj t:s/x?n] sltsf ;kgf
ghnfPsf klg xf]Ogg\. oLlgx? / logLx? eGbf aflx/sf h] h:tf sf/0fn] cnkq kg{ uP jf larNnLdf
k/] eg] of] e"uf]nsf] kNnf] s'gfdf cfkmGtsf] 5xf/L vf]Hb} k'Ug] 7f“p g} b'tfjf; xf] . afa'sf] h:tf] Kof/ /
dftfsf] h:tf] ddtf lbg] k|jf;Lsf] dftf lktf g} b'tfjf; xf] To;}n] klg kl5Nnf] ;dodf stf/ l:yt
g]kfnL b'tfjf;df cf>o lng] ;kgf ef]uLx?sf] ;+Vof lbg k|ltlbg a9\b} 5 .

b'tfjf;sf] cf>o3/df a;]sf g]kfnLx?

stf/df kl5Nnf] ;dodf AoflQmut l:js[tLdf cfPsf g]kfnLx?n] b'Mv kfpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
d]gkfj/ Ph]G;L / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Aofj;fodf ;+UnUg bnfnx?n] ;d]t AoflQmut l:js[tLdf sfdbf/
k7fpgfn] ;d:of a9\g yfn]sf] xf] . lsgeg] AoflQmut l:js[tLdf cfpg] sfdbf/x?sf] clen]v g]kfn tyf
stf/ b'j}sf ;/sf/L lgsfodf /xb}g . To;}n] o:tf sfdbf/x?sf] laifodf s]lx klg lhDj]jf/L lnb}gg\ .
To;}n] ubf{ sfdbf/ cnkqdf kb{5g\ . stf/sf ;fgf sDklgx?n] klg cfj:ostf eGbf al9 Nofp5g\ .
plgx?nfO{ sfd lbg] ;d]t ;Sb}gg\ eg] plgx?sf] tnj ,;]jf / ;'ljwfsf] s'/f t k/} 5f8f}+ . o:tf
sDkgLsf nfk{/jflxn] ubf{ leiff;Dd nufPsf x'b}gg\ / sltko sDklg 6f“6 klN6P/ 6'l6/x]sf klg x'G5g\ .
sDkgLn] sfdbf/sf] leiff gnufpbf aif}f{ ;Dd u}/sfg'gL ?kdf g]kfnL sfdbf/ a:g laj; 5g\ . o“xfsf]
s8f sfg'gs]f ;a}n] kfng ug'{ kb{5 . To;}n] klg oxfsf] sfg'g t g]kfn kmls{gsf] nflu g]kfnL
b'tfjf;df k'Ug} kb{5 . laleGg sf/0fn] u}/ sfg'gL ag]sf jf cnkqdf k/]sf ;a}nfO{ b'tfjf;sf] ;xof]u
lagf Ps sbd klg cuf8L a9\g g;Sg] x'gfn] kl5Nnf] ;dodf b'tfjf;sf] hLDd]jf/L ;d]t a9\b} uPsf] 5
g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] k|To]s rf}lj; 306fdf stf/sf] cGt/fli6«o Po/kf]6{df r]s ug]{ Aofj:yf z'?
u/]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ stf/sf] Po/kf]6{ sDklgsf] d'lb/ -dflns_ lng gcfP/ cnkqdf kg{' kg]{ sfo{ s]lx
82
xb;Dd /f]lsPsf] 5 . Po/kf]6{df laleGg sf/0fn] cnkqdf k/]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{ b'tfjf; 4f/f ;~rflnt
cf>o 3/df /flvG5 . stf/df h'g;'s} sf/0fn] cnkqdf k/] klg ;f] sf] hfgsf/L eP oyf;Sbf]
plgx?sf] p4f/ ul/ b'tfjf;sf] ;]N6/df /flvG5 . pgLx?nfO{ 3/ gkm{lsGh]n ;Ddsf] ;dofjlwsf] nflu
a:g] vfg] Aofj:yf b'tfjf;n] pknAw u/fpb5 . xfn cnkqdf kl/ b'tfjf;sf] ;]N6/df /x]sf
g]kfnLx?nfO{ laxfg * sl/= / a]n'sf * sl/ vfgfsf] nflu b'tfjf;n] pknAw u/fpb} cfPsf] 5 . af;sf]
nfuL b'tfjf;sf] ;f3'/f] sf]7fdf e]8f,afv|f em} ylGsP/ a:g' kg]{ AofWotf 5 . b'tfjf;n] cnkqdf kg'{sf]
sf/0f vf]hL plgx?nfO{ ;s];Dd l5§} d'n's lkmtf{ ug]{ k|of; ub{5 . t/ l;ldt >f]t , ;fwgsf sf/0fn]
b'tfjf;sf] ;]jf k|efjsfl/ aGg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . clwsf+; cnkqdf kg]{x? g]kfnsf d]gkfj/ Ph]lG;sf
nfk/jflxsf sf/0fn] / stf/df a;]sf ,dfgj t:s/x?sf sf/0fn] ubf{ xf] . To;}n] cnkqdf k/]sfx?nfO{
plgx?s} Ph]G6af6 l6s6 dufP/ g]kfn kmsf{pg] sfd b'tfjf;n] ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . g]fkfnLfnO{ cnkqdf
kfg]{ g]kfnsf d]gkfj/ Ph]lG;x?nfO{ g]kfnL b'tfjf; stf/sf] l;kml/;df g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg'gL sf/jflx
ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] cfkm\gf] >f]t / ;fwgn] EofP;Dd stf/df cnkq k/]sf jf larNnLdf
k/]sf g]knLx?nfO{ p4f/ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 tfklg o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf eg] cfzflbt ;kmntf xfl;n ug{
b'tfjf; g} ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . b'tfjf;s} ;]N6/df a:g]x? b'tfjfl;o ;]jfsf] af/]df laleGg gs/fTds
l6Kk0fLx? Ufb{5g\ . stf/df cnkqdf k/]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{ o“xfsf g]kfnL Aofj;foLx? laleGg ;fdflhs
;+3 ,;+:yfx? / hLNnf;]jf ;dfhx?n] ;d]t p4f/ ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfn stf/ >d ;+Demf}tf

ljlaw sf/0fn] d'n'sdf a]/f]huf/x?sf] ;+Vof a9\b} uPkl5 a}b]lzs /f]hufl/df hfg] g]kfnLx?sf]
;+Vofdf klg qmlds a[l4 cfO/x]sf] kfOG5 . ljut % aif{sf] t'ngfdf a}b]lzs /fhufl/df hfg] g]kfnLx?sf]
;+Vof bf]Aa/ eGbf al9 a[l4 ePsf] >d ljefusf] tYof+sn] b]vfpb5 . a}b]lzs /f]hufl/df vf;ul/ dWo
k'j{sf b]zx?df hfg]qmd al9 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf stf/n] u/]sf] ;g;gLk'0f{ lasfzn] ubf{ laleGg
/f]hufl/sf yk cj;/x? ;[hgf x'g uO sfdbf/sf] dfu a9\g yfNof] . stf/sf Aofj;foLsf c“fvfdf k/]sf
;:tf]df ;lhn} pknAw x'g] OdfGbf/ g]kfnLx? klxnf] /f]hfOdf k/]sf 5g\ . kmn:j?k stf/ g]kfnLx?sf]
a}b]lzs /f]hufl/sf] k|d'v uGtJo d'n's aGb} uPsf] 5 .
stf/df kl5Nnf] ;dodf km:6fpbf] lgdf{0f Aofa;fon] ubf{ /f]hufl/sf] nfuL dfq} of] aif{ %(
xhf/ % ;o (* o'jfo'jtL l5/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tYof+sdf s'n @ nfv ^^ xhf/ g]kfnL
stf/df /x]sf] 5g\ elgPtf klg #nfv eGbf al9 g]kfnL stf.df sfo{/t /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . rfn'
cfly{s aif{df dn]l;of hfg]sf] ;+Vof 36]/ stf/ cfpg]sf] ;+Vof a9]sf] b]lvG5 . kl5Nnf] % aif{sf] cjlwdf
stf/df cfpg] g]kfnLx?sf] ;+Vof cTolws dfqfdf a9]sf] 5 . @)%(.^)df @^ xhf/ * ;o %) hfgf
g]kfnL stf/ cfOk'u]sf 5g\ . To;sf] % aif{df ;f] ;+Vof a9]/ t]Aa/ x'g k'Ug nfu]sf] 5 . )^% ;fnsf] h]7
d;fGt ;Ddsf] >ddGqfnosf] /]s8{ x]g]{ xf] eg] nueu &$ xhf/ k'lu;s]sf] 5 . of] ;+Vof k|To]s aif{
a9\bf] 5 . )^).)^! Dff @$ xhf/ ! ;o @* hgf g]kfnL stf/ cfPsf lyP . cl3Nnf] aif{sf] t'ngfdf
To; aif{ @ xhf/ & ;o @@ 36]sf lyP . l7s kl5Nnf] aif{ )^!. )^@ df pQm ;+Vofdf !* xhf/ @ ;o
^^ hgf a9]/ $@ xhf/ #;o ($ k'u]sf lyP . To;}ul/ )^@.)^# df %%xhf/ %;o (@ / )^#.)^$ df
%( xhf/ & ;o % hgf g]kfnL a}b]lzs /f]hufl/sf nfuL stf/ k;]sf lyP . vfl8 d'n's dWo] ;aeGbf
al9 g]kfnL 5g\ . cGo vf8L d'n'sx? dWo] stf/ pbf/ /fi6«df kb{5 . a}b]lzs /f]hufl/sf]] a[l4 ;u}
stf/df laleGg lsl;dsf ;d:ofx? Kflg ylkg yfn]sf] 5g\ . lbgx' h;f] g} oxf s]lx g s]lx 36gf
3l6/x]sf] x'G5g\ . g]kfnLsf] a9\bf] pkl:yt ;u} oxfsf] ;/sf/ klg kSs} ;f]rlgo aGb} uPsf] 5 eg] g]kfn
;/sf/ klg cfkm\gf gful/ssf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu lrlGtt aGg' c:jefljs xf]Og . cfkm\gf gful/ssf]
/f]hufl/sf] lgl:rt Uof/]lG6 / ;]jf ,;'lawfsf] nflu kxn ug'{ kg]{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / cfkm\gf] b]zdf sfd ug]{
g]kfnL sfdbf/x?nfO{ Pp6f lglb{i6 gLlt lgodsf] bfo/f leq Nofpg' kg]{ stf/ ;/sf/sf] cfj:ostfn]
83
ubf{ g]kfn stf/ aLr >d;+Demf}tfsf] cfj:ostf dx;'; ul/of] / ;g\ @))% dfr{ @! tfl/vdf tTsfnLg
k//fi6« dGqL /d]zgfy kf08]sf] kfnfdf g]kfn stf/ aLr >d ;+Demf}tf ul/of] . g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf]
/f]hufl/sf] ;DjGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/ / stf/ ;/sf/ aLr ePsf] >d ;+Demf}tf o; k|sf/ 5 .

g]kfn / stf/ ;/sf/ aLr /lxcfPsf] d}qLk'0f{ ;DaGw / ;xof]unfO{ cem ;;Qm 9+un] alnof] agfpg]
rfxgf adf]lhd / stf/df g]kfnL >ldsx?sf] /f]hufl/nfO{ Aojl:yt agfpgsf] nflu b'j} b]zsf ;/sf/x?
tn n]lvP adf]lhdsf] sfd ug{ u/fpg ;xdt ePsf 5g\ .
wf/f M !
stf/sf] gful/s ;]jf sfo{ tyf cfjf; dGqfno / g]kfnsf] >d tyf oftfoft Aofj:yf
dGqfnon] o; >d;+Demf}tfdf cGtlxg cg'R5]bx?sf] kfngf ug{ u/fpg cfa:ostf cg';f/sf] gLlt
lgodx? Tfh{'df ug]{ 5
wf/f M @
g]kfnaf6 ul/g] g]kfnL >ldsx?sf] egf{ tyf 5gf}6 / plgx?sf] stf/ cfudg Pjd /f]hufl/
b'j} b]zsf] k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd lglb{i6 /xg] 5 .
wf/f M #
s= stf/ ;/sf/sf] gful/s ;]jf sfo{ cfjf; dGqfnon] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] >d tyf Aofj:yf dGqfnonfO{
stf/ l:yt /f]huf/bftfx? Aff6 g]kfnL >ldssf dfu eO{ cfPsf dfukq pknAw u/fpg] 5 . o:tf
dfukqx? Kf]k/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 >d tyf oftfoft Aofj:yf dGqfnon] pknAw >f]t / ;fwgn]
EofP;Dd sf/jflx cufl8 a9fpg] 5
v= stf/l:yt /f]huf/bftfn] olb ljlzi6 of]Uotf ePsf >ldsx? Rffx]sf] v08df ;Dk"0f{ s'/f v'nfO{
stf/sf] dfgj ;]jf sfo{ tyf cfjf; dGqfnonfO{ lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 .
u= stf/l:yt /f]huf/bftfn] :jo+ cfkm} jf cfkm\gf] clVtofl/sf] s'g} ;b:o jf stf/ ;/sf/sf] gful/s
;]jf sfo{ tyf cfjfz dGqnoaf6 dfGotfk|fKt dfgj ;+;fbg sDklg dfkm{t cfj:ostf cg';f/sf] g]kfnL
sfdbf/x?sf] 5gf}6 / plgx?s]f stf/ cfudgsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug{ u/fpg ;Sg] 5 .
WFff/f M $
>lds dfu ul/bf >ldsdf x'g'kg]{ lzIff,cg'ej / Ifdtf k|i6 bzf{Og' kg]{ 5 . >lds dfu kqdf
>ldssf] s/f/ cjlw ,kl/If0f sfn ug'{kg]{ sfo{ / ;f] jfkt k|fKt x'g] ;/;'lawfx? Hf:t} ls oftfoft /
cfjf; ;fy;fy} c? ;Dk'0f{ ;'lawfx? H:n] >ldsnfO{ /f]huf/ ;+Demf}tfdf ;xdlt u/fpg d4t k'/ofp5 .
klg k|i6 pNn]v x'g'kb{5 .
Wff/f M %
Gf]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 >d tyf oftfoft Aofa:yf dGqfnon] stf/df sfd ug{ OR5's g]kfnL
>ldsx?nfO{ :jf:Yo kl/If0f ,/fxfbfgL jf lab]z k|:yfg l:js[tL ;DjlGw sfo{x? cfj:ostf cg';f/
;/lns/0f ug]{ 5 . >ldsnfO{ p;sf]] /f]hufl/sf] lsl;d ;/ ;'lawf nfUg hfg] vr{ / stf/df /xg]
dfkb08sf] af/]df hfgsfl/ u/fOg]5 .
Wff/f M ^
s= stf/l:yt /f]hfuf/bftfn] g]kfnL >ldsx? Stf/ cfpbf nfUg] ofqf vr{ ;fy} k|Zyfg vr{ Aoxf]g]{ 5
/f]huf/ vftfn] >lds labfdf g]kfn hfbf / stf/ kms{bf nfUg] ofqf vr{ klg /f]huf/ ;+Demf}tfdf
pNn]lvt eP adf]lhd Aoxf]g]{ 5 / /f]huf/bftfn] lbg] To:tf vr{x?df /fxbfgL agfpbf nfUg] vr{ / s'g}
Uof/]G6L lagfsf vr{x? ;dfj]; x'g] 5}g .
v= /f]huf/bftfn] tn lbOPsf] b'O laifodf >ldsnfO{ g]kfn kmls{bfsf] vr{ a]xf]{g] 5}g .
u= olb >ldsn] cfkm\gf] >d ;+Demf}tf cjlw eGbf cufj} /fhLgfdf lbPdf .

84
3= gLlt,lgod jf sfg'gsf] ckx]ngf ul/ lagf ;'rgf ;]jfsf] cGTodf kfpg' kg]{ pkbfg gkfpg] ul/
stf/L >d sfg'gsf] kl/R5]bdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd ;]jf -gf]sl/_ af6 x6fOPdf .
Wff/f &=
s=stf/df g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] /f]hufl/ ;DjlGw zt{gfdf /f]huf/bftf / sfdbf/ aLrsf] AoflQmut >d
;+Demf}tfdf AofVof ul/g] 5 h;sf] gd'gf o;} >d ;+Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 To:tf AoflQmut
>d;+Demf}tfn] cfwf/e't /f]hufl/ ,kl/l:ytL,clwsf/ / b'j} kIfn] kfngf ug'{ kg]{ gLlt / lgod k|i6fpg] 5
. h'gs'/f o; >d ;+Demf}tf / stf/: >d sfg'gsf] s'g} kl/R5]b;u gaflemg] x'g' kb{5 .
v= /f]hufl/ ;+Demf}tfsf] rf/j6f k|lt c/ljs ,g]kfnL / c+u|]hL efiffdf x'g]5 /f]huf/bftf / >ldsn] !.!
k|lt /fVg]5g\ . t]>f] k|lt gful/s ;]jf sfo{ tyf cfjf; dGqfno-stf/_ / >d tyf oftfoft Aofj:yf
dGqfno -g]kfn_ df ;'/lIft /xg] 5 .
Wff/f M *
AoflQmut >d ;+Demf}tfdf /f]huf/bftfn] >ldsnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ af; :yfg,af;:yfgsf]
k|sf/,af;:yfgsf nflu k|bfg ul/g] /sd / :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] af/]df k|i6 pNn]v ul/g] 5 .
Wff/f M (
c/ljs efiffdf n]lvPsf] >d ;+Demf}tfnfO{ gful/s ;]jf sfo{ tyf cfjf; dGqfno stf/n] dfGotf
lbg] 5/ ;f]lx dfGotf cbfntL sfd sf/jflxsf] nfuL pko'Qm 7xl/g] 5 . /f]huf/ bftfn] >d ;+Demf}tfsf]
s'g} klg wf/f Pjd cg'R5]bx? Kl/jt{g ug{ kfpg] 5}g t/ >ldssf] ;]jf ;'ljwfx? A9fpg] af/]df eg]
gful/s ;]jfsfo{ tyf cfjf; dGqfnosf] l:js[ltdf o;f] ug{ ;Sg]5 .
wf/f M!)
/f]huf/bftf / >lds aLrdf x'g] cfkl; >d;+Demf}tfsf] ;Totf dfkg stf/df gful/s ;]jf sfo{
tyf cfj; dGqfno / bf]xf l:yt g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] ug]{ 5 . g]kfndf x'g hfg] ;+Demf}tfsf] ;TotYo dfkg
>d tyf oftfoft Aofj:yf dGqfno / g]kfn l:yt stf/L /fhb'tfjf; jf sG;'n]G6n] ug]{5 .
Wff/f M !!
s= stf/l:yt gful/s ;]jf sfo{ tyf cfjf; dGqfnosf] bIf 6f]nLn] o; ;+Demf}tf nfu' eP, gePsf]
cg'udg ug]{5 .
v= /f]huf/bftf / >lds aLrdf o; >d;+Demf}tfsf] AofVof ;+DjGwdf em} emu8f e} kl/cfPdf ;f]sf]
zflGtk"0f{ lgjf/0fsf] nflu gful/s ;]jf sfo{ tyf cfjf; dGqfnosf] cg'udg 6f]nLnfO{ lgj]bg lbg'
kg]{5 . zflGtk"0f{ lgjf/0f x'g g;Sg] b]lvPdf ;f] emu8f stf/ l:yt sfg'gL laefudf k7fOg] 5 .
Wff/f M !@
>d ;+Demf}tf >d cjlwsf] Dofb ;lsg] ldltdf ;dfKt x'g]5 . o;nfO{{ k'j{ hfgsfl/ u/fpg'
kg]{ cfj:ostf dflgg] 5}g t/ olb /f]huf/bftfn] ;do cjlw yKg rfx]df >ldsnfO{ >d;+Demf}tf Dofb
;dfKt x'g] ldltn] Ps dlxgfk'j{ lnlvt hfgsfl/ u/fpg' kg]{5 . h;df /f]huf/bftfn] cfkm'n] >ldssf]
;do cjlw yKg OR5's /x]sf] s'/f v'nfpg' kg]{ 5 .
Wff/f M !#
>lds sfdbf/n] lbPsf] ;]jf dfkm{t p:nfO{ k|fKt x'g] p;sf] tnj stf/L lalQo gLlt,lgoddf /lx
g]kfndf kl/If0fug{ kfOg]5 .
Wff/f M !$
o;sf] nflu b'j} b]zsf] al9df ltg. ltghgf k|ltlglw /flv tn pNn]lvt sfo{sf] nflu Ps
;+o'Qm sfo{bn agfOg] 5 .
s= o; >d :+fDemf}tfsf] k|of]hg tyf o; ;DjlGw cfj:os sbdsf] nfuL b'O ;/sf/ aLrsf] ;dGjo .

85
v= o; >d :+fDemf}tfsf] cg]R5]b tyf wf/fx?df s+ydsbflrt e}kl/ cfpg] km/s AofVofsf] ;lx
AofVofsfnflu / o; >d;+Demf}tfsf] sfo{Gjog kZrft x'g hfg] ,cfpg hfg] s'g}klg cK7\of/f] kl/l:yltsf]
lg/fs/0f .
u= o; >d :+fDemf}tfsf] k"0f{ ;+;f]wg, cfl;+s ;+;f]wg jf s'g} wf/fdf x'g'kg]{ ;+;f]wg h'g ,hlxn] cfj:os
x'G5sf] k|f?k tof/ kfl/ ;DjlGwt lgsfodf k]z ug{sf] nflu / ;o'Qm sfo{bnsf] a}7s x/]s @ aif{df
Psrf]l6 jf hlxn] cfj:os x'G5 , ;xdt ldlt / :yfgdf a:g] 5 . pQm sfo{bnn] sfdsf] tf}/ tl/sf
lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
Wff/f M !%
of] >d ;+Demf}tfsf] cg'R5]bx? b'j} b]zsf] ;/sf/x?sf] cfkl; ;xdtLdf ;+;f]wg ul/g] 5 .
wf/f M !^
of] >d ;+Demf}tf b'j} b]zsf] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 x:tfIf/ ul/ cfbfg k|bfg ePsf] ldltb]lv nfu'
x'g]5 / rf/ aif{sf] nfuL dfGo x'g]5 / To;kl5sf ;dodf :jtM gljs/0f ePsf] dflgg] 5 s'g} ;/sf/n]
of] >d;+Demf}tf ;dfKt ug{ rfx]df sDtLdf klg ;+Demf}tfsf] ldlt ;dfKt x'g' eGbf ^ dlxgf klxn] csf]{
;/sf/ ;dIf lnlvt hfgsfl/ u/fpg' kg]{5 . o;sf] ;fIfLdf tn x:tfIf/ ug'{ e{sf dxfg'efjx? Hf] cf
cfkm\gf] ;DjlGw ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k""0f{ clVtof/ k|fkt x'g'x'G5n] x:tfIf/ ul/ of] ;+Demf}tfkqdf ;/sfl/
5fk nufOof] .
Olt ;+jt !!.)@. $^@ tbg';f/ @).)#.@))% b]xf stf/ of] ;+Demf}tf c/ljs,g]kfnL / c+u|]hL
efiffx?df laZj ;lgotfsf ;fy n]lvPsf jf cg'lbt ul/Psf 5g\ . s'g} km/s kg{ cfPdf c+u|hL efiffdf
cg'lbt ;+Demf}tfkq dfGo x'g]5 .
stf/ ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/ cfkm\gf] gful/sx?sf] ;'lawfsf] lgDtL cfkl; ;dembf/LnfO{
;'b[9 ug{df k"0f{ laZjf; /fVb} @! Dffr{ @))% df stf/ ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/ aLr x:tfIf/ ul/Psf]
g]fknL >ldssf] /f]huf/L ;DjlGw P]g ;+Demf}tfnfO{ ;dfocg's'n tl/sf af6 glas/0f ug]{ OR5f hufpb}
lgDg s'/fx?df ;xdt ePsf] 5 .

Wff/f !
stf/sf] >d tyf ;fdflhs sNof0f dGqfno / g]kfnsf] >d tyf oftfoft Aofj:yf dGqfnon]
stf/ / g]kfn @ b]zsf ;/sf/ 4f/f @! Dfr{ @))% x:tfIfl/t >d ;Demf}tfsf] sfo{JGog ;DjlGw x/
sfo{df k|ltlglwTj ug]{ 5 .
wf/f M@
;do ;dofdf @ kIfn] ;+Demf}tfsf] wf/f !$ df pNn]v ul/Psf] ;+o'Qm sldl6 dfkm{t stf/sf]
lasfz sfo{ of]hgf ;DjlGw hfgsf/L nufot stf/df /f]huf/L ;+Defjgf bIf tyf ;fwf/0f >ldssf]
nflu lgwf{l/t /f]huf/sf] ;+Defjgf o:tf] /f]huf/Lsf] lgwf{l/t cjlw g]kfnL gful/ssf] dfu / To;sf]
k|of]u cflb s'/fx?n] laZn]if0f ug]{ 5 .
Wf/f M#
;+Demf}tfsf] wf/f !$ df pNn]lvt ;+o'Qm sldl6 aif{sf] Ps k6s stf/df / csf]{ k6s g]kfndf ul/
aif{sf] Ps k6s e]6 ug]{5
Wff/f M $
stf/ ;/sf/n] hlt dfqfdf ePklg g]kfnL >ldsx?nfO{ plgx?sf] >d ;+Demf}tfsf] cjlw ;dfKt
x'gf;fy 3/ kmsf{pg] k|lqmof ckgfpg ;Sg]5 . o; jfx]s o;n] ;+Demf}tfsf] cjlw ;dfKt x'g' cl3 klg
of] k|lqmof ckgfpg ;S5 . olb /f]huf/sf] cfj:ostf ;dfKt x'G5 eg] To;sf] hfgsf/L stf/ l:yt
g]kfn b'tfjf;nfO{ u/fOG5 t/ o:tf] x'g cfPdf >ldssf] tnj / cGo /f]huf/L ;+Demf}tf cg'?k jf
stf/sf] >d sfg'g adf]lhd kfpg' kg]{ /sd jf ;'ljwfx? >ldsnfO{ lbOPsf] x'g'k5{

86
Wff/f M %
stf/ ;/sf/n] s'g}klg dfqfdf g]kfnL >ldsnfO{ 3/ kmsf{pg ;S5 olb plgx?sf] pkl:ylt ox“fsf]
hgtfsf] lxt ljkl/t x'G5 jf plgx?sf] pkl:yltn] b]zsf] ;'/Iffdf c“fr cfp5 t/ o:tf] x'bf >ldssf]
>d ;+Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] jf stf/sf] >d sfg'gn] lbOPsf] cjlws/0fsf] s'g} pNn3+g ul/g] 5 .
Wff/fM ^
of] yk k|f]6f]sn h;nfO{ ;+Demf}tfsf] cleGg c+u dflgPsf] 5 . ;+Demf}tfsf] ;do cjlw ;Dd
rfn' /xg] 5 . of] Tolx lbg af6 z'? x'g]5 . h'g lbg b'a} kIfsf] lhDj]jf/ k|ltlglwx?n] x:tfIf/ ug]{ 5g\ .

:jf:Yo ;DjlGw ;d:ofx?

stf/df g]kfnLsf laljw ;d:ofx? dWo] :jf:Yo ;DjlGw ;d:of klg Ps k|d'v ;d:of xf] .
stf/ d?e"ldsf] b]z ePsf]n] ox“fsf] jftfj/0f xfd|f] b]zsf] h:tf] k|fs[lts 5}g . ox“fsf] k|lts'n
jftfj/0fdf xfdLnfO{ ;'6 x'g d'l:sn k5{ . ox“f udL{df Hofb} udL{ / hf8f]df Hofb} hf8f] x'G5 . hf8f] /
udL{sf] s'g} k|jfx gul/ afl; eft l6lkmgdf af]s]/ afn'jf / w'nf];u c+sdfn ub}{ aflxl/ cfugdf /dfpg''
kg]{ jfWotfsf] lzsf/ ag]sf clwsf+; g]kfnLx? 5g\ . oxfsf g]kfnLdf b]lvg] k|d'v ;d:ofx? dWo]
lrgL/f]u, 5fnf An8k|]z/ / Xbo3ft g} k|d'v x'g . aif]{gL ;of}+ g]kfnLsf] d[To' Xbo3ftaf6 g} ePsf] 5
h;nfO{ ox“fsf] ;/sf/n] k|fs[lts d[To' dfGg] u/]sf] 5 . To;n] ubf{ ltgLx?sf kl/jf/ larNnLdf k/]sf
5g\ . cem} klg xfd|f] b]zdf Ps hgfn] stf/ jf cGo b]zdf uP/ sdfOsf] k};faf6 kflng] kl/jf/sf]
;Vof pNn]Vo 5g\ . s'g} sf/0fj; plgx? tn dfyL kg{ uP eg] plgx?sf] kl/jf/sf] d''vdf df8 klg
kb}{g To;}n]klg a}b]lzs /f]hufl/df laleGg b]Zfdf k;]sfn] :jf:YonfO{ Wofg k'/ofpg' kb{5 .

stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLx?sf] :jf:Yo ;DjlGw ljleGg ;d:ofaf6 u|l;t 5g\ . oxfsf] xfjfkfgL
,vfg]s'/f,jftfj/0f cflb sf/0fsf] laifdtfn] ubf{ g]kfnLx? ;'u/ ,Jn8k|]z/ ,5fnf ,k]6,d[uf}+nf,d'6' b'Vg] cfbL
nufotsf /f]ux?n] lkl8t /x]sf] kfOG5 . sltn] olx g} pkrf/ u/]/ lgsf] eO ;s'zn sfd ul//x]sf 5g\
eg] sltko ox“f pkrf/ x'g g;s]/ g]kfn kmls{Psf klg 5g\ . oxf pkrf/ ug{ ;fX} dx+uf] 5 . ox“fsf
k|fOe]6 d]l8sn ;]G6/x?df pkrf/ ug{ g]kfnLsf] x}lifot eGbf aflx/ x'G5 . stf/sf g]kfnLx?sf] ;jeGbf
7"nf] /f]u g} dfgl;s tgfj xf] . g]kfnsf Ph]G6x?n] eg] jdf]lhdsf] sfd / tnj gkfP kl5 stf/ cfpg
;fx'“;“u lnPsf] C0f ltg{ aiff}{ nfUg] kl/l:yltsf] lasfz ;u} p;df l8km|];g x'g yfN5 . cfn:otf ,
g}/:otf, / la/fdL dgn] ubf{ p dfgl;s ?kdf yfls ;S5 . zfl/l/s ?kdf lbgdf >d aufO /xg' kg]{
AofWotf;u} laslzt kl5Nnf] 36gf qmdn] ubf{ sltn] cfTdxTof u5{g eg] slt ;'t]sf] ;'t} x'G5g\ .
g]kfnLx?sf] csf]{ sdhf]l/ kIf eg]sf] nfk/jflx xf] cfkm\gf] :jf:YonfO{ ulxl/P/ ;f]Rg] sd 5g\ . clwsf+;
g]kfnL Go'g tnjdf lgdf{0f sDklgx?df n]j/sf] sfd u5{g %%+sf] tfkqmddf sfd ubf{ d'l:snn] !,@
ln6/ kfgL vfG5g\ . lbge/L udL{df sfd ug]{ , sf]7fdf hfg;fy lr;f] Pl;df a:g] al9 lrNnf] / lk/f]
cfn]sf] vfg]s'/f vfg] . ;w} df5f df;' vfg] . lsgls ox“f Tof] ;fu;lJh eGbf df5f df;' g} al9 kfOG5 .
kmnkm'n ,h'; vfg] k};f sxf kfpg' . clwsf+z g]kfnLsf] x}lifot klg kf}li6s cfxf/ ljxf/ lsGg] ;Dd x'b}g
. sltko nf]eL klg x'G5g . ox“fsf] vfg]s'/fdf laleGg /f;fOlgs s]ldsnx?sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . h'g
xfd|f] nfuL cg's'n x'b}g . km]l/ sfddf hf]ltg' kg]{ sf/0fn] ubf{ a]n'sf ksfPsf] afl;eft ef]lnkN6 ;Dd
vfg]afgL 5 . h'g :jf:Yosf] nfuL cg's'n dflgb}g . of] klg Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f xf] . ;fdfGo sDklgdf
sfd ug]{x?sf] d]l8sn sf8{ klg x'b}g . pkrf/sf] nflu k|fOe]6 d]l8sndf hfg' k5{ / Toxf Ps t
pkrf/ dx+uf] x'G5 csf]{ tkm{ efiffsf] ;d:of x'G5 h;n] ubf{ klg pkrf/ x'g ufXf] kb{5 .

87
 xdb xl:k6ndf d[To';+u n8b} Ps g]kfnL

b'3{6gfdf kl/ b'j} v'§f eflrPsf] Ps

g]kfnL

stf/sf sltko /fd|f / 7'nf sDklgdf sfd ug]{ g]kfnL sfdbf/nfO{ 5f]8]/ ;fgf sDklgx?nfO{ x]g]{
xf]eg] Toxfsf] SofDk nyfln+u e]l6G5 gt :jf:Yo vfg]kfgLsf] Aofj:yf x'G5 gt SofDksf] Aofj:yf /fd|f]
x'G5 . sltko g]kfnLx? a:g] / vfg] sf]7fdf k:bf a'Ë a'Ë w'nf] p8\g] u5{ . df6f]df hlGdP/ df6}df
x'ls{P/ klg Toxf / ox“fdf km/s x'G5 . lbgel/ sfd u/]/ kl;gfn] leh]sf] / afn'jfn] d]sck u/]sf] zl//
g'xfpg ;d]t kfpb}g . uGxfpb} ;'Tg' k5{ . clg 5fnfsf] PnhL{ x'G5 . vfg] / a:g] sf]7fsf] ;kmfO{ klg
x'b}g To;}n] klg Zjfzk|Zj;df ;DjlGw laleGg /f]ux?af6 g]kfnLx? u|l;t b]lvG5g\ . clwsf+;
g]kfnLx?n] vfgfnfO{ eGbf sfdnfO{ al9 dxTj lbg] u5{g . lbgx' vAa';sf] e/df ef]sf] k]6n] sfd ub{5g\
. lsgls laxfg ;a]/} sfddf hfg'' kb{5 . s]lx vfg]s'/fsf] tofl/ ug{ ;Dd Eofpb}g . s;} s;}n] a]n'sf g}
vfgf agfP/ /fV5g t/ cN5Lx?n] Tof] klg agfpb}gg\ . laxfg s;}n] 8o'6L hfg] a]nfdf s;}n] p7fO{ lbg'
k5{ cfvf ldRb} 8o'6L hfg]n] vfg]s'/fsf] tofl/ kfg]{ . clg ;fO6df uP/ Ps l/onsf] va';sf kfgLsf]]
e/df vfP/ dl/ dl/ sfd u5{g Zjf; g} hfG5 ls h:tf] x'G5 udL{n] . ef]ssf] k]6n] sfd ug'{ k5{ . nfdf]
;do ef]sf] k]6 :jf:Yosf] nfuL xflgsf/s dflgG5 . h;sf] sf/0fn] k]6 ;DjlGw laleGg /f]ux?sf] hGd
x'g k'U5 . kl5Nnf jif{sf tYof+snfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] clwsf+; lgdf{0f k]zf;u g} cfj4 ePsf g]kfnLx?n]
csfn d[To'j/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .
stf/sf] hLjg z}nL xfd|f] eGbf Hofb} k[ys 5 . ox“fsf] hLjg z}nL c:j:y 5 cAojl:yt
5 . cfxf/ /fd|f] 5}g cf/fdsf] klg 7]ufgf 5}g . lrGtf w]/} 5 kl/>d w]/} ug'{ k5{ . bfd sdfpg' k5{ gq
kl/jf/sf] d'vdf df8 nfUb}g jfn jflnsfsf] c“fvf v'Nb}g hLjg emg emg hl6n aGb} hfG5 vfg] lkpg]
g/fd|f] afgL clwsf+; g]kfnLx?sf] e]l6Psf] 5}g . laljw sf/0fn] ubf{ stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf]
hLjg z}ln Aojl:yt / ;Gt'lnt aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . hLjg z}ln g/fd|f] ePkl5 laleGg /f]ux? Hf:t} M pRr
/Qmrfk , dw'd]x , Xbo3ft , xf6{km]n h:tf /f]ux?n] w]/} h;f] u|l;t 5g .
cfh xhf/f}sf] ;+Vofdf g]kfnL bfh'efO{ /f]hufl/sf] nflu stf/df 5g\ . oxf cTolws udL{ 5 kl;gf
sf8]/ ,k]6 ldr]/ sfd ug'{ kb{5 . vfg] a:g] /fd|f] Aofj:yf x'b}g ,dgdf 8/ , lbdfudf lrGtf kfn]/
zl//nfO{ 3f]6\g' kg]{ AffWotf x'G5 . lbgel/sf] ysfg / udL{n] n'y|'Ss kf/]sf] zl//nfO{ cf/fd lbnfpg
pknAw x'g] s]lx 306fdf a'l4 k'/ofOPg / hf8/S;L, r'/f]6sf] cTolws k|of]u tyf cf/fd ug]{ 7fpsf]
jftfj/0f zl//sf nflu :j:Yos/ agfOPg eg] pRr /Qrfk ePsfx?nfO{ Xbo3ft jf a|]g:6f]s x'g ;Sg]
w]/} ;Defjgf /xG5 . To:tf] ePdf Tof] AofQmLsf] t'?Gt} d[To' x'g ;S5 . stf/df sltko ;'t]sf] cj:yfdf
g} d[To'j/0f ug'{sf] olx sf/0f xf] udL{ 7fpdf sfd ubf{ zl//sf /QgnLx? v's'nf x'G5g\ . kl;gf w]/}
cfpg] x'bf zl//df kfgL / g'gsf] dfqfdf klg sld cfp5 sltko g]kfnL t 3fddf dfq sfd ug'{ k5{
;f]em} 3fddf sfd ubf{ o;dfly lbdfu klg a]:;/L tfTb5 . o:tf] ca:yfdf xjfQ} /Qrfksf] 36\5 . clg

88
rSs/ nfu]/ a]xf]; eO 9Ng' g} o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] . of\] ca:yfdf cfsl:ds d[To' ;d]t x'g ;S5 .
o;af6 aRgsf nflu 6f]lk nufO{ 6fpsf] nfO{ 3fdaf6 hf]ufpg] l5g l5gdf kl;gf cfpg] ul/ k|;:t
dfqfdf kfgL lkpg] / ;fydf s'g} g'lgnf] lrh cln cln vfO/fVg] ug'{ kb{5 . stf/ cfpg] g]kfnLx?
d]l8sndf kf; eP/ cfPsf x'G5g\ . oxfklg leiff nufpg' eGbf klxnf d]l8sn x'G5 To;df kf; ePdf
dfq leiff nfU5 tfklg clwsf+; g]kfnLx?sf] An8k|];/ a9\g] /f]uaf6 lkl8t 5g\ . g]kfn /xbf An8k|]z/
l7s /x]sf] ePtfklg stf/df cfO sfd ug]{ 7fpdf k'u]kl5 oxfsf] jftfj/0fn] ubf{ An8k|]z/ a9\g] /f]un]
w]/}nfO{ ;dfpg] u/]sf] e]l6Psf] 5 . of] ;a}sf] d'Vo sf/0f sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f / cfxf/ cAo Aol:yt /
c:j:Yos/ x'g' xf] hLjg z}lnnfO{ lauf{g] tTjx? dWo] /S;L k|d'v sf/0f xf] . stf/sf] sfg'gdf h“f8,/S;L
b08lgo dflgPtf klg laleGg afxgfdf o;sf] k|of]u a9\b} uPsf] kfO{G5 . zl//df /S;L clt g} w]/} k/of]
eg] klg d[To' x'g ;S5 . zl// sdhf]/ /x]5 eg] lbgel/sf] udL{/ kl;gfn] n'y|'Ss k/]sf] zl//nfO{ cln
cln /S;Ln] klg 7x/} kfg{ ;S5 . To;dflYf /S;Lsf] u'0f:t/ sd;n /x]5 eg] of] yf]/} k/] klg un]sf]
zl//sf] nflu laif ;dfg x'g ;S5 . stf/df sfd ug]{ g]kfnL dWo] sltkon] cfkm\gf] dfgl;s jf
kfl/jfl/s ;Df:of x6fpg ;d]t o;sf] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . stf/sf] aGb ;dfhdf of] k'0f{tM
k|ltalGwt 5 t/ klg n'ls n'ls o;sf] zfxf/f lnG5g\ g]kfnLn] . g]kfnLsf] x}l;ot s'g} ;'ljwf ;DkGg
xf]6n ;Dd :tl/o /S;L ;Dd vfg jf hfg k};fn] Eofpb}g . To;}n] g]kfnLx?n] 6\jfOn]6df xfNg] l:k|6
n'df vfP/ /S;Lsf] t[;gf d]6fpb5g\ . h'g :jf:Yosf] nfuL cToGt xflgsf/s dflgG5 altko g]kfnL
o;sf] sf/0fn] ;d]t Hofg u'dfO/x]sf 5g\ . stf/df sfd ug]{ clwsf+; sfdbf/sf] nflUf r'/f]6 ckl/xfo{
h:tf] b]lvG5 . eftsf] 7fpdf a? ;'s]sf va'; vfG5 t/ p;nfO{ r'/f]6 geO{ x'b}g . sltkon] /S;Lsf
;fy;fy} r'/f]6 vfg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ptf /S;Lsf] c;/ kfl//x]sf] a]nfdf r'/f]6sf] w'jf zl// leq k:g]
lgsf]l6g , sfj{gdf]gf]cS;fO8 h:tf laiffn' /;fogx?n] d'6' ,kmf]S;f]nfO{ emg al9 Iflt k'/\ofpb5 . Tof]
AofQmL udL{af6 PSsfl; Pl; rn]sf] lr;f] xfjf grNg] u'lD;Psf] sf]7f leq a;]sf] /x]5 eg] r'/f]6sf]
w'jfn] sf]7fsf] clS;hgnfO{ la:yflkt ul/ sf]7fsf] jftfj/0fnfO{{ lazfQm agfO lbG5 . h;n] lbdfu, d'6' ,
/ kmf]S;f]df cTolws g/fd|f] c;/ kfg{ hfG5 / s'g}klg a]nf dl:t:swfl/ Xbo3ftaf6 jf xf6{km]n x'g
;S5 h;af6 tTsfn d[To' x'g ;S5 o;}nfO g} xfdL csfn d[To' eGb5f}+ . stf/sf b]lvPsf] clwsf+;
d[To'x? d'6' ;DjlGWf sf/0fn] ePsf] kfOG5 . stf/ ;/sf/n] csfndf dg]{ s;}sf] klg nfzsf] kl/If0f
gu{g]{ x'gfn] To;sf] af:tljs tYo aflx/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g To}klg clwsf+; g]kfnLx?sf] d[To' d'6'sf]
sf/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . d'6'sf sf/0f cfsl:ds d[To'af6 hf]lug lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 .
!= 3fddf sfd ubf{ 6fpsf]nfO{ 5f]Kg] .
@= sfd ubf{ a/fa/ lk;fj x'g] ul/ k|z:t dfqfdf kfgL lkpg] / ;fydf s]lx g'lgnf] / s]lx u'lnof]
ldl;Psf] vfg]s'/f vfg] .
#= zl// yfs]df s]lx a]/ cf/fd lng] / nfdf] :jf; lng] .
$= laxfg ,a]n'sf k|z:t xl/of] ;fukft / kmnkm'n vfg] .
%= r'/f]6 ,;'tL{ gvfg] . /S;Lsf] u'0f:t/ ga'emL slxNo} glkpg] . vfnL k]6df / yfs]sf] a]nfdf /S;L
slxNo} glkpg] a? kmnkm'nsf] /; / h'; lkpg] afgL a;fNg] .
^= tftf] 7fpaf6 Ps}rf]l6 w]/} lr;f] ePsf] 7fpdf ghfg] ,n'uf klg gkm'sfNg] kl;gfnfO{ ;'Sg lbg] .
&= a:g] , ;'Tg] sf]7fnfO{ ;kmf /fVg] / xfjf cfpg] e]lG6n];gsf] Aofj:yf ug]{ .
*= lgoldt ?kdf /Qrfksf] kl/>0f u/fpg] . /Qmr“fk a9]df cfa:os pkrf/ u/fpg] .
(= lgoldt ?kn] ^ b]lv & 306f eGbf al9 g;'Tg] .
!)= ;w} ;s/fTds x'g] s'g} dgdf 4'lawf PSnf]kgsf] dx;'; gu{g] s'g} /rgfTds sfdx? Ufg]{ .
!!= stf/ cfpgsf] nflu :jf:Yo kl/>0f ubf{ 8fS6/nfO{ em'SofP/ cfkm'df ePsf] s'g} klg /f]ux?
gn'sfpg] v'n]/ k|:t't ug]{ .

89
!@= olb s'g} sf/0f j; sfd ug{ ufXf] ePdf t'?Gt} kmf]/d]g jf ;'k/efOh/nfO{ cujt u/fpg] / cf/fd
lng] . olb la/fdL ePdf d]l8sndf hfg] .

xfdL g]kfnL ;do sf6\g dfq stf/ cfPsf] xf]Ogf}+ To;}n] xfd|f] yfKnf]df st{Aosf] af]em af]s]sf 5f}+ .
kl/jf/sf] nfng kfng b]lv lnP/ lzIffsf] klg bfloTj 5 xfdL;“u . cfkm\gf] k'u]/ cfpg] vf8Ldf sd}
xf]nfg To;}n] hGde"ldaf6 sf]if}f 6f9fsf] of] leGg e"uf]ndf kmf]s6df cfkm\gf of}jgsfnsf a;Gtx? /x/n]
kmfNg] ;fob} yf]/} xf]nfg . laljw AofWotfdf hsl8P/ vfl8 k:g] clwsf+ g]kfnLx? vfl8sf] tftf] 3fdnfO{
lkpb} kl;gfdf g'xfpbf klg cfkm'nfO{ lrGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ Tof] g} b'Mvsf] laifo 5 . st{Ao / ;fdflhs
aGwgn] plgx?fnO{ afWg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . sltkon] t of] afn'jfsf] /fhefgLdf cfkm'nfO{ g} lal;{Psf]
kfOG5 lab]l;g' kgf{sf sf/0fx? la:d[tLdf k'l/ ;s]sf x'G5g hxf uof] Tolx vfg] s]lx g]kfnLsf] afgL 5 .
lbg el/sf] b'Mv la;f{pg lkpg] afgL 5 sltsf] . kSs} klg a}b]lzs /f]hufl/df lab]lzg] ;u ;d:of x'G5 .
s'g} klg ;d:of To:tf x'b}gg\ h;sf] ;dfwfg g} gx'g] t/ klg xfdL ; ;gf 36gf qmdnfO{ ;d:ofsf]
?kdf p7fP/ lkpg yfN5f}+ . ;d:of t s]jn xfd|f] lkpg] jfxfgf dfq xf] . csf]{ s'/f lkP/ ;d:ofsf]
;fdfwfg klg t x'b}g To;}sf/0fn] xfdL ;j{k|yd cfTdljZjf;L aGg' k5{ ;s/fTds ;f]Rg' k5{ . dg ;kmf
/ :jR5 /fVg' k5{ . g/fd|f] dgdf g/fd|f] s'/fdfq al9 x'G5 . ;fgf dl;gf ;d:ofx?af6 efUg] xf] eg]
xfdL slxNo} klg pb]Zodf k'Ug ;Sb}gf}+ .
stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLx?nfO{ :j:Yo hg r]tgf hufpg' kg]{ cfj:ostf e};s]sf] 5 . oxfsf
ax';Vos g]kfnLdf c1fgtf / c;Ifdtfn] ubf{ csfn d[To'b/ a9b} uPsf] kfOG5 . stf/df lbgx' e]l6g]
d[To'sf] cj:yf plQs} lrGtf hgs 5 . stf/df csfndf dg]{ g]kfnLsf] tYof+snfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] cbIf
sfdbf/sf] d[To' cg'kft g} al9 5 . ox“fsf] d[To'sf] cg'kftnfO{ s]nfpbf ufl8 b'3{6gf afx]s k9]sf] ;r]t
g]kfnL d/]sf] 5}g . To;}n] klg stf/nfO{ a}b]lzs /f]hufl/sf] uGtJo :yn agfpg] g]kfnLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf]
:jf:Yo ;DjlGWf k'j{ r]tgf / hfgsfl/sf cleofgx? ;~rfng x'g'kb{5 . t/ xfdL sxf b'ef{Uo s] eO lbof]
eg] /fHo ;+~rfngdf ;xof]uL x'g] ul/ c/jf} /]ld6\ofG; leqofpg] xhf/}f lo cl;lIft gful/ssf] hLjg
;'/Iff af/] g of]hgf 5 g t s'g} sfo{qmd g} < sltko d[To'sf k|s[ltnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] ;fdfGo c1fgtfn]
ubf{ ePsf] b]lvPtf kgl dgf]a}1flgs b'j{ntf , Go'g cfly{s cj:yf ,c;fIf/tf , g}lts cfr/0f , k|fljlws
tyf oflGqs c1fg tyf unt cjwf/0ffx? Df[To';“u hf]l8g] k|ToIf laifox? x'g . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw
:j?k bf]xfdf /x]sf] g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] cfkm\gf gful/ssf] hLjg ;'/Iff ug{}sf nflu hgr]tgf d'ns
sfo{qmdsf] s'/f t k/} 5f8f} d/]sf] 5 dlxgf ;Dd nfz g]kfn kmsf{pg g;s]/ lgl/x ag]/ a:5 . xfd|f]
b'tfjf;sf] sfd t d/]sf] nfz g]kfn k7fpg sfg'lg Jofa:yf ldnfOlbg] dfWod dfq xf] bf]xf l:yt Rofp
pld|Pem} pld|Psf / ;fdflhs ljNnf le/]sf ;of}+ ;:yfsf sfdx? d/]sf] g]kfnL kl/jf/nfO{ @,$ xhf/
l/on p7fpg] eGbf dflysf] sfd 5}g . ;dfhsf] nfuL g} ;dlk{t ePsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ :k3f]lift ;dfh
;]jLx?n] clxn] ;Dd otflt/ ;f]Rg ;s]sf] 5}g cfkm'nfO{ k|jflz g]kfnLsf] ;Rrf ldq 7fGg]x? egfpbf
sf|lGtsf/Lx? Gf]zgn lt/} e'n]sf 5g\ . aGb sf]7fdf cfof]lht sfo{qmddf >4fGhnL AoQm ug{ /ldtf
ug]{x?n] g]kfnL SofDk SofDkdf uP/ hg r]tgf hufpbf lau|G5 / < d/]kl5 efif0fdf ?g' eGbf gd{b}
s'ln{g' /fd|f] x}g / < bf]xf stf/df sfd ug]{ xhf/f} cl;lIft , c1fgL g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] ;'/Iff af/] r]tgf
clea[l4df ;xof]uL ug]{ xl/of] sf8{sf] k|of]u ul/P/ vf]lnPsf] cjf/g]; ;]G6/ klg gfd}df l;ldt /x]sf] 5
g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] ;efsIfdf !),@) j6fsf sfl/GbfnfO{ e]nful/ csfn d[To'b/ 36\g] eP l7s} 5 gq eg]
;+:yf vf]n]/ kk'nfl/l6sf] nfuLdfq s] sf nflUf /fhgLlt ug]{ < stf/df ul/Psf] /fhgLltn] g t ;Qf g}
ldN5 g t zlQm g} . dfgljo ;+j]bgf l;t hf]l8Psf] o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ laifodf lsg ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] ax;
k|f/De ub}{gg\ . ;a}sf] rf;f]sf] laifo xf] of] < o;df jx; k|f/De u/]/ s] kmfObf < o;df lbg] ;dodf
@,$ j6f le;f kfpg ;lsG5 ptfaf6 sld;g t ldN5 g} x}g / < k};f eP bf]xfdf ;lhn} ;dfh;]jL
aGg ;lsxflnG5 ..

90
 csfndf d/]sf g]]kfnLx?
stf/df k|foh;f] Go"g tyf dWod alu{o kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? j}b]lzs /f]huf/df cfPsf x'G5g\ .
pgLx?sf] bfloTj stf/df sdfP/ kl/jf/sf] nfng kfng ug'{, lzIff lbIffsf] aoj:yfug'{,nufotsf
s'/fx? kb{5g . s+bsbflrt sfd ug{ g;lsP cu]gfdf cfuf] gaNg] w]/} kl/jf/x? cem} xfd|f] ;dfhdf 5g\
. oxfFsf] sdfO{sf] k|ltIffdf a;L/x]sf xhf/f} kl/jf/df s+bd sbflrt stf/df s]xL ePdf p;sf]
kl/jf/sf] lalNnjf7 x'G5 . p af6 cflt kl/jf/sf] ljhf]u x'G5 . h"g s'/f xfdLn] xfd|} ;dfhdf b]Vb}
cfO{/x]sf klg 5f} . ljb]zdf uO{ w]/} sdfpnf eGb} 3/ 38]/L ;ffx'sf]df 3f]6f] aGbsL /fv]/ rs|Lo
Aofhb/df sf8]sf] C0f ltg{sf] nflu / kl/jf/sf] k|fyfdLs cj:ostf k"/f ug{ stf/ k;]sf sltsf] ;kgf
6'lqmPsf 5g\ . kl/jf/sf] nfng kfngsf] lzIfflbIffsf] nufotsf] 7"nf] ef/L af]s]/ d'Unfg l5/]sf sltko
stf/df csfn d[To'j/0f ug{ ljjz 5g\ .
stf/df k|foh;f] lbgx'F s'g} g s'g} sf/0fn] g]kfnL d/]sf] b'Mvb ;dfrf/ ;'Gg' kb{5 . x'g t hGd
kZrft d[To'lgZrt 5 . t/klg ;do;Ldf k"/f u/]/ dg'{ / csfndf dg'[{df kSs} km/s 5 . ;+;f/ lhTg]
pRr dxTjsf+Ifsf ;fy} stf/ k;]sf] b'O{ lbgd} ;'t]sf] ;'t} x'g] ;Dd 5g\ . stf/df clwsfFz g]kfnLx?
o;/L g} dl//x]sf 5g\ . o;/L d[To'j/0f ug]{x?sf] nfzsf] kl/If0f ug} s'g} Aofj:yf stf/df 5}g . o:tf]
d[To'nfO{ stf/df k|fs[lts d[To' elgG5 / p;nfO{ s'g} cltl/Qm ;'ljwfsf] s'g} Aoj:yf x'b}g . k};fsf] y'k|f]
sdfpg cfPsf] cfkm} lr;f] j/kmdf a]l/P/ lglh{j ag]/ sltko g]kfnL k'lu/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx?;+u cflt
kl/jf/sf] cj:yf emg bbf{gs / dfdL{s 5 stf/df d[To'j/0f u/]sf g]kfnLx?sf] k|s[ltnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg]
clwsfz x[bo3ft eO{ d/]sf] b]lvg5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f g} dfgl;s tgfj xf] . stf/df uO{ /fd|f];+u
sfdu/]/ cfˆgf] kfl/jf/Ls l:ylt psf:g] ;kgfaf]sL cfpsf] t/ afl:tljs stf/b]lv la/lQP/ p;sf]
dgdf ljleGg lsl;dsf tgfjx? Kf}bf x'G5g\ . sdhf]/ cfTdfjn ePsfx?n] cfkm"nfO{ ;Dxfng ;Sb}gg\ .
clg d[To'j/0f u5{g . stf/df x'g] g]kfnLsf] d[To'dWo] ^) k|lt;t eGbf al9 d[To' X[bo3ftaf6 ePsf]
tYofsn] b]vfFp5 .
stf/sf clwsfz g]kfnLx? lgdf{0f kIf;+u ;DjlGwt 5g\ . stf/df udgr'DaL ejgx?sf] lgdf{0f
z'? e} ;s]sf] 5 . To:tf uug r'DaL ejgsf 5tdf ;'/IffTds pkfo cjnDjg gu/L abfx'/ st[Jolgi7f
g]kfnL >d sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5g\ s'g} sf/0fn] s]xL sfdx?sf] dfqf ldNg ;s]geg] dflyaf6 v:g k'U5 .
7"nf 7"nf 6fj/x?af6 v;]kl5 afRg ;Sg] ;+efjgf Hofb} Go"g x'G5 . ;fO8df sfd ubf{ ;'/IffTds pkfo
cjnDjg gu/L x]nrs|ofO{ugf{n] klg sltko g]kfnLn] csfndf d[To'j/0f ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . To;}n] g]kfnLn]
csfndf d[To'j/0f ug]{ csf]{ If]q xf] /f]8 b'3{6gf, stf/df sfd ug]{ clwsf+z g]kfnL cgk9 x'G5g\ .
pgLx?nfO{ s;/L ;8skf/ ug]{ ;Dds s'/fx?klg yfxf x'b}g\ . stf/sf km/flsnf ;8s, b|'/t/ ultdf
bf}l8g] uf8L, a9\b} u/]sf] ;jf/Lsf] rfk / clzlIft g]kfnLsf sf/0fn] ;8s b"3{6gfdf k/]kl5 afrf}nf eGg]
cfz g} x'b}g . ljutsf tyof+sx?nfO{ s]nfpg] xf] eg] cfTdxTof ug]{ g]kfnLx?klg gel§g] xf]O{gg\ .
stf/df csfndf d[To'j/0f ug]{ g]kfnLx?sf] ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5g\ .
s_

91
!_ ;g\ @))^ df csfndf d/]sf g]kfnLsf] ljj/0f M
s|=;= x[bo 3ft ;8s b'3{6gf 8\o'l6 ;dodf kfgLdf 8'j]/ e'ml08o/ ljljw
01 72 34 19 02 07 09
hDdf 143
Kf|ltzt 50.34 23.78 13.28 1.40 4.90 6.29
ldlt 01/01/2006 To 29/12/2006

@_ ;g\ @))& df csfndf d/]sf g]kfnLsf] ljj/0f M

s|=;= x[bo 3ft ;8s b'3{6gf 8\o'l6 ;dodf kfgLdf 8'j]/ e'ml08o/ ljljw
02 103 22 26 04 07
hDdf 162
Kf|ltzt 63.58 13.58 16.04 2.46 4.32
ldlt 01/01/2007 To 31/12/2007

#_ ;g\ @))*sf] dfr{ dlxgf ;Dddf csfndf d/]sf g]kfnLsf] ljj/0f M

s|=;= x[bo 3ft ;8s b'3{6gf 8\o'l6 ;dodf kfgLdf 8'j]/ e'ml08o/ ljljw
)# @% !@ ! @
hDdf $)
Kf|ltzt ^@=% #) @=% %
ldlt )!.)!.@))* / )#.)#.@))*

stf/df csfndf d[To'j/0f ug]{ g]kfnLx? k|foh;f] tNnf] txdf sfd ug]{x? g} x'G5g\ . clwsf+z
d[To'sf] k|s[ltnfO{ x]g]{ xf] c1fgtf / nfk/jfxL g} k|d'v sf/0fsf ?kdf b]lvG5 . ;–;fgf s'/fx?nfO{ larf/
gubf{ sltkon] e"uf]nsf] of] b"/ cj:yfdf csfndf Hofg u'dfO{ /x]sf 5g\ . stf/df of] ;d:of ljs/fn
x'b} uO{/x]sf] 5 . w/ftlno e"–agfj6 / xfjfkfgLsf] k|osLs/0f / ;fdflhs,;f+:s[lts cflb sf/0fn]
g]kfnsf] ;dfh / stf/sf] aGb ;dfhdf w]/} s'/fx?df km/s kfOG5 . g]kfnLsf] a9\bf] pkl:ylt;+u} of]
;d:ofklg a9\b} uO{/x]sf] 5 . o; ;DjGwdf s;}n] rf;f] lbPsf] ;Dd b]lvb}g\ . jif]{gL d/]sf !%) blv
@)) hgf g]kfnLsf] kl/jf/df k/]sf] ck/0fLo Ifltsf] s'g} zAbdf AoQm ug{ ;lsb}g t/klg :jo+ g]kfn
;/sf/n] olt ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf ulxl/O/ ;f]r]sf] b]lvb}g\ . s]jn d/]sf nfzx? g]kfn k7fpg] sfg'gL
k|s[of k"/f ug]{ dfq sfd g]kfnL b"tfjf;n] ub{5 . Toltn] dfq g]kfnL b"tfjf; / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] st{Jo
k"/f x'b}g\ . cem} RofpF pld|P em} ;fdflhs zAb hf]8]/ bf]xf stf/df hlGdPsf ;+3 –;+:yfx?n] olt
;+j]bgzLn laifodf slxNo} ;f]r]gg\ . ;dfhsf] nflu :yfkgf ePsf elgPsf o:tf ;+3 –;+:yfx?n] s;}sf]
nflu @÷$ xhf/ l/ofn hDdfu/L @ ÷$ xhf/ l/ofn ;+sng u/]/ g]kfn k7fpb}df prf] lz/ ug'{ kg]{ 5}g
. Pp6f hLjgsf] d'No @÷$ xhf/ l/ofn x'g ;S5 / < To;}n] csfn d[To'nfO{ 36fpgsf]nflu o:tf
;fdflhs ;+3 –;+:yfx?nfO{ cleofg g} rnfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . g]kfnLsf SofDk–SofDkdf uP/ ljleGg
;'/IffTds tf}/ tl/sfx? ckgfpgsf] nflu cgk9 tNnf] txsf sfdbf/nfO{ ;'–;lHht ug{ lgtfGt
cfj:os b]lvG5 . stf/df /x]sf ;fdfhls ;+3 –;+:yfx?,g]kfnL b'tfjf; / oxfFsf g]kfnL pBf]u Aoj;foL
k|j[¢ gful/sn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf hfgsf/L d"ns cleofg g} rnfpg' kg]{ lgtfGt cfj:os e} ;s]sf] 5 .

92
 stf/df @))& df d/]sf g]kfnLx?sf] ljj/0f M
!= hgj/L
s|=;= d/]sf] ldlt sDklgsf] gfd dg'{sf] sf/0f
gfd
1. Nf]fs afxfb'/ nfjtL )@.)!.@))& Fass Trading Company Xbo3ft af6
@ rGb| afxfb'/ /fgf )^.)!.@))& Abu Bakhit Al Rashid Xbo3ft af6
# /ljg Ojf/fd !$.)!.@))& Jhmanco Trading Xbo3ft af6
$= /fg afxfb'/ >]i7 !$.)!.@))& International Industory Xbo3ft af6
%= lbn]Gb| /fO{ !$.)!.@))& Marb Saloon cfTdxTof
^= Wffsfd /fO{ !^.)!.@))& Morden Gulf Xbo3ft af6
&= lji0f' k|;fb k|;fO{ !*.)!.@))& Al kheyam Cafe Xbo3ft af6
*= l;+x afxfb'/ tfdfË @$.)!.@))& Apcon Trading d'6' tyf kmf]S;f]
(= g/ afxfb'/ la=s= @&.)!.@))& Al-Tarkeebal Faladai Xbo3ft af6
!) e'jg]z/k|;fb l;+x #).)!.@))* Al-Zazeera Aluminium Xbo3ft af6

@=km]a|'c/L
1 r]t afxfb'/ /fgfef6 )^.)@.@))& Gulf Housing Co. Xbo3ft af6
2 Gfu]Gb| ltdlN;gf !).)@.@))& Al- Seal Contracting Trading 6fpsf]df ulx/f] rf]6sf] sf/0f
3 pbgnfn /fhj+;L 11/02/2007 Worker for Trading Rf]f6 k6s
Develpment
4 ;'g afxfb'/ tfdfË 12/02/2007 Six Contractring Xbo3ft af6
5 lx/fdgL yfkf 16/02/2007 Galfar Al-Misnad Eng. Xbo3ft af6
6 3g:ofd sfsL{ 16/02/2007 Al-Safawah Contra. Buld. Xbo3ft af6
7 >Laxfb'/ /fO{ 18/02/2007 H.b.k. Co. Xbo3ft af6
8 6]s/fh /fO{ 27/02/2007 Al Safina Trading Xbo3ft af6
9 Uf]h]Gb| k|;fb x+u;?Djf 28/02/2007 Al Farasha Trading & Xbo3ft af6
Contracting

#= dfr{ M
1 Kff; afxfb'/ u'?Ë 05/03 CCC Xbo3ft af6
@= /fdb]j d';f/ 06/03 CCIC 6fpsf]df ulx/f] rf]6sf] sf/0f
#= s[i0f k|;fb kGyL 10/03 Peninusula Petrotech org. Xbo3ft af6
$= Vf8\u afxfb'/ vqL 15/03 Netional Project Zfl//df w]/} k|sf/sf rf]6k6s
%= Cho u'?Ë 16/03 Group 4 Security 6fpsf]df rf]6 nfUg'
^= /fd lj|S; ofbj 23/03 Energy&Industrial Soc. Xbo3ft af6

93
&= Tf]h k|;fb uf}td 24/03 Qatar Trading and 6fpsf]df rf]6 nfUg'
Contracting
*= led h};L 24/03 Hadico Trading and Xbo3ft af6
Contracting
(= sflz/fd b'lgof 25/03 Horizon Trading and Xbo3ft af6
Contracting
!)= lji0f' k|;fb cof{n 29/03 Al-Mal Trading and Rf]f6 k6s nfUg'
Contracting
!!= lu/L/fh bdfO{ 31/03 Qatar Cleaning Company Rf]f6 k6s nfUg'

#= clk|n M
1 ;/f]h zfx 01/04 Al- Sahel Car Cleaning And Zfl//df w]/} k|sf/sf rf]6k6s
Washing
2 ljdn k|;fb l;6f}nf 02/04 Group 4 Security 6fpsf]df rf]6 nfUg'
3 lvn afxfb'/ du/ 04/04 Al – Jabar Engery Services Xbo3ft af6
4 Gffu]Gb| rf}w/L 06/04 Qatar Reclamation oil Plant Xbo3ft af6
5 Kfbd kfl5df yf? 07/04 New Styles Far bulding Xbo3ft af6
6 6]s afxfb'/ l;df 07/04 QTCG Xbo3ft af6
7 Gf]q afxfb'/ /fhfnL du/ 08/04 Khamis Salim Al - Adgami cfTdxTof
8 ;f6f] ofbj 10/04 Xbo3ft af6
9 b'uf{ af= /f]Ssfdu/ 12/04 CCIC Wf]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f
10 Dffbj 7fs'/ 13/04 Al Wazeeri Trading and Xbo3ft af6
Transport
11 dfgs'df/ /fO{ 14/04 Regency Hall Xbo3ft af6
12 ;'s af= kl/of/ 16/04 Gamuda Wt Joint Xbo3ft af6
13 /fdb]j rf}w/L 20/04 Innovative Trad Xbo3ft af6
&Contracting
14 ljgf]b cfËb]Dj] 22/04 Al- Mukthtar Con & Tra. Xbo3ft af6
15 Nffn af= uhf{du/ 25/04 Qadsia Transport and Rent Xbo3ft af6
Car
16 /fd k|;fb e08f/L 26/04 Star Plus Clean Company Xbo3ft af6
17 sdn lnDj" 28/04 Al- Sheikh Enterprises Xbo3ft af6
18 chfj ;fkmL 28/04 Estern Island Trad. Xbo3ft af6
19 zq'3g zfx 28/04 Gulf Beach Tra. Xbo3ft af6
20 ;fkm{flbg 30/04 Raya A. and Deero Wf]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f
21 /fd ;]js ofbj 30/04 Al Siddique Trading And Wf]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f
Real Estate

%= Df]+O M
s Kff/sfdL u'?Ë 03/05 CCIC Xbo3ft af6
v od/fh /fO{ 04/05 Industrial Cont and Eng. Xbo3ft af6
94
u /fdhL ;fsL{ 05/05 CCIC Xbo3ft af6
3 Ufj{ dx/f rfd/ 07/05 Al Jabar Trad.N Cont. Xbo3ft af6
Ë b]j af= ufxf 09/05 Ramco Trad. And Cont. Xbo3ft af6
r bf}nt lu/L 11/05 National Contracting and Xbo3ft af6
Trading
5 /fd;'sf s'dL{ 13/05 Qatari Development Trading 6fps]fsf] rf]6sf sf/0f
h lj/] u'?Ë 15/05 Sinohydro Clamuda Wct Xbo3ft af6
em /fd;/0f nfdf 16/05 Qatar Alpha Beton Rm udL{ af6
` lblnk s'df/ k+s'dfn 20/05 Al Qatani Gurage 6fps]fsf] rf]6sf sf/0f
6 Z]ft gf/fo0f d08n 23/05 Amasco Almunium Wf]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f
7 OGb| af= l;pyfgL 27/05 Mastro Qatar Company Wf]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f
8 lzj ;+s/ cflx/ 29/05 Hadico Trading & Xbo3ft af6
Contracting
9 s'df/ yfkf 30/05 Qatar Procurement Services Xbo3ft af6
0f Jfn afxfb'/ du/ 31/05 Midmac Contracting Xbo3ft af6
t jL/ af= tfdfË 31/05 Trey Trad. & Cont. Xbo3ft af6
y pdfsfGt kf}8]n 31/05 Maram Jobour Xbo3ft af6

^= h'g M
! dfgafxfb'/ /fO{ )&.)^ Al Madar Group Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] sf/0f
@ Jfn af= yfkf !).)^ Redco Cont. Xbo3ft af6
# Nf]fs af= s'Gjf/ !#.)^ Al-Jabar Partners Xbo3ft af6
$ k'ik/fh a/fn !%.)^ Qasar Al Andalus Xbo3ft af6
% Nf]fs af= u'?Ë !%.)^ Al mana And Partner Xbo3ft af6
^ lrq k|;fb clwsf/L !&.)^ Bukshisha bldg and cont . 6fps]fsf] rf]6sf sf/0f
& e/tnfn >]i7 !*.)^ Spartan Ready mix Xbo3ft af6
* nId0f l3ld/] !*.)^ Ahumad Hamad Wf]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f
( /fh' e08f/L @@.)^ Shaqab Abeal Catring W]f/} /ut au]/
!) /fd af= u'?Ë @@.)^ Qatar Market Company laB'lto em6\sfsf sf/0f
!! e'k]Gb| yfkf @#.)^ Al Tamani Group cfTdxTof
!@ ofd af= sfsL{ @&.)^ Al Sahaba Trad. 6fps]fsf] rf]6sf sf/0f
!# Rf]t af= kl/of/ @&.)^ Al Sahaba Trad. Wf]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f
!$ sfd'{l4g cG;f/L #).)& Al Bakar Bekary Wf]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f

&= h'nfO{ M
! xs{ af= /fO{ )#.)& Khalid bin Abdulla Al M. Xbo3ft af6
@ nR5'/fd /fO{ )$.)& Zublin International Qatar ;8s b'3{6gf
# lty{ af= yfkfdu/ )&.)& Imar Trad. And Cont. Xbo3ft af6
$ k'0f{b]j sfdL !).)& Al Mubarriz Cont. Xbo3ft af6
% r's af= e'h]n @@.)& Organix Bulding System Xbo3ft af6
^ c?0f ofbj @$.)& Zad Al –khair Trad. cfTdxTof
95
& Df]fxg af= u'?Ë @$.)& Marbu Cont. Xbo3ft af6
* lji0f' k|;fb jufn] @%.)& Gulf Trading & Cont. Xbo3ft af6
( CifL k'g @*.)& Marco Trading & Cont. Xbo3ft af6
!) cf]d af= k'g #!.)& Al- Misnad Services Xbo3ft af6

*= cui6 M
! k"0f{ af= /f]Ssf )$.)* International Engg & GS Xbo3ft af6
@ Dfx]z s'df/ rf}w/L )&.)* Queen Auto Patrs Doha Xbo3ft af6
# k/z'/fd /fO{ )&.)* Rashed Al Reshed Xbo3ft af6
$ /d]z af= la=s= )(.)* Black Stone Trading & Cont. kfgLdf 8'a]/
% b]j/fh uojf !!.)* Al Wataniya Contracting 5ftLdf rf]6 nfu]/
^ led af= /fO{ !!.)* QDFTC Xbo3ft af6
& sdn k|;fb rf}xfg !$.)* Thani Bin Abdullha Xbo3ft af6
* Uf]fljGb af= b]uf du/ !%.)* Panceltica Qatar Fast Wf]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f
( s'b'; gfbfkm !%.)* Al masalan Trading Xbo3ft af6
!) Ogfd'Nnf d';ndfg !^.)* Sing Teeh Lyeon Xbo3ft af6
!! Dfgx/L ;fksf]6f !&.)* Khalid for Food Stuff Xbo3ft af6
!@ eLd s'df/ u'?Ë @@.)* Jiraam Bulding Rep. Wf]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f
!# 6+sgfy Gof}kfg] @@.)* Al Sahaba Trad. & Cont. Wf]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f
!$ Z+fs/ sfsL{ @!.)* Al Sabriya Trading Wf]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f
!% bLk]Gb| >]i7 @%.)* AL- Jaw Trading 6fpsf]df rf]6sf sf/0f
!^ Ckmhn x';g @%.)* Shaikh Mubarak A. 6fpsf]df rf]6sf sf/0f
!& Kf]fd a= jDhg @%.)* Al Jol Contracting And Xbo3ft af6
trading

(= ;]K6]Dj/ M
! /fd clg; 7fs'/ )!.)( Al Jabar Trading And Cont. Xbo3ft af6
@ s}o'd df]lng )@.)( Amana Steel Bulding 5ftL ;DjlGw rf]6sf sf/0f
# Gff/fo0f >]i7 )#.)( Orintale Enteprises Wf]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f
$ cfOt af= sfdL )$.)( Midmac Cont. kfgLdf 8'j]/
% k'ikf hLdL )(.)( Al ali Singhco Co. Xbo3ft af6
^ Z]f/ af= bhL{ )(.)( Cont. Development Xbo3ft af6
Company
& g/]Gb| af= /f]Ssf !#.)( Jabar Trading Xbo3ft af6
* o'j/fh of]ËxfË @#.)( Bravo Trading & Cont. Wf]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f
( jL/Wjh tfdfË @#.)( Badr Cont. Xbo3ft af6
!) Dfxfl4g ldof @#.)( Al Obaidly Cont. Xbo3ft af6
!! z's af= u'?Ë @#.)( Qatar Bulding Cont. Xbo3ft af6
!@ ldqnfnf ;fksf]6f @%.)( Imperial Trading 6fpsf]df rf]6 nfUg'
!# nLn af= /fgf du/ @%.)( International Eng . 8'j]/ d[To' x'g'
!$ lai0f' af= sfsL{ @*.)( Queen Carpet 8'j]/ d[To' x'g'
!% xs{dfg tfdfË @(.)( Bin Omran Trading And 5ftL ;DjlGw rf]6sf sf/0f
Cont.

96
!^ Uf0f]z af= du/ #).)( Promac Engg .Trading Xbo3ft af6
!& /fd/]; zfxt]nL #).)( Al Mukhtar Cont. Rf]f6k6s nfUg'
!* c+h/ ;]v #).)( Daylight Loundry Rf]f6k6s nfUg'
!( 1fg af= cf]nL )&.)( Al Lord Cont And Trad. prfOaf6 v:g'

!)= cS6'j/ M
! bn af= yfkf )!.!) Midmac Co. Xbo3ft af6
@ lbn /fh >]i7 )!.!) Seashore Engg. Xbo3ft af6
# k'g{x/L sfsL{ )^.!) Al-Misk Carpantry laB'lto em6\sf
$ d':tkmf zfx !!.!) Al- Sjaqab Car Xbo3ft af6
% Dffg af= s;]qL !$.!) Abdullah Saleh Sultan Xbo3ft af6
^ a]r' kf;dfg !%.!) Spartan Trading Xbo3ft af6
& Nflnt af= kf}8n
] !%.!) Shaqab Abela Car. Xbo3ft af6
* lai0f' s]=;L= !&.!) Sigma Bulding Manti. cfTdxTof
( Uf]fkfn la:jsdf{ @#.!) New Rayyan fire Glass Xbo3ft af6
!) Dfxflj/ /fgf @&.!) Qatar Cleaning Co. Xbo3ft af6
!! Dfx]Gb| d08n @&.!) Qatar Al- Misand Xbo3ft af6
!@ eLd s'df/ s'dfn #!.!) Petro Plastic 6fpsf]df rf]6 nfu]/

!!= gf]e]Dj/ M
! Nf]fs af= Gof}kfg] )*.!! Al Mehrab Trad. & Cont. Zfl//df w]/} rf]6 k6ssf sf/0f
@ cd{t af= tfdfË !).!! Panceltica Readymade Xbo3ft af6
# Dffg af= tfdfË !%.!! NMSI Asia LTD Xbo3ft af6
$ k|lbk /fO{ !).!! Marbo Cont. Xbo3ft af6
% bLn af= nfdf !&.!! Hadico Trad. & Cont. cUnf] 7fpaf6 n8]/
^ Tf]fofgfy yfkf @!.!! Midmac Xbo3ft af6
& nIdL k|;fb hf};L @!.!! Al- Seal Cont. cfTdxTof
* Dfwj k|;fb e'iffn @(.!! Hass Anes Co . cUnf] 7fpaf6 n8]/

!@= l8;]Dj/ M
! w'j| >]i7 )#.!@ Tadmur Co.& Trad. Xbo3ft af6
@ t'n;L k|= la= s= )$.!@ Gulf Eng And Trading Xbo3ft af6
# e'k]Gb| k|wfg )%.!@ Al Mukhtar Cleaning Zjf;k|Zjf; ;DjlGw
$ cn/fd sjf/L )*.!@ Al- Ans House Co. Xbo3ft af6
% /fdrGb| bf; !!.!@ Faisal Al Attiyha Xbo3ft af6
^ k'j]{j'4 du/ !!.!@ Midmac Xbo3ft af6
& /fh' vfg !#.!@ Hamad Musfir Nasir Xbo3ft af6
* Dfljg /fO{ !%.!@ Mohammad R.B.A. Xbo3ft af6
( >L/fd 9'Ëfgf !^.!@ Damac Al Feriea Xbo3ft af6
!) Nffn af= af]xf]/f If]qL @@.!@ Al- jasra Trad. Xbo3ft af6
!! cg af= yfkf @$.!@ Kettaneh Cont. Xbo3ft af6
!@ jL/ af= u'?Ë @(.!@ Ife Style for Cleaning Xbo3ft af6
97
!# /fdb]j lu/L @!.!@ Saad Bin Majid Al Xbo3ft af6
!$ g/]Gb| kmfuf] #!.!@ Meather Decorution Xbo3ft af6

stf/df @))* df d/]sf g]kfnLx?sf] ljj/0f M

!= hgj/L M
! k'xk' nfn rf}w/L )(.)! Gulf Housing Cont. Xbo3ft af6
@ b'tdfg /f]Ssf )(.)! Marbo Cont. Co. cfsl:ds Xbo3ft af6
# bn af= bhL{ !).)! Ezdan Real Estate Co /utsf] axfj g/f]lsP/
$ b'uf{ k| = e§ !!.)! Aleena Trading And cfsl:ds Xbo3ft af6
Contracting
% ;'o{ k|;fb >]i7 !#.)! Hassanesco Readymix cfsl:ds Xbo3ft af6
^ cd/ af= /fgf !$.)! New International Trad. Co. cfsl:ds Xbo3ft af6
& lnnf af= la=s= !&.)! Al Khaleej Sanitaaryware 6fpsf]d fnfu]sf] ulx/f] rf]6
* Vfu/fh ;fksf]6f !*.)! Qamrul Huda Co. Xbo3ft af6
( x]drGb| a/fn @(.)! Amar Trading & Cont. Xbo3ft af6
!) Dffg af= u'?Ë @(.)! Qatar Navigation Zjf;k|Zjf; ;DjlGw

@= km]j|'c/L M
! ;s af= af/f3/] du/ )@.)@ Sanpok Trading & Xbo3ft af6
Contracting
@ sdn af= g]kfn )#.)@ AL Anoud Folak Co. d'6' tyf kmf]S;f]sf] sf/0f
# Kfbd af= kf}8ofn )#.)@ Kafesewt Company Xbo3ft af6
$ ;f]dnfn tfdfË )$.)@ Jamco Trad. & Cont. Zfl//df rf]6 k6ssf sf/0fn]
% clhdf d';ndfg !#.)@ Tajheez Trading & Cont. Df]l;g cf}hf/sf] sf/0fn]
^ Zofd s'df/ lkmofs !$.)@ Electromecanical Int. 6fpsf]df nfu]sf] ulx/f] rf]6sf] sf/
& Kf|sfz ldhf/ !$.)@ Al Sayed Cleaning Xbo3ft af6
* Hfgs aaf= uf]n] !&.)@ Qality Food & Service Xbo3ft af6
( Kfbd af= bdfO{ !&.)@ Redco International cfTdxTof
!) ltns af= u'?Ë @).)@ Al Kharaitiyat Club Xbo3ft af6
!! 6]s af= v8\sf @$.)@ Afrina Trad. & Cont. dfyLaf6 v;]sf] a:t'n] nfu]/
!@ eLd/fh tfdfË @&.)@ Trading & Agency S. Xbo3ft af6
!# O{8\/L; df]xdb @*.)@ Dencity Group Trading & Xbo3ft af6
Cont.

#= dfr{ M
! Afn/fd u'?Ë )^.)# Professional Cont Hire Xbo3ft af6
@ clg; tflDnË )(.)# Al Adala Gulf Carpentntry 6fpsf]df nfu]sf] ulx/f] rf]6sf] sf/
# Hfgs af= d/fl;gL du/ )(.)# Hamelt International Xbo3ft af6
$ Dffg af= yfkf !(.)# Thamco Cont. Co. Xbo3ft af6
% Jf]u af= k'g du/ @).)# Midwil Trad. Inc. Qatar Xbo3ft af6
^ j/fxfd b]j d'lvof @).)# Al Rahma Trading Co. 6fpsf]df rf]6
& 1fg]Gb| af= lnDa" @!.)# Al- Raamh Cont. & Trad. Zfl//df rf]6 k6ssf sf/0fn]
98
* Wfg af= /fO{ @@.)# Gulf Housing &Cont. Xbo3ft af6
( /fdla|S; dx/f @#.)# Qatar Bulding Co. Xbo3ft af6
!) Nflnt af= yfS;" @*.)# National Eng. & Cont. 6fpsf] / 5ftLsf] rf]6sf] sf/0f
!! >Lk|;fb >]i7 #!.)# Al aqaliya Cont. Xbo3ft af6
!@ Dffg af= j'4 #!.)# Aleena Trading & Cont. 6fpsf] ulx/f] rf]6sf] sf/0f

$= clk|n M
! Dffsf{Gb] clx/ )!.)$ Zakib Trad. & Cont. Xbo3ft af6
@ a}hofgfy 7fs'/ )$.)$ Madern Gulf Trad. & Cont. Zfl//df rf]6 k6ssf sf/0fn]
# Wfg af= /fgfdu/ !).)$ Gulf Marbal & Granite Xbo3ft af6
Trading Co.
$ Jf]b af= u'?Ë !!.)$ Al muftah Group d'6' tyf kmf]S;f]sf] sf/0f
% Rfq af= b'nfn !#.)$ Gulf Star Eng. & Transport Xbo3ft af6

pRr tfkqmd / /f]ux?

xfd|f] z/L/sf] leqL tfkqmd ;fdfGotof l:y/ x'G5 . Pp6f :jf:y dflg;sf] z/L/sf] tfkqmd
#^=^–#&=! l8u|L ;]lG6u|]6 cyf{t sl/a (*=^ l8u|L km/]gxfO{6 x'G5 . aflx/L aftfj/0fsf] tfkqmd pRr xf];\
of Psbd Go"g xfd|f] z/L/sf] tfkqmddf s'g}{ c;/ kg'{x'b}g . jftfj/0fLo tfkqmdn] z/L/df c;/ ug{
glbgsf nflu z/L/df ljleGg k|lqmofx? eO{/xG5g . o:tf k|lqmofnfO{ xf]ldcf]:6fl;;\ jf y/df]/]u'n];g\
elgG5 .
Jfftjf/0fLo tfkqmd pRr /x]sf] cj:yfdf xfd|f] z/L/sf] 5fnf d'lgsf /Stglnx? 7"nf] x'G5
cyf{t ef;f]8fO{n];g x'G5 / 5fnfsf] dfWod¢f/f z/L/n] cfˆgf] tfk kmfN5 . kmntM z/L/ lrl;g] x'G5 .
To:t} o; cj:tfdf z/L/af6 cTolws dfqdf kl;gf pTkfbg x'G5 / z/L/sf] tfk u'dfpg d2t u5{ .
o:t} jftfj/0fdf vfgfdf ?lr sd nfUg' klg z/L/s} tfk u'dfpg] Pp6f tl/s xf] . z/L/nfO{ k|f]l6g sd
dfqdf rflxg] ePsfn] vfgfdf ?lr sd nfu]sf] xf] . pRr tfks|d ePsf] cj:yfdf lr;f]kfgLn],lr;f]
e'Ofdf ;'Tg],?vsf] 5fo“fdf a:g',kvf{ndf a:g',lr;f] k]o kbfy{x? lng' tyf cf/fd ug'{n] z/L/sf] tfks|d
36fpg d2t u5{ .
z/L/sf ljleGg k|ls|of h;af6 zlSt pTkGg x'G5 / zl// hfjt w]/} zf/Ll/s Jofoddf jf
sfddf Jo:t x'G5 To:t} tl/sfn] tfk 36fpg] jf u'dfpg] dfWod 5fnf,kl;gf,Zjf;k|Zjf;,lk;fa,lbzf g}
xf] . udL{ :yfgdf w]/} a]/ sfd ugf{n] v'§fsf df+;k];L b'Vg],s6\s6L vfg],tyf afpl8g] x'g;S5 . pRr
tfks|dn] ug]{ ;aeGbf klxnf] / ;fwf/0f c;/ oxL g} xf], o;nfO{ lx6 SofDk cyf{t\ tfkn] u/]sf] b'vfO{
v'§f elgG5 . z/L/df kfgLsf] dfqf k'u]klg kl;gfdf v]/ uPsf] nj0fsf] sdL eP/ o:tf] b'vfO{ x'g] u5{ .
o:tf] b'vfO{ v'§f afx]s xftsf df+;k];Ldf x'g;S5 . o:tf JoflQmn] z/L/sf] tfk u'dfpg,g'xfpg] lr;f]
kbfy{ ;]jg ug]{,u/]sf] cj:yfdf rfF8} cf/fd kfpg] x'G5 . udL{ :yfgdf w]/} a]/ Jofod ubf{ jf sfd ubf{
xfd|f] z/L/ lr:ofpg tyf /utsf] tfks|d l:y/ /fVg z/L/sf] k|f]l6g 6'ls|P/ zlSt aGg] sfd /f]lsG5 .
To;}n] o:tf] cj:yfdf s;}–s;}nfO{ 6fpsf] b'Vg],jfs jfs nfUg],afGtf cfpg],rSs/ nfUg], sdhf]/
x'g],df+;k]zL b'Vg] x'g ;S5 . oL nIf0f ePsf JolQn] klg k'g{ hLjlgo emf]n ;]jg ug]{ tyf zl//
lr:ofpg] ljleGg pkfox? ckgfpg'k5{ . w]/} afGtf ePsf la/fdL tyf Jn8 k|];/ sd ePsf JoflQmn]
gzfsf] dfWodaf6 kfgL tyf nj0f - ;nfO{g _ ug'{kg]{ klg x'g ;S5 . udL{ofddf ljBfyL{x? Rf}/df 9n]sf
xfdLn] b]v]sf 5f} . of] ;d:ofnfO{ lx6 l;gsf] elgG5 . o:tf la/fdLnfO{ t'?Gt lr;f] 7fpFdf nu]/ cf/fd
u/fpg'k5{ . pRr tfks|dn] ug{ ;Sg] ;aeGbf vt/gfs l:yltnfO{ lx6 :6f]s elgG5 . /utsf] tfks|d
99
$)) ;]lg6u|]6eGbf a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf z/L/sf] tfks|d lgoGq0f ug]{ k|ls|of cyf{t ydf]{/]u'n];f k|ls|of
tfk u'dfpg] k|ls|of - kl;gf 5fnf _ cflb klg /f]lsG5 . afGtf x'g],6fpsf] b'Vg], h:tf nIf0faf6 ;'? eP/
z/L/ sfKg], kl;gf cfpg} 5f]8\g],z/L/ ;'Vvf x'g],a]xf]; x'g],cflb x'g ;S5 . lx6 :6«f]s ePsf] la/fdLsf]
d[To' x'g] ;Defjgf sl/a &^ k|lt;t x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf la/fdLsf] z/L/ t'?Gt lr:ofpg'k5{ . z/L/
lr:ofpgsf nflu cfO;jf6/ -j/km_ au]sf] kfgL cflb k|of]u ug'{k5{ . To:t} o:tf la/fdLsf] d[To'sf] sf/0f
d[uf}nfsf] v/faL - /]gn km]n/ _ x'g] u/]sf]n] ubf{ t'?Gt gzfaf6 kfgL / nj0f lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . z/L/ w]/}
sfKg] ePdf cGo cf}ifwLsf] klg k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . hfF8–/S;L tyf klxn]b]lv w]/} /f]udf cf}ifwL ;]jg ug]{
JolQsf nflu lx6 :6«f]sn cem vt/gfs ;fljt x'g ;S5 .
nfdf] ;do;Dd udL{ 7fpdf sfd ug]{ sfdbf/ jf v]nf8Lx?df z/L/sf] yd{l/u'n];f k|ls|ofdf ;fdfGo
kl/jt{g cfpg] x'G5 . h;n] ub{f pgLx?nfO{ pRr tfks|d ePsf] :yfgdf klg t'?Gt lx6 :6«f]sh:tf
;d:ofn] ;tfpg] x'G5 . c? To:tf JoflQmn] klg al9 kfgL,lr;f] k]o kbfy{,tyf emf]n kbfy{ ;]jg ug'{,
xl/of] ;nfb ;]jg ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . udL{ 7fpFdf sfd ug]{ sfdbf/n] w'dkfg,dwkfg ;]jg gug'{ g} /fd|f] xf] .
- ;fef/ sflGtk'/ k|jf; ;fKtflxs_

udL{ 7fp“df sfd ubf{ s:tf] vfgf vfg] <

g]kfnsf ljleGg 7fpF -t/fO{,kxf8,lxdfnL e]s _ af6 vf8Lsf] b]zdf sfd ug{ hfg] dflg;nfO{
ToxfF uP/ s]–s:tf] vfg] xf]nf eGg] ;d:of kg{ ;S5 . g]kfndf Ps k|sf/sf] bfn,eft,t/sf/L,l98f],xl/of]
;fukft vfg]x?nfO{ ToxfF ;xh} oL s'/f k|fKt ug{ ufx|f] x'g ;S5 . t/ aflx/lt/ sfd ubf{,lx8\bf clt g}
udL{ x'g] ePsf]n] / s8f kl/>d ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] ToxL cg';f/sf] kf]if0f klg x'g' h?l/ 5 . kf]if0f k'u]g eg]
cg]s y/Lsf /f]un] ;tfpg],z/L/sf] /f]u;+u n8\g] zlQm sd x'b} hfg] x'G5 . ;fy} kf]if0fsf] cefjdf
sltko cj:yfdf dfgl;s ?kdf klg sdhf]/ eOG5 . To;}n] oxfFaf6 hfg'eGbf cufl8 / ToxfF uO;s]kl5
s]–s:tf] vfg]s'/f vfP/ zl//nfO{ :jf:Yo /fVg] eGg] s'/f hfGg' h?/L 5 .
udL{df sfd ug]{ dflg;sf] kl;gf w]/} cfpg] x'gfn] kl;gfjf6 zl//n] w]/} nj0f
-g'g_,kf]6fl;od / cGo kbfy{x? KfmfN5 . olb xfd|f] vfg] s'/fjf6 oL s'/fx? zl//df k'u]gg\ eg] xftv'§f
uNg] ,afpl8g],Psbd rff8} ysfO nfUg],6fpsf] b'Vg] / slxn]sfxL t a]xf]; x'g] klg x'G5 . To;}n] vfg]s'/f
vfFbf olb ;lsG5 eg] t/n kbf{y,xl/of] t/sf/Lsf] emf]n,bfnsf] emf]n cflb lkpg' pQd x'G5 . df;'vfg]
dflg;n]klg w]/} lrNnf]df ksfPsf] / af];f] ePsf] df;' eGbf sd lrNnf] / sd af];f] ePsf] df;' vfg'
/fd|f] x'G5 .
Vffgfdf s]xL le6fldgx? h:t} le6fldg ;L sf] sdL eof] eg] bfFtaf6 /ut cfpg],luhf ;'lgg] /
la:tf/} bft sdhf]/ x'b} hfG5 . bfFt emg]{ lqmof hjfgLd} eof] eg] o;n] ;f}Gbo{df dfq g/fd|f] kfg]{ xf]O{g
ls :jf:Yodf klg g/fd|f] c;/ kf5{ . To;}n] vfg]s'/f vfbf,olb kfOG5 eg] sfutL / /;bf/ kmnkm"nx?
xKtfdf b'O{–tLg rf]l6 k|of]u ug'{k5{ . ;lsG5 eg] t lbglbg} g} /fd|f] x'G5 . le6fldg ;L kfOg] cGo
kbfy{x? bxL klg xf] . bxLsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsof] eg] x/Lof]n] ;L afx]s cGo
le6fldg,SoflN;od,nj0f,kf]6fl;od cflb tTj klg lbG5 . udL{ x'g] 7fpdf bxLdf kfgL xfn]/ 3f]n]/ df]xL
agfpg ;lsof] / lkog ;lsof] eg] t o;n] z/L/df kfgLsf] klg cfk'tL{ u5{ . dw];df {5f5Ú kxf8df
{df]xLÚ elgg] bxLdf kfgL xfn]/ lkpg' t :jf:ysf] nflu clt g} /fd|f] x'G5 . o;n] z/L/nfO{ rfF8f] a"9f]
x'gaf6 klg hf]ufp5 . To;}u/L udL{df sfd ug]{x?n] ;lsG5 eg] Kofhsf] klg kof{Kt dqfdf k|of]u ug'{k5{
. Kofhdf /x]sf] ;"Id tTjx?n] z/L/sf] /f]u;+u n8\g] zlQm a9fpF5 . dw];af6 sfd ug{ hfg] bfh'efO{nfO{
yfxf g} 5 xf]nf dw]; lt/ Kofh / bxLsf] /fotf agfP/ eft jf /]f6L;+u udfud vfPsf] clg kxf8af6
hfg] dflg;nfO{ klg yfxf 5 xf]nf Kofh vNtLdf xfn]/ eft vfg] 7fpdf Kofh 6f]Sb} eft / g'g;Fu eP
klg dL7f] kf/]/ eft vfPsf] . Kofh ksfP/ vfFbf Pp6f leGb} :jfb x'G5 . sfFr} vfFbf leGb} :jfb x'G5 .
Kofhn] ef]hgnfO{ :jflbi6 agfpg] dfq xf]Og,?3fvf]sL nfUbf cf}iflwsf] sfd klg u5{ . To;}n] olb ;lsG5
100
eg] bfh'efOx?n] KofhnfO{ b]lgs ef]hgsf] Pp6f c+u agfpg'xf];\ . lbglbg} ;lsGg eg] xKtfdf b'O{–tLg
rf]6L vfgfn] :jf:Yosf] 7"nf] /Iff x'G5 . Kofhdf le6fldg {;LÚ klg kfOG5 . To;}n] o;n] bfFtsf] klg ;'/Iff
u5{ . s]jn Pp6f dfq b'u'{0f 5 sfFrf] Kofh vfPkl5 d'vaf6 Tolt dL7f] af:gf cfpb}g . To;af6 aRg
Kofh vfPkl5 dgtftf] jf lr;f] kfgLdf g'g xfn]/ s'Nnf ug]{ / ;lsG5 eg] a|';n] bfFt dfHg'k5{ . olb Tof]
;Dej 5}g eg] Kofh vfg] sfd /ftL u/] klg x'G5 .
To;}u/L udL{ofddf sfd ubf{ kof{Kt dfqfdf kl;gf uP slxn]sfxL a]xf]; x'g] ;Defjgf g} x'G5 .
xfd|f] dw];lt/ {n'Ú rNbf dflg; a]xf]; x'g] u5{g\ . vf8L If]qlt/rfFlx s8f 3fddf sfd ubf{ kl;gf al9
uP/ nQkQ x'g] x'gfn] kfgLsf] w/} k|of]u ug'{k5{ . kfgL;+u} g'g / lrgL klg xfn]kl5 klg o;n] z/l/af6
aflx/ uPsf] g'gnfO{ klg Ifltk"lt{ u5{ .
leqkl§ a;]/ {Po/ slG8;gÚ df sfd ug]{ dflg;n] klg kfgL kof{Kt k|of]u ug'{k5{ . lsgeg] {Po/ slG8;gÚ
df x'Fbf Kof; nfu]sf] yfxf x'b}g t/ x/L/af6 kfgL rfxL uO/fV5 . To;}n] kfgL b"w gxfn]sf] lrof,bxL
cflbrfFxL k|of]u ul//xg'k5{ .
ef]hgsf] af/]df s'/f ubf{ olb cfkm}n] vfg]xf] eg] sffrf] ;nfb - d'nf,sfqmf],sfutL cfbL _ kfOof] /
vfg ;lsof] eg] o;n] z/L/df kfgLsf] k"lt{ klg u5{ ;fy} z/L/nfO{ rfxLg] ljleGg y/Lsf le6fldg klg
lbG5 . z/L/df rflxg] /];fbf/ kbfy{ klg lbG5 . df;' w]/} vfFbf x/L/df slAhot eP/ cg]s lsl;dsf /f]u
k}bf x'G5 . xl/of] t/sf/L,;fukft,;nfb cflbdf /];fbf/ kbfy{ ePsfn] slAhot x'gaf6 /f]S5 . x]bf{v]l/
clt ;/n oL 1fgn] :jf:Yo /fd|f] /fVgdf / sfd ug{df 7"nf] d2t u5{ .
- !) kmfu'g @)^$, sflGtk'/ af6_
k|fylds pkrf/
ljb]zdf hfg] o'jsnfO{ :jf:Yosf] af/]df sd} 1fg x'G5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd la/fdL eP/ 8fS6/ jf
:jf:YosdL{ sxfF hfg] t 5b}5 . t/ s]xL o:tf ;fwf/0f ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;fwf/0f 1fg eof] /
kf|yfdLs pkrf/ ug{ ;lsof] eg] cfk"m / cfˆgf ;fyLnfO{ klg d2t ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnaf6 hfbf xfd|f o'jfn] vfgf ksfpg l;s]sf x'b}gg\ . ToxfF uP/ vfgf ksfpbf cg]s
lsl;dsf ;dof b]vf kg{ ;S5g\ . klxnf] ;d:of vfg] s'/f ksfpbf cfuf]n] kf]Nn],tftf] ef8f]n] kfNg] cflb
x'G5 . tftf]n] kf]Nbf b'Vg] t 5b}5 t/ 5fnfdf kmf]sf p7\g] kl5 Tof] ;qmd0f eP/ cGo ;d:of x'g ;S5 .
tftf]kfgLn] jf cfuf]n] kf]Nbf k|fyflds pkrf/ t lr;f] kfgL g} xf] . kf]Ng]lalQs} kf]n]sf] 7fpdf
lr;f]kfgL / ;lsG5eg] lk|mhaf6 lgsfn]sf] clt lr;f]kfgL Tof] kf]n]sf] 7fpFdf /fNg ;lsof] eg] 5fnfsf]
kf]nfO{ / b'vfO{ sd x'g hfG5 . z/L/sf] h'gefunfO{ kfgLdf 8'afpg ;lsG5, Tof] efu kfgLdf 8'afpg] /
h'g efu kfgLd 8'afpg ;lsb}g, h:tf] 9f8 jf cg'xf/ cflb 7fpFdf rfFlx sk8f lehfP/ /fVg' k5{ . hlt
s8f kf]nfO{ 5 Tolt nfdf] ;do kfgLdf /fVg'k5{ . a];/L kf]n]sf] 5 eg] :jf:Yo sdL{ sxfF hfg'kg]{ / 5b}5
t/ Tox“f hfg'eGbf cl3g} k|ydLs pkrf/ ul/of] eg] cf}ifwLsf] vr{} / ;fwf/0f kf]n]sf] 7fFpdf ;kmf sfrf]
cfn' sf6]/ bngfn] klg kmf]sf] p7\g kfpb}g . s]xL ul/ kf]n]sf] 7fpdf kmf]sf p7\of] eg] To; nfO{ k'm6fpg'
x'b}g\ .kmf]sfleq el/Psf] kfgLn] kf]n]sf] 5fnfsf] /Iff u5{ . s]xL ul/ kfgL el/Psf] 7fpFdf k'm6\of] eg]
To;nfO{ ;+qmd0f x'gaf6 arfpg sk8fn] 5f]k]/ /fVg'kb{5 . 3fp eof] eg] lgsf] x'g] ;do nfUg ;S5 .
sfd ubf{ ljb]zdf v'§f jf xft dls{g] csf]{ ;d:of xf] . dls{g]lalQs} t]n jf l3p jf s'g} cf}ifwL
dN5g\ . To;f] ug'{x'b}g . ds]{sf] 7fpFdf lr;f]kfgLsf] ;]sfOn] ds]{sf] 7fpFdf b'vfO{ sd u5{ / ;'lgPsf] klg
sd u5{ . o;/L dls{Psf] 7fpFdf To; 7fpFnfO{ cf/fd u/fpg'k5{ . @$ 3G6fkl5 rfFxL ds]{sf] 7fpFdf
cf/fd lbg'k5{ . ds]{sf] 7fpFsf] b'vfO{ sd ug{ s]xL cf}iflwx? - b'vfO{ sd x'g] _ vfPdf o;n] ;'lgPsf] /
b'vfO{ b'j} sd u5{ . dls{Psf] 7fpFsf] cf/fd ug'{sf nflu olb v'§fdf dls{Psf] 5 eg] ;s];Dd lx8\g] sfd
/f]Sg'k5{ . AofG8]h afFw]/ cf/fd ug'{k5{ . olb cf}nf jf xft dls{Psf] 5 eg] To;nfO{klg prfn]/, grNg]
u/L afFWg'k5{ / To; 7fpFnfO{ cf/fd lbg'k5{ . hlt al9 cf/fd lbof] eg] lgsf] x'g] k|lqmof klg Tolt g}
rfF8f] x'g] k|lqmof x'G5 . vf8Lsf] b]zx?df sfd ubf{ - laif]z u/L 3/aflx/ _ 3fdn] ubf{ a]xf]; x'g],kl;gf
101
al9 lg:s]/ a]xf]; x'g] ;defjgf xG'5 . olb ;dodf k|fylds pkrf/ ul/Pg eg] udL{n] ubf{ d[To' x'g]
;Defjgf klg al9 x'G5 . To;af6 aRg] pkfPsf t klxn] t 3fddf sfd ubf{ 6fpsf] / 5fnfnfO{ l;w}
3fdsf] k|efjaf6 arfpg ;'tLsf] n'uf,;'tLsf] 7"nf] 6f]kL jf ToxfFsf dflg;n] nufpg]h:tf] 3fdaf6 6fpsf]
arfpg] sk8f nufpg'k5{ . kf]ln:6/,gfOngsf] sk8fn] udL{df a]kmfO{bf ug]{ ePsfn] ;'tLsf] sk8f g}
clTfpQd x'G5 .
3fddf a]xf]; x'g]lalQs} To:tf] dflg;nfO{ t'?Gt lr;f] 7fpFdf 5fo“fdf /fVg'k5{ . lr;f]kfgLsf]
sk8fn] zl// k'5L lbg'k5{ . To;kl5 xfjfv]Ng] 7fpFdf /fvLlbg' k5{ . hlt ;Sof] l56f] To;sf] z/L/sf]
tfkqmd lr;f] kfg{sf nflu ;lsG5 eg] a/kmn] zl// k'l5lbP emg /fd|f] x'G5 . 3fdsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ w]/}
kl;gf uPkl5 v'§fx? afpl7g] ePsfn] g'g lrgL kfgLsf] emf]n agfP/ vfg lbg'k5{ . To; emf]ndf sfutL
jf kmnk"mnsf] /; xfNg ;s] emg\ /fd|f] x'G5 . To;/L a]xf]; ePsf] dflg;nfO{ a]xf];L cj:yfdf eg] s]xL
v'jfpg' x'b}g . p7]kl5 cln cln ub}{ lknfpg'k5{ . a]xf]; e};s]sf] dflg;sf] cj:yf w]/} j]/;Dd /flv/xg'
vt/gfs x'g] ePsfn] ;lsG5 eg] l5§} c:ktfn nfUg'k5{ .
- ;fef/ sflGtk'/ k|jf; ;fKtflxs_
Vf08 3
stf/sf g]kfnL Joj;foLx?
g]kfnLx?sf] a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cfs{ifs uGtJo :yn aGb} 5 , stf/ π stf/n] lbgfg'lbg a8\b}
uPsf] ljsfzn] v'8\lsnf] g} g]kfnLx?sf] /f]hL /f]6Lsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ 5 . lbgfg'lbg ljleGg cj;/x?
ylkbf 5g\ . g]kfnLx?sf] OdfGbfl/tf / sfdk|ltsf] nugzLntfn] ubf{ stf/ ;/sf/sf] Pjd\ ox“fsf
pBdLx?sf] klxnf] gh/df g]kfnL kg{ hfG5 . g]kfnaf6 stf/n] ;a} k|sf/sf sfdbf/x? ;:tf]df ;lhn}
k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g . g]kfnLx?sf] ljutsf] Oltxf;n] g} k|i6 u/]sf] 5 ls stf/sf] ljsf;sf] Pp6f
dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f g]kfnLsf] >d xf] . stf/sf] ;+a[¢ ljsf;df nfvf}+ o"jfx?sf] of}jg ldl;Psf] 5
,kl;gfsf] ;]tL au]sf] 5 . h'g tYo 3fd hlts} 5n{Ë 5 .
stf/nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] uGtJo :yn jgfP/ stf/ k;]sf sof} ;kgf ef]uL g]kfnLsf
;kgfx? k"/f ePsf 5g . sof}sf ;kgfx? Vf08x/ eP/ 6'lqmPsf klg 5g . h;n] hLjgsf] dxTjk"0f{
e/] , hLjgdf s]xL s]xL ug'{ k5{ eGg] ;fr]+ cfh ltgLx? stf/df ;DkGg hLjg ofkg u/]/ s}of}+ g]kfnLsf]
cf>o:yn ;d]t jg]/ af“lr/x]sf 5g . hLjgnfO{ ;+3{if 7fg]/ lx8\g]x?n] of] leGg e"uf]ndf ljljw
k|lts'ntfnfO{ lr/]/ leGg efiff, leGg w/ftn,;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] af/ aGb]hx? eTsfP/ ;kmn
Jofj;fosf] ;~rfng u/]/ ;of}+ g]kfnLnfO{ /f]huf/L lbg' ;fdfGo s'/f klg xf]Og . e"uf]nsf] of] s'gfdf
sfg'gL /fHodf ljb]zL gful/ssf] nflu s'g} klg sDkgL vf]Ng ;lhnf] 5}g . stf/sf] cfkm\g} lgod 5 .
stf/df sDkgL vf]Ngsf] nflu ljleGg sfg'gL k|s[ofx? k"/f ug'{ kb{5 . ;j{k|yd t s'g} klg ljb]zL
gful/sn] sDkgL vf]Ngsf] nflu stf/sf] gful/saf6 :kf]G;/ kfpg' kb{5 . cfhsf] hdfgfdf s;} k|lt
;lhn} sf]xL klg ljZjfl;nf] aGg ;Sb}g . olb s;}n] lj:jf; ul/xfNof] eg] klg nfvf} l/on nufgL ug'{
kb{5 . k|foM h;f] stf/df cfpg]x? dWod auL{o kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? Gf} x'g] u5{g . x'g] vfg]x? ljZjsf
;jf{lws ;DkGg d'n's tkm{ xflgG5g . stf/df sDkgL g} vf]N5' eg]/ cfPsf ;fob lj/n} xf]nfg . cfh
stf/df g]kfnL nufgLdf ;~rflnt Aofj;fox?sf] ;+Vof @ bh{g gf3L ;s]sf] 5 . eg] Tolt g} ;+Vofdf
go“f Aofj;flox? ylkg] qmd hf/L 5 . stf/df cfkm\g} Aofj;fo ;~rfng u/]/ :yflkt e} ;Sg' ePsf
Aofj;flox?nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] pxfx? sfdbf/sf] ?kdf stf/ k|j]z u/]sf] kfOG5 .;+3{ifnfO{ hLjgsf]
OGb|fjlt 7fGg]x? g} cfh stf/df ;kmntfsf] lzv/ r9\b} x'g'x'G5 . stf/ bf]xfdf g]kfnL kf}/vsf] aLh

102
pd|g' ;d:t g]kfnLsf nflu g} uf}/jsf] s'/f xf] . g]kfnLsf] k|utL b]Vbf ;u/dfyf xif{n] emg prf] x'G5 .
;]tLn] n'sfPsL lk8f e'lN5g . df5fk'R5«]n] ;'sfPsf] cf“z' lal;{G5 .
ljljw k|lts"ntfx?nfO{ lrb}{ / cg]sf} b'Mvsf e8\vf/fx? tb}{ stf/df cfkm\gf] Aofj;fo
;~rfng u/L cfly{s ?kn] ;DkGg x'g'ePsf g]kfnL Aofj;flox? Gf]kfndf g} nufgL ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;Ifd
x'g' ePsf] 5 . ljb]zL e"lddf g]kfnL >d / l;ksf] ;'dw'/ ldng u/L g]kfnL hf“u/ / kf}/vsf] pbfx/0f
k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] 5 . g]kfnLx?sf] OdfGbfl/tf / nugzLntfsf] k'li6 ul/ /xg' ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL
pBdLx? ljb]zL pBdLx?sf] t'ngfdf cfly{s ?kn] ;jn geP klg stf/df g]kfnL pBdzLntfsf]
/fd|f] 5fk 5f]l8Psf] 5 . stf/df ;Ddfglgo dlGqHo"x?sf dxnx? g]kfnL Aofj;flosf] k|ToIf /]vb]vdf
/ ;xeflutfdf ag]sf 5g . stf/df xhf/f} Aofj;flox? 5g . cfly{s ?kn] ;jn ljleGg b]zsf xhf/f}
Aofj;flox? ;+u k|lt:kwf{df Go"g k'“lh¢f/f ;~rflnt xfd|f Aofj;flox? plqg' Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g t} klg
cfTdlj:jf; Pjd\ ;fx;n] el/k"0f{ g]kfnLx? slxNo} xfg{ rfxfb}gg\ . xfd|f] Oltxf;df g]kfnLn] xf/]sf]
st} b]lvPsf] klg 5}g .
stf/df ljif]z ul/ lgdf{0f sDklgx?sf] afx"Notf /x]sf] 5 . ljZjdf b|'tt/ ultdf ljsfz
ePsf] /fi6« xf] stf/ . stf/df ljleGg lgdf{0f kIf;+u ;DjlGwt 7"nf–7"nf kl/of]hgfx? ;~rflnt
x'gfn] clwsf+z g]kfnL Aofj;flox? lgdf{0f kIf;+u g} ;DalGwt Aofj;fodf ;+nUg b]lvg' x'G5 . o;sf
clQl/Qm g]kfnL xf]6n ;"rgf tyf k|ljlw g]kfnL nQf sk8f laleGg a}s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfx?df g]kfnL
Aofj;flox?sf] ;+nUgtf kfOG5 . stf/df ;fgf] ltgf] nufgLdf cfkm\g} Aofj;fo ;~rfng ug]{x?sf] nfd}
gfdfjnL cfp5 . bf]xf stf/df /x]/ cfkm\gf] Aofj;fo ;~rfng ub} cfpg' ePsf g]kfnL Aofj;flox?sf]
5f]6s/Ldf kl/ro o; k|sf/ 5 .
!_ Aofj;foLsf] gfd M 8f= b]jsfhL 8+uf]n
Aofj;fo M lxdfnog 6«]8 OG6/g];gn PG8 sG6«oflS6Ësf]= 8An' Pn= Pn=
lslt{k'/ l:yt kfËfdf hGdg' ePsf 8f= b]jsfhL 8+uf]n cd]l/sfsf] :yfO jfl;Gbf x'g'x'G5 . jxfn]
cli6«ofsf] leofgf ljZjlaBfnoaf6 rfON8 :k];lni6 ug'{ ePsf] xf] . jx“fn] ;g\ !((! Dff rfON8 Go'l6«;g
l/;r{ leogfdf @ aif{ sfd ug'{ eof] jxf ;g\ !((# df ;le{;sf] ?kdf stf/ cfpg' ePsf] xf] t/
stf/df jx“fn] km'8 :6'k Aofj;fo ;'? ug'{ eof] jx“f ;g\ !((& df xfO{ dfpG6]g 6'/sf] Dofg]lhË 8fO/]S6/
aGg' eof] jx“fn] stf/ Po/j]hnfO{ g]kfn leqofpg lgs} 7"nf] b]g lbg'eof] . jx“fsf] k|of;n] ubf{ stf/
Po/j]hn] g]kfndf cfkm\gf] p8fg ;'?jft u/of] . jx“f g} pQmPo/j]hsf] hg/n ;]N; Ph]G6 aGg' eof] .
jx“fn] ;g\ !((* df r]O8f s];f] gfds hfkflgh sDklg ;“u ldn]/ $!% a6f 7"nf 7"nf k|f]h]S6df ;j
sG6«ofS6/sf] ?kdf ;g\ !((^ df :yflkt OG6/g];gn 6«]l8Ë 6«fG; PG8 sG6«ofsl6«Ëaf6 sfd ug'{ eof]
sfd ub}{ hfg] qmddf jxfn] ;g\ @))@ df lxdfnog 6«]8 OG6/g];gn PG8 sG6«ofsl6«Ë sDklg vf]Ng'
eof] h“xf cfh @%) eGbf al9 bIf / cw{bIf sfdbf/ /x]sf] 5 . jxfn] Tolx ;fndf lab]zsf] sdfOnfO{
cj}wflgs tl/sfaf6 k7fpg] dfWod x'G8LnfO{ /f]Sgsf] nflu / b]zdf ljb]zL d'b|f k|fKt xf];\ eGg] x]]t'n]
;]jf dlg 6«fG;km/sf] :rfkgf ug'{ eof] . h'g cfh stf/ nufot cGo w]/] b]zx?df ;~rfngdf cfO;s]sf]
5 . jxfn] stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnL bfh'efO{sf] nflu ;g\@))$ g]kfnL efG;f3/sf] :yfkgf ug'{eof] jxfsf]
cd]l/sfdf cd]l/sg lnË; OG6/g]zgn sDklg / g]kfndf b/ 6«]8 OG6/g]zgn sDklgx? ;~rfngdf 5g\
. bf]xf stf/df :yflkt Aofj;foLx? dWo]df plg cu|:yfgdf kg'{ x'G5 .
bf]xf stf/sf] Oltxf;df g]kfnL ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yfsf hGdbftfsf ?kdf lrlgg' x'g] 8f= b]jsfhL
8+uf]nn] ;g\ !((& df g]kfnsf] ;xof]u ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ul/ g]kfnL b'tffjf;sf] l/QtfnfO{ k"/f ug]{ sfd
ug'{ eof] . tTsflng ;dosf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . jxfs} g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] g]kfn
103
;xof]u ;dfhn] tTsflng k|=c= lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf b]lv /fhf la/]Gb| ;DdnfO{ oxfsf ;D:of cujt
u/fP/ g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;kmn x'g' eof] . jx“f Pg=cf/=Pg= P= sf] :yfks pkfWoIf x'g'x'G5 .
Pg=cf/=Pg= P= sf] laZj AofkL la:tf/sf] nfuL o'/f]k / cd]l/sfdf px“fn] k'/ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfg
dxTjk"0f{ 5 . xfn jx“f Pg=cf/=Pg= P=cfOl;l; sf] ;Nnfxsf/sf ?kdf sfd ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . ;dfh;]jf
eGgf;fy Hofg 5f8]/ nfUg'x'g] 8f= b]jsfhL 8+uf]n] ;g\ !(*) lslt{k'/df g]kfn 6'x'/f sNof0f ;+3sf]
:yfkgf ug'{ ePsf] 5 , laleGg sf/0fn] 6'x"/f ePsf ul/j,lk5l8Psf ju{,blnt,hghflt ;a}nfO{ Gofgf]
cf>o k|bfg ug{ ePsf] 5 . pQm;+3df xfn !)* hgf 6'x'/f afn aflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn 6'x'/f
sNof0f;+3n] ;Dk"0f{ 6'x"/fx?nfO{ ljleGg ;+3, ;+:yf;+usf] ;xsfo{df s'g} ;[hgfTds sfddf nufpg] sfd
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . 8f= b]jsfhL 8+uf]n Feeration of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and industry To
the state of Qatar sf] Honarary Trade Representative x'g'x'G5 .
@_ Aofj;foLsf] gfd M alb| k|;fb kf08]
Aofj;fo Mcn kmfh/ 6]«l8Ë P08 sG6«oflS6Ë 8An'=Pn=Pn=
c>fË @ uf]vf{df hGdg' ePsf alb| k|;fb kf08] ;g\ !((# df stf/sf] Ps sG6«S;g sDkgLdf
k|fljlwssf ?kdf cfpg'' eof] . stf/df % aif{sf] cg'ej ;+ufn]/ pxf“ g]kfn kms{g' eof] / ;g\ !((( df
g]kfn laN8{; P08 sG6«S;g sDklg ;+~rfng ug'{eof] / sl/j @ aif{ hlt sfd ug'{ eof] g]kfnsf]
t'ngfdf stf/df Aofj;foLs ;'/Iff b]v]/ pxf“ ;g\ @))!df k'g stf/ Kfms{g' eof] / jxfn] # hgf
sfdbf/ /fv]/ ;j sG6«ofS6/sf ?kdf sfd ug]{ yfNg' eof] / ljljwt ?kdf ;g\ @))# df cn kmh/
sDklg vf]Ng" eof] . jx“fsf] cys kl/>d / lg/Gt/sf] cEof;n] ubf{ :yfkgf ePsf] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} ;g\
@))% df stf/df g} klxnf] k"0f{ g]kfnL nufgLdf ;~rflnt 8An'=Pn=Pn= sDklg aGg k'Uof] . jx“fsf]
OdfGbfl/tfn] ubf{ sDklgdf cWoIf dxDdb d'jf/s go]dLn] jx“fnfO{ sDklg ;~rfng ug{ k"0f{ sfg'gL
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgf ug'{ ePsf] 5 . kmntM alb|k|;fb kf08] g} klxnf] stf/L :kf]G;/l;k ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/
k|fKt klxnf] g]kfnL gful/s x'g'x'G5 . jx“fsf] :kf]G;/df s'g} klg g]kfnL t'?Gt} stf/ k:g ;S5g\ .
alb| k|;fb kf08]sf] cys k|of; / /ftlbgsf] d]xgtn] ubf{ sDklgsf] Aofj;foLs km“f6
km/flsnf] aGb} uO/x]sf] ;fy} jx“fsf] cfly{s x}l;ot psfl;b} u/]sf] 5 . ;fdfGo ltg hgf sfdbf/af6 z'?
ePsf] sDkgLsf] Aofj;foLs w/ftn la:tfl/t x'b} $@% hgf sfdbf/ ;Dd k'lu;s]sf] 5 . cxdfb
sDkgLdf sfd ug]{ qmddf jx“fsf] sfd k|ltsf] ;d{k0f b]v]/ Ps} rf]l6 #) xhf/ l/on k'/:sf/ kfPkl5
k5f8L kms{g' k/]sf] 5}g . jx“f cn kmfh/ sDklgn] clxn] d]g sG6«fS6/sf ?kdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . clxn]
cn kmfh/ ;“u rfn' @@ j6f kl/of]hgf 5g\ . Aofj;foLs ;kmntfsf] d'NofËsg ug{sf] nflu (^ j6f
kl/of]hgfx? ;DkGg ug{' g} k|df0fsf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . stf/ ;/sf/sf] jlu{s/0f cg';f/ # g+= u|]8df
kg]{ cn kmfh/ sDkgL stf/sf g]kfnL Aofj;foL dWo]sf] cu|0fL sDkgL xf] . ;kmn Aofj;foLs AoflQmTj
ePklg jx“fsf] ;fdfGo AoflQmTjnfO{ slxNo} e'Ng ;lsb}g . bf]xf ,stf/sf ;Dk"0f{ ;fdflhs ;+3,;+:yfdf
s'g} g s'g} ?kdf jx“fsf] pkl:ylt e]l6G5 . jx“f u}/ cfjfl;o g]kfnL ;+3 ,/fli6«o ;dGjo kl/ifb stf/sf]
;+:yfks cWoIf / xfn pQm ;+3sf] ;Nnfxsf/ ;+of]hs /xg' ePsf] 5 . To;}ul/ uf]vf{ k|jf;L ;+3sf]
;+/Ifs ,hg;+Dk{s ;ldlt bf]xf stf/sf] ;Nnfxsf/ g]kfn r]Dj/ ckm sd{;sf] dWo k'j{sf] k|ltlglwsf
?kdf /xg' ePsf] 5 . bf]xf stf/df cfof]lht x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf sfo{qmdx?df tg,dg / wgn] ;b}j
;xof]u ug{x? dWo] cu| k+lQdf kg'{x'G5 . jx“fn] stf/df dfq geP/ g]kfnsf ljleGg ;dflhs
;+3,;+:yfx?nfO{ pn]Vo ;xof]u k'/ofpb} cfpg' ePsf] 5 . xfn} dfq hGde"ldsf] lasfzdf ;xof]u
k'/\ofpg] pb]Zon] ;]jf d'ns Pkm=Pd=/]l8of], cl8of] !)^=# d]ufxh{sf] :ykfgf ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

#_ Aofj;foLsf] gfd M ;fu/ g]kfn

Aofj;fsf] gfd M lh= l;= l;= 6««]l8Ë PG8 sG6«oflS6ª 8an' Pn Pn
G.C.C. Trading and Contracting W.L.L.
104
 lrtjgsf] ljs6 dflgg] tf]nfËdf hGdg' ePsf ;fu/ g]kfn ;g\ !((%df Pr=lj=s]= sG6«S;g
sDklgdf :6f]/ lsk/sf] Pl;:6]gsf] ?kdf stf/ lelqg' ePsf] xf] . 3/sf] Go"g cfly{s cj:yfsf] sf/0fn]
ubf{ cfkm\gf] cWofgnfO{ jLr}df lj6 df/]/ sfd bfd / To; kl5 jNn dfd vf]Hg k|jf;Lsf] cfugdf 7f]lsg]
nfvf} g]kfnL dWo]sf Pp6f ;b:o x'g'x'G5 jx“f ;fu/ g]kfnsf] d]xgtn] ubf{ ltg dlxgfsf] 5f]6f] cjlwdf
g} d]g]h/sf] ;]qm]6/L aGg' eof] . sDklgdf sfd ub} hfbf cfkm\gf] c;Ifdtfn] ubf{ w]/} k6s ckx]lnt x'g'
k/]sf] s6' oyf{yn] ubf{ jx“fn] g]zgn sDKo'6/ Ol:Ro'6 af6 sDo'6/df l8Knf]df ;Dd ug'{ eof] . jx“fn]
cfkm\g} nufgLdf Pr=lj=s]df sfd ub} ljhg]; d]g]hd]G6df :gfts ;Ddsf] cWofog ug'{ eof] . jx“f
lh1f;' :jefjsf] x'g'x'G5 . jx“f r'gf}tLx? ;+u le8g rfxfg] ;zQm l;kfxL x'g'x'G5 . jx“fsf] d]x]gtn] ubf{
Pr=lj=s] sDklgsf] PsfpG6]g aGg' eof] . sfd ug]{ sfddf jx“fn] w]/} s'/fx? l;Sg' eof] . w]/} cg'ejx?
Af6'Ng' eof] . cfkm\gf] ;fgf] Jofj;fo ug]{ /f]un] u|l;t aGg' eof] / ;g\ @))#df @ hgf sfdbf/af6
lhl;l; 6«]l8Ë P08 sG6«foflS6Ësf] :yfkgf ug'{ eof] . ;fdfGo kl/jf/df x's{g' ePsf ;fu/ g]kfnnfO{ y'k|}
;d:ofn] 3]/] t/ klg x/]; vfg' ePg b'Mv;+u ;+3if{ ul/ /xg' eof] . k|To]s r'gf}tL;+u n8\g dg k/fO{
/xg' eof] . ;fy lbG5' eg]/ xftdf xft ldnfPsfn] aLr af6f] d} cnkq 5f8L lb+bf klg jxfn] xfg'{ ePg .
lsgls lgi7f,Tofu ,;fx; / OdfGbfl/tf k"j{s ul/Psf] sfd ljZjdf sfxNo} km]n ePsf] 5}g jx“fsf] lgi7f
k"j{s cEof;n] ubf{ Jofj;flos ;kmntf cfsfl;b} 5 . @ hgf sfdbf/af6 z'? ePsf] Jofj;fo kmi6fpb}
;of} hgf sfdbf/ ;Dd km}lnPsf] 5' . ;fu/ g]kfn stf/df lhl;l; sG6«ofl6Ë sDklg lhl;l; Sofl6«Ë
;D;/f ysfnL efG;f3/ sflGtk'/ k|jf; ;fKtflxs sf dflns jlg ;Sg' ePsf] 5 eg] g]kfndf klg
l:kl/6 ckm g]kfn Po/ nfoG; pj{g ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sDklg :yfkgf ul/ ;+rfngsf] tof/Ldf
x'g'x'G5 . ;fu/ g]kfnn] 5f]6f] ;dosf] cjlwdf g} pNn]vlgo Jofj;flos ;kmntf xfl;n ul/ ;Sg' ePsf]
5.
;fu/ g]kfnnfO{ stf/df ;fdflhs cleofgsf lktf ?kdf lnOG5 . cfkmgf] Jofj;fo eGbf al9
dfof / ddtf ;dfh ;]jf k|lt 5 jxf“sf] . g]kfn ;xof]u ;dfh b]lv g]kfnL ;+:s[lts s]Gb| ;Dd /
lro"; b]lv Pg=cf/=Pg P= b]lv cfO l; l;sf ;lrj ;Dd ;kmn ofqfx? ul/ ;Sg' ePsf] 5 . stf/df
g]kfnL ;+:s[lt sfo{qmd ,v]ns'b h:tf sfo{qmdsf hGdbftf g} x'g'x'G5 ;fu/ g]kfn k|jfl; g]kfnLsf ;'v
b'Mv;+u ldqtf uf“:b} cfkl; ldqtf / eft[Tjsf] clej[l4 ub}{ ;Dk"0f{ u}/cfjl;o g]kfnLx?nfO{ Psfj4 ub}
ug{ jxf“n] 7"nf] ;+3{if ug'{ ePsf] 5 . Tofu / tk:of ug'{ ePsf] 5 . stf/sf] afn'jfsf] s0f– s0fdf jxf“sf]
k|ltljDj e]l6G5 . Pg=cf/=Pgsf] dWo] k"j{sf xl:t x'g'x'G5 . stf/ / g]kfndf ljleGg ;fdflhs dfgljo
sfo{x?df jx“fsf] ;xof]udf /xb} cfPsf] 5 . ljz]ift sd{:yn stf/ x'gfn] jx“fsf] lqmofl;ntf stf/df
jl9 b]lvPtf klg Pg=cf/=Pg cfO=l;l;=dfkm{t ljZjsf s'gfs'gfdf jx“Fsf] ;s[otf a9b} 5 . ;fu/ g]kfn
slnn} pd]/df Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;fdfhLs prfO{ k|fKt ul/ ;Sg' ePsf] 5 . dWo k"j{sf ;Dk"0f{ k|jf;Lsf
;femf gfos ag]/ stf/af6 pbfpb} x'g'xG5 . ul/jsf k|;+;f, k|]/0ff / cg's/0fsf] ljifosf] aGb} x'g'x'G5 .

$_ Jofj;flosf] gfd g/]Gb| ef6

Jofj;fo M :k]; nfO08 sDklg km/ dfa{n P08 sG6«]lS6Ë
lrk"/ ! 89]nw'/f lgjf;L g/]Gb| ef6 ;g @))@ hgj/Ldf Jofj;flos ;f]]rsf ;fy stf/ cfpg'
ePsf] xf] . px“fn] stf/sf] ahf/sf] /fd|f];“+u d'NofËsg u/]/ ;g @))#df lgdf{0f kIf;+u ;DalGwt :k];
nfO08 sDklg km/ dfa{n P08 sG6«]lS6Ë sDklg vf]Ng' eof] . stf/sf] ahf/ k"0f{ ?kdf a'em]/ o;
Jofj;;;fodf nfu]sf] x''gfn] klg pxfnfO{ vf;} cK7]/f] k/]g . s'n %) hgf g]kfnL / OlhK6l;og
sfdbf/af6 z'? ePsf] pxfsf] sDklgdf xfn bIf / cw{bIf u/L !^% hgf sfdbf/ /x]sf 5g . g]kfnL
sfdbbf/x? lgdf{0f kIf;+u ;DalGwt 5g eg] OlhK6l;ogx? Dffj{nsf] sfd u5{g . px“fsf] d'Vo sfd g}
d]gkfj/ ;KnfO ug'{ xf] . lgdf{0f kIf;+u ;DalGwt ;a} k|sf/sf d]gkfj/ px“f;+u 5g . ljleGg 7"nf
sDklg c?sf] ;a sG6]S6/ eP/ pxfsf] sDklgn] sg];sf k|Voft 6fj/x?df ;d]t sfd ul/;s]sf 5g .
105
stf/df lgdf{0f kIf ;+u ;DalGwt ;a} k|sf/sf sfdx? Ufb} cfPsf] lr/kl/lrt sDklgsf ?kdf :k];
nfO08 sDklg km/ dfa{n P08 sG6«]lS6Ë lng ;lsG5 .
:k]; nfO08 sDklg km/ dfa{n P08 sG6«]lS6Ë sDklgsf dflns g/]Gb| ef6 bf]xf , stf/df
;fdflhs sfo{stf{sf ?kdf :yflkt x'g'x'G5 . pxf g]kfnL sfu|]; ;dly{t hg;Dks{ ;ldltssf ;+of]hs ,
Pg=cf/= Pg=P= Pg=l;=l; stf/ RofK6/sf sfo{afxs dxf;lrj , u}/ cfjfl;o g]kfnL
sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf ;b:o , ;]tL dxfsfnL ;Dks{ ;ldltsf] laif]z ;Nnfxsf/ x'g'x'G5 . g]kfndf g}
ljljw ;fdflhs sfo{x?df ;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfpg' x'g] ef6n] bf]xf stf/df /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;+3
;+:yfx?nfO{ ;b}j ;xof]u ug'{ x'G5 . k|jf;df dfq geP/ pxfn] cfkm\gf] hGde"ld k|lt plts} ;xof]u /
;b\efj /fVg' x'G5 . pxfn] lrk/" uf=lj=;= leqsf ;a} :s"nx?df k|lt !) xhf/ ?k}ofsf b/n] ;xof]u ub{}
x'g'x'G5 . stf/sf ;a} lhNnf ;dfh ;]jfx? ;+:s[lts ;flxlTos sfo{qmddf px“fsf] ;xof]u 5 . ;g\
@))^df stf/df cfof]lht Pl;og u]ddf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ;xeflu eO{ kbs lah]tf :j0f{,sf:o / /ht
ljh]tf v]nf8LnfO{ g]kfnL b"tfjf;df Pr=cf/=Prsf] tkm{af6 sfo{qmd ul/ JoflQut hgfO{ !%) xhf/
sb/n] k'?:sf/ ljt/0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfn] dxfdlxd /fhb"t ZofdgGbg ;'dgsf] kfnfdf b"tfjf;sf]
;fj{hlgs ;'rgfsf] cfwf/df b'Mvdf k/]sf g]kfnLx?sf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu lgMz'Ns Ps jif{ ;xof]u
ug'{ eof] . pxf x]Ny P08 lkmlhsndf lj=P8 / lkmlhsn lzIffdf Pd=P8 ug]{ klxnf] Jofhsf] ljwfyL{ klg
x'g'x'G5 ;dfh ;]jf k|lt px“f gtd:ts jGg' x'g'x'G5 . dfgljo ;+j]bgfn] pxfsf] Xbo r;Ss 5'G5 .
;dfh ;]jfnfO{ g} klxnf] /f]hfO{df /fVg' x'G5 .

%_ Jofj;flosf] gfdM g/]Gb| ;]g

Jofj;fosf]gfd M stf/ PS;k|];
Qatar Xpress, Trading and Contracting

w/dkfgL @ Ko'7fgdf hlGdP/ dfdf 3/ vnËfdf x's{g' ePsf g/]Gb| ;]g ;g\ @)))df stf/
k]6«f]lnodsf] Snjdf v]n k|l;Ifssf ?kdf stf/ leqg' ePsf] xf] . stf/ k]6«f]lnod stf/df ulgg] d'Vo
7"nf :yflkt sDklgx?df kb{5g\ . jx“fnfO{ Toxf /fd|f] ;]jf / ;'ljwfx? ldn]sf] lyof] . stf/ k]6«f]lnodsf]
^ aif]{ hflu/] x'bf jx“fn] ljleGg b]zsf pRr txsf AoflQmTjx?;u e]6\g] df}sf kfpg' eof] . ljleGg
s'/fx? l;Sg] cj;/x? kfpg' eof] lj:tf/} jx“fdf cfTdf laZjf; a9\g yfNof] . stf/sf] ahf/nfO{ glhs}
af6 a'em\g yfNg' eof] . stf/sf w]/} Aofj;foLx?sf] ;Dk{sn] ubf{ jx“fdf klg cfkm\g} Aofj;fo ug]{ /x/
knfof] t} klg Aofj;fo ug{ Tolt ;lhnf] sxf lyof] / < jxfn] So'kLsf hflu/] x'bf g} stf/df s]lx ug{
k5{ eGg] efjgf kfnL ;Sg' ePsf] lyof] . h;sf] nflu cfkm\gf] sdfOsf] lgl:rt k|ltzt Aofn]G; ug{'x'GYof]
. stf/df km:6fpbf] lgdf{0f Aofj;fonfO{ jxfn] glhs} af6 cWofog ug'{ eof] / ;Defjgf o'Qm /x/ kfn]/
;g\@))^df Qatar Xpress, Trading and Contracting df d'lb/ aGg'eof] . s'g} Aofj;foLs
cg'ej gx'bf gx'b} klg lg/Gt/sf] cys k|of; / s8f kl/>dn] ubf{ :yfkgf ePsf] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} jx“f
:yflkt x'g ;kmn x'g'eof] . ;g\ @))^df !% hgf sfdbf/af6 ;'? ug'{ ePsf] Aofj;fosf] w/ftndf
a9f]Q/L cfP/ @%) hgf ;Dd k'lu;s]sf] 5 . jx“fsf] lgdf{0f kIf;“u cfj4 Aofj;fodf laleGg k|sf/sf
bIf, cw{bIf g]kfnL ,>Ln+sg , lkmlnlkgL, d/Ssf] ,l;l/og sfdbf/ /x]sf 5g\ . stf/ PS;k|];n] lgdf{0f
If]q;“u ;DjlGwt ;a} k|sf/sf sfdx? ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . lgdf{0f kIf;u cfa:os ;a} k|sf/sf sfdbf/x?
stf/ PS;k|];df pknAw 5g\ . o;n] cfkm\gf sfdbf/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu 5'§} k|sf/sf] jftfj/0f
lgdf{0f u5{ t;{y of] Pp6f sfdbf/sf] nflu l;k l;Sg] 6«]lgË ;]G6/sf ?kdf laslzt x'b}5 . g/]Gb| ;]gn]
laljw ;D:ofx?;“u n'sfdfl/ ub}{ o“xf ;Ddsf] ofqf ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . jx“fsf] laZjf; ,nugl;ntf / lrGtgn]
ubf{ cfly{s Pjd Aofj;flos ?kdf ;jn x'g' ef’5 . stf/sf] Aofj;fonfO{ glhSs} af6 lgofNg' ePsf]
g/]Gb| ;]gn] lgs6 elj:odf g} csf]{ Pp6f lSnlgË / /]G6 sf/ ;DjlGw Aofj;fosf] klg ;'?jft ub}{
x'g'x'G5 . g/]Gb| ;]gdf 5'§} k|s[ltsf] :jfefj e]l6G5 . dfgljo ;Dj]bgf l;t hf]l8P/ vf]lnPsf gfd dfqsf
106
;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfdf jx“fsf] pkl:ytL b]lvb}g . ;dfh;]jf ug{ jx“fsf] 5'§} sNkgf 5 . jx“fn] cfkm\g}
b]zdf cgfyx?sf] nfuL ;a} k|sf/sf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] cgfyfno / j[4fx?sf] nfuL j[5f>dsf]
:yfkfgf ug{ lbg /ft vl6/fg' ef’ 5 . h;sf] nflu ;xof]u h'6fpg jx“fnfO{ EofO{ gEofO{ 5 . cfkm\gf]
sdfOsf] lgl:Rft k|ltzt ;d]t jx“fn] o;}df nufpg' ePsf] 5 . laljw sf/0f k|jfl;g' k/] klg cfkm\gf]
hGde"ldsf nflu s]lx ug'{ k5{ eGg] efjgf jx“fdf /x]sf] 5 . k|jf;df eP klg dft[e"ldnfO{ glhs} af6
lgofNg' x'g] g/]Gb| ;]gsf] efjgf cfkm}df sfkmL 5 ;dfh;]jfsf] nfuL .

^_ Aofj;flosf] gfd gf/fo0f k|;fb vgfn

Aofj;fo cn vflnh 6«]l8Ë P08 6]Slgsn ;le{;]h
C.R NO . 17398/14[AL-KHALEEJ TRADING AND TECHNICAL SERVICES]

cn vflnh lgdf0f{ / k|fljlws bf]xf;+u} ;DjlGwt g]kfnL Aofj:yfgdf ;g @))$ ;]K6]Da/ af6 ;+rflnt
;lGwvs{ ( c3f{vflr d"n3/ x'g'ePsf gf/fo0f k|;fb vgfnsf] sDklg xf] . jx“fsf] sDklgn] lgdf{0f
kIf;+u} ;DjlGwt sDklg h:t} M–6fon nufpg] , Knf:6/ ug]{ ,tfa's nufpg] ,8r OG;'n];g , ljleGg
lsl;dsf k|fljlws x?sf] cfk'lt{ ljleGg k|f]h]S6sf nflu bIf Pj+d cw{bIf sfdbf/sf] ;kf]{6 ug]{ sfd
ub{5 . cfh eGbf !) aif{ cufl8 cf/ =Pn= l;= sDklgdf clwsf+; g]kfnL em} Go'g tnadf ;fdfGo
sfdbf/sf ?kdf stf/ lelqg' ePsf vgfn ;g\ @))@df So'=lk =P; sDklgdf contraction
admination suppervisor x'g' eof] . Toltn] dfq jxfsf] lrt a'em]g / cfkm\gf] Aofj;fo ;+rfng
ug{ yfNg' eof] . stf/sf] of] leGg e"uf]ndf ;fdfGo kfl/jfl/s k[i6e"lddf x's{g' ePsf vgfnn] of]
cj:yfdf cfO{k'Ug lgs} ;+3{if ug'{ k/\of] . pxfsf] OdfGbfl/tf / cfWoflTds lrGtg g} of] ;kmntfsf]
d"Vo sf/0f xf] . px“fsf] sDklgdf *) hgf g]kfnL sfdbf/ /x]sf 5g . * hgf sfdbf/af6 z'? ug'{
ePsf] sDklg olt 5f]6f] ;dodf g} ;of} hgfnfO{ /f]huf/L lbnfpg ;Sg] ul/ cfly{s ?kdf ;jn ePsf] 5
. slg{;df #) cf}+ jfgf 6fj/ b]lv cn;fbdf /x]sf @ j6f cndfgf 6fj/ ;Dd cn vflnhn] cfkm\gf]
kf}/v kf]lv;s]sf] 5 . Aofj;flos ;kmntfsf ;fy ;fy} bf]xf stf/df /x]sf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;+3
;+:yfx?df klg pxfsf] plQs} ;xeflutf / ;xof]u /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;lGwvs{ l:yt lrufj]l; elQ6f]ndf
lgdf{0flwg cfgGb j[¢f>dsf] ;+:yfks x'g'x'G5 / To;sf] nflu stf/df ;xof]u ;+sng ub}{ x'g'x'G5 .
&_ Jofj;flosf] gfd lxdfno lu/L
Jofj;fo p8Nof08 6«]8 O:6
c.r no. 17398/[woodland trade est.]

p8Nof08 6«]8 O:6 ;Knfo;{ sDklg xf] h;n] d]gkfj/ ;KnfO{ ,OlG6l/o]/ 8]sf]/];;g / d]lG6g]G;
;DjlGw sfo{ ub{5 . ;g @))% df :yflkt p8Nof08 6«]8 O:6 af]w] ! xd]nf wgs'6f :yfoL afl;Gbf
lxdfn lu/Lsf] sDklg xf] . ;g\ @))@df s]=l6=h]= sDklgdf stf/L gf}+ ;o l/ondf kmf]/d]g jlg klxnf]
k6s stf/ k:g' ePsf lxdfn lu/L nuftf/ @ jif{sf] cjlw ;Dd ljljw k|lts'ntfnfO{ lrb}{ /dfpg' eof] .
px“fsf] dxTjsf+Iffx? Af9\g yfn] . px“fn] o“xfsf] v'Nnf ahf/nfO{ lrlg;Sg' ePsf] /x]5 . To; kl5 c/lj
efiffg} l;Sg] pb]Zo /fv]/ pxfsf] ;ft;o stf/L l/onsf sfd ug]{ u/L s]=l6=l; sDklgsf] dflnssf]
cfkmGtsf] bf]sfgdf sfd ug{ yfNg' eof] . nIo cg'?k g} o“xf px“fn] b'O{ aif{sf] bf}8fgdf c/aL efiff l;Sg'
eof] / stf/df s'g} Aofj;fo ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu cg's'n aftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf] nflu px“f g]kfn kmls{g'
eof] . cGt/hflto laafx u/]/ ;dfhdf pbf/l0fo alg kl/jf/hgsf] la:jf; lhlt;s]sf sf/0fn] px“fnfO{
kl/jf/hgaf6 /fd|f] ;xof]u / cg's'n jftfj/0f ldNof] . pxf ;g\ @))%df Jofj;;flos ;f]rsf
;fy k'g bf]xf lelqg' eof] / cfkm\gf] of]hgfsf] v]tL ;+rfng ug{ yfNg' eof] . px“fn] stf/df sDklg
107
vf]Ngsf] nflu g]kfnaf6 % nfv ?k}of / stf/sf ;fyLx?af6 s]lx ;xof]u lng'' eof] . pxfn] ljljw
k|lts'ntf / ;d:ofx?nfO{ kG5fpb} ;g @))%af6 g} * hgf g]kfnL sfdbf/af6 cfkm\gf] Jofj;fo
;+rfng ug'{ eof] . px“fsf] sDklgaf6 lgdf{0f If]qsf ;a} k|sf/sf bIf tyf cw{bIf sfdbf/sf] cfk"lt{ x'G5
. ;fy} OlG6l/o/ 8]sf]/];g / d]lG6g]G; ;DalGw sfd klg x'G5 . pxfnfO{ z'?sf] Ps aif{ t ;f/} k/\of] t/
klg la:jf; lyof] , w}o{tf lyof] . k|To]]s cK7]/f 3'lDtx? Kf/ ub} px“fsf] ofqf cuf8L a9\g yfNof] .
cfh px“f;“+u Ps;o ltghgf g]kfnLsf] / ltgLx?;+u cfl>t kl/jf/sf] nfng kfngsf] bfloTjsf] ux|f}
ef/L 5 . px“fsf sDklgdf ;a} g]kfnL sfdbf/ /x]sf 5g . px“f b]lv sfdbf/ ;Dd ;a} v'l; g} b]lvg' x'G5
. px“f ;dfh kl/jt{gsf] nflu hfu?s tyf cfly{s ?kkdf ;jn x'g'x'G5 . bf]xf,stf/df ;:tf]
nf]slk|otfsf nflu vf]lnPsf ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf ef}lts ?kn] pkl:yt geP klg cglgo ;]jfsf nflu
ul/Psf sfo{x? k|lt ;w}+ ;sf/fTds ;f]rfOsf ;fy ;xof]u ug'{ x'G5 .
*_ Jofj;flossf] gfd O{= sf]dn axfb'/ l;+x
Jofj;fosf] gfd :-AL- memar trading and contracting .
dx]Gb|gu/ , sGrgk'/df hGdg' ePsf sdn axfb'/ l;+xsf k'Vof}{nL klZrdsf /fhf x'g\ t/
jx“fdf /fhvfgbfgsf] cjif]z ;Dd kfOGg . ;/n ;/; ldng;f/ d]xglt Pj+d st{Jo kfns sdn axfb'/
l;xn] ;g !((^ df ef/tsf] a]Ënf]/ o'lg{e; l;l6af6 ljl;i6 >]0fLdf OlGhlgol/Ë ug'{ eof] +. jx“f k]zfn]
l;len OlGhlgo/ xf] . dWod jlu{o kl/jf/df hGdg' ePsf l;+xn] ;jb]zdf g} /f]huf/Lsf] nflu k|oTg ug'{
eof] t/ klg cfkm\gf] of]Uotf cg';f/sf] hflu/ kfpg ;Sg' ePg . cfkm\gf] cWoogsf] nflu sf9]sf] C0fsf]
ef/L ;d]t af]s]/ a}b]l;s /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ;g !((&df cn d]d/ 6]«l8Ë sDklgdf OlGhlgo/sf] ?kdf
lelqg' eof] . jx“fsf] stf/ cfpg] ;fOt l;/xfsf O=dxf]db tfOofjn] h'/fO{ lbg' eP5 . jxf;+usf]
a]Ënf]/sf] e]6n] Tof] ;Dej ePsf] lyof] . jx“fn] z'?df !% ;o sl/df vfg' / a:g' kg]{ lhDd]jf/L cfkm}n]
axg ul/ sfd ug'{ k/\of] t} klg x/]; vfg' ePg . Pl; ljgfsf] sf]7fdf g} a:g' eof] . lbgdf @)÷@@
306f sfd ug{ yfNg' eof] . jx“fsf] d]xgtn] ubf{ sDklg klg lj:tf/} dfly p7\g yfNof] . jx“fsf] Tofu,
;fx;, d]xgt / w}o{tfn] ubf{ sDklgdf dfq geP/ jlx/ ;d]t /fd|f] 5fk kg{ yfNof] . w]/} c/la
Jofj;flosf] c“fvfdf kg'{ eof] . jx“fn] b'M v ug'{ eof] c? ePsf] eP 6'lqmP/ v08x? eO{ ;Sy] . cg]s
cK7]/f;+u n8fO{ n8b} ug'{ eof] . jx“fsf] OdfGbfl/af6 k|jfljt eP/ jx“fsf] :kf]G;/n] ;g\ @))# df sDklg
rnfpgsf] nflu cfu|x ug'{ eof] . h'g j]nf sDklg !) xhf/ sl/df lyof] . Ps hgf sfdbf/ klg lyPgg\
t} klg jxfsf] Tof] lhDd]jf/Lsf] ux|f} ef/L :jMOR5fn] af]Sg' eof] . jx“fs} ;d{k0fn] ubf{ cfh jx“f;+u @))
hgf bIf / cw{bIf sfdbf/ /x]sf 5g\ . jx“fsf] sDklg lgdf{0f If]q;+u ;DjlGwt 5 . jxfsf] Jo:ttf olt
j9]sf] 5 ls k|To]s lbg !*÷@) 306f sfd gu/L x'b}g . jx“fsf] l;l/og / OlG8og sfdbf/ g/x]sf
xf]Ogg\ . jx“fn] ;Dk'0f{ sfdbf/nfO{ cfkm\g} bfh' efO{ ;/x dfGg' x'G5 . jx“f;+u olt sfd 5g ls To;nfO{
Eofpg aiff}{ nfU5 t} klg jx“fnfO{ g} s'l/ a:5g Jofj;flox? Jfx“fsf] Jofj;flos j9f]Q/L ;+u} cfly{s
pGgtL klg x'b} uPsf] 5 . jx“fsf] sDklgn] jflif{s @ s/f]8 ;Ddsf] sf/f]af/ u5{ . cfkm';+u sfd ug]{
sfdbf/n] ubf{ g} of] :yfgdf k'Ug ;s]sf] ;f]r]/ ;b}j sfdbf/nfO{ ;'lv jgfpg] s'/fdf Wofg lvlrG5 .
;dfh ;]jf k|lt cfkmg' lelq dg /xbf /xb} klg ljleGg ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfdf k|ToIf cfj4 x'g
g;s]sf]df jx“f b'Mlv x'g'x'G5 . ;dosf] cefjn] ubf{ ;fdflhs sfo{df k|ToIf gnfu] klg ;dfhsf] nflu
;b}j ;sf/fTds ;f]rfO jx“fsf] 5 . k|jf;df e]l6Psf b'Mlv g]kfnLnfO{ ;b}j ;xof]u k'/\ofpb} cfpg' ePsf]
5 . jxfn] cfkm\gf] u“fp 3/sf ul/j kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?nfO{ l6s6 ;Dd pknJw u/fP/ cfkm\g} sDklgdf
cf>o lbO{ /xg' ePsf] 5 . cfkm\gf] u“fp, 7“fp / b]zsf] ljsf;sf] nflu dl/d]6\g' x'g] O{=sdn axfb'/ l;x+
;a}sf] k|]/0ff / cg's/0fsf] ljifo aGg' ePsf] 5 .
(_Jofj;flusf] gfd l6=lj=sfsL{

108
 Jofj;fo M b j]e hf/n ;le{;;]h O{i6
c.r.no. 17398÷15 the wave general services east .
O6x/f ^ pNn's'6' ahf/ df]/Ë df hGd]/ a;'Gw/f # sf7dfG8f}+df x'ls{g' ePsf l6=lj=sfsL{ ;g\
@))%cu:6 !( tfl/s d]gkfj/ Jofj;flosf ?kdf stf/ k:g' ePsf] xf] . xfn px“fn] a}b]l;s /f]huf/
Jofj;fosf ;fy} b j]e h]g]/n ;le{;]h sDklg vf]n]/ cfkm\g} Jof;fo ;d]t ;+rfng ub} x'g'x'G5 . the
wave general services east. n] Plumbing , insuletion cleaning ,
maintance ;+u ;DalGwt sDklg xf] . a}b]l;s /f]huf/ Jofj;fonfO{ gfkmf ;lxtsf] ;fdflhs
Joofj;fo agfP/ cufl8 a9\b} x'g'x'G5 l6=lj=sfsL{ . pxfsf] sDklg go“f xf] . s'n !& hgf sfdbf/af6
;+rfngdf Nofpg vf]Hg' ePsf] 5 . pxfn] stf/df df}nfpbf] lgdf{0f If]qdf nufgL ubf{sf] ;'/lIft
ahf/af6 k|efljt eP/ px“fn] o; Jofj;fo k|lt kfOnf a9fpg' eof] . l6=lj= sfsL{sf] kl/ro ;fdflhs
If]qdf ;d]t :yflkt eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . pxf df]/Ë ;'G;/L k|jf;L ;]jf ;dfhsf] ;b:o x'b} cWoIf ;Dd /
Pg=cf/=Pg=P= Pg= l;=l; stf/ RofK6/sf] ;b:o , ;ljfno ;b:o x'b} ;g @))&sf] cS6f]j/df
sf7dfG8f}df ;DkGg u}/cfjl;o g]kfnL t]>f] ljZj ;Dd]ngdf u}/cfjl;o g]kfnL ;+3 , cGt/fli6«o ;dGjo
kl/;bsf] ;b:o Pj+d stf/ k|ltlgllwsf ?kdf lgjf{lrt x'g' eof] . bf]xf stf/df x''g] ;a} ;fdflhs ;+3
;+:yyfsf sfo{x?df px“fsf] ;a} k|sf/sf ;xof]u x'b} cfPsf] 5 . stf/sf] o; afn'jfsf] /fhwfgLdf Pp6f
;kmn o"jf Jofj;flo Pj+d ;fdflhs sfo{stf{sf ?kdf pxfsf] pbo x'b} 5 .
!)_ Aofj;foLsf] gfd M O{ ch'{g k|;fb e§/fO{
Aofj;fo M xfO dfpG6]g 6]«l8Ë P08 sG6«ofS6l6Ë s=
?kGb]lx a'6jn 3/ x'g' ePsf O{ ch'{g k|;fb e§/fO{n] ;g\ !((( df lqe"jg laZjlaBfno af6
OlGhlgol/Ëdf :gfts ug'{ ePsf] xf] . clwsf+; g]kfnL em} /fd|f] cjz/sf vf]hL df jxf ;g\ @))! Dff
klxnf] k6s cn dfb/ sDklgdf ;fO6 OlGhlgo/sf ?kdf stf/ lelqg' ePsf] xf] . o;df jxfsf] ofqf ^
dlxgf eGbf nlDag ;s]g . stf/sf] xfjfkfgLdf /fd|} ;u 3'nldn eO ;s]sf] x'gfn] jxf hd{g l8hfOg
u|'kdf k'gM bf];|f] k6s sG;n6]G6 OlGhlgo/sf ?kdf bf]xf l5g'{ eof] . o;df jxfn] @ aif{sf] ;kmn ofqf
ug'{ eof] jxfsf] bf]xf ofqf ;g\ @))$ df k|f]h]S6 d]g]h/sf ?kdf cn g]dL 6]«l8Ë P08 sG6«ofS6l6Ë
sDklgdf t];|f] k6s km]l/ bf]xf cfpg' eof] . sfd ub}{ hfbf oxfsf] jftfj/0fdf /fd|f];u 3'nldn x'g yfNg'
eof] cfTd laZjf; / bIftf xfl;n ug{ yfNg' eof] . jxfn] oxfsf] ahf/nfO{ /fd|f];u a'lem ;Sg' ePsf]
lyof] . nufglsf] nflu oxfsf] ;'/lIft jftfj/0fn] jxfnfO{ klg tfGof] / ;g\ @))% df jxfn] cfºg}
nufgLdf xfO dfpG6]g 6]«l8Ë P08 sG6«ofS6l6Ë sDklgdsf] ;'?jft ug'{eof] jxfsf] cfTdlaZjf; / s8f
ldxgtn] ubf{ :yfkgf ePsf] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} lg/Gt/ pGgtLsf] r/d l;v/ r'Dg ;kmn 5 xfO dfpG6]g
6]«l8Ë P08 sG6«ofS6l6Ë sDklg . ;fdfGo ( hgf sfdbf/ af6 :ykgf ePsf] jxfsf] sDklgsf] Aofj;foLs
w/ftn km/flsnf] x'} uPsf] 5 . jxfsf] cfly{s kIf ;jn aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 . xfn &) hgf bIf tyf cbIf
sfdbf/x? sDklgdf sfo{/t 5g . lgdf{0f If]q ;u ;DjlGwt sDklg ;j sG6«ofS6/ xf] . k|jf;df /x]/
g]kfnL Aofj:yfkgdf ;+~rfnLt /fd|f sDklgx? dWo}df of] sDklg klg kb{5 . sd{ k|lt laZjf; /fVg' x'g]
jxf cufw /fi6« k|]dsf] ef]sf] x'g'x'G5 . Hgde"ld k|lt jxfsf] :g]x / ddtf c;fWo} 5 . bf]xf stf/df
;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx? k|lt klg k|tIo jxfsf] ;xeflutf gkfOP klg ;fdflhs sfo{sf nflu tg,dg,/
wgn] ;xof]u ug{ dl/d]6\g' x'G5 . stf/sf] afn'jfdf ;kmn ofqf ug]{ yf]/} g]kfnLx?df jxf klg Ps
x''g'x'G5 .
!!_ Jofj;flosf] gfd s'a]/ /fO{
Jofj;fo x]8 df:6/ x]8 df:6/ sDKo'6/ -ljlqm tyf dd{t s]Gb|_
Head master computer c. r. no. 17398
109
 ;g @))$ df head master computer df g} sfdbf/sf] ?kdf k|j]; ug'{ ePsf =lgjf;L
s'a]/ /fO{ Ps jif{sf] cGt//fndf g} pQ sDklgsf] d'lb/ -dflns_ aGg' eof] . sf7dfG8f}df On]S6«f]lgS;
Joofj;fo ;+rfng ub} cfpg'ePsf] x'gfn] px“fdf Jofj;flo 1fg / l;k 5b}{ lyof] . px“fsf] :kf]G;/n]
px“fsf] d]xgt / OdfGbfl/tf b]v]/ Pp6f /fd|f] df}sf lbg' ePsf] xf] . px“f o; sDklgdf sDKo"6/ dd{t ug]{
6]lSgl;ogsf ?kdf cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfn] ;g @))% af6 head master computer sf]
dflnssf] ef/L lh/f] n]jnaf6 af]Sg' eof] . ^ dlxgf cfkm' PSn}n] head master sf] ofqf u/fpg' eof]
. ;dosf] k|jfx ;+u} sfddf a9f]Q/L cfpgfn] To; kl5 Ps hgf :6fkm yKg'eof] . cfh px“fsf] # hgf
g]kfnL sfdbf/sf ?kdf /x]sf 5g . head master computer ,;DalGw Jofj;fo ljif]z t
Nofk6k sf accessories tyf v'b|f lalqmljt/0f ;fy} ;a} k|sf/sf computer sf] dd{t tyf
;+Def/ ul/G5 . computer df l8Knf]df ;Ddsf] cWofg ug'{ ePsf s'a]/ /fO{sf] head master
computer df sDKo"6/ ;DalGw ;a} k|sf/sf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ul/G5 . g]kfnL Jofj;flox?n]
;dft]sf] fgdf{0f kIf;+u ;DalGwt wf/af6 k[ys /x]sf] Joofj;fodf s'a]/ /fO{ hd]/ nflu /xg' ePsf] 5 .
kl/jf/sf] nflu Pp6f /fd|f] cj;/sf] cfk'lt{ ug]{ jftfj/0f ;'/lIft eP kl5 cfkm\g} hGd :yn kmls{P/
:jb]zdf g} s]xL ug]{ wf/f0ff 5 .

!@_ Aoj;foLsf] gfd M-xl/ s'j/

Aoj;fo $X% l8lh6n :6'l8of] P08 Nofa
k|lj0ftfsf] k|df0ftq txsf] k9fO{nfO{ e6\ofpb} ubf{ bf]xf]/f] jGb'sf] df/df kl/ ;g\@))% df ;'6'Ss stf/
l5/]sf kj{t s':dfsf xl/s'j/ stf/df sfG5f Aoj;foLsf ?kdf lrlgG5g\ . l;l6O{lel6 af6 kmf]6f] u|fkm
;DjGwL gf} dlxg] tflnd l;s]/ bf]xf Do'lhodf !% ;o sl/ df kmf]6f] u|fkm/ ag]/cfPsf xl/ s'j/ ltg
dlxg] hflu/af6 g} k|efljt eP/ bf]xf Do'lhodsf tTsflng k|d'v ======n] pgnfO{ :6f]l8of] vf]Ng
k|f]T;fxg ug'{ eof] / To;sf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ ;xof]u ul/lbg' eof] . h:sf] kmn:jf]?k stf/ cfPsf] ltg
dlxgf d} ;g\ @))% h'gdf pgn] kmf]6f] u|fkm ;DjlGw Aoj;flossf] ;'?jft u/] slnn} pd]/df 7"nf]
lhDd]jf/Lsf] efl/ af]s]sf] xl/ s'j“/n] lbg/ft gelg sfd ul//x] lg/G/ttfsf] cEof; b[9 cfTd ljZjf;n]
ubf{ 5f]6f] ;dodf g} /fd|f] ;kmntf k|fKt ub}{5g\ . pgsf] Tofu ;fx; / k|ltj4tf g} cfhsf] ;kmntfsf]
sf/0f xf] . cfºg} bfh'x?sf] k|]/0ffn] oxf“ ;Ddsf] ofqf to u/]sfx?n] cfºgf] :kf]G;/nfO{ dfxfg ;DemG5g .
cfºgf] nuflgsf b'O{hgf sfdbf/ jf6 z'?u/]sf] pgsf] Aoj;fosf] cfly{s x}l;ot psfl;b} uP/ rf/hfg
sfdbf/nfO{ EofO{ gEofO{ 5 . stf/sf] /fhwfgL bf]xfsf] d'6' dflgg] la;d]nfdf cjl:yt pgsf] l8lh6n
:6'l8of] tyf Nofjaf6 kmf]6f] ;DjlGw ;Dk'0f{ ;'ljwfpknAw x'G5g\ . ljz]ift stf/df a:g] g]kfnLx?sf] nflu
pgsf] Aofj;fo ;d{lkt ePklg OlG8og, j+ufnL ,stf/L ,lkmlnlkgL ,>Ln+sf nufotsf jfl;Gbfx?nfO{ ;]jf
k'/ofpb} cfPsf] 5 . pgn] @@ aif{sf] slnn} pd]/df leGg e"uf]n /x]klg pGgtLsf] km8\sf] df/b} cfPsf
5g\ . pgsf] cfly{s x}lifot lbgfg'lbg a9\b} 5 . plg ;dfh;]jfdf klg plQs} ;lqmo 5g\ . pgn] h]ndf
k/]ls g]kfnL r]nLsf] p4f/ b]lv cGo laleGg ;xof]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . ;flxTodf pgsf] ljz]if ?lr 5 .
g]kfndf 5bf g} e~ofË ;flxlTos klqsfdf k|sfzs e};s]sf pgn] Ao:ttfsf] afjh'b ;flxTodf nfUg
g;s] klg k|jfzdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsfz ug{;b}j ;xof]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf] kfOG5 . bf]xf stf/df pgn]
sfG5f Aofj;foLsf] ?kdf /fd|f] ;kmntf k|fKt ub}{ /x]sf 5g\ . slt pgsf pd]/sf g]kfnLx? g/fd|f]
s'ntdf km;]/ jaf{b eO/x]sf 5g\ . slt a]/f]huf/L jg]/ al;/x]sf 5g\ . lt ;a}n] xl/ s'j/af6 s]lx l;Sg]
xf] eg] kSs} klg b]zsf] nflu s]lx kmfObf x'G5 . sfd ug]{ pd]/n] x'b}g ;fx; rfflxG5 eGg] pbfx/0fsf
?kdf pxfnfO{ kSs} lng ;lsG5 .

110
!#_ Aoj;foLsf] gfd- s]bf/gfy 9sfn
Aoj;fo M sflGtk'/ bf]xf ;fKtflxs
ju'jf ^ uf]vf{df hlGdg' ePsf s]bf/gfy 9sfn % jif{sf] pd]/ b]lv g} klZrd a+ufndf a:b} cfpg'
ePsf] xf] . nfdf] ;do ;Dd klZrd a+ufndf hflu/] / Aoj;flos bIftf xfl;n ul/ sf7df08f} kmls{P/
Dhakal Seientifice Trading concorn vf]Ng' eof] . g]kfndf g} Aofj;foL kmd vf]n]/ aoj;fosf af/]df
k|;:t} cg'ej a6'Ng' ePsf]n] ;g\ @))) df hfkfg hfg' eof] t/ klg Aoj;foLs?kdf ;kmn x'g' ePg .
pxf ;g\ @))^ df k'gMstf/df cfpg' eof] . pxfn] g]kfnsf] sflGtk'/ b}lgsnfO{ stf/ Nofpgsf] nflu
7"nf] ;+3if{ ug'{ eof] . pxfsf] ;+3if{ tj ;kmn eof],hj pxfn] stf/sf k|ltli7t ;dfh ;]jL ;fu/g]kfnsf]
;fy kfpg' eof] . ;g\ @))* sf] hgj/Ljf6 px“fx?sf] nuflgdf sflGtk'/ k|jf; ;fKtfxLs stf/jf6 nfvf}
g]kfnLsf] ;'rgfsf] ltvf{ d]6fpg] k|of;/t 5 . pxf /fi6« / b]zjf;L k|lt ;dlk|t ;]jf d'ns Aofj;fo
;~rfng ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . jx“f g]kfn stf/ r]Dj/ PG8 sd{; OG8li6« PG8 6«]8sf] kmf]G8/ k|]l;8]G6 x'g'x'G5 .
s]bf/gfy 9sfn snfsf/,n]vs, lgb]{zg,uLtsf/ x'g'x'G5 . /fli6«o efjgfsf px“fsf
uLtx? /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgdf alh/x]sf] e]l6G5g . jx“f r]tgfd'ns 6]lnl;l/on klg agfpg' x'G5 . jx“f
;dfh;]jfdf klg plQs} qmoflzn x'g'x'G5 . jx“f xfn ldl8of u|'k g]kfnsf] ;Nnfxsf/ ;+lut snf k'~hsf]
;Nnfxsf/,sfdgfsf]g x]Ny tyf ljsfz ;dfhsf] OlG6n rf6{/ k|]l;8]G6 ,Oi6g l/hg Do'lhsn cfl6{;
kmf]/dsf] ;lrj / cfgGb nf]s sNr/ P;f]l;P;gsf] ;b:o x'g'x'G5 .
!$_ Aofj;foLsf] gfd M lbks kl/of/
Aofj;fo Md'jf/s n]l8h 6]n/
;g\ @))) df ;fdfGo sfdbf/sf ?kdf stf/ lelqg' ePsf] 7"nfx'uL % kfNkfsf lbks
kl/of/n] stf/ k|j]zsf] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} cfºg} Aofj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg' eof] . k|jjzdf ;fdfGo
sfdbf/sf] ?kdf lelqP klg jxf“sf] Tofu,zfx; / sfd k|ltsf] nufjn] ubf{ ;g\ @))$ df jxf“nfO{
Md'jf/s n]l8h 6]n/sf] dflns agfof] . jxf“sf] k;ndf ltghgf sfdbf/ 5g\ . g]kfnLx?sf] afx'Notf /x]sf]
stf/df g]kfnL kf];fs l;nfpg] sf]lx gx'bf ;a}sf] dgdf vNnf] lyof] g]kfnLx?s} ;'ljwfsf] nflu
d'jf/ssf] :yfkggf ul/Psf] atfpg' x'G5 jxf“ . jxf“sf] k;ndf n]l8h cfO6dsf ;a} k|sf/sf sk8fx?
l;nfO{ x'G5 . ;fy} lhG;df klg ;l6Ë ;'l6Ësf] ;'ljwf pknAw 5 . ljif]zt M g]kfnL kf];fsdf k|Voft 5 .
cfw'lgs l8hfOgsf l;nfOsf nflu d'jf/s bf]xfdf kl/lrt 5 . lbks kl/of/ bf]xf stf/df laleGg
;f:s[lts sfo{qmdx?df pkl:yt hgfpg] snf k|]dL x'g'x'G5 . jxf“ snf / ;+lut k|lt ;d{lkt stf/sf
xft]dfnf] ;f:s[lt s]Gb|sf] cWoIf ;d]t x'g'x'G5 .

!%_ /fdrGb| 7fs'/ afsL 5

!^_ /fhljs|d >]i7 afsL 5
stf/df a}b]lzs nufgLsf] nflu ePsf] cg's'n jftfj/0fsf] kmfObf p7fpb} g]kfnL
Aofj:yfkgdf ;+~rflnt cGo Aofj;fox? Kflg 5g\ . ;s];Dd ;Dk"0f{ Aofj;foLx?sf] Aofj;fonfO{ ;d]6\g]
k|of; ul/Psf] lyof] t/ klg lalaw sf/0fn] ;d]6\g ;lsPg . ;a} Aofj;foLx?nfO{ kq dfkm{t / kmf]g
dfkm{t hfgsf/L u/fpbf u/fpb} klg jxfx?n] g} c;xof]u u/]sf sf/0f jxfx?sf] 5'6\g uPsf] xf] stf/sf
g]kfnL Aofj;fo / plgx?sf] Aofj;fo o; k|sf/ 5 .
!= Aofj;foLsf] gfd M x]dnfn ;'gf/
Aofjl;fo M cfgGb OghL{ 8An' Pn=Pn=
ldlnlgod lehg 8An' Pn=Pn=
111
 cfgGb OG6/g]zgn 8An' Pn=Pn
cfgGb 6«]l8Ë P08 ;le;]{h
@= Aofj;foLsf] gfd M dx]Gb| rf}nfufO{
Aofj;fo M p8Nof08 ODkf]6{ P08 PS;kf]6{
#= Aofj;foLsf] gfd M kbdd0fL v/]n
Aofjl;fo M g]kfnL rf]s /]:6'/]G6
$= Aofj;foLsf] gfdM lzv/ a}B
Aofjl;fo M g]kfn /]ld6
%= Aofj;foLsf] gfd M cflifz ;]/rg
Aofjl;fo M /fhwfgL ;fKtflxs

stf/sf g]kfnL /]i6'/]G6x?

leGg efiff,/xg—;xg,xfjfkfgL / ;+:s[lt ePsf] e"uf]nsf] kNnf] s'gfdf dft[e"ldsf] sf]vaf6 sf]iff}
6f9f Pjd\ kl/jf/hgsf] dfof / ddtf af6 alGrt /xL sfd,bfd / To;kl5 aNn dfd vf]Hg d?e"ldsf]
/fhwfgLdf afWotfj; /dfpg' kbf{sf] kL8f sd dd{:kzL{ 5}g\ . kl/jf/sf] nfng—kfng ug]{ dxTjk"0f{
bfloTj af]s]/ k|jf;L hLjgsf c:tAo;ttfnfO{ lrb}{ sfg"gL /fHosf] aGb ;dfhdf v'Nnf ;dfhdf
x'ls{Psf xfdLx?nfO{ ;]6 x'g Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g\ . lbg/ft dflnssf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t x'bf yfs]sf] dgnfO{
e"nfpg] dfWod g} k'm;|f] e} ;s]sf] >LdtL jf un{ k|m]08sf] kmf]6f] / ;fyL;ËL g} x'g . d"ntM k|jf;df
/xgx?n] cfˆgf] snf,;+:s[ltsf] cf}lwdfof u5{ . k|jf;df ;jeGbf 7"nf] s'/f] xf] ckgTj ckgTjsf] v]fhL
ub}{ stf/sf k|jf;Lx? z's|af/ ljbfsf] lbg w]/} 6f9f—6f9faf6 cfkmGt e]6\g / dgel/sf] ;'v,b'Mv af9]/
xn'Ëf] eP/ kmls{g rfxfG5g . cfˆg} u“fp,;x/sf] / cfˆg} hLa|f]sf] :jfbsf] kl/sf/ vfgf rfxfG5g .
g]kfnLTjsf] klxrfg u/fpg rfxG5g . xKtflbg el/sf] ysfO{ d]6\fpg] dnd rfxfG5g . sltko sDkgLsf
SofDkx?df cfˆgf] :jfbsf] vfgf af6 ;d]t alGrt /xg' kb{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;ftfdf Ps} 5fs ePklg
dgldNg] ufpFsf] ,;x/sf] cfTdLo ;fyL;+u a;]/ vfbfFsf] cfgGb 5'§} x'G5 . u“fp3/lt/sf] tfhf xfnvj/sf]
;f6f;f6 x'G5 . dfof—lk/tLsf ufF7fx? pwfl/G5 . dgsf] ax 5tf5'Nn agfP/ kf]lvG5 . jfn'jfsf]
/fhwfgLsf] of] s'gf]df cfˆg} df6f]sf] l98f] u'gb|'s,e§,/ cfˆg} :jfbsf] dMdM,rfpldg,vfg s'g g]kfnLsf] dg
gxf]nf / < y'Kkf / e'6'jfn] s'g g]kfnLsf] hLj|f] g/;fpFnf /< To;}n], stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLx?nfO{
ckgTjsf] lt;{gf d]6fpg] dfWodsf ?kdf g]kfnL /]i6'/]G6x? ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ .
stf/df g]kfnLx? a9\bf] pkl:tlylt;+u} g]kfnL /]i6'/]G6x?sf] ;+Vofdfklg a9f]Q/L cfpb} 5g\ .
stf/df g]kfnL Aoj;foLx? 4f/f ;~rflnt g]kfnL xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6x?sf] ;+Vof Ps bh{g gfl3;s]sf] 5
. g]kfnL hghLa|f]sf kl/sf/x?sf] kfSg] o:tf g]kfnL xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6x? g]kfnLsf cjfnf
OlG8og,lkmlnlkgf],>Ln+sg nufPtsf nflu k|l;4 5g\ . g]kfnL vfgfsf] ljz]iftf g} k[ys x'G5 . g]]kfnL
vfgfdf e]/fO6L x'G5 / :jf:Yosf] nflu klg nfek|b x'G5 . To;}n] sof} ljb]zLx? stf/sf g]kfnL xf]6n
tyf /]i6'/]G6x?df :jR5Gb /dfO/x]sf b]lvG5g\ . g]kfnL xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6n] k|jf;df /x]klg cfˆgf]
;sf/nfO{ Tofu]sf 5}gg\ . Aoj;foLs ?kdf vf]lnPsf o:tf xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6x?n] logLx?sf]
;~rfngnfO{ kmfObf t k'¥ofPs} 5g\ . To;sf cjnf k|jf;Lsf nflu ;]jf / ;'ljwf klg plQs} k'¥ofPsf
5g\ . k|fo h;f] stf/sf xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6x?df ljleGg g]kfnL kq—klqsfx? kfOG5g\ . g]kfnL

112
ult,;+uLtsf l;=8L,le=l;=8L= x? kfOG5g . g]kfnL ;d'bfox?nfO{ s'g} klg g]kfnL sfo{s|dsf] k|rf/ —
k|;f/ ul/g'k/] logLx? Gf} pkof]uL x'G5g . ;—;fgf g]kfnL sfo{s|d ;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 . csf]{ dxTjk"0f{
s'/f 5l/P/ /x]sf g]kfnLx?sf] ldng u/fpFg] ldng s]Gb|sf] ?kdf stf/sf g]kfnL xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6 sfd
ub]{ cfPsf 5g\ .
stf/df z's|af/ ;/sf/L ljbf x'G5 . z's|af/sf lbg oxfFsf xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6df d]nf g} nfU5 .
stf/sf] w]/} 6f9f—6f9faf6 cfkmGthg e]6\g / g]kfnL :jfbsf] kl/sf/ vfgsf] lt;{gf d]6fpg]x?sf] nfO{g
g} nfU5 . g]kfnLsf] pkl:yltnfO{ wfGg ;d]t logLx?df ;~rfnsnfO{ wf}—wf} k5{ . e"uf]nsf] of] s'gfdf
l98f] vfg]dg slxNo} l98f] gb]v]sf] ;DdnfO{ x'bf] /x]5 . cfˆgf ;+u a;]/ vfPsf] dHhf g} a]Un} x'G5 .
xKtfel/sf] ysfO{ d]6fpg] / cfkmGt e]6fpg] ;+ud:ynsf] sfd oxfFsf xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6x?n] gfkmfsf
clQl/Qm laleGg ;]jfx?klg k'¥ofpb} cfO{/x]sf 5g\ . bf]xf stf/df g]kfnL xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6 ;~rfng
ug]{ Aoj;foLx?sf] ljj/0f / Aoj;fosf] 5f]6s/Ldf kl/ro k|:t't 5 .

lxdfnog /]i6'/]G6 M
stf/sf] /fhwfgL bf]xfsf] k|l;4 h}bf 6fj/ glhs} /x]sf] lxdfog /]i6'/]G6 ;g\ @))# af6
stf/af;L g]kfnLsf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t /xb} cfPsf] 5 . afg]yf]s b]p/fnL $,:ofËHof lgjf;L lbks axfb'/
yfkf4f/f ;~rflnt lxdfnog /]i6'/]G6n] bf]xfaf6 w]/} 6f9f /x]sf] g]kfnLnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] p4]Zon] b'vfg /
cnvf]/df ;d]t zfvf ;~rfng ul/;s]sf] 5 . k|jf;df ckgTj Hofb} Kof/f] xG5 . z's|af/ ljbfsf] lbg
sf6\g / cfˆgf ufp“, 3/sf ;fyL;ËLx?;+u cGt/Ë ub}{ dMdM rfpdLg ;fydf g]kfnL kl/sf/sf vfgf vfg
lxdfnog /]i6'/]G6df ahf/ g} nfU5 . g]kfndf Communication sf] Aofj;fodf ;DnUg x'g' ePsf] lbks
a=yfkfn] stf/nfO{ Aoj;foLsf] ?kdf ;g\ @))# df lelqg' eof] / oxfFsf] jhf/nfO{ a'em]/ cfˆgf] /]i6'/]G6
Aoj;fo k“frhgf sfdbf/af6 z'? ug'{eof] . g]kfnLx?sf] stf/ lelqg] s|d;+u} /]i6'/]G6sf] bfloTj klg a9\g
yfNof] . xfn pxfF;+u @@ hgf /]i6'/]G6df sfd ug]{ g]kfnL sfdbf/ 5g\ . stf/sf] j:t':yLlt ga'emL stf/
k|j]z u/]sf] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} Aoj;fodf xft xfn]sf] x'gfn] pxfFnfO{ w]/} / 7"nf—7"nf ;d:ofx? gcfPsf
xf]Ogg\ . t}klg xfg'{ ePg . ;d:ofx?;+u n'sfdf/L v]ln/xg' eof] / cfh stf/df :yflkt Joj;foLsf
?kdf lrlgg' x'g5 . pxfF bf]xf stf/sf laleGg ;fdflhs,;+3—;+:yf;+u k|ToIf ;xefuL x'g'x'b}g t} klg
s'g} g]kfnLnfO{ b'Mvk/]df jf dfgjLo ;+jb] bgfdf pxfFsf] ;b}a ;xof]u /xb} cfpsf] kfOg5 . pxfFn] k|jf;L
du/ ;+3 nfO{ ljleGg ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfpFg' ePsf] 5 .

n]sfnL /]i6'/G6
u'db]n @ Sofd,/fd]5fkdf hGdg' ePsf lgdf z]kf{4f/f ;~rflnt n]sfnL /]i6'/]g6 ;ahL
dfs]{6 glhs} /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((( df cf]l;; Plu|snr/ 8]ef]nd]G6 uf8]{g sdkgL xf]d;fo8df Go"g
tnjdf n]j/sf] ?kdf stf/ leqg' ePsf lgdf z]kf{n] Ps jif{ nuftf/ ToxfF sfd ug'{ eof] . t/ ;ft
dlxgf;Dd ljgf tnj sfd ug'{ eof] . /ftlbg gelg sfd ug]{ t/ tnj gkfpbf pxfFsf dg s'l8gklg
:jfefljs} lyof] . pxfnfO{ ;fyLx?n] tnj lbnfpg g]tf agfP5g\ . pxfsf] kxndf c/n] tt tnj kfP
t/ pxfnfO{ tnj t stf xf] stf,sfd klg dn]g5 . t/ pxfsf] Odfgb/ltf b]v]/ ;kf]g;/ n] cfˆg}
ld7fO{ k;ndf sfd lbP5 . pxfn] Toxf c/jL efiff l;Sg] df}sf kfpg' eof] , ;+3if{ u/]/ pxfF Toxf ;]n;
d]g ;Dd x'g' eof] . t/ bb'ef{Uo k;n agb eof] . pxfn] toxfaf6 l/lnh lng'eof] / ljleGg cK7\of/f
ofqfx?kf/ ub}{ ;g\ @))$ df n]sfnL /]i6'/]g6sf] d'lb/ sGg' eof] . Hofb} 7"nf] ;+3if{ u/]/ ;fgf] Aoj;fo
z'? ug'{ eof] . cfh pxfsf] aoj;fodf j9f]Q/L km/flsnf] x'b} ( hgf sfdbf/n] EofO{ geofO{ 5 . pxfsf]
113
/]i6'/]g6df ljxfg gf;tf / g]kfnL vfgf kfOG5 . sfnf] bfn nn]sfnL /]i6'/]g6sf] ljziftf xf] . zfGt
:yfgdf /x]sf] n] g]kfnLx/sf] 7"n} hdft pxfsf] /]i6'/]g6sf u\fxs 5g\ . sfd ub}{ hf+bf Aoj;foLs algbf]
/x]5 eGg'x'G5 lgdf z]kf{ . cfˆgf] Aoj;fosf] ;fy;fy}

;D;/f ysfnL efG;f M

stf/sf] /fhwfgL bf]xfsf] d'6' dflgg] g]zgndf Aojl:yt tj/n] ;lhPsf] ;dfh;]jL ;fu/
g]kfn / /d]zafa' >]i7sf] ;o'Qm nufgLdf ;g\ @))& af6 ;~rflnt ;D;/f ysfnL efG;fn] k|jf;df klg
ckgTjsf] lt;{gf d]6fp5 . b'O{hgf sfdbf/af6 z'? ul/Psf] ;D;/fsf] bfloTj of] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} t]Xhgf
sfdbf/;Dd k'lu;s]sf] 5 . lgs} snfTds g]kfnL v'lk{6f],jfF;'/L,df+bn,6f]k,:ofv',xl;of,gfªnf],nufotsf
a:t'x?n] ubf{ o; jfn'jfsf] /fhwfgLdf klg sf7df08f}sf] lt;{gf d]6fp5 . sf7df08f}df gfd rn]]sf
/]i6'/]G6eGbf slQ km/s 5}g . Toxf leq k:bfsf] cg"ej / Toxf kfOg] ckgTjsf] j0f{g u/L ;fWo 5}g
.;fu/ g]kfnn] g]kfnLkg emlNsg] aiff{} klxnf b]lvsf] bf]xfsf] cfj:ostfdf b]Vg' ePsf] ;kgf k"/f u/]sf] 5
. ;D;/fn] ;]jf d"ns gfkmf sdfpg] p4]Zoaf6 vf]lnPsf] ePtfklg df}lns g]kfnLkg kl:sg] px“fx?sf]
:jfy{ xf] . ljb]zdf /x]sf nfvf} g]kfnLx/nfO{ cfˆg} ufp 3/sf] lt;{gf d]6fpg' / ljb]zsf] ;fd' g]kfnL
;+:s[ltsf] k|rf/—k\;f/ ug'{ d"n nIo /x]sf] /d]zafa' atfpg' x'g5 . oxf ;]n/f]6L,lv/,ds]sf] l98f],sf]bfsf]
l98f],g]kfnaf6 cfofltt bO{lrlg lrpp/f,u'gb|'s,cfn'tfdf,7]6g]jf/L crf/,nf]sn s'v'/fsf] df;',tyf
;D;/f ysfnL efG;fn] cfˆgf u|fxssf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu jfO/n]; pg6/g]6 ;]jf,g]kfnsf] nflu xjfO{l6s6
tyf g]kfn k};f k7fpgsf] nflu dlg 6«fG;km/ ;]jf pknJw u/fPsf] 5 .
dfpG6]g /]i6'/]G6 M
;g}of —!) df cjl:yt 5 . dfpG6]g /]i6'/]G6 dfbLd'n vs{ —!,;+v'ef;efdf hlGdP/
sf7df08f}df a;f]jf; ub}{ cfpg' ePsf k/z'{/fd bfxfnn] ;g\ @))@ af6 stf/af;L g]kfnL bfh'efO{sf]
;]jf dfpG6]g /]i6'/]G6af6 z'? ug'{ eof] . ;g\ !((( df Aoj;fols b[li6sf]0fn] stf/ leqg' ePsf bf]xfn]
o; cl3g} l;+ufk'/,x+ËsË / sf]l/of nufotsf b]zx?df k'lu;Sg ePsf] /x]5 . sf]l/ofdf t k/z'/fd
bfxfnn] cfˆg} Aoj;fo ;d]t ;~rfng ul/;Sg' ePsf] x'gfn] px“fdf Aoj;foLs 1fg lyof] . To;}n]
g]]kfnLx?sf] pNn]Vo a;f]af; /x]sf] ;g}ofnfO{ g} cfˆgf] klxnf] /f]hfO{ kfg{' eof] / cf7hgf sfdbf/af6
/]i6']G6 Aoj;fosf] z'?jft ug'{ eof] . px“fsf] /]i6'/]G6sf] k|d'v ljz]iftf g} k|jf;df g]kfnL kl/sf/x?
pknAw u/fpg' xf] g]kfnL vfgfsf] nflu dfpG6]g /]i6'/]G6 ;g}ofdf k|l;4 5 . ;g}ofdf g]kfnLx?sf]
j:t'l:ylt b]v]/ px“fn] /]i6'/]G6nfO{ a9fpb} x'g'x'g5 . xfn pxf;+u !! hgf sfdbf/ /x]sf 5g . ;a}nfO{
EofO{ gEofO{ 5 . pxfsf] /]i6'/]G6df Jojl:yt sfo{s|d xnsf] ;d]t Aoj:yf 5 . bf]xf stf/df ls|ofzLn
laleGg ;fdflhs ;+3,;+:yfsf sfo[s|dx? x'g] ub[5 . oxf g]kfnL afx]s OlG8og,j+ufnL / c/jL d"n'ssf
dflg;x?nfO{ ;d]t ljljw kl/sf/sf vfg] ;'ljwfx? pknJw x'G5g . k/z'/fd NRNA NCC stf/sf
zfvdf /x]/ sfd ul/;Sg' ePsf] 5 . k|jf;df /x]/ ljleGg ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yf;+u cfj4/xg sfo{
Ao:ttfn] ubf{ g;s]klg ;dfh;]jf k|lt plQs} nufj ePsf] s'/f bfxfn jtfpg' x'G5 . Aoj;foLs ?kdf
pxf ;kmn Aoj;fols g]kfnL bfh'efO{x?nfO{ ;]jf lbO{/xg] / Aoj;fonfO{ cem} a9fpb} n}hfg] ;f]rdf
x'g'x'g5 .

g]kfnL efG;f 3/ M
stf/sf] /fhwfgL bf]xfsf] d'6' dflgg] h}bf 6fj/sf] glhs} g]kfnL tf}/—tl/sfn] ;lhPsf] g]kfnL
efG;f3/ ;g\ @))$ af6 atf/af;L g]kfnLx?sf] nflu ;]jfdf ;dlk{t 5 .
stf/df g]kfnL ;+3–;+:yfsf hGdbftf eg]/ lrlgg'x'g] ;dfh;]jL 8f=b]jsfhL 8+uf]nsf] k|jf;df ckgTj
e]6fpg] dfWod ?kdf efG;f 3/sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . hGde"ldaf6 sf]iff} 6f9f e"uf]nsf] cs}{ kf6f]df leGg
114
;+:s[lt / w/ftnLodf jfWotfjz hf]ltg' kbf{sf] kL8f la;fpg] / cfkmgtx?nfO{ e]6fpg] ;fWosf ?kdf
efG;f3/sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] 8f=b]jsfhL 8+uf]n atfpg' x'G5 . efG;f 3/ gfd af6 g} :k|i6 5 ls g]kfnL
hghLa|f]sf dL7f kl/sf/x? kfSg] l;Ëf] 3/ xf] eg]/ . lgs} d]xgt u/]/ snfTds ?kdf ;lhPsf] x'gfn]
ljb]zLsf] cfvfF ;d]t g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdfly gkl//xg ;Sb}g . g]kfnL sfn / ;+:s[ltsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{ of]
;]t'sf] /kdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL efG;f 3/df g]kfnL kl/sf/sf ;a} a:t'x? pknAw 5g\ . dg} nf]Eofpg]
snfTdstfn] ;lhPsf] x'gfn] klg k/b]zdf :jb]zsf] lt;{gf d]6fpg] efG;f3/ ;kmn ag]sf] 5 .
Aofj;foLs ?kdf efG;f3/ ;kmn 5 .

;u/dfyf dMdM ;]G6/ -afsL 5_

To;}u/L stf/sf] bf]xfdf g]kfnLx?s} nflu eg]/ vf]lnPsf g]kfnL rf]s /]i6'/]G6 - afh]sf]
xf]6n _ ;f]lkm6n k5f8L g]zgndf cjl:yt 5 . g]kfnL kl/sf/sf vfgfsf ;fy} dMdM,rfpldg nufPtsf
a:t'x? kfO{g5g . g]kfnL /]i6'/]G6x? bf]xf stf/df /x]sf g]kfnLx?sf] k\jf;sf] b'Mv / kL8fnfO{ la;fpg]
rf}tf/L ag]s 5g\ . ljlxaf/ a]n'sL b]lv g} g]kfnL /]i6'/]g6x?df eL8 nfG5 . emg\ z's|af/ t s'/} gu/f} .
xKtflbg sfddf hf]ltP/ yfs]sf] z/L/nfO{ :jR5Gb ?kdf ljtfpg] lbg g} z's|af/ xf] . TO;}n] o:tf
/]i6'/]g6x?df z's|af/ t d]nf g} nfU5 . dL7f] kl/sf/;+u} g]kfnsf] tfhf 36gfs|d a'em\g] kq–klqsf b]lv
;fyLefO{ e]6L ;'Mv,b'Mv af8\g] lj>fd:yn ag]sf 5g g]kfnL /]i6'/]G6x? . ufFp,3/ lt/sf xfn vj/ yfxf
kfpg] / k|]o;LnfO{ k|jf;sf] sf]z]nL k7fpg g]kfnL /]i6'/]G6x?n] ;]t'sf] sfd u/]sf]df s;]sf] b'O{dt gxf]nf
. k|jf;df dfof–lk/tLsf w]/} s'/fx? x'G5g . ;u} afRg] / ;u} dg]{ szd vfPsf x?n] 5'l§P/ PSnf–PSn}
a:g' kbf{sf] p/f7 sd dd{:kzL{ x'G5 . pbf; dgsf eªufnfx?sf] lztntd rf}tf/L ag]sf 5g\ g]kfnL
/]i6'/]G6x? .

;fdflhs ;+3÷ ;+:yfx?M

;dfh;]jfsf] s'g} gfkmf x'b}g hf] ;'s}n] ;dfh;]jf u5'{ eg]/ klg ug{ ;lsb}g . ;dfh;]jf ug{sf
nflu ;fdflhs efjgf x'g' k/of] . ;dfhnfO{ a'em\g' k/of] . k};fsf] vf]nf] aufpbf g} ;dfh;]jf x'G5 eg]/
;f]Rg' klg d'v{tf x'g]5 . k};f t P}rf] ,k}rf] x'G5 t/ k/]sf] a]nfdf af]lnlbPsf] ;fgf] af]nL jf k/]sf] a]nfdf
ul/lbPsf] ;fgf] sfd s'g} k};fn] lsGg ;lsGg / Tof] u'g h'gL h'gL;Dd /lx/xG5 . k};f g} cf]l9 ;'t] klg
k};fn] glbPsf] ;Gt'li7 ;dfhsf] nflu lg:jfy{ efjfgf af6 ul/Psf] Pp6f ;fgf] sfd af6 ldN5 To;}n]
lg:jfyL{ efjgfn] ;dfh k|lt pQ/bfoL eP/ ;fdflhs sfo{x? ug'{ g} ;Rrfdfgj x'g'sf] wd{ k'/f ug'{ xf] .
stf/df *) j6f eGbf al9 laleGg ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx? s[oflzn /xb} cfPsf 5g\ . k|fo h;f]
cf cfkm\gf] lhNnfjfl;sf] ;xof]usf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf lhNnf ;]jf;dfhx? 5g\ . nueu &% j6}
lhNnfsf afl;Gbfx? stf/df sfo{/t 5g . plQs} lhNnf ;]jf;dfhx? Kf|jfl; hLjgsf] c:tAo:ttf /
c;xhtfnfO{ sd ub}{ cfkl; ldqtf / dft[Tjsf] clej[l4 u/fO{ a}b]lzs hLjgnfO{ ;s/fTds 9+uaf6
cufl8 a9fpg] pb]Zon] :yflkt ePsf x'g . bf]xfsf] Oltxf;df g]kfnL ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] w]/} cf/f]x cj/f]xx?
Kff/ul/;s]sf 5g . g]kfn / stf/ aLrsf] ;DjGw cem k|uf9 / la:tfl/t ug{ o:tf ;+:yfx?n] dxTjk"0f{
e'ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . g]kfnL snf / ;+:s[ltsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ Pjd ug{ / k|jfl; stf/jf;L g]kfnLx?sf] ;'v
b'Mv la;fpg] ;femf rf}tfl/sf] ?kdf ox“fsf] ;+3 ;+:yf x's{b} 5g\ . stf/sf] afn'jfdf dfgljo ufpx?
lgdf{0f ug{ Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . sfg'gL ?kdf k|ltjlGwt 5 . t/ klg ;fd'lb|t t6sf] ;kmfO{ ug]{ b]lv
dfgljo ;+j]bgfn] clek|]l/t eP/ /Qbfg ug]{ g]kfn tyf stf/sf] Pstfdf ;]t'sf] sfd ug]{ xfd|f
;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx? k|;:t} 5g\ . stf/sf] kl/k|]Ifdf g]kfnL ;+3 ;+:yfsf] nfdf] Oltxf; 5 . g]kfnL
b'tfjf; :yfkgf gePsf] cj:yfdf kSs} klg g]kfnLsf ;d:ofx? W]f/} lyP . g]kfnLx?sf] pkl:ylt klg
:jfefljs ?kdf sd lyof] . t'ngfTds ?kdf ;d:of al9 lyP . tTsflng a]nfsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;+sng
ul/ ;DjlGwt kIf ;Dd k'/ofpgsf] nflu s'g} klg ;+ul7t dfWod gePsf] cj:yfdf g]kfn ;xof]u
115
;dfhsf] :yfkgf ul/ g]kfnL ;+:yfsf] hGd ul/of] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] clwsfl/s k|ltlglw em} g]kfnLsf b'Mv
, lk8f;u Psfsf/ eP/ To;n] sfd u/of] . la:tf/} g]kfnLx?sf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 x'g yfNof] . qmd;
;d:ofx?klg ylkg yflnP . g]kfnL b'tfjf; :yfkgf eP k:rft ;d:of ;fdwfgsf] nflu s]lx kxn x'g
yfNof] . g]kfnLx?sf] ;d:ofx?nfO{ g]kfnL b'tfjf; ;Dd k'/\ofpg / ;fdfwfgsf] nflUf bjfj l;h{gfug{
laleGg ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] cfj:ostf dx;'; ul/of] . s'g} klg cfjfhnfO{ Psn phfu/ ubf{ g;'lgg] /
;+ul7t ?kdf a'nGb kfbf{ ;a}sf] sfg 7f8f] x'g] k|a[lt 5 xfd|f] . k|jfl; hLjgnfO{ Aoal:yt kfg{ / e} kl/
cfpg] b'Mvsf jf ;d:ofsf kxf8x?nfO{ kmf]g{sf nflu Pslqt x'g] qmddf laleGGf ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] hGd x'g
yfn] . stf/df ;fdflhs ,;f:s[lts , ;flxlTos ,/fhg}lts ,hflto ,wfld{s, If]lqo , cflb kIf;“u
;DjlGwt ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx? qmoflzn /x]sf] kfOG5 .
stf/sf ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] laleGg lsl;dsf k/f]ksfl/ sfd ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;j{k|yd
o:tf ;+3 ;+:yfn] Ps cfk;df 5l/Psf /x]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{ Pp6} ;+:yfdf Pstfa4 ePsf 5g\ . b'Mvdf
k/]sf , cnkqdf k/]sf jf k/b]zdf d[To'j/0f u/]sf jf laleGg b'3{6gfdf kl/ c+u e+u ePsfx?nfO{ /
ltgsf cfl>t kl/jf/nfO{ oxfsf ;+3 ;+:yfn] laleGg dfWodaf6 ;xof]u k'/ofpb} cfPsf 5g\ . sDkgL
6'6]/ cnkqdf k/]sf] xf]; jf Po/kf]6{df g} cnkq k/sf] xf];\ . sDkgL tnj glbP/ ef]s ef]s} dlxgf} lbg
;Dd a;]sf] xf];\ . s'g} eljtJo k/]/ cnkq k/]sf] xf];\ . oxfsf ;+3 ;+:yfn] ;xof]u u5{g / g]kfnL
b'tfjf;;“usf] ;xsfo{df ;dfwfgsf] pkfo lgsfN5 . k|jf;L g]kfnLnfO{ s]lx k/of] eg] tg dgn] / wgn]
;xof]u h'6fpg /ftlbg nflu/xG5g\ . k|jf;L g]kfnLdfyL ePsf] lyrf] ldrf]sf] af/]df ;d]t a'nGb cfjfh
p7fp5g\ . g]kfnL snf / ;+:s[ltsf] e"uf]nsf] s'gf s'gf;Dd k|rf/ k|;f/ ub{5g\ . g]kfnL g]kfnL aLr
sf]l/g] laefhgsf] /]vfnfO{ lgld6\ofGg kf/]/ d]6\g rfxfG5g\ . stf/df sfo{/t ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx?n]
k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kfdf b]zsf] lasf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . stf/sf ufp ufpsf
;ldlt ;d]t kfOG5g\ . lolgx?n] cfkm\gf] ufpsf] lzIff ,:jf:Yo,oftfoft,;+Grf/ ,vfg]kfgL,law't nufotsf
If]qx?df ;xof]u k'/ofpb} cfPsf 5g\ . d'ntM lhNnf ;]jf ;dfhsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 ox“f . cf cfkm\gf]
lhNnfsf ;Dk'0f{ lhNnfjf;LnfO{ ;+ul7t ul/ cfkl; ldqtfPjd dft[Tjsf] clea[l4 ug]{ Ps csf{sf] b'Mv
;'v ;f6f;f6 ug]{ lhNnfsf] ljsf;df ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug]{ nufotsf sfdx? logLx?n] ub{5g\ . laleGg
hflto ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] cfkm\gf] hfltsf] xs lxtsf] nflu Pslqt eP/ hfb}+ 5g\ . b]zdf kg]{ k|fs[lts k|sf]k
b]lv cGo laleGg sfo{x?df stf/df /x]sf ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] pn]Vo ;xof]u /xb} cfPsf] 5 .
b]zdf nf]stGq Nofpgsf] nflu xf];\ jf nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut lasf; ul/ gof g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug} xf];\ .
stf/ l:yt ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 stf/df /x]sf d'Vo d'Vo ;fdflhs
;+:yfx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ .
!= g]kfn ;xof]u ;dfh
stf/df g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] :yfkgf x'g' k'j{ stf/afl; g]kfnLsf ;d:ofx? Pslqt ul/ /
kf;kf]6{ gljs/0f ug{s]f nfUfL ;fplbsf] l/ofb l:yt g]kfnL b'tfjf; ;Dd k'Ug] dfWodsf] ?kdf ;g=========
df g]kfn ;xof]u ;dfhsf] :yfkgf eof] . To;a]nf of] stf/df Hofb} k|l;4 klg lyof] . oxfsf ;Dk'0f{
;d:ofx?nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/;Dd k'/ofpg] dfWod ag]sf] lyof] g]kfn ;xof]u ;dfh . g]kfnLx?sf] Go'g
pkl:ylt x'bf x'b} klg tTsflng ;dodf w]/} ;d:ofx? lyP . cfhsf] h:tf] jftfj/0f To; a]nf lyPg
klg . To;a]nf sfd ug{ klg cfhsf] h:tf] ;lhnf] lyPg . w]/} cK7\of/fx? / b'Mvsf e8\vfnfx? Kff/ ub}{
o;n] stf/jfl; g]kfnLx?sf] nfuL sfd uYof]{ . g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] :yfkgf ;u} o;n] ub}{ cfPsf sfdx?
b'tfjf;n] ug]{ ePsf] x'bf jt{dfgdf g]kfn ;xof]u ;dfh Tolt qmoflzn 5}g To}klg ljutdf stf/jfl;
g]kfnLsf] nfuL k'/ofPsf] ;xof]usf] zAbdf j0f{g ug{ ;Dej 5}g .
@= g]kfnL ;f:s[lts s]Gb|
stf/df sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf #) sf] bzs b]lv g} g]kfnLx?sf] lelqg] qmd b]lvG5 e'uf]nsf]
leGg s'gfdf leGg /xg ;xg snf ,;+:s[lt / efiffsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ k|jfzdf ckgTj Hofb} Kof/f] x'G5
116
b]zdf a;]sfx?nfO{ eGbf b]z aflx/ a:g]nfO{ b]zsf] dfof al9 x'G5 . snf / ;+:s[ltsf] cufw :g]x / Kof/
x'G5 . $) sf] bzs lt/ stf/df Hofb} sd g]kfnL lelqPsf lyP . To; kl5 g} stf/df laleGg sfddf
g]kfnLx? lelqg yfn]sf x'g\ . g]kfnLx?sf] a9\bf] pkl:ylt ;u} laleGg s'/fx?sf] cfj:ostf dx;''; x'g
yfNof] . stf/df g]kfnL ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd 68\sf/f] cfj:ostfsf] ?kdf b]lvof] . To;}nfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/
;g\ @))@ df ;fu/ g]kfnsf] ;s[otfdf g]kfnL ;f+:s[lts s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf eof] . g]kfnL snf / ;+:s[ltsf]
;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ o; ;f+:s[lts s]Gb|n] :yfkgf sfndf Hofb} ;+3{if u/of] bf]xfdf g]kfnL sfo{qmdsf]
hGd u/of] . w]/} k|ltefx?sf] k|:km'6g u/of] . w]/} ;+Defjgfx? x'bf x'b} klg tTsflng ;dodf g]kfnL
b'tfjf;sf] c;xof]usf sf/0f o;n] h'g ?k wf/0ff ug'{ kYof]{ Tof] ug{ ;s]g . stf/df :yflgo
snfsf/x?nfO{ ;+ul7t ul/ cfhsf] of] cj:yfdf NofO{ k'/ofpg g]kfnL ;f+:s[lt s]Gb|sf] dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf
/xbf /xb} klg jt{dfg cj:yfdf Tolt lqmoflzn /x]sf] 5}g .

#= u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3 /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldlt

stf/df ;g @))# l8;]Dj/ !@ df u}/ cfjfl;o g]kfnL ;dfh /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
:yfkgf eof] . :yfkgfsfn b]lv g} o;n] stf/df laleGg ;fdflhs sfo{x? ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . stf/df
nufot ;Dk"0f{ vfl8 /fi6«df /x]sf] g]kfnL tyf g]kfnL ;+3 ,;+:yfx?sf] xs lxt / clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf
;+Dj4{g ug{ ;d:ofx? Kflxrfg ul/ To;sf lb3{sflng ?kdf lg/fs/0fsf pkfox?sf] vf]hL ug]{ tyf
;DjlGwt lgsfox?df To; ;DjlGw hfgsfl/ u/fpg] sfo{df ljz]if hf]8 lbb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . To;sf]
cnjf ljljw /rgfTds sfo{x?sf] ;fy} cfkb ljkbdf k/]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{ cfly{s tyf /rgfTds ;xof]u
k'/ofpg] sfd klg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . 3/ 5f]8]/ stf/ k;]b]lv 3/ gkm{lsGh]n ;Dd stf/sf g]kfnLn] kfOnf
kfOnfdf b'Mv kfpb} kfO/x]sf x'G5g . To:tf b'Mv kfO/x]sf g]kfnL ;xoflq ag]/ stf/sf] afn'jfdf
km'ln/x]5 . stf/df sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLnfO{ u}/ g]kfnL ;+3df cfj4 u/fO{ b]z lab]zdf /x]sf g]kfnLsf]
hLjg :t/ psf:g tyf b]zsf] cu|ufdL kl/jt{gdf oyf;So ;xof]u k'/ofpg] sfddf lqmoflzn /xb}
cfPsf] 5 . of] stf/sf] k|ltlglw d'ns ;+:yf xf] . o;n] stf/df /x]sf laleGg k]zf / ;d'bfosf
g]kfnLx? aLr cfkl; d]nldnfk / ;'dw'/ ;DjGw sfod /flv g]kfnL snf,;flxTo / :f+:s[ltsf] hu]{gf ug{
laleGg sfo{qmdx? Ufb}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] stf/df sfo{/t cbIf / cw{bIf g]kfnLx?n] em]ln/x]sf]
;d:ofnfO{ dWo gh/ ul/ a}b]lzs /f]hufl/df hfg' k'j{ hfgsfl/ d'ns tflnd / s'g} klg k|fljlws
laifodf 1fg tyf Aofj;foLs l;k lbnfpg hf]8 lbb} cfPsf] 5 . o;n] stf/sf] h]ndf laljw sf/0fn]
h]n k/]sf alGb hLjg latfO/x]sf g]kfnLnfO{ ox“fsf] sfg'gL k|s[of k'/f ul/ g]kfn k7fOg]
Aofj:yf,stf/df b'Mvdf k/]sf g]kfnL, sDklgn] sfd glbP/ ef]Ug' kg]{ g]kfnLx?nfO{ cfj:os ;xof]u
pknJw u/fpb} cfPsf] 5 . laljw sf/0fn] b'Mv kfPsf k|jfl; g]kfnLx?nfO{ sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] :yfkgf
u/]sf] s'/f ;dfhsf jt{dfg cWoIf sdnd0fL u'/fufO{n] atfpg' x'G5 . stf/af;L g]kfnLx?sf] b'Mv
la;fpg] rf}tf/Lsf] ?kdf :yflkt u}/ cfjfl;o g]kfn ;dfh ,/fli6«o ;dGjo kl/ifbdf h'g Aofkstf x'g'
kYof]{ Tof] b]lvb}g . ;Dk'0f{ stf/afl; g]kfnLsf] ;femf rf}tf/L ag]/ cjsf lbgdf cufl8 a9\g' k5{ . ;Dk'0f{
b'MvL ,ul/jL, zf]l;t lkl8t g]kfnLsf] ;femf d~r aGg' k5{ u}/ cfjfl;o g]kfnL ;dfh /fli6«o ;dGjo
kl/ifb .

$_g]kfn k|jf;L cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3

g]kfn Ps ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+l:s[lts b]z xf] . t/ cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] ljut @$) jif{sf]
Oltxf;df Pp6f wd{, Pp6f ;+:s[lt, Pp6f hft / Pp6f efiffsf] dfq Ps5q xfnLd'xfnL rNb} cfof] . s'n
hg;+Vofsf] em08} cfwf hg;+Vof cf]u6]sf] cflbjf;L hghfltx? x/]s If]qdf pTkL8gdf k/]sf 5g\ . plgx?sf]
df}lns efiff, wd{, ;+:s[ltdfly cltqmd0f eO{ g} /Xof] h;sf] kl/0ffd plgx?sf] cfk\mgf] klxrfg ;d]t ;+s6df k¥of]
. plgx?nfO{ /fHon] plrt ;'/Iff lbg] / ;+/If0f ug]{ sfd slxNo} u/]g . a? plgx?nfO{ /fHo ;+rfng tx;Dd k'Ug]

117
af6f]df g} tuf/f] nufpg] sfo{x? eP . o;sf] cnjf /fHo ;Qfsf] b'?kof]u ub}{ slyt pRr hft egfpbfx?n] oxf+sf
cflbjf;L e'dL k'q hghftLx?nfO{ l;dfGts[t ub}{ emg sDfhf]/ agfpg] sfd eO /Xof] . o:tf vfnsf lje]bsf/L
s[ofsnfkx?sf] ;d'n gi6 x'g' k5{ eGb} hghflt cu|hx?n] ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg vfnsf lj/f]w sfo{qmdx?
rnfpb} cfPsf / ;do ;dodf /fHo ;Qf;+u ljb|f]x ;d]t u/]sf] pbfx/0fx? Oltxf;df k|df0fsf ?kdf kfOG5g\ .
g]kfnsf] hghflt cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf; Tolt nfdf] 5}g . hghfltx?sf] ;+u7Lt x'g kfpg], ck\mgf] efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt
hf]ufpg / ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{qmdx?df aGb]h nfufO{Psf] lyof] . t/ @)$^ sf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gkl5 g]kfn cflbjf;L
hghflt dxf;+3sf] :yfkgfn] hghflt cfGbf]ngsf] :j?kdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofof] . o;n] g]kfnL cflbjf;L
hghfltx?nfO{ ;r]t u/fpb} cfk\mgf] xs clwsf/ k|fKtLsf] nflu cfGbf]lnt x'g pTk|]l/t u¥of] . h;sf] kmn:j?k xfn
g]kfndf %( yl/sf hfltnfO{ cflbjf;L hghfltsf] ?kdf ;'lrs[t ul/Psf] 5 . plgx?sf] cfk\mg} 5'§} klxrfg,
;+:s[lt, efiff, wd{, Oltxf; / ;+:yfut ;+/rgf ;lxt cfk\mgf] k'Vof}{nL e'ldl;t efjfgfTds ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 eGg]
s'/f k|i6\ofPsf] 5 .
NRNA dWok"j{ :t/Lo e]nf

g]kfnsf] hghflt cfGbf]ngnfO{ Pp6f pTsif{df k'¥ofpg] ;+sNksf ;fy hghfltx?åf/f hghfltx?s} nflu
:yflkt g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3sf] x/]s sfo{df ;xof]u ug{ k|jf;df /x]sf cflbjf;L hghfltx?n] Pp6f
;+u7Lt ;+:yfsf] cfjZostf lgs} ;do cl3b]lv dx;'; u/]sf lyP . To;}sf] k|ltkmn :j?k stf/df ljleGg k]zf /
Joj;fo tyf ljleGg hflto ;+3 ;+:yfx?df cfa4 cflbjf;L hghfltx?n] ljleGg r/0fx? Kff/ ub}{ @) h'nfO{ @))^
sf lbg >L cd[t u'?· Ho'sf] ljz]if kxndf stf/df ;+u7Lt ljleGg hflto ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ Pp6f ;femf ;+:yfdf
cfa4 u/fpg] k|of; :j?k o; g]kfn k|jf;L cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3 stf/sf] :yfkgf ePsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ug{
kfpbf xfdLnfO{ uj{sf] cg'e'tL eO{/x]sf] 5 . xfn} dfq o; g]kfn k|jf;L cflbjf; hghflt dxf;+3 stf/n] g]kfn
cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3af6 ;DaGwg ;d]t k|fKt ul/;s]sf] hfgsf/L klg u/fpg rfxG5f}+ . dxf;+3sf] ;+:yfut
kl/rosf ;fy} o;sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] hfgsf/L o; cfn]vdf 5f]6s/L ?kdf ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ljleGg e"efuaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/ tyf Joj;fosf] lzn;Lnfdf stf/df cfO{ sfo{/t g]kfnL
cflbjf;L hghfltx?nfO{ Pp6} ;+:yfdf ;+u7Lt u/fpg] / cflbjf;L hghfltx?sf] pTyfgsf] nflu ;femf ;jfndf
Plss[t wf/0ff lgd{f0f / ljsf; ub}{ hflto ;befj Pj+ eft[Tj clea[l4 ul/ Ps csf{nfO{ z'v / b'Mvdf ;fy / ;xof]u
ug]{ / b]z ljsf;sf] sfo{df ;s[o ?kn] lqmofzLn /xgsf] nflu g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3sf] ljwfgnfO{
dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf cfTd;fy ub}{ stf/sf] j:t'l:ylt;+u d]n vfg] vfnsf] Pp6f 5'§} lgb]{lzsfsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{
cfjZostf b]lvPsf]n] æg]kfn k|jf;L cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3 stf/sf] lgb]{lzsf @))^Æ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;}
lgb]{lzsfsf] clwgdf /x]/ o; dxf;+3n] ljleGg sfo{qmx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

dxf;+3sf p2]Zox?M
s_ stf/df sfo{/t cflbjf;L hghfltx?sf] aLrdf kf/:kl/s Pstf, ;b\efj Pj+ eft[Tjefj clea[l4 u/L z'v
b'Mvdf ;fy / ;xof]u ug]{ .
118
 v_ cflbjf;L hghfltx?sf] efiff, lnlk, wd{, ;+:s[lt, ;flxTo lzIff cflb If]qdf ;dfg ljsf; / xs clwsf/
k|flKtsf nflu ;a};+u ldln ;xsfo{ ub}{ kf/:kl/s ;xof]usf] clea[l4 ug]{ / ;a} cflbjf;L hghfltx?sf]
;+u7gx?nfO{ ;dGjo u/L ;femf ;jfndf gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
u_ ;dfg p4]Zo ePsf :jb]z tyf ljb]zsf hftLo ;+u7gx?;+u cfjZos ;Dks{ Pj+ ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ul/
ljZjsf] h'g;'s} efudf hflt, efiff, wd{, ln·, j0f{ cflbsf] cfwf/df x'g] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/sf] lj?4df
P]Soj4tf hfx]/ ub}{ ljZj ;DaGw / eft[Tjsf] ljsf; ug{ k|oTgzLn /xg] .
3_ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] cflbjf;Lx?sf] clwsf/ ;DalGw tof/ kf/]sf] d:of}bf 3f]if0ffkq, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g -
cfO{Pncf]_ sf] dxf;GwL g+= !^( / dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqx?nfO{ kfl/t u/fpg /
sfo{Gjogsf] nflu k|oTgzLn /xg] .
ª_ /fi6«;+l3o dfGotf cg';f/ cflbjf;L hghfltx?sf] ;fd'bflos, k|s[lts ;Dkbf, k/Dk/fut zLk tyf af}l4s
;DklQ dflysf] clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu lqmofzLn /xb} cflbjf;L hghflt ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df
;xof]u k'¥ofpg] / ltgLx?df ;zlQms/0f Nofpg k|of;/t /xg] .
r_ stf/df sfo{/t cGo ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfx?;+u ;befjk'0f{ xft]dfnf] ub}{ /fli6«otfsf] ;dGjofTds
;'b[l9s/0fdf 7f]; of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;fy} cfk;L ;xof]usf] jftj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ .

dxf;+3;+u cfa4 hflto ;+:yfx? / ;Dks{ JolQmx?M

!= g]kfn k|jf;L du/ ;+3, bf]xf stf/
;Dks{ JolQmx?M !_ 5q axfb'/ 3n] du/, cWoIfM df]afOn g+=(&$ %^)#)!#
@_ b]j axfb'/ /fgf du/, dxf;lrjM df]afOn g+=(&$ ^&&!%!*
@= t'd af}4 ;]jf ;ldtL, bf]xf zfvf
;Dks{ JolQmx?M !_ hug td", cWoIfM df]afOn g+=(&$ %@$$^&*
@_ s[i0f td", dxf;lrjM df]afOn g+=(&$ %*%&$&*
#= ls/f“t /fO{ ofof]Svf, bf]xf zfvf
;Dks{ JolQmx?M !_ rGb|z]/ /fO{, cWoIfM df]afOn g+=(&$ %(@%@()
@_ r]z s'df/ /fO{, ;lrjM df]afOn g+=(&$ ^^)@!!)
$= ls/ft ofSy'Ë Pstf ;dfh, bf]xf stf/
;Dks{ JolQmx?M !_ lbn ls/0f vh'd -lnDa'_, cWoIfM df]afOn g+=(&$ %^%$%&&
@_ 1fg]Gb| kGbs -lnDa'_, dxf;lrjM df]afOn g+=(&$ %$&(%*(
%= cfk|jf;L tfdfË ;dfh, bf]xf stf/
;Dks{ JolQmx?M !_ ;'s axfb'/ tfdf¨, cWoIfM df]afOn g+=(&$ ^&(&^^*
@_ /0faxfb'/ tfdf¨, ;lrjM df]afOn g+=(&$ %@@#)%(
^= k|jf;L ;]kf{ ;+3, bf]xf stf/
;Dks{ JolQmx?M !_ t]lGh¨ gf]s]{ z]kf{, cWoIfM df]afOn g+=(&$ %#$)#^*
@_ k]df UofNh]g z]kf{, ;lrjM df]afOn g+=(&$ %@^*!^)
&= yf? sNof0fsf0fL/L zef, stf/
;Dks{ JolQmx?M !_ O{=ljBfgGb rf}w/L, ;efkltM df]afOn g+=(&$ %!(%$!)
@_ O{=l;tf/fd rf}w/L, dxfdGqLM df]afOn g+=(&$ ^%^$*)#
*= k|jf;L b/fO{ ;dfh, bf]xf, stf/
;Dks{ JolQmx?M !_ 1fg]Gb| b/fO{, cWoIfM df]afOn g+=(&$ ^%@^(%@
@_ laqmd b/fO{, ;lrjM df]afOn g+=(&$ %(()*^*

119
%= g]kfn stf/ k|qsf/ ;+3
Gf]kfndf snd rnfpb} /x]sf / laljw sf/0fn] dft[e"ldsf] cfugdf c6fpg g;s]sf sof}+
sndwf/Lx? e"uf]nsf] s''gf s'gfdf laleGg x}l;otn] aflr/x]sf 5g . stf/df /f]hL /f]l6sf] nflu Kf|jfl;Psf
sndwfl/x?sf] ;d'x g]kfn stf/ kqsf/;+3 ;g\ @)))df :yfkgf eof] . e"uf]nsf] of] b'/b'/Ldf /x]/ klg
ltg nfv g]kfnLsf ;'v b'Mvsf] vj/x? cfz', xf;f]sf ;':s]/fx? laleGg dfWod x'b} g]kfn ;Dd k'/ofpg]
x]t'sf] sfd g]kfn stf/ kqsf/ ;+3n] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . stf/df /x]/ k|jfl; hLjgsf cf/f]x cj/f]x oxfsf
;fdflhs ,;f+:s[lts,/fhg}lts ultljlw nufotsf laifo a:t'x? g]kfnsf laleGg ;+~rf/ dfWoddf k'/ofpg]
sfd oxfsf kqsf/n] ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnLsf] pn]Vo pkl:ylt;u} oxf kqsfl/tfsf] lasf; x'b} uPsf]
kfOG5 stf/af6 g} g]kfnsf d'Vo b}lgs klqsfx? sflGtk'/ / /fhwfgL ;fKtflxs ?kdf k|sflzt x'g'n] klg
oxfsf] kqsfl/tf km:6fpb} uPsf] 5 . stf/df a;]/ kqsfl/tf ug]{x?sf] sndsf] lgj ltvf{g g]kfn stf/
kqsf/ ;+3n] Aofj;foLs kqsfl/tf ;DjlGw tflndsf] Aofa:yf ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn stf/ kqsf/
;+3sf] d'Vo sfd stf/df /x]sf g]kfnLx?sf] d'n ;'rgf g]kfndf ;+Dk|]z0f ug'{ xf] .o;n] g]kfnL ;flxTosf]
lasf; Pjd la:tf/ ug]{ / stf/df ;flxlTos ultljlw agfpg cg];f;sf] :yfkgf u/fpg k|d'v e""ldsf
v]n]sf] 5 .. k|jf;sf] ;'rgfnfO{ /fHosf] 9f]s] ;Dd k'/ofpg] stf/sf kqsf/x?sf] ;femf ;+:yf g]kfn stf/
kqsf/ ;+3n] l5§} g} g]kfn stf/ kqsf/ dxf;+3af6 ;Djwg k|fKt ub}{5 .

^_ g]kfn OlGhlgo;{ P;f]l;o;g

OlGhlgo/x? ;dfhsf k|j'4 gful/s dflgG5g . b]z,sfn / kl/:yltn] ubf{ /fi6«sf] dxTjk"0f{
zlQm laleGg /fd|f cj;/x?sf vf]lhdf ljb]zLg jWo 5g\ . stf/nfO{ sd{ ynf] agfP/ o; afn'jfsf]
/fhwfgLdf ;[hgfsf d'gfnx? sf]g{ Ao:t/x]sf OlGhlgo/x? ;g\ @))$ df ;+ul7t eP/ g]kfnL OlGhlgo;{
P;f]l;P;gsf] u7g ul/Psf] xf] . xfn stf/df #)) eGbf al9 g]kfnL OlGhlgo/Ë lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf
ljsfz ug]{,g]kfnL OlGhlgo/x? aLr cfk;L ldqtf / eft[Tj clej[l4u/L kf/Dkl/s ;xof]u / ;b\efjsf]
ljsfz u/L /fi6«sf] k|lti7f a9fpg], cfly{s ljsfz ug]{ , gofF gofF k|ljlw / ;Lk b]zdf leq\ofO{ /fi6«
lgdf0f{df ljz]if of]ubfg ug]{, cGt/fli6«o OlGhlgo;{ P;f]l;P;g ;+u /fd|f] ;DjGw sfod u/L cfkm\gf]
JolQmTj ljsfz ug]{, ;fy} ;fdflhs If]qdf ;+ul7t eP/ nfUg] pb]Zon] g} o;sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf]
Pzf]l;P;gsf] cWog O{=gf/fo0f k|;fb r}w/L atfpg' x'G5 . bf]xf stf/df ls|ofzLn /x]sf ;fdflhs ;+3
;+:yfx? dWo] c+u|k+lQdf /x]/ g]kfn OlGhlgo{; Pzf]l;P;gn] ljleGg dfgljo sfo{x? ub{} cfO{ /x]sf] 5 .
o; Pzf]l;P;gn] ljleGg dfgjLo sfo{s|d ub}{ cfO{ /xsf] 5 . oxf :yflkt g]kfnL ;d'bfox?;+u ldn]/
ljleGg ;fdflhs sfo{x? afl9kLl8tnfO{ ;xof]u stf/,;kmf / x/fe/f sfo{s|d ;]ldgf/ tyf uf]i7L,
;r]tgfd'ns ljljw sfo{s|dx? ub}{ cfPsf] O{=lgd]z tfd|fsf/ atfpg' x'G5 . bf]xf stf/ sf k|j'4 g]kfnL
OlGhlgo/x?sf] ;femf ;+:yf xf] . ljleGg dfgjLo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{x?df h'6\b} cfPsf] 5 .

stf/df sfo{/t O{lGhlgo/x?sf] e]nf

120
&_ ;GWofu|'k
;g\ @))@ ;fndf ul7t ;GWofu|'k cnld:gfbn] :yfkgf sfn b]lv g} g]kfnL ;dfhdf laleGg
/rfgfTds sfd ub{} cfO{ /x]sf] 5 . d]xgtL / hfu/n] o'jfx?af6 :yflkt u/fO dfu{ lgb]{zg ub}{ lab]zL
If]qdf klg cfˆgf] ks8 /fd|f];+u /fVg ;Sof] . “;dfh ljsfzdf k|jf;Lsf] of]ubfg” eGg] gf/fnfO{ Åbou+d
ub}{ ;fdflhs :t/af6 ljleGg /rgfTds sfo{x? ub}{ gf/fnfO{ ;fy{s t'Nofof] . v]ns'b,;+lut,snf ;f:s[lt .
;flxTonfO{ uNof{Dd} c+ufnf] xfn]/ l;+uf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 .
;GWofu|'k cnld:gfb, g]kfnL snf,;fF:s[lt, e]ife';f / ;flxTo sf] hu]gf{ ug]{,k|jf;df /x]klg ;dfh /
AolQsf] ljsfzsf] nfuL cfk'mn] ;s]sf] ;xof]u ul/ AoflQm / ;dfhsf] pGglt / AoflQmTj ljsf;df 6]jf
k'¥ofpg],;a} g]kfnL–g]kfnL lardf ;xof]u / efO{rf/.sf] ;DjGw /fVg] x]t'n] :yflkt u|'k g]kfnL uLt,;+uLtsf]
nfuL dfq geP/,hfthflt,6f]n ;fy} lhNnfsf] nfuL dfq geP/ k'j{ d]rL b]lv klRrd dxfsfnL;Ddsf ;a}
k|jf;L g]kfnLnfO{ ;d]6\b} stf/d} klxnf] g]kfnL rnlrq Ælhjgsf] ofqfælgdf0f{ dfq u/]g b]zdf ;+s6 kbf{
ljb]zsf6} ;a}eGbf 7'nf] /fxft ;fdfu|L k7fP/ klg cfˆgf] kl/ro lbO{ ;s]sf] 5 . vf;u/]/ cfk'mdf snf /
k|ltef 5bf5b}klg cf]em]ndf k/]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{ cl3a9fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL snf,;fF:s[ltsf] hu]gf{
ug{df :ykgfsfn b]lv g} o;n] stf/df laleGg ;fdflhs sfo{x? ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} cfkb ljkbdf
k/]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{ cfly{s tyf /rgfTds ;xof]u k'/ofpg] sfd klg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . . o;n] stf/df /x]sf
laleGg k]zf / ;d'bfosf g]kfnLx? aLr cfkl; d]nldnfk / ;'dw'/ ;DjGw sfod /flv g]kfnL snf,;flxTo
/ :f+:s[ltsf] hu]{gf ug{ laleGg sfo{qmdx? Ufb}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .

lhNnf ;]jf ;dfhx?

stf/df w]/} lhNnf ;]jf ;dfhx? 5g\ . k|foh;f] g]kfn clw/fHosf ;j} lhNnfsf dflg;x? oxfF
sfo{/t x'gfn] klg k|fo ;a} lhNnfsf ;]jf ;dfhx? oxf sfo{/t 5g\ . vf]6fË lhNnf af6 sfdsf]
l;nl;nfdf stf/df k;]sf k|jf;L vf]6fË]x?n] k|jf;L hLjgsf b'Mv,si6 / ;'vsf cg'e"ltx?nfO{ ;f6f;f6
ug]{ dfWod agfpg] :yfkgf u/]sf] vf]6fË] hfu[lt ;]jf ;dfh g} bf]xfsf] OltxfF;df klxnf] lhNnf ;]jf ;dfh
xf] . k|jf;L lrtjg]x?sf] lro';b]lv tgx'sf] tgx' ;]jf ;dfh ;Dd cfOk'Ubf nfdf] km]l/ la:tf/ gfdf+lst
aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . bf]xfdf lhNnf ;]jf ;dfhx? bf]xf stf/df ls|ofzLn lhNnf ;]jf ;dfhx?n] k|jf;df
ckgTjsf] ;+rf/ u/fpsf 5g\ . dfgjLo ;+j]bgfsf ljifo;+u hf]l8P/ :yfkgf ePsf o:tf ;fdflhs
pNn]vlgo sfo{x? ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf ;dfhx?n] cf–cfˆgf] :yfgsf] jf If]qsf]
lzIff,:jf:Yo,vfg]kfgL,r]tgfj[l4 nufPtsf ljifodf ;xof]u k'¥ofpb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . k|jf;df b'Mvdf
ljrNnLdf k/]sf,csfn d[To'j/0f u/]sfsf] cfl>t kl/jf/,;8sb"3{6gf k/]sf,jf ;d:ofdf k/]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{
s'g} g s'g} ?kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpb} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug{sf] nflu sltko lhNnf
;]jf ;dfhx? /ftlbg ls|ofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . k|jf;L hLjg latfpbfsf c:tJo:ttf / c;xhtfx?nfO{ lrb}{
cfkf;L ldqtf / eft[Tjsf] clej[l4 u/fO{ ckgTjsf] /fHo ;+/rgf km}nfpg bf]xf stf/df /x]sf lhNnf ;]jf
;dfhx?n] pNn]vgLo sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ .
/D3f stf/ ;Dks{ ;ldltsf kbfwLsf/Lx?

121
stf/df g]kfnLx?sf] ablnbf] pkl:ylt;u} laleGg ;+3 ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf x'g]qmd a9\b} 5 . x'g t ;a} ;+3
;+:yfx?sf] Ps lgl:rt pb]Zosf nfuL :yfkgf ePsf x'G5g\ . To;sf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf] sfo{qmdx? lnP/
cufl8 al9/x]sf 5g\ . stf/df sltko ;fdflhs ;+:yfx? olt ;lqmo 5g\ . h;sf] s'g} n]vf hf]vf 5}g t/
clwsf+; ;+3 , ;+:yfx? :yfkgf ;u} lalng eP/ guPsf klg xf]Ogg\ . k|jfl; hLjgsf c;xhtfx?nfO{ lrb}{
cfkl; ldqtf / ckgTj km}nfpg sltko ;+3,;+:yfx? ;kmn gePsf klg xf]Ogg . x'g t ;+3 ;+:yfx?
vf]lng' cfkm}df ;s/fTds x'g' t/ ;+VofTds ?kdf vf]lng' la8Djgf k'0f{ 5 . ;+:yf vf]n]/ k|l;l4 sdfpg]
dfq xf] eg] b[li6«sf]0f ox“f AofKt 5 ox“fsf sof} ;+3 ;:yfx? gfd}df dfq l;ldt /xg'n] klg sfd ug]{ ;+3,
;+:yfx?sf] ;d]t 5lj u'd]sf] b]lvG5 . ox““fsf sof};+3 ;:yfx? sfd u/fOdf kf/b{l;tf 5}g . cfkm\gf
;'e]R5'sx?sf] le8 nufpg] ;fgf] ltgf] xf]8afhL g} rN5 . h;nfO{ Tof] ;+:yfsf] af/]df s]lx yfxf 5}g Tolx
g} Tof] ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/ kbdf k'U5g . aif{df Pp6f sljtf gn]Vg] kqsf/ ;+3sf] ;b:o aG5 . !@ dlxgf g}
ldl6Ëdf pkl:yt gx'g] s'g} lhNnf ;]jf ;dfhdf xf]nf . o:tf] ultljlw stf/df al9 x'G5 . To;}n] laleGg
;dodf ;+3 ;+:yfsf] af/]df u'0ffTdssf] k|Zg p7\g] u5{ . clwsf+; lzlIft g]kfnLx? o:tf ;+3 ;+:yfx?af6
sf]iff} 6f9f /x]sf] kfOG5 . lgl:rt pb]Zo / ;du|df g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cu|ufld kl/jt{gsf nflu vf]lnPsf
;+3,;+:yfx? :jtGq x'g'k5{ , ;fdflhs x'g'k5{ . AoflQmut :jfy{ / Ifl0fssf] kk'nfl/l6sf] nflu vf]lng' x'b}g .
stf/df s|[offlzn ;+3 ,;+:yfx?df cfkl; ldqtf / ;dembfl/sf] sld b]lvG5 . lglb{i6 pb]Zo
k|flKTfsf nfuL ls|oflzn ;+3,;+:yfsf] aLrdf Ps?ktf cfpg g;Sg' b'MvnfUbf] laifo xf] . ;a} ;+3,;+:yfx/
stf/df sfo{/t k|jfl; g]kfnLsf nfuL g} pgLx?sf] xs / lxtsf] nfuL g} vf]lnPsf x'g . t/ klg lsg
;+3,;+:yfdf kfgL a/fa/ 5 < ;a} ;+3,;+:yfsf] k|d'v pb]Zo g]kfnLx?sf] ;d:ofx?sf] ;+Gbe{df g} lasf;
ePsf] xf] t/ klg g]kfnLx?n] ef]lu/x]sf] ;d:ofx?af6 cnu /xg] xf] eg] To;sf] s] cy{ < ;a}sf] lx8\g]
af6f] Pp6} x'G5 ;u;u} hfg' k5{ eGg] cf;o xf]Og . ;a} k|jfl;sf ;d:ofnfO{ alu{s/0f gul/ ;femf d'4fsf
?kdf p7fP/ hfg' k5{ eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] . t/ ox“f of] x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . cem} sltko ;+3 ,;:yfdf
/fhgLltsf] xfjL kfOG5 . /fhgLlt ug{sf nflu s'g} klg /fhg}lts bnsf] eft[;+u7g vf]n] e}xfNof] gL < x'g
t stf/df hghflt , wd{,;+:s[lt,k]zf ,If]qut, lhNnfut ;+3,;+:yfx?sf] afx'Notf al9 5 tfklg ;a}
;+3,;+:yfx? g]kfnLsf nfuL vf]lnPsfdf klg @ dt gxf]nf klg . t;y{ k|jfl; g]kfnLsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;a}
;+3 ;+:yfx?n] ;femf d'4fsf ?kdf lnO cfk;df k/:k/ ;xof]usf] efjgf x'g' lgtfGt cfj:os 5 .
stf/df ls|oflzn ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx? / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf /x]sf] g]kfnL
b'tfjf; aLrdf ;dGoofTds ;DjGw x'g'k5{ . k|jfl; g]kfnLx?sf] nflu g} g]kfn ;/sf/n] b'tfjf;sf]
Aofj:yf u/]sf] xf] . ;ldt >f]t / ;fwgaf6 sl7g ofqf ul//x]sf] b'tfjf;sf] nfuL oxfsf ;+3 ;+:yfn]
;xof]uL e'ldsf lgjf{x ug'{k5{ . b'tfjf;n] klg sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf oxf l:yt ;+3,;+:yfnfO{ j]jf:tf ug{ x'b}g .
t/ klg clxn] To:t} e}/x]sf] 5 ox“f l:yt ;+3,;+:yfx? / /fhb'tfjf;sf] lardf h'g k|sf/sf] ;DjGw x'g'kg]{
xf] Tof] e} /x]sf] 5}g . o;f] x'g' eg]sf] xfdL g]kfnLsf] nflu b'ef{Uo xf] stf/df sfo{/t ;Dk'0f{ g]kfnLsf]
;d:ofx? b'tfjf; PSn}n] ;dfwfg u5{ eg]/ ;f]Rg' ckl/kSj / d'v{tfk'0f{ x'g]5 eg] ;+3,;+:yfn] klg d]?
uf]?sf] afX} 6sf u/]/ hfg] xf] eg] emg ;d:ofx? Af9]/ hfg] 5 . b'j}n] cf cfkm\gf] bDe TofUg' k5{ rfx]
b'tfjfj;n] xf]; , rfx] ;fdflhs ;+:yfn] . b'j}sf] pb]Zo stf/jfl; g]kfnLsf] lk/dfsf{ ,b'Mv / cK7\of/fx?df
;xof]u k'/ofpg] g} xf] stf/df sfo{/t ;+3,;+:yfsf] s'g} a}wflgstf klg 5}g . stf/sf] sfg'gdf s'g} klg
;+3 ;+:yfx? vf]Ng k'0f{ ?kdf k|ltjGw nufOPsf] 5 . t;y{ ;+3,;+:yfx?n] ;d:ofx?sf] hfgsfl/ u/fpg] dfq
xf] / ;dfwfgsf nfuL rflx b'tfjf; g} cufl8 a9\g' k5{ . t;y{ stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLx?sf lalaw
;d:ofx?nfO{ Go'lgs/0f ub}{ hfg] cj:yfsf] lasf; ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] g]kfnL b'tfjf; / ;+3,;+:yf aLrsf]
jt{dfg s6' ;DjGwsf] cGTo x'g' kb{5 . ;Dk'0f{ ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] b''tfjf;n] klg oxf l:yt ;Dk'0f{ ;+3
;+:yfx?nfO{ ;dfg Aofjxf/ ul/ plgx?nfO{ ;d]t ;fydf lnO k|jfl; g]kfnLsf xs lxtdf o''uGtsfl/ sfd
ug'{ k5{ stf/sf cfd g]kfnLs]f rfxfgf xf] of] .

122
bf]xf stf/df /x]sf ;fdflhs ;+3–;+:yfx?

s|=;= ;+:yfsf] gfd ;+:yfsf] d'Vo AolQm ;Dks{ gM+

! g]kfn ;xof]u ;dfh >L 8f=b]jsfhL 8Ëf]n %%@$)@&
@ >L la/]Gb| zflGt k|lti7fg >L lzv/ a}B %*@@%)$,$#%^@&(
# g]kfnL ;f+:s[lts s]Gb| >L ;fu/ g]kfn %*@@%#%,$$##^$$
$ u}/cfj;Lo g]kfnL /fli6«o ;dgAo ;ldlt >L sdndl0f u'/fufO{ %$)#@$&,%*(($&)
% Vf]6fË o"jf ;]jf ;dfh >L
^ d]lrsfnL ;flxTo ;+u7g >L ;'/]Gb| clwsf/L %$@#&^%
& Dff]/ª ;'g;/L k|jf;L o"jf ;]jf;dfh >L
* lnDa' k|jf;L ;]jf;dfh >L s]=la=RofDhf]Ë
( g]kfn ;[hgf ljsfz cwog ;d'x >L
!) u'NdL o"jf ;]jf;dfh >L nIf'd0f cof{n %#%$(!,$#%$#(%
!! dsjfgk'/ ;dfh s]Gb| >L k|sf;Lt yfkf
!@ DofSbL sNof0fsf/L ;ldlt >L k|]dlkG8 /;fO{ln %#&@($@
!# sf:sL p¢f/sf/L ;]jf ;dfh >L an/fd ;fksf]6f %*%&!^(
!$ ;Kt/L sNof0fsf/L ;dfh >L gf/fo0f k|;fb rf}w/L %$#(%@!
!% z+v'jf;ef ;]jf ;dfh >L k|1fg pbf; %*)^#@),%&!$%)@
!^ u}/ cfj;Lo uf]vf{ Pstf ;dfh >L u'g axfb'/ kl/jf/
!& Eff]hk'/ ;Dks{ ;dfh >L z]/ axfb'/ /fO{ %$(##)&
!* kj{t ;]jf ;dfh >L k|tfk lul/ %@*$*)*
!( l;Gw'nL Pstf ;dfh >L rt'/nfn uf]n] $^()!%#
@) Vff]6fË ;tstf{ ;]jf ;dfh >L ;'/]; /fO{ %$!$*&&,$^)#^)$
@! ls/ft /fO{ cfof]Vvf ;dfh >L l8=aL= /fO{ %#$#(@!
@@ td'af}w ;]jf ;dfh >L /d u'?ª %#$((%#, $*!)$^*
@# u}x{ cfafl;o ´kfnL ;+Dks{ dGr >L 1fg]Gb« ;'Aaf %^#*@&*
@$ tgx' sNof0fsfl/ ;dfh >L /fh' eG8f/L %($(%&#
@% l;Gw' o'jf ;d'x >L Zofd dlg g]kfn $$#^!*(
@^ wflbª o'jf ;]jf ;dfh >L ;'s axfb'/ tfdfª %##)%$% , %#*^($*
@& lrtjg ;]jf ;dfh >L /fd afa' yfkf %*&(#$*
@* u}x{ cfjfl;o gank/fl; ;]jf ;dfh >L o'a /fh kf7s %%$^)&@
@( g]kfn O{GhLg]ol/ª P;f]l;P;g >L gf/fo0ff rf}wl/ %$#(%@!
#) wg';f ;]jf ;dfh >L /fd]:j/ ofba
#! l;/fxf ;]jf ;dfh >L ;'/]Gb« s'df/ sg{ %*#%%$(* , %^&%&*!
#@ Dfxf]Q/L ;]jf ;dfh >L cEo 7fs'/ ^%#(&)^
## ;nf{xL ;]jf ;dfh >L gf]/ x:;fg lds/flg %%%@&*^
123
#$ pbok'/ ;]jf ;dfh >L
#% Aff/f ;]jf ;dfh >L cJb'n snd cfhfb
#^ /f}tx6 ;]jf ;dfh >L ab|'bLg zfxf %#*$@&%
#& wgs'6f ;]jf ;dfh >L t'n;L ;'j]bL %*)!!&%
#* ;+3if{ a}8 @))@ >L ;Gtf]if kl/jf/
#( ;tfl;wfd ;]jf ;dfh >L
$) ho csnf b]la k|jf;L ;]jf ;dfh >L kbd axfb'/ la=s= %$%$!($
$! k|jf;L du/ ;]jf ;dfh >L lblnk /fgf du/ %#$&#(&
$@ ?kGb]xL ;]jf ;dfh >L 6+s u'?ª %$#^%))
$# u}/jf;Lo g]kfnL ;dgAo d~r >L sdndl0f u'/fufO{ %$)#@$&
$$ kfyLe/f o"jf ;]jf ;dfh tfkn]h'Ë >L nIdL s'df/ u'?ª %@$($**
$% e]/L ;fdfhLs ;+u7g bf]xf stf/ >L dfwj v/]n %@$&)(*,$^)#$*&
$^ t]Xy'd ;]jf ;dfh >L b]j]Gb| s'df/ lnDa' %^#&%@$
$& l; l; cfO{ l; u}/cfjl;o g]kfnL ;dfh >L b'uf{ df:s] %#&#&)!,$&&!)(!
$* u}/cfj;Lo tfdfª ;]jf ;dfh >L ;'s axfb'/ tfdfª %##)%$%
$( Kfry/ ;]jf ;dfh >L 5ljnfn ljZjsdf{ %@#%$*#,$^))#&)
%) :ofªhf ;]jf ;dfh >L k'0f{ s]=;L= %!()!(%,$^%)*)$
%! nDh'ª ;dgAo ;ldlt >L l8n/fd u'?ª $#*)!($
%@ c3f{ vfrL ;]jf ;dfh >L dfwa k|;fb %*$&()(,%&$@*#)
%# u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;dfh >L /le sfGt nfn %^#^(@@,%#^*^()
%$ stf/ g]kfnL Pstf;dfh >L /fh]Gb| >]i7 %&@*)$(
%% g]kfn k|jf;L cflbjfl; hghflt dxf;+u >L cd[t u'?ª %($(!^$
%^ :ofªhf d'l:nd ;]jf ;dfh >L Pd l8 clht cln %@#%(@!,^%@!$(@
%& g]kfn k|jf;L dhb'/ Pstf ;dfh >L cd/ ladfnL %&(@!((,%@^*!^)
%* lrtjg d'l:nd o"jf ;]jf ;dfh >L cJb'n /dg ldof %@^%!&&,%**&*@^
%( g]kfnL hg;Dks{ ;ldlt >L g/]Gb| ef6 %%@$^&@
^) g]kfnL hgk|ultl;n d~r bf]xf >L hgfb{g lu/L %#%)^(#
^! g'jfsf]6 ;]jf ;dfh >L ljho dfhL
^@ Dffgj lhjg ;]jf ;dfh >L /fh]Zj/ ofbj %)&!*%(
^# k|jf;L uf]vf{nL ;]jf ;dfh >L rs| axfb'/ ;'g'jf/ %#%)(*#
^$ /fd]5fk ;dgJo ;dfh bf]xf >L /fh]Gb| >]i7 %&@*)$(
^% l;/fxf d'l:nd ;]jf ;dfh >L csa/ cln %$!@*&#
^^ Ef]fhk'/ ;]jf ;dfh >L ltxf/ axfb'/ tfdfª %($#!@!
^& g]kfnL d'l:nd ;]jf ;dfh bf]xf stf/ >L ;fxfhfb ldS/fgL ldof %!%)(@(
^* ;'b'/ klR5d lxtsf/L ;]jf ;dfh >L bdg las|d zfxf %(&@$%%,%%@$^&@
^( u}/cfjl;o d'l:nd If]lqo ;dhJo kl/;t >L cJb'n %)(*%!(

124
&) uf]w'nL ;f+lults ;d'x >L cd[t yfkf ^%@^&)&
&! sfl:s ?kfsf]6 d'l:nd ;]jf ;dfh >L d'Stflbg ldof %*$@#!^,%$$())%
&@ kfNkfnL ;]jf ;dfh >L dfwj la=s= ^^)!%^^,^*((!*#
&# u}/cfj;Lo g]kfnL b/fO{ ;]jf ;dfh >L Uofg]Gb| b/fO{ ^%@^(%@
&$ O{nfd]nL ;]jf ;ldlt >L zld/ u'?ª %^*&!%&,^^@#@$@
&% u}/cfj;Lo g]kfnL cf]vn9'Ë] ;ldlt >L gj/fh >]i7 %$)%)@$
&^ l;Gw'kfNrf] o'jf ;dfh ;d'x bf]xf stf/ >L rs| axfb'/ uf]n] ^^%)@*(
&& ;Tefj o'jf ;dfh stf/ >L afa'/fd l3ld/] ^^$^&&(
&* ?s'd]nL hgsNof0f ;]jf;dfh >L d]u axfb'/ lul/ %&*(#&$
&( ;GWofu|'k cnld:gfb cnvf]/ stf/
*) Gfjf]lbt ;flxlTos jfrfgfno bf]xf %&%)!%%

125
 u}/ cfjf;Lo sNof0fsfl/ sf]if
stf/df sfo{/t u}/ cfjfl;o g]kfnLx?n] xs,lxt,clwsf/,;'/Iff / laleGg
sf/0faf6 laktdf k/]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{ dfgljo ;xof]u / p4f/sf] nfuL k|tIo jf k/f]If ?kn] ;]jf
k'/ofpgsf] nflu u}/ cfjfl;o g]kfnL ;+3 ,/fli6«o ;dGjo kl/ifb bf]xf stf/sf] kxndf ;g\@))& df u}/
cfjfl;o sNof0fsfl/ sf]ifsf] :yfkfgf eof] . h'g stf/jfl; g]kfnLsf] nfuL aif}f{ klxnf b]lvsf] cfj:ostfsf]
?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . h;sf] ;+/Ifssf] e'ldsf g]kfnL /fhb'tfjf;n] ug]{ elgPsf] lyof] . aiff}{ klxnf b]lvsf]
k|jfl;sf] cfj:ostfnfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ :yfkgf ul/Psf] sNof0fsfl/ sf]ifdf nfvf}+ ?k}of ;lhn} ;+sng x'g
;SYof] of] stf/df sfo{/t ;Dk'0f{ g]kfnLsf] nflu cfzfsf] ls/0f ag]sf] lyof] .
u}/ cfjfl;o sNof0fsfl/ sf]if stf/jfl; ;Dk'0f{ u}/ cfjfl;o g]kfnLx?sf] ;femf :jtGq /
;]jf d'ns sf]if xf] eGg]df @ dt gxf]nf . t/ o;f] elg/xbf u}/ cfjfl;o g]kfnL ;+3df cfj4
gePsfx?nfO{ dg gknf{ . t/klg ljz'4 ;]jf d'ns sf]if x'gfn] s;}sf] ladlt gxf]nf ,x'g'x'b}g klg . sfd
ug{sf nflu cufl8 a9]sf kfOnfx?nfO{ :jtGq b]lvG5 . o; leq klg laleGg Zjfy{sf uGwx? Xf]nfg t/klg
:jod b'tfjf;n] ;+/Ifssf] e'ldsf lgaf{x u/]sf] / Pg=cf/= Pg= P=n] g]t[Tj u/]sf]df s'g} z+sf gu{bf x'G5 .
o;df stf/df sfo{/t #^ k|ltzt :jtGq AoflQmx? #^ k|ltzt laleGg ;+:yfut k|ltlglwTj ( k|ltzt bf]xf
stf/df :yflkt AofjzfoLx? / afsL Pg=cf/=Pg=P=af6 ul/ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o;sf] vftf ;d]t b'tfjf;;u
;+o'Qm x'g] x'bf kf/b{lztf x'g]5 t;y{ u}/ cfjfl;o g]kfnL sNof0fsfl/ sf]if stf/jfl;sf] nfuL k|ltlglw sf]if
ag]sf] 5 .
u}/ cfjfl;o sNof0fsfl/ sf]ifsf] :yfkgf;u} zf]l;t lkl8t Go'g jlu{o Kf|jfl;sf r]x/fdf
pHofnf]sf ls/0fx? b]lvg yfn]Yof] . 3/af6 lg:sg] b]lv gkm{lsGh]n ;Dd lalaw ;d:ofn] a]l/Psf
k|jfl;x?sf] nfuL of] sf]if lgs} kmnbfoL klg x'g] lyof] . stf/df sfo{/t ;Dk'0f{ g]kfnLx?n] ;fgf] ;xof]u
ubf{ dfq o;df nfvf}+ ?k}of hDdf x'g] lyof] .u}/ cfjfl;o g]kfnL ;+3 cGt/fli6«o ;dGjo kl/ifbsf cWoIf
8f= pk]Gb| dxQf]n] stf/sf] dfgljo ;+j]bgf;u Psfsf/ eP/ bzf}+ xhf/ 8n/ ;xof]u :j?k lbg] 3f]if0ff
;d]t ul/ ;Sg' ePsf] lyof] .ox“f l:yt ;+3,;+:yf,Aofj;foLx? cGt/fli6«o bft[ lgsfox?n] o;nfO{ ;s/fTds
?kdf lnP/ ;xof]u ug]{ jrg lbPsf lyP h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ lalaw sf/0fn] ubf{ ljkQLdf k/]sf]
g]kfnLx?sf] p4f/ ug{ csfndf d[To' ePsf d[tssf cfl>t kl/jf/nfO{ ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug{ / laleGGf
;fdflhs If]qx?df ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ pkof]lu aGg ;SYof] . stf/df lbgx' cnkq kg]{ lbgx' h;f] laleGg
sf/0fn] d[To'j/0f ug]{ , lalaw sf/0fn] h]ndf alGb hLjg ljtfO/x]sf w]/} 5g . sDklg 6'6]/ cnkq kg]{ b]lv
gSsln leiffsf sf/0fn] stf/df cnkqdf k/]sfnfO{ g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] l6s6sf] cefjdf :jb]z kmsf{pg
g;s]/ cf>o 3/df kfn]/ /fv]sf] 5 . ;fdfGo sfg'gL ck/fw u/]sfx?nfO{ plgx?sf] d'ns lkmg}sf] nfuL
l6s6sf] Aofj:yf ul/ lbg] xf] eg] oxfsf] ;/sf/n] 3/ k7fOlbG5 . ;fdfGo ck/fwdf stf/sf] h]ndf alGb
hLjg latfO/x]sf] g]kfnLx? nfdf] ;do;Dd klg l6s6sf] cefjdf alGb hLjg latfpg afWo 5g\ .
plgx?nfO{ g]kfn kmsf{pgsf nflu ;fdfGo l6s6sf] Aofj:yf ug{ ;lsg] xf] eg] h]nsf] cfttfoL hLjgaf6
d'lQm kfpg ;Sy] sNof0fsfl/ sf]ifsf] k};fn] l6s6 dfq lsg]sf] ePklg w]/} g]kfnLn] d'lQm kfpy] . t/
la8Djgf Tof] x'g ;s]g . g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] g} o;f] ug{ rfxfb}g . laleGg sfg'gL k|Zg t]:of{P/ g}ltstfsf]
bfu nufpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . ;a} s'/fx?nfO{ sfg'gL gh/df x]l/g' x'b}g dfgljo ;+j]bgf eGbf sfg'g dfyL
/xg ;Sb}g . sfg'g s;n] agfPsf] xf] < lxhf] :yfkgf ug]{ a]nfdf s'g} sfg'gL Aofjwfg gcfpg] t/ cfh
sfg'gL k|Zg p7\5 t < dfG5] km]l/b}df larf/ alblnb}df , s] sfg'gdf klg k'g larf/ ug{ ldN5 / AoflQm
lkR5] km/s km/s wf/0ff lsg cfp5 t < Pp6fn] u/]sf] sfddf csf]{ g]kfnLn] lsg ;fy lbb}g < b'Mv kfPsf
, cnkq k/]sf / gf/lso hLjg latfPsfx?sf] p4f/sf] nfuL ul/g] sfddf s'g sfg'gn] 5]Sof] t < v} sxf
cfof] nf]stGq < v} t ;dfgtf d'ns /fHo < s] go““f g]kfn eg]sf] olx xf] < b''MvLnfO{ ;xof]u u5f}{ x} eGbf
126
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b'tfjf;n] lsg sNof0fsfl/ sf]ifsf] nfuL kxn ub}{g s] xf] t afWotf cflv/ < g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfkm}n] ug]{
sfd xf] of] . cfkm\gf] gful/snfO{ d'n'sdf /f]hL /f]l6sf]nflu Aofj:yf ug{ klg g;Sg] < a}b]lzs /f]hufl/df
uP/ /fli6««o cy{tGqnfO{ wflg lbg]x?sf] ;'/Iffug{ ;Dd g;Sg] nfl5 ;/sf/sf] s] sfd < d'n'ssf] ablnbf]
kl/l:ylt ;u} sfdgf ul/Psf go“f g]kfnsf k|ltlglwx?n] elgb} cfPsf] dfgj t:s/x?sf] cv8f stf/ /
Pp6f g]kfnLn] csf]{ g]kfnLnfO{ b'Mv lbPsf] b]Vbf laXjn ag]sf] dgsf] dxfjf0fLnfO{ s;l/ krfpg] xf]
k|jfl;Psf g]kfnLx?n] .

stf/df ;+:s[lts ultljlw

stf/nfO{ /f]hL,/f]6Lsf] uGtAo:yfg agfP/ cfpg] g]kfnLx?sf] Oltxf; tLg bzs eGbf k"/fgf] 5 . cfˆgf]
dft[e"ldnfO{ 5f]8]/ kl/jf/hg,cfkmGtsf] dfof, ddtfaf6 sf]zf} 6f9f e"uf]nsf] cs}{ kf6f]df leGg /xg–;xg
;+sf/ / ;+:s[ltdf v'Nnf Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . ufFp,3/sf vf]nf vfN;Lsf] lr;f] kfgLdf
v]Nb},d]nf,kftf,/f]wL,;f]/7Ldf e"n]sf],xl/of] b'af]sf] cfF;' k'5\b} lx8]sf] ljutnfO{ jfn'jfsf] tftf] xfjf;+u
3'nfpbf kSs} klg dg pl;lGg5 . jiff} k'/fgf ;+uLtsf w'gn] tftf] /fkmn] kfs]sf] dgnfO{ dnd nufFpg
afWo x'G5g . o; jfn'jfsf] /fhwfgLdf sfd,bfd / To;kl5 aNn dfd vf]Hg ljleGg x}lifotn] afFrL/x]sf
g]kfnLnfO{ oxfFsf] jftfj/0fdf 3'nldn x'g jiff}{ nfU5 . dfO{ltsf] s's'/klg Kof/f] eg] em} k|jf;df a:g]
k|jf;LnfO{ cfˆg} b]zsf] snf / ;+:s[lt Kof/f] nfU5 . ljljwsf/0fn] ubf{ ljZjsf s'gf–s'gfdf 5l/P/ /xg
k'u]klg cfˆgf] efiff,snf / ;+:s[lt s'g} g]kfnLn] e'Ng} ;Sb}g . cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f PjdM;+jå{g ug{
5l/P/ /x]sf g]kfnLx? emg Pslqt x'g yfN5g\ .

ljZjsf] dfglrqdf u/Lj /fi6«x? dWo]df ul/j /fi6«df ;"lrs[t ePtfklg xfd|f] b]zsf] ;+:s[lt s'g}
ljslzt b]zsf] ;+:s[lt eGbf sd 5}g . h'gs'/fsf] k'li6 xfdLn] ljZjsf] s'g} g s'g} s'gfdf Pp6f sfo{s|d
u/]dfq k'U5 . xfd|f] snfdf df]xLt eP/ xfd|f] ;+:s[lts} gzfdf e'md]/ sof}+ ljb]zLx? gcfPsf xf]O{gg\ .
stf/s} kl/k]If]df s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] s'g} g]kfnL sfo{s|d ePdf ToxfF ljb]zL bz{sdfq xf]O{gg\ ljb]zL
ufos,uflosf;d]t g]kfnL uLt ufO{/x]sf e]l6g5g . e"uf]nsf] csf]{ s'gfdf /x]sf ;'hgLx? ;d]t sfG5Lsf]
127
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dfgl;stf dfq} xf] .
stf/df g]kfnL ;f+:s[ltsf] ljsfz Pjd\ la:tf/ ug]{ på]Zon] laleGg ;f+:s[lts s]Gb|x?sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5
. ljutdf stf/df sfo{/t g]]kfnLx?sf] ;+Vof w]/} Go"g lyof] . g]kfnL –g]kfnL aLr e]63f6sf] s|d Hofb}
kftnf] / guGo x'GYof] . k"j{sf] g]kfnLn] klZrdsf] g]kfnLnfO{ e]6\bf cflTdotfsf] cfF;' lu/fpFYof] . dgel/sf]
b'Mv / kL8fsf] kf]sf] km'sfpFYof] . cfhsf h:tf ;:tf ;fdflhs ;+3–;+:yf Tolta]nf e"uf]nsf] ue{ leq} lyP .
g]kfnL b'tfaf;sf] /jfgf e} ;s]sf] lyPg\ . To;}n] tTsfnLg ;dosf] k|jf;L hLjg cfhsf] h:tf] ;xh kSs}
lyPg . km]l/ stf/sf uNnLx?df cfhsf h:tf km';{bsf l;=8L=k;nx? sxfF pknAw lyP / Û Pp6f g]kfnLsf]
csf]{ g]kfnL;+u e]63f6 ug]{ s'g} ljZjfl;nf] dfWodsf] tTsfnLg cj:yfdf lgtfGt cfj:ostf lyof] .
tTsfnLg ;dosf] To; cfj:ostfnfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] ljsfz Pjd\ la:tf/ u/L g]kfnL–
g]kfnLaLr cfk;L efO{rf/f / jGw'Tjsf] clej[lå u/fpg] på]Zon] g]kfn ;+:s[lt s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf eof] .
tTsfnLg ;dodf g]kfnL snf,;+f:s[tLsf] j[h of] jfn'jfdf 5g]{ sfd g]kfnL ;+f:s[lts s]Gb|n] u¥of] .
stf/df s'gf–s'gfdf 5l/P/ /x]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{ Pp6} ;'df{u z'qdf hf]8\g] sfd o;n] u¥of] . g]kfnaf6
/fli6«o snfsf/x? stf/df Nofpg] / stf/df n's]/ /x]sf :yfgLo k|ltefx?nfO{ h'emf?s ?kdf p7fpFg] sfd
o;n] u¥of] .
stf/df g]kfnLsf] ;+Vofdf a9f]Q/L cfP nut} g]kfnL snf / ;+:s[ltsf sfos|dx?df ljljwtf ylkg
yflnP . snf / ;+:s[lt k|lt ;dfk}6 ag]/ laleGg ;+flults ;d"xx?sf] u7g x'g yfNof] . ljz]iftMnfdf] ljbf
dflgg] Obdf g]kfnL ;fF:s[lts sfo{s|dx? cfof]hgf ug{ yflnP . g]kfnL uLt,;+lut k|lt g} ;dfk}6 ag]/
stf/df hGdePsf] ;+3if{ j]08sf] Pp6f 5'§} Oltxf; sf]l/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL uLt,;+ultnfO{ ljZjsf] s'gf–s'gfdf
k'¥ofpFg ;+3if{ a]08sf] pNn]vlgo e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLx?nfO{ g]kfnL ;fF:s[lts
sfo{s|dsf] ct[Kttf d]6fpg] /ftlbg ;+3{if ul//x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ stf/df /x]sf laleGg b]zsf
a]08x?;+u ;xsfo{ u/L g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] k|j{åg ul//x]sf] 5 . e"uf]nsf] of] s'gfdf hLjgsf dxTjk"0f{
jzGtx? s;}sf] ;RrfO{sf] nflu Aolttug'{ k/] klg ;+3if{ a]08n] h'g sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5,s;}sf] cfFvfdf
5'Kb}g . g]kfnL uLt,;+lutnfO{ x'sf{pg] / km'nfpg ;+3if{/t ;+3if{ a]08 cfhklg plts} ls|ofzLn /xb} cfPsf]
5.
g]kfnL uLt,;+uLtk|lt ;dlk{t /x]/ :yfkgf ul/Psf] uf]3'nL ;fFuLlts ;d"x kl5Nnf] ;dodf bf]xfdf
g]kfnL Do"lhs lel8of] / g]kfnL uLlt Sof;]6 pTkfbgn] ubf{ lgs} rfrf{df 5 . o; ;d"xn] g]kfnsf :yflkt
ufos,uflosfx?sf uLt df stf/df g} sfo{/t gjf]lbt snfsf/x? ;xefuL u/fO{ Do"lhs lel8of] agfpFb}
cfPsf] 5 . d"nt M /f]hL /f]6Lsf] nfludfq ljb]z knfog x'G5g eGg] k'/ftgafbL ;f]rsf] xTof ul/lbPsf 5g\
. o; ;d"xdf s'zn jfwjfbs,ufos/ n]vsx? cfjå /x]sf 5g\ . cfkmGtnfO{ r6Ss} 5f]8]/ k|jfl;g' kbf{sf]
kL8f / cfˆgfn] cfˆg}nfO{ lbPsf] bb{ uLtdf pg]/ ckgTjsf] v8]/L k/]sf] of] lg/;/, gLh8 d?e"lddf dgsf]
ax kf]Vg] dfWod ag]sf] 5 . k|b]zLn] lbPsf] b'Mv eGbf cfˆg}n] lbPsf] b'Mv nfvf} u'0ff 3fts x'bf]/x]5 .
k|jfzdf k/]sf] ckgTjsf] v8]/LnfO{ / b'v];fx?nfO{ zAbx?df a'g]/ uLt agfpg] w]/} ;|i6fx? stf/df
e]l6G5g\ .
bf]xfstf/d} g]kfnL snf,;fF:s[lt / e]ife';f df cu|;/df /x]sf] ;GWofu|'k cnld:gfb g]kfnL
uLt,;+uLtsf] nfuL dfq geP/,hfthflt,6f]n ;fy} lhNnfsf] nfuL dfq geP/ k'j{ d]rL b]lv klRrd
dxfsfnL;Ddsf ;a} k|jf;L g]kfnLnfO{ ;d]6\b},vf;u/]/ cfk'mdf snf / k|ltef 5bf5b}klg cf]em]ndf k/]sf
g]kfnLx?nfO{ cl3a9fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 ;GWofu|'k cnld:gfbn], ;flxlTos kmf6,;fFlults kmf6 / v]ns'b kmf6
;a}nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 ;GWofu|'k cnld:gfbn], g]kfnL snf,;fF:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ ug{df nlukg]{ xft]dfnf] ;f+uLlts
;d"x td'f}å ;]jf ;dfhsf] td' ;f+:s[lts s]Gb|,lrtjg o'jf ;d'xsf] lrtjg wdfsf nufPtsf bh{gf} lhNnf
;]jf ;dfhx? klg 5g bf]xfstf/df . ;ft ;d'Gb|kf/L ljljw k|lts"ntfnfO{ lrb}{ /dfpg' kbf{sf] nfdf] b'Mvsf]
syf ;a} k|jf;Lsf 5g . stf/df ;'v;+u xf;]/ afRg] ;'vL g]kfnL bz k|lt;t e]§fpg klg d'l:sn k5{ .
128
/fd|f] sfd / bfd sdfpg] gkfnLsf] ;+Vof t emg clt Go"g 5 . k|jf;L hLjgsf ofjt cK7\of/fx?nfO{ lrg{
Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g\ . hGd e"ldaf6 sf]iff} 6f9fsf] leGg e"uf]ndf leGg /xg ;xg,xfjfkfgL ,snf,/ ;+:s[lt;+u
k}7]hf]/L v]ln/xbf ckgTjn] s'g g]kfnLsf] dg kf]Nb}g / < stf/sf] sfg'g xfd|f] h:tf] v'Nnf / pbf/ 5}g .
sfg'gsf] /fhodf xfdLh:tf] v'Nnf ;dfhdf x's]{sfx?nfO{ kSs} klg ;xh aftfj/0f ldNb}g . k|jf;L hLjgsf]
Ao:ttf / lbg/ft sfd ub}{ yfs]sf] z/L/nfO{ v'Nnf agfpg s'g} dgf]/~hgsf ;fwfgx? pknAw 5}gg\ .
ePklg clwsfFz g]kfnLsf] kx'reGbf lgSs} dfly 5g\ . To;}n] stf/df a:g] g]kfnLn] cfˆgf] dgsf] ;f+uLlts
lt;{gf o:t} csn e'msn x'g] sfo{s|dx?af6 k"lt{ ug'{ kb{5 . clwsfFz g]kfnLsf] kx'Fr sf]7fdf 6]lnlehg
/fv]/ x]g{ ;Sg] ;Dd 5}g . bf]xfsf v'Nnf d}bfgdf yflkPsf z's|af/] k;nx?af6 g} skL ul/Psf g]kfnL
uLt,;+uLtsf l;=l8=x?n] g]kfnL ;+uLtsf] sdL dxz'; x'g lbPsf] 5}g .
stf/df nfdf] ;/sf/L ljbf x'g] Obdf,g]kfnL gofF jif{x? kf/]/ ljleGg ;f+uLlts ;d"x jf lhNnf ;]jf
;dfhaf6 g]kfnL ;f+:s[lts sfo{s|dx?sf] cfof]hgf ul/b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . o:tf sfo{s|dx?df g]kfnsf
/fli6«o VoftLk|fKt snfsf/ nufot olx stf/d} sfo{/t gjf]lbt k|ltefx?sf] k|ltlglwTj kfOG5 kl5Nnf]
;dodf o:tf sfo{s|dx?sf] dfq a9\b} uP cg'?k ljljw r'gf}tLx? klg ylkb} uPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnaf6
/fli6«o snfsf/ NofP/ sfo{s|d ug'{ vlr{nf] x'G5 . o:tf sfo{s|dx? ug{ kf|oh;f] 3f6f d} x'G5g\ . To;}n]
bf]xfd} sfo{/t :yfgLo k|ltefx?sf] k|:t'tL /xg] sfo{s|dx? bf]xfdf ;j}tkm{af6 hDg yfn]sf 5g\ . o:tf]
sfo{s|dn] Ps t xfd|f] snf / ;+:s[ltsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ x'G5 . eg] csf]{ tkm{ gjf]lbt k|ltefx? k'mNg kfFp5g\ .

stf/df ;flxlTos ultljlw

;flxTo hLjgsf] bk{0f xf] . ;flxToleq ;du| ;dfh n's]sf] x'G5 ;dfh ?kfGt/sf nflu ;flxTosf]
7'nf] e"ldsf /xG5 . ;dfh / hutnfO{ a'e\mgsf]nflu ;flxTo cfkm}df sfkmL 5 . s'g} ljefhg x'b}g\ . ;flxTo
t ljzfn u+uf xf] , h'g kfgf kN6fpb}df l;l¢b}g / lj/ft cfsfz xf] hxf+ s/f]8f} – s/f]8 tf/fx? cfˆgf]
:jtGq cl:yTjdf h'uf} h'u rlDs/xg kfp5g\ . b]z,sfn,kl/l:yltn] ;flxTonfO{ afWg ;Sb}g . s;}sf]
aGwgdf c6fpFg ;St}g . s;}sf] dgnfO{ e'nfO{/xg] ;+lhjlgsf] sfdu5{ ;flxTon] .
stf/df g]kfnLsf] aflSnbf] pkl:ylt;+u} ljljw ;flxlTos ultljlw a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . g]kfnL snf /
;flxTosf] ;+/If0f,;+j{¢g ug]{ p2]Zon] dfq bf]xfdf w]/} ;flxTos ;+3÷;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ .
stf/df sfo{/t u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?n] b'Mv n'sfpg] / ;'v af8\g] dfWodsf ?kdf ;flxTonfO{ lnG5g .
stf/df v'ns ] f ljleGg ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] stf/nfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] pkgLj]z agfpg sDd/ s;]/ nfu]sf
5g\ . d]rLdf aUg] kfgL / sfnLdf aUg] kfgLdf s'g} leGgtf x'b}g . stf/df k|jf;L hLjg Aoltt ubf{sf
If0fx?nfO{ slNkb} sljtf,uLt,uhn,xfO{s' n]Vg]sf] Pp6f nfdf] k+lQmj¢ nfO{g g} 5 . ljz]iftM dft[e"ldaf6 of]
d?e"lddf cfpg] xhf/f} g]kfnLsf] nfddf yf]/}sf] dfq ;kgfsf] k'lnGbfx? r'lng kffpb5g , e"uf]n sf] of]
leGg s'gfdf yf]/} n] dfq ;kgfsf efl/ af]s]/ oxfsf] tftf] xfjfaf6 d'lQm kffp5g . xhf/f} g]kfnLx?
d?e"ldsf] tftf] xfjfdf ljljw ;d:ofx? h'Wb} pwf/ ;kgfx? j'Gb}5g . OGb|fljt em} unfaf6 clj/n
alu/x]sf cfF;'x? / g/dO{nf];+u ;';fP/ alu/x]sf] d:of{ËbL gbL em} gL/; hLjgsf kL8fbfos /fhx? lkpbf
lkpb} k'mlTsPsf zAbx? g} oxfF uLt aG5g\ . uhn aG5g . sljtfsf efjdf sf]l/G5g . b'MvLsf b'Mv,;'vLsf
;'v / dft[e"ldsf] dfof,ddtf / ;b\efj sfod /fVg / of] jfn'jfsf] /fhwfgLdf g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfh stf/
ljut s]xL jif{ b]vL stf/df ls|ofzLn /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . stf/df a;]/ ;flxTo ;[hgfdf nfUg]x?sf nflu /fd|}
zLtntf lbg] rf}tf/L aGb} cfPsf] 5 . stf/df 5l/P/ /x]sf ;|i6fx?nfO{ x'sf{pg] sfd cg];f;n] ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . cu|h ;|i6fx?nfO{ ;Ddfg / gjf]lbt cj;/x? h'/fpb} cfˆgf] snf,efiff,;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug]{
p2]Zon] cg];f;n] ljljw ;flxlTos ultljlwx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . stf/df 5l/P/ /x]sf gjf]lbt
;|i6fx?nfO{ x'sf{pg / k'mnfpg Pp6f dfnLsf] ?kdf cg];f;n] cfˆgf sfo{s|dx? s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5 . e"uf]n
129
sf] of] leGg s'gfdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] jLHf /f]Kg' Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g\ . cem} oltv]/ stf/df uhnsf] af9L g}
cfPsf] 5 . stf/df uhn sf] af9L rnfpgsf]nflu d';nwf/] aiff{ u/fpg alvt uhnsf/ 8f=3gZofd zdf{
kl/>dL nfO{ cg];f;n] w]/} dgsf] u'lD;Psf] efjgf clg b'Mvsf ;':s]/fx? uhn ag]/ pld|b} 5g\ . cg];f;n]
stf/df 5l/Psf ;|i6fsf efjgfsf kf]sfx?nfO{ ;flxTobLk dfkm{t s}b ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
bf]xfaf6 w]/} 6f9f k5{ cnvf]/ , xfd|f] ufp 3/sf] efiffdf cnvf]/nfO{ stf/sf] ufpsf] ?kdf lrlgG5 .
ljljw / ;'lawf af6 alGrt /x]tf klg cnvf]/df a:g] g]kfnLn] cfkm\gf] efiff / ;flxTo nfO{ r6Ss laif{g
sxf ;S5 / ;flxTosf] >Lj[ltdf lg/Gt/ nflu /xg] ;+:yfsf ?kdf ;GWof u|'knfO{ lng ;lsG5 .;GWof u|'kn]
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] lasfz ug]{ pb]Zon] d'Unflg ;f}uft gfds k':ts k|sfzg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . d'Unfgdf /x]/
cfKMmgf] snf, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] lasfz Pj+d la:tf/ ug{ sDd/ s;]/ nfu]sf b]zeSt ;|hsx?sf nflu
d'Unflg ;f}uft cj;/sf ?kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . d'Unflg ;f}uftn] d'Unfgdf a:g] ;a}nfO{ ;flxlTos
lztntf k|bfg ub{5 . syf,sljtf,uLt,uhn,xfO{s' ;+:d/0f,cg';Gwfg cflb ;a} ljwfsf k'/fgf k':tfb]lv
gjf]lbt ;Ddsf ;a}nfO{ o;n] /fd|f] 5t lbPsf] 5 . æ;dfhljsfzsf k|jf;Lsf] of]ubfgÆ eGg] p4uf/ af]s]/
cfˆgf] nIotkm{ cu|;/ ;Gwofu|'k bf]xfd} /fd|f] / cu|h ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ulgG5 . p; ;+:yfsf ;+:yfksb]lv
jt{dfg sfo{ ;ldlt ;Ddsf ;fyLx? Gf]kfnL ;flxTosf] s'g} g s'g} ljwfdf ;Djlwt /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL
;flxTosf ljljw kIf;+u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ls|of{snfkx? ug{ ;GWofu'|k slxNo} yfSb}g . d'UnfgL
;f}uftn]klg cfˆgf] ;flxlTos utLljlw nfO{ emg–emg Aofks / kl/;s[t ub}{ nu]sf] 5 . d'UnfgL ;f}uftn]
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] /f]zgLnfO{ stf/sf] jfn'jfsf] s0f–s0f ;Dd k'¥ofpg],n]Vg ghfGg]nfO{ ;Dd n]Vg ;Sg]
;fdYo{jfg agfpg s'g} s;/ afFsL /fv]sf] 5}g\ .

g]kfnL b'tfjf;df bf]wf/sf] ladf]rg ub}{ clyltx?

g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsfzdf xn];L dl;ssf] klg 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . Go"g tnjdf csf{sf] bf;Tj
:jLsf/]/ dflnssf] ;]jf u/L affsL /x]sf] ;donfO{ ;b'kof]u u/L ;flxTo ;[hgfd nfUg' rfgr'g] s'/f] xf]O{g .
k|jf;L hLjgsf Ao:ttf,c;xhtf / hl6ntfsf ;fu/x? tb}{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] kmfF6nfO{ e"uf]nsf] of] s'gf
;Dd km}nfpg] xn];L dfl;sklg cxf]/fq vl6 /x]sf] 5 . / pblodfg gjf]lbt ;flxlTos jfrfgfnon] klg
gof df]8 Nofpgsf] nflu oxfsf] kl/l:ylt larf/ u/]/ ;8s ofqf jfrfgfnosf] ;'?jft ul//x]sf] 5 oxfaf6
k|sfl;t x'g] jf ;flxlTos ;d'xn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] jfrfgfnosf] dx;'; gu/]sf] x'bf ;d:t gj cfuGt's
;flxlTos cg'/fuLx? ;fy} ;|i7fx?nfO{ klg Wofgdf /fv]/ jfrgdf k|v/tf Nofpgsf] nflu / cfkm\gf]
Ifdtfsf] lasfz ug{sf] nflu of] jfrfgfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 / cfpg] lbgdf klg o;n] lgoldt ?kdf
sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . k|jf;df cfPklg hgtfsf] ;';'lrt x'g] xsnfO{ ;'/lIft ul//x]sf] sflGtk'/ ;fKtflxssf]
130
kfF7s /rgf / /fhwfgL ;fKtflxssf] dgsf s'/f n] klg stf/df >ldsx?df ;flxTosf] /; rvfPs} 5g\ .
g]kfndf 5bfF sljtf ;'Gg grfxg]x? cfh vf]hL vf]hL sljtf uf]i7Ldf cfpb}5g\ . k|jf;L hLjgsf] ljljw
kf6f]nfO{ ;Dofpg] dfWod ag]sf] 5 oxfFsf] ;flxTo . ox“f af6 k|sflzt x'g] ljleGg lhNnfsf ;fdflhs
;+3÷;+:yfsf kq–klqsf df ;flxTon] g} k|d'v :yfg kfpF5 . g]kfnL ;flxTo ljgfsf o:tf kq–klqsfx?
czf]egLo b]lvG5g\ . d]rL / sfnLsf] ;flxTonfO{ hf]8\g] k'nsf] ?kdf d]rLsfnL ;flxTo ;+ud ljut
ls|ofzLn /x]sf] ePtfklg xfn Tolt ls|ofzLn b]lvb}g .
;flxTosf/x?sf] g]kfnL ;flxTosf k"/fgf b]lv w]/} gofF cg'xf/ ;Ddsf] nfdf] k+lQmx? nfOg
kfOG5,stf/df ljljw sf/0fn] dft[e"ldsf] ljsfzdf sDd/ s;]/ nfUg] k|;:t} e]l6G5g\ . d"ntM ox“fsf]
;flxTodf b]zsf] ;d;fdlos cj:yf,k|jf;L hLjgsf b'Mvsi6 / r'gf}tLsf eªufnfx?,k|]o;Lsf] Gofgf]
sfvaf6 alGrt x'gk' bf{sf] kL8f, 56k6L / :jb]zsf] dfof / ddtf k|lt g} ;dl{kt x'G5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf
bf]xfdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] utLljlw crfgs a8\b} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwf;+u ;DjlGwt
bh{g} k':tsx? Jfif{df ljdf]rg x'G5g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsfzsf nflu cg]sf] k|of;x? gul/Psf xf]Ogg\
t/klg ;Gtf]ifk|b ?kdf stf/df g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsfzdf oxfjf6 ul/Psf k|of;x? sd ;XfgLo 5}gg\ .
oxfFsf] d'Vo ;d:of eg]sf] g} g]kfnL k':tsfno xf] . bf]xfdf clxn];Dd s'g} ;+:yfut jf AolQmut kxndf
klg g]kfnL k':tsfno vf]Ng] k|of; ul/Psf] 5}g\ . ljgf cWofg ljgf vf]h,ljgf lrGtg s:tf] pTkfbgsf]
cfzf ug]{ < cfk"mn] k8\g rfx]sf] k':ts g]kfnaf6} dufpg' kg]{ cfhsf] cj:ostfnfO{ n'sfO/xg' kb}{g .
g]kfnL ;d'bfosf] afSnf] pkl:ylt b]v]/ bf]xfsf s]xL l;ldt k':ts k;nx?df sxL k"/fgf n]vssf k':tsx?
gkfO{g] xf]Ogg\ . t/klg jiff}{ b]lv ct[Kt ag]sf nfvf} g]kfnLx?nfO{ logLx?n] t[Kt kfg{ ;Sg] s'/} ePg\ .
;du|df eGg'kbf{ stf/df g]kfnL ;flxTosf] kmfF6 cem} ;'Gb/ / dgf]dxs tj/n] lbgfg'lbg la:tf/ x'b} uPsf]
5.

stf/df g]kfnL /fhg}lts ultljlw

e"uf]nsf] h'g s'gfdf h'g x}l;otn] afr]klg hGde"ld k|ltsf] cf:yf ljZjf;df xfdLg]kfnLsf]
slxNo} sld cfpFb}g\ . b]zdf 36]sf / 36\g] k|To]s 36gfx?sf] / b]zdf x'g] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gn] k|jf;L
g]kfnLx?sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]nL /x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsfzsf] d"n cfwf/ g} s'g} klg /fi6«
;d[¢ aGg ;S5 . s'g} klg b]zsf] gful/s ToxfFsf] /fgLlts;+u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ g/fv]klg ck|ToIf ?kdf
ToxfFsf] /fhg}lts ultljlwsf] k|efj p;df kl//x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} g s'g} ?kdf b]zsf] /fhgLlts ptf/–
r9fjsf] k|efj kb{5 .
stf/df g]kfnLx?sf] a9\bf] pkl:ylt;+u} ljleGg /fhg}lts ultljlwx?df lta|tf cfPsf] 5 .
stf/nfO{ dLgL g]kfng} eg]klg km/s gknf{ ls < eg]/ ;f]Rg] a]nf e};s]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf lbgx?df bf]xfdf
g]kfnL /fhlglts xl:tx?n] cf–cfˆgf] ;+u7gnfO{ dha't agfpg al9 s;/t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . bf]xfdf
g]kfnLx?sf ljleGg /fhg}lts bnx?sf eft[ ;+u7g vf]nL oxfFsf g]kfnLx/nfO{ cf–cfˆgf] aLrf/df ;+u7g
ug]{ c:j:y k|lt:kwf g} rn]sf] 5 . ;a} dflg;sf cf–cfˆg} larf/ x'G5g\ . bzs x'G5g\ . Ps lsl;dsf]
cf:yf ;a}n] af]s]/ cfPsf] x'G5 . stf/df sfo{/t k|jf;L g]kfnLn] s'g} g} ?kdf g]kfnsf] /fg}lts ultljlwdf
efu lnO;s]sf] x'G5 . oxfFsf] tftf] xfjfn] cSt/d'gsf] larf/sf] xTof ug{ sxfF ;Sb5 / . lbgel/ dflnssf]
;]jfdf ;dlk{t eP/ afFsL /x]sf] ;dodf b]zsf] af/]df ;f]Rg' / b]zsf ;d;dflos 36gfs|d Pjd\ b]zsf]
/fhg}lts ultljlwnfO{ rfvlbg' / csf{sf] cfugdf cfˆgf] larf/sf] v]tL ug'{ lgtfGt ;XgLo sfd xf] .
larf/n] kf]Vt bz{g lnP/ g]kfnL /x]sf] SofDk SofDkdf k'u]/ cf–cfˆgf] kfl6{sf] ;b:otf af8\b} ljleGg
;+fu7lgs OsfOx?sf] u7g ug]{ xf]8afhL g} rn]sf] 5 oxfF . g]kfndf eGbf ;+fu7lgs ultljlwdf rnv]n
stf/df x'G5 . stf/df g]kfnL sfu|]; ;dy{g g]kfnL hg;Dks{ d~r,g]skf Pdfn] ;d{yg, k|jf;L g]kfnL
;Dks{ d~r g]skf Pstf s]Gb| d;fn,;dy{g stf/ g]kfnL Pstf ;dfh / g]skf dfcf]afbL ;dy{g g]kfnL
gh– k|ultzLn d~r ls|ofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . sfg'gL /fHo stf/df s'g} klg b]xsf gful/snfO{ ;+3 ;+:yf
131
vf]Ng jf /fhg}lts ultljlw ug{ k|ltjlGwt ul/Psf] 5 . t/klg stf/nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] sd{ynf] jgfP/
jfn'jfsf] /fhwfgLdf jfWotfjz /dfPsfx?nfO{ g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] ls/0f km}nfpFg logLx?nfO{ ls|ofzLn
/xb} cfpsf 5g\ .
g]kfn eGbf aflx/ laleGg b]zx?df 5l/P/ /x]sf k|jf;Lx?sf] klg cf–cfˆgf] /fhg}lts bz{g
/x]sf] x'G5 . ljZjsf] h'g s'gfdf h'g x}lifPtn] afFr]klg cfˆgf] l;¢fGt bz{g ;+u} lnP/ cfPsf x'G5g\ .
ljb]zdf 5l/P/ /x]sf Ps}] l;¢fGtsf,Pp6} bz{ssf Pp6} d~rdf pleP/ emg ;+ul7t x'g yfN5g . eg]
ljZjdf 5l/Psf k|jf;Lx?nfO{ cfˆgf] bz{gdf l5/fpg ;lsP kf6L{ ljljw sf/0fn] jlnof] x'g] / ljb]zdf ;d]t
cfˆgf] ks8 /fd|f] x'g] Wo]on] g]kfnsf /fhg}lts bnx?n] ljb]zdf cfFvf uf8]sf x'G5g . sltko g]kfnsf
/fhg}lts kf6L{x?n] ljb]zdf eft[ ;+u7g vf]ln ;xof]u p7fpb} kf6L{ rnfO{/x]sf klg b]lvG5g . stf/sf]
;Gbe{df klg g]kfnsf 7"nf /fg}lts kf6L{sf eft[ ;+u7gx? ls|oflzn /xb} cfPsf 5g\ . stf/sf] s8f
sfg'gsf] jfjh'tklg ljleGg ;xof]u h'6fpg] p2]Zosf ;fy oxf /fhg}lts ultljlwx? x'g] ub{5g\ . xfn}
;DkGg P]ltxfl;s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfjdf stf/df sfo{/t ljleGg /fhg}lts kf6L{sf eft[ ;+u7gx?n]
nfˆgf] kf6L{nfO{ nfvf} ?lkof ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] ;"rgf aflx/ gcfpsf] xf]O{g s'g} kf6L{] stf/dfg} sfo{/tnfO{
;d]t ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;ef;bsf nfuL pd]4jf/ lbg ;Dd sfd u¥of] . To;}n] of] klg eGg ;lsG5 sL,
stf/ g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts rnv]n ug]{ uGtJo alg ;s]sf] 5 stf/df /x]/ laleGg /fhg}lts ultljlw Pjd\
;+u7g la:tf/ ub}{ cfPsf /fhg}lts bnx?sf eft[;+u7gx?sf] 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g o; k|sf/ 5 .

!_ hg ;Dks{ ;ldlt
ljleGg sf/0n] ubf{ g]kfnjflx/ /x]sf xfdL g]kfnLx? cem a[xb ?kdf eGbf ;Dk'0f{ b]zjflx/ k|jf;df /x]sf
g]kfnL x?nfO{ k/]sf ljleGg ;d:of x?sf ;DaGwdf ;fd'lxs ?kdf n8]/ cfkm\gfxs clwsf/ lngsf] nfuL /
k|jfl; g]kfnL x?sf] xs lxtsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt b]zsf] sfg'gdf gaflhg]ul/ plgx?sf] xs, lxt clwsf/
k|flKtsf]] nfuL cfkm\gf cfjfhx? a'nGb ug{sf]] nfuL stf/df /x]sf ;fyLx? Hf] /fi6«, /fli6«otf, ;dfhjfb /
nf]stGq k|lt cf:yfjfg /lx ;dfhjfbL ;+l3ou0ftGqfTds g]kfnsf] :yfkgfjf6dfq b]zsf], cu|ufld?kfGt/0f,
zflGtsf] :yfkgf, ;fdflhs, cfyL{s cj:yfsf] ;'b[l9s/0f ;Dea 5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg] ;Dk'0f{ stf/jfl;
g]kfnLx?sf] dfem :yfkgful/Psf] ;femf ;+:yf xf] . j}rfl/s dfGotfdf of]] g]kfnsf] ;dfhjfbL cfGbf]ngsf]
k|ofojflr /x]sf] k6s k6s g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]n]sf] kf6L{ g]kfnLsFfu|]; k|lt
cf:yfjfg /fVb5 . d'nt of] ;+:yfsf]] :yfkgf /fhg}lts pb]:on] :yfkgf ul/Psf] ePklg stf/sf] xsdf eg]
of] ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf] ?kdf o;n] sfd ug]{ 5 lsgsL b]zdf qmflGtsfl/tfsf] gfpFdf JolSt xTofsf] >[Înf
j9\bf] b]zdf rfn'pBf]u Joj;fo x?sf] ljsf; x'g' eGbf /fhg}lts cl:y/tfsf] sf/0f jGbug'{kg]{ cj:yfsf]
;[hgf x'g', lzIff,:jf:Yo,vfg]kfgL tyf cfjf; h:tf cTofj:os s'/fx?df ;/sf/sf] ulx/f] Wofg hfgg;Sg'
b]zdf cfyL{s dlGbsf] cj:yf >[hgf x'g' h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnLx?df b}lgshLjg ofkgug{ ;d]t sl7g
x'b} hfg' / z}lIfs tyf cz}lIfs j]/f]hufl/sf cj:yf eofjx jGb}uPsf]] tTsfn}sf] cj:yfdf Ps
dfqljsNk j}b]lzs /f]hufl/ jfx]sf csf]{ gePkl5 ljb]z ef}tfl/g ljj;xfdLg]kfnL x? ljb]zcfpg]
qmddf ;fdGo s'/fx?df ;d]t Wofg lbg g;s] / ljb]zdf cfP/klg ljleGg ;d:ofx?jf6 lkl8t
eO{/x]sf] s'/f s6';Toxf] hg;+Vofsf] a[lb ;u}+ ;d:ofx? klg w]/} b]lvg' s'g} gf}nf] xf]Og tfkgL stf/
h:tf] ;fgf] d'n'sdf em08} ltg nfvsf] xf/fxfl/df g]kfnL cfO{k'Ug' / g]kfn stf/ ;/sf/ ljr s'g}
lsl;dsf] >d;Demf}tf gePsf] ;fy} kfl/>lds klg Tolx :t/sf] cGod'n'ssf >lds x?sf] eGbf sd
ePsf] x'gfn] oxFfg]kfnL x?sf] ;d:of ljs/fn ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . Ps g]kfnLsf] b'Mv csf]{ g]kfnLn]
b]Vg;Sb}g tfkgL Psn] dfq u/]/ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ;Dej} 5}g t;y{ o;nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;s]df
s]lxug{t cj:o;lsG5 eg]/ tTsfn}sf] cj:yfdf s]lx pT;flx o'jfhdftsf] ;xeflutfdf o;;+:yfsf]
:yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 xfdLx?n] stf/sf] g]kfnLx?sf] ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg /
132
;dfwfgdfg} hf]8lb+b} cfPsf5f}+ / xfd|f] dfGotf klxn] g]kfnLx?sf] ;d:ofsf] klxrfg To;sf] ;dfwfg
To;kl5 dfq /fhg}lts ePsfn] stf/sf] xsdf of] ;+:yfnfO{ ;fdflhs ;+:ysf] ?kdf xfdLn] lnPsf
5f}+ .
;+:yfsf] :yfkgf d] #!, @))& df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ;u}+ o;n] ljleGg ;fdflhs
Pj+ cfly{s ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljleGg sf/0fn] b]fxfdf cfP/ 3/kms{g g;s]sf x?nfO{ cfly{s
;xof]u ug'{sf ;fy} @)^$ ;fnsf] c;f/ >fj0f dlxgfdf g]kfndf cfPsf] jfl8 klx/f] lkl8t x?nfO{
/fxft ;Íngul/ k|wfgdlGq b}ljs k|sf]k pBf/ sf]ifdf bf]xfdf :yflkt ;+\3 ;+:yfx?dWo] ;a}eGbf jl8
^#)) stf/L l/ofn ;xof]u ;+:yfn] ug{ ;kmnePsf] 5 .
stf/ d'nt >dcfot ug]{ d'n's ePsf]n] g]kfn af6 clwsfD; g]kfnLx? oxfF n]j/sf] ?kdf
leqg] / tTsflng cj:yfdf g]kfn / stf/ljr >d;Demf}tf gePsf] cj:yfdf tTsflng >ddlGq >L
/d]zn]vssf] bf]xfstf/ e|d0fsf] qmddf stf/df /x]sf g]kfnLx?sf] ;d:of / To;sf ;dfwfgsf]
pkfo / g]kfn stf/ljr >d;Demf}tfsf] vfFrf] / To;df /lvg'kg]{ d'Vo d'Vo a'bfx? g]kfnL
sfdbf/x?sf] ldlgdd\ kfpg kg]{ tnadfgsf] ;DaGwdf Ps 1fkg kq a'emPs]f 5 .
u}/cfjfl;o g]kfnLx?sf] 5 cS6f]j/df ePsf] ljZj;Dd]ngdf stf/sf ;fy} dWok"j{sf g]kfnL
x?n] em]Nb} cfPsf ;femf ;d:ofx?sf] ;DaGwdf Ps sfo{kq agfO Pg cf/ Pg P cfO{ l;= l;= nfO{
a'efPsf] lyof] .

@_ k|jf;L g]kfnL ;Dks{ d~r

;Dk"0f{ k|jf;L g]kfnLx?nfO{ Gofo,;dfGftf,:jftGqtf,nf]stGq,/fli6«otf tyf k|jf;Lx?sf] xs,lxt,clwsf/
/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cu|ufdL kl/jt{sf lglDt ;r]t,;+ul7t / ls|ofzLn agfpg ;g\ @))$ df k|jf;L g]kfnL
;Dks{ d~rsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] .bf]xf stf/df /x]/ k|jf;L g]kfnL >dhLlj x?sf] xs,lxt,clwsf/ /
;'/Iffsf] nfuL ls|ofzLn x'b} cfPsf] 5 . of] d"ntM g]skf Pdfn] ;dlk{t eft[ ;+:yfsf ?kdf lrlgG5 .
hgtfsf] jx'bnLo hgjfb dfkm{t ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] sfo{lbzf cjnDjg ub}{ k|jf;L g]kfnLnfO{ cfly{s,
;fdflhs / /fhgLlts hfu/0fsf If]qdf ;ls|otf k"j{s /rgfTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ k|]l0ft ub}{ cfd"n
kl/jt{gsf] lbzftkm{ pGd'v u/fpg ;fy} k|jf;L g]kfnL ;d'bfonfO{ g]kfnL snf, ;flxTo / ;+:s[lttkm{
pTk|]l/tub}{ of]ubfg ug{ Pstfj4 ug{ of] ls|ofzLn /xb} cfPsf] 5 . o;n] k|jf;Lsf xs / clwsf/sf nflu
cfjfh j'nGbub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 . g]skf Pdfn]sf] eft[ ;+:yfsf ?kdf :yflkt x'gfn] hgtfsf] jx'bLo hgdtdf
ljZjf; /fVg] ;Dk"0f{ k|jf;Lx?nfO{ uf]naGbu/L 5'§} ;fd|fHosf] la:tf/ ug]{ s|ddf 5 . cGo /fhg}lts bnsf
eft[ ;+u7gx? h:t} ;+u7g lj:tf/sf] nflu stf/sf] jfn'jfdf cgj/t ofqf/t 5 .

#_ stf/ g]kfnL Pstf ;dfh

stf/ g]kfnL Pstf ;dfh stf/df sfo{/t d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Ddsf g]kfnL sfdbf/x?nfO{
Pslqt ug]{ j[xt\ rf}tf/Lsf] ?kdf :yfkgf ePsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;femf ;+u7g xf] . Pp6f ;fgf] sf]7fdf
g]kfnaf6 stf/df /f]huf/Lsf] nfuL cfPsf gf}hgf ;lqmo g]kfnLx?sf] e]nfn] !((( ;fndf stf/ g]kfnL
Pstf ;dfhsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] xf] . stf/ g]kfnL Pstf ;dfhn] cfkm\gf] :yfkgfsfn b]lv ( jif{leq} sl/a
!@ xhf/ ;b:otf ;+Vof ljt/0f u/L;s]sf] 5 . zf]lift lk8Lt g]kfnLx?sf] xslxtsf] /Iff ub}{ s;}nfO{ b'Mv
jf cfkt\ljkt\ kbf{ cyjf g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] c;fdlos d[To" x'Fbf ;d]t rfFhf]kfFhf] ldnfpg] / e}k/L cfpg] x/
kl/l:yltdf g]kfnL sfdbf/x?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ sl6a4 eP/ g]kfnLx?sf ljrdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . k|jf;df
/x]sf g]kfnLx?sf] ;xof]usf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ klg ;b}j ;hu / ;r]t t'Nofpb} k|jf;df g]kfnL
sfdbf/x?nfO{ ;d]t ;r]t u/fpb} / cfk;L Pstf / efOrf/f, ;b\efj sfod ub}{ >lds ju{ tyf Gofok|]dL
133
hgtfx?nfO{ gofF kl/jt{gsf] lbzf;+u} k|jf;d} cem} hfu?s / ;lqmo agfpb} n}hfg] ;jfndf of] ;+u7g
;lqmo ?kdf sfo{/t 5 . of] ;+u7g stf/sf] Oltxf;d} Ps dfq cfkm\g} sfof{no ePsf] Ps ;fdflhs
;+u7gsf] x}l;otdf sfo{/t 5 . k|jf;L g]kfnLx? g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s /fhlglt k|lt ;r]t x'g'kg]{, v:sbf]
/fhlglt cj:yfnfO{ cWoog ub}{ b]zsf] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs w/ftnsf] ;d'Ggt ljsf;sf] nflu jlu{o
cleofg / wfjf af]Ng k|jf;L g]kfnLx?nfO{ ljz]if /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, Pj+ ;d;fdlos ljifodf
lg/Gt/ k|lzIf0f ;d]t lbg] sfo{ ub{5 stf/ g]kfnL Pstf ;dfhn] .
stf/ g]kfnL Pstf ;dfhsf] cfkm\gf] s]lGb«o ;lrjfno sfof{no /x]sf] 5 eg] PsfO; j6f Pl/of ;ldltx?
/ Ps xhf/eGbf a9L OsfO{ ;ldltx? stf/sf] s'gf–s'gf;Dd lj:tf/ ul/Psf 5g\ .
o;}u/L o; ;+u7gn] stf/df j}blzs /f]huf/sf] gfddf g]kfnsf] d]gkfj/ / ;DalGwt
bnfnx?af6 7luP/ cfPsf, g]kfnLx?sf] ;xof]u, p4f/sfo{df lg/Gt/ sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . oxfF stf/df b'Mv
kfO/x]sf, 7luOPsf, oxfF eg]h:tf] sDkgL gkfP/, sfd gkfP/, tna ;'ljwf gkfP/ cnkq kl//x]sf
g]kfnLx?sf] p4f/sfo{df k"0f{?kdf ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . o; ;+u7gsf ;b:ox? sf]xL bf]xfl:yt g]kfnL
b'tfjf;df b'Mvdf k/]sf g]kfnLx?sf] hfgsf/L lbg' / sfg"gL ;xof]usf] nflu hfg] ub{5g\ eg] sf]xL
;b:ox? h]ndf k/]sf g]kfnLx?sf] p4f/x]t' h]ndf uP/ lk8Ltx?sf] kmfon x]g]{ h]ndf g]kfnLx?nfO{ e]6L
pT;fx lbg] , sfg"gL k|lqmofsf] nflu b'tfjf;df hfgsf/L lbg] cflb sfo{x? lg/Gt/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . of]
;+u7gn] dlxgfdf slDtdf % hgfb]lv a9Ldf #) hgf;Ddsf] ;d:ofnfO{ x]b}{ sltkonfO{ lkmtL{ l6s6sf]
;d]t Joj:yf ldnfO lbg] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . oxfFaf6 g]kfn kms]{kl5 klg lk8Ltn] cfkm\gf] nufgL /sd
;DalGwt d]gkfj/ Ph]G;L tyf bnfnx?af6 lkmtf{ kfpg ;sf];\ eGg] p4]Zon] sf7df8f}} l:yt cGt/f{li6«o
g]kfnL Pstf ;dfhsf] kxndf k};f lkmtf{ u/fpg] sfd ul//x]sf[] 5 . o; ;+u7gaf6 :yfkgfsfn b]lv (
jif{sf] cjwLdf ;of}{ g]kfnLx?sf] p4f/ ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;of}{ lk8Ltx?sf] /sd lkmtf{ u/Llbg] sfd ;d]t
ul/Psf] 5 .

$_ hg k|ultzLn d~r
ljljw sf/0fn] ubf{ stf/sf] d?e"lddf k5fl/g cfO{ k'u]sf g]skf dfcf]afbLk|lt cf:yfjfgx?sf]
d~r xf] hgk|ultzLn d~r . bf]xfdf :yflkt 5f]6f] ;dodf g} pNn]Vo ;b:otf j6'Ng ;s]sf] hg k|ultzLn
d~rn] k|jf;L >dhLlj dhb'/x?sf] xs / lxtsf] nflu sfd ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 . stfdf cnkqdf kg]{ /
kg]{x?k|lt nflIft u/]/ o;n] >dhLljsf] kIfdf sfd ub} cfPsf] 5 . ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf] nflu g]kfnL
b'tfjf;nfO{ ;d]t k|efjdf kf/]/ dfu u/]sf] cf/f]k hgk|ultzLn d~r k|lt ePklg k|jf;L >dhLljsf] kIfdf
sfd ub}{ cfPsf]df s'g} b'O{dt 5}g . o;sf] af/]df k6s k6s ;Dks{ ubf{ ;d]t hg k|ultzLn d~r sf
cWoIf hgfb{g lul/n] s]xL atfpg rfxg' ePg .
stf/df sfo{/t ljleGg /fhg}lts bnsf eft[;u7gx?sf] ;d:of stf/jf;L g]kfnL eGbf cf cfˆgf]
kf6L{sf] sfd al9 u/]sf] kfOG5 . cem} sltko /fhg}lts kf6L{}n] t b"tjf;nfO{ ;d]t 5fFofdf kfg]{ sfd u/]sf]
5 . k|jf;L hLjgsf c;/x?nfO{ eufpg] eGbf ;f+uf7gLs k|lt:kwf{ al9 x'G5 oxfF stf/sf g]kfnL w]/}
;d:ofx? 5g\ Pp6f g]kfnLn] csf]{ g]kfnLnfO{ e]8f,afv|f em} a]lr/x]sf 5g\ . stf/ t g]kfnsf dfgj
t:s/x?sf] jfF;:yfg ag]sf] 5 a}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf lbgx" ljljw las[lt / lj;+ultx? Df}nfpb} 5g\ . log}
/fhg}lts bnsf eft[ ;+u7gx? /fHosf] zQf / zlQmsf] >Lk]r le/]/ a;]sf 5g\ . /ftlbg bf]xfsf aGb
sf]7fdf log}n] dfgj t:s/sf ljifodf rrf{ ub{5g\ . t/ hj aGb sf]7faf6 aflx/ lg:sG5g . ltg} dfgj
t:s/;+u xft]dfnf] ub}{ lx8\5g\ . v} t a}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ dof{lbt agfpg sbd rfn]sf] cfd stf/af;L
g]kfnLsf] k|Zg xf] of]

134
stf/df g]kfnL ;"rgf tyf ;dfrf/ - ;~rf/ _
;"rgf / ;~rf/ ePsf] ljsfzn] ubf{ ljZj cf+h Pp6f ;fFu'/f] e"uf]ndf l;ldt e} ;s]sf] 5 .
ljZjsf] Pp6f s'gfsf] 36gf csf]{ s'gfd} If0fe/d} hfgsf/L xG5 . ef}uf]lns ljefhg, w/ftnLo :j?k
efiff,;:+sf/ / ;:s[ltn] k[ys k[ys kf6f]df ljZj ;fF3'l/b} uPsf] 5 . ljZjsf] olx ofqfnfO{ g]kfnn] klg
k5\ofpb} cfPsf] 5 , kl5Nnf oL b'O{ bzsdf cfP/ g]kfn klg ;'rgf tyf ;~rf/df gofF sfr'nL km]/]sf]
oyfy{tf cfh xfd|f] ;fd' 5n{Ë 5 .
ljljw sf/0fn] dft[e"ldsf] cfFugdf c6fpg g;s]/ vf8L /fi6«x?df o;n] ;kgf ef]uL g]kfnLx/sf]
;+Vof a8\b} 5 . ljZjsf ;d[¢ d'n'sdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf /xg] x?sf]nflu g]kfnL ;"rfgf tyf
;dfrf/ Tolt 6f9fsf] ljifo xf]O{g t/klg dWo k"j{sf b]zx?df /xg] g]kfnLx?sf nflu eg] of] dxTjk"0f{
ljifo xf] . dft[e"ldaf6 xhf/f} sf]if leGg e"uf]ndf,leGg efiff, ;+:s[ltsf] aGb ;dfhdf cfkmGt /
kl/jf/hgaf6 ljNs'n} 6f9f /xbfsf] 5'§ dfgl;stf x'G5 . cfˆgf] ufFpm,;dfh / b]zsf 36gf s|d hfGg]
pT;'stf a9\bf . ¢G¢n] cfs|fGt ag]sf] hGde"ldsf] /fhlglts vj/ kfpg cfzfbL lt d'Gb|fdf k|To]s g]kfnL
a;]sf x'G5g . b]zdf 36\g] /fhg}lts pyn —k'yn k|jf;L g]kfnLsf] eljio;+u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fv]sf] klg
x'G5g\ . cfˆgf] dflt{e"ld k|ltsf] dfof k|jf;df /x]sf g]kfnL ;+u g} vf]Hg'k5{ . s'g} klg b]zsf] at{dfg
/fhg}lts, cfly{s,;fdflhs,;f+:s[lts nufPtsf ljifox?df To; b]zsf gful/ssf] ;';lHht x'g] xs g} x'G5
stf/ nufot vf8L /fi6«x?df sfo{/t g]kfnLx?sf] k|d'v ;d:ofx? dWo] ;"rgf / ;drf/ klg Ps xf]
. vf8Ldf sfo{/t clwsf+z g]kfnLx? Go"g tnjdf sfd ug]{ clzlIft x'G5g . ;fdfGo k9\g / n]Vg ;Dd
hfg]sf x? g} al9 5g . cfhsf] ljZjn] 36gfx? s} :yfgdf a;]/ If0fe/d} yfxf kfpg ;lsg] u/]/ k|ljlws
ljsfz u/]sf] 5 . o:tf k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 xfd|f] b]zsf] ;/sf/,gful/s,;dfh,ljleGg ;+3,;+:yf,ljleGg
lghL If]qx?n] bh{gf}{ ;"rgf k|bfg j]e ;fO{6sf] klg ;~rfngdf NofPsf 5g\ . o:tf ;dfrf/d'ns j]e
;fO{6x? ;r{ ug]{ g]kfnLx? stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLsf] !) k|lt;t ;Dd klg 5}gg\ . cem} d'l:snn] cfˆg}
x}l;otdf O{G6/g]6 hf]8\g] g]kfnLsf] ;+:Vof t @ k|lt;t klg 5}g . OG6/g]6 ;Dd x}l;ot ePsfx?n] ljleGg
;"rgf k|bfg j]e ;fO{6 ;r{ u/]/ b]zdf ePsf tfhf36gfx? cfˆgf] SofDk—SofDkdf atfpb} cfPsf x'G5g\ .
stf/sf clwsf+z g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] cfly{s x}l;ot OG6/g]6;Dd k'Ug g;Sg' / k'Ug ;Sg] cfly{s x}l;ot
ePsfx?sf v;|fxftx?n] dfp; / lsaf]8{ ;Dd 5f]Psf gx'g] x'Fbf O{G6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 stf/df g]kfnL
;"rgf tyf ;dfrf/ vf;} ;+k|]z0f x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;}n],stf/df a:g] clwsf+; g]kfnLx?sf nfuL
O{g6/g]6 ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] dfWod Rofgnx?g} ljZjfl;nf / e/kbf{ ;Grf/ dfWodx? aGgk'u]sf 5g\ .
stf/sf clwsf+z g]kfnLn] 6]lnlehg Rofgnx?sf] ;fxf/f lnb} cfPsf 5g
stf/df sfo{t/ c}f;t g]kfnLx?sf] cfon] wfGg} g;Sg] u/L ;]6nfO{6 k|0ffnLdf sf8{ l;i6daf6 b'O{j6f
6]lnlehg ;~rfngdf cfpsf 5g\ n08gaf6 ;~`rflnt g]kfnL l6=eL= / sf7df08f}af6 k|;fl/t sflGtk'/
6]lnlehgn] stf/df /f]hL /f6}sf] nflu ;3{if ul//x]sf nfvf} g]kfnLnfO{ ;"rgfsf] tLvf{ d]6fpg] sfd ub}{
cfPsf 5g\ . stf/df sfo{/t clwsf+z g]kfnLn] nfdf] ;do sfd ub}{df latfpg' kg]{ jfWotfsf afjh'tklg
;"rgfsf nflu logLx?af6 k|;fl/t ;drf/ gla/fOsg ;'Gg] ub{5g . stf/df sfo{/t ;fdfGo g]kfnLsf] Pp6}
sf]7fdf !),!% hgf ;Dd x'g] ub{5g . Pp6f ?ddf a;]sf ;a} ;fyLx? ldn]/ o:tf l6=eL=sf Rofgnx?
hf]8\g] ub{5g . g]kfndf 36]sf tfhf 36gfx? Pjd\ /fhlgtLs 36gfs|d x?nfO{ k|jf;sf] tftf] jfnfdf
/dfpFbfsf] kL8fnfO{ e'nfpFg] dfWodsf ?kdf nfvf} g]kfnLn] lnb} cfPsf 5g . stf/df g]kfnLsf] aflSnb}
pkl:ylt ;+u} ljleGg tfhf dfWodx?sf] ljsfx dfWodx?sf] ljsfz x'b} uPsf] 5 . vf8L /fi6«x? dWo]
stf/df g]kfnLsf] ;+Vof pRrx'g'sf] kmfObf p7fpFb} stf/af6} g} k|sflzt x'b} cfPsf /fhwfgL ;fKtflxs /
sflGtk'/sf] stf/ ;+:s/0f sflGtk'/ ;fKtflxsn] ljb]zL e"lddf /x]/ klg g]kfnL ;"rgfsf] If]qdf pnn]vlgo
sfd ub} cfPsf 5g\ . k|jf;df g]kfnL klqsfsf] ;Dkfbg ug'{ cfkm}df dxTjk"0f{ 5 . e"uf]nsf] kNnf] s'gfdf
/x]klg g]kfnLx?nfO{ cfˆgf] ufFp,zx/, / b]zsf] tfhf vj/ k'¥ofpg logLx? sDd/ s;]/ nfu]sf 5g\ .
cflwsf+z g]kfnL Go"g tnjdf sfd ug]{ x'gfn] plgx?sf] kx'rnfO{ g} dWo gh/ /fv]/ oxfFsf] kqklqsfx?
135
k|sflzt x'b} cfPsf 5g\ . stf/df ;Dkfbg u/]/ vf8Lsf ljleGg b]zx?df g]kfnL klqsfsf] kx'r k'¥ofP/
;"lrs[t ub}{ cfPsf] /fhwfgL ;fKtflxs ;g\ @))& sf] cGolt/ stf/nfO{ sfo{If]q agfP/ vf8L/fi6«x?sf]
s'gf—s'gf Pjd\ o"=s]=;Dd Hof]lt km}nfpg] pb]Zo lnP/ k|sfzg cf/De u/]sf] sflGtk'/ stf/ ;+:s/0f
lbg/ft k|jf;Lsf] ;]jfdf tlNng /x]sf 5g\ . stf/df a;]/ cfˆgf] ufFp,zx/ / b]zdf s] eO/x]5 eg]/
;fdfGo sfdbf/n] a'em\g / u\x0f ug{ ;Sg] u/L logLx?sf] k|sfzg cfFpg' stf/jf;L g]kfnLsf] nflu v';Lsf]
s'/f xf] . stf/sf] kl/k|]Ifdf /fhwfgL / sflGtk'/ ;fKtflxsn] k'¥ofFPsf] of]ubfg ct'nlgo /x]sf] 5 . stf/sf
s'gf—s'gf ;Dd cfˆgf] ;Ghfn km}nfP/ g]kfnL logLx?n] g]kfnL /x]sf k|To]s SofDk ;Dd cfˆgf] ;Ghfn
km}nfO{;s]sf 5g . stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLx?nfO{ cfh;Dd ;+ul7t u/L cfk;L ldqtf / eft[Tjsf] clej[l4
ug{ logLx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg 5 . to;}u/L stf/df ljljw ;"rgfx? ;+k|]if0f ug]{ pB]Zon] gofF g]kfn
dfl;s,xn];L /fli6«o dfl;s / d'UnfgL ;f}uft b}dfl;s klg ls|ofzLn /xb} cfPsf 5g\ . lzv/ j}Bsf]
;+rfngdf ;~rfng cfPsf] g]kfn stf/ 86 sd,td'af}å ;]jf ;ldltsf] ;+/IfsTjdf ;~rflnt td' ;dfh
86sd, gofF g]kfn cgnfO{g,tfdfË ;]jf 86 sd,ofAy'Daf ;]jf 86 sd, kmnfgf] 86 sd, nufPtsf
cf]O{j;fO{6x? ;~rfngdf 5g\ .
stf/df g]kfnL kqklqsfx? ljs|L ljt/0f ug{ w]/} k;nx? v'n]sf 5g . stf/df sflGtk'/
b}lgs,sflGtk'/ k|sfzgsf] ;+:s/0f ;fKtflxs,g]kfn ;fKtflxs,lxdfn kfl5s,;do ;fKtflxs nufPtsf
g]kfnsf y'k|} kq klqsfx? pknAw 5g . oBkL o:tf klqsfx? Af;L / dxËf eg] x'G5g . t}klg lo
;a}klqsfx? ljs|L eO{/x]sf x'G5g . stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLx?sf] ;+Vofdf o'jfx?sf] hdft al9 5 . xfd|f]
h:tf] v'Nnf ;dfh oxfF 5}g . /]fhL/f6Lsf] nflu of}jg cj:yfsf dxTjk"0f{ j;Gtx? k|jf;df ljtfpg' kbf{
pgLx?sf] dg sDtL s'l8Psf] x'b}g . 3/sL Kof/Lsf] lt;{gf d]6fpg k|foh;f] o'jfju{x?n]
o'jfd~r,k|]d8fo/L,d'ms,;+u|xx?,ljleGgljBfsf pkGof;x?,k|]d ;DjlGw n]lvPsf k':tsx?,;Tosyf,tYosyfsf]
dfq a9\bf] 5 . s]xL jif{ klxnf ;Dd o:tf kq klqsfx? stf/sf] ahf/df k|ToIf ljs|L ug{ gkfO{g] Aoj:yf,
lyof] t/ cfh stf/n] cfˆgf] b]zdf cfPsf ljb]zL sfdbf/ tyf c? gful/sx?sf] dfu cg';f/ laleGg
b]zsf :yfgLo efiffdf k|sfzLt ;dfrf/x?sf] ;]G;/ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] x'gfn] klg g]kfnL kq klqsfx?
;lhn} pknJw x'g ;s]sf x'g . stf/sf] lgod cg';f/ h'g ;'s} b]zsf kqklqsfx? tyf h'g;'s} efiffdf
n]lvPsf k':tsx?klg cWofudg ljefuaf6 NofP/ ljb]zL k|sfzg ljefusf] :jLs[lt lnP/ lgjf{w?kdf las|L
ug{ kfOG5 .

stf/df g]kfnL a}s tyf /]ld6\ofG;

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f xf] . cfGtl/s ¢Gbn] cfs|fGt ag]sf] xfd|f]
b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] k|f0f g} /]ld6]G;n] wfg]sf] s;}sf] b'O{dt 5}g . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] ubf{ g]kfnsf] ;/sf/ tyf
lghL If]q b'j} nfeflGjt 5g , g]kfndf a9\bf] a]b]lzs /f]huf/sf] k|jfx;+u} /]ld6]g; Aoj;foklg df}nfpb}
uPsf] 5 cfh g]kfndf /]ld6]G;sf] sf/f]jf/ cleGg c+usf ?kdf :yflkt eO{;s]sf] 5 . ljZjAoflks/0fsf]
k|efjn] /]ld6]G;sf] Jofkf/klg lbgfg'lbg km/flsnf] x'b} uO{ /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] h:tf] ljsfzf]Gd'v /fi6«sf] nflu
/]ld6]G;sf] dxTj cem al9 5 . g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] Ps bzs cfGtl/s 4Gb df k/]/ cfly{s cj:yf gfh's
ePsf] j]nf ljb]zaf6 cfPsf] /]ld6]G;n] /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ cf]/fnf] nfUgaf6 hf]ufPsf] lyof] . ljb]zdf
sdfP/ k7fpg]x?sf 3/klg cfly{s ?kdf jlnof b'b} uPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf a}b]lzs /f]huf/L ckl/xfo{
cfj:ostf alg ;s]sf] 5 . lbgfg'lbg g]kfnaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/ldf o'jfzlQm knfog x'b}5. xfd|f
ufp,zx/sf s'g} klg kl/jf/ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf ljb]z guPsf lj/n] e]l6G5g . b]zsf ufp,zx/ g} l/Qf]
x'g]ul/ ljZjsf s'gf s'gfdf ljleGg x}l;otn] afr]/ sd{ ul//x]sf nfvf} g]kfnLn] c/jf} ?lkof g]kfn
leq\ofpFg5g . o;n] /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ dha't agfO{/fVg 7"nf] 6]jf k'¥ofO{/x]sf] k|i6 5 . ljb]zaf6 g]kfn
lelqPsf] /]ld6]G;s} sf/0f dfgj ljsfz tfy ef}lts ljsfzsf ;"r+sfsdf pNn]vlgo ;'wf/ b]lvPsf 5g\ .
136
k|ltJolQ cfodf j[l4 ;]jf pkef]udf al9 ePsf] 5 .. ;]jf pkef]unfO{ pTkfbgd"ns sfdsf eGbf ;]jf
pkef]udf al9 ePsf] 5 . ;]jf pkef]unfO{ pTkfbgd"ns sfddf nufpg ;s] b]z ljsfzdf cem 6]jf k'Ug]
b]lvG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf /]ld6]G; leq\ofpgsf lglDt ;/sf/L tj/df s]xL ePsf] g} 5}g a? lghL If]q cu|;/
eP/ cfPsf] 5 .
stf/sf] kl/k|]Iodf s'/f ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] kl5Nnf] tYof+s cg';f/ stf/df @ nfv ^^ xhf/
g]kfnL sfdbf/ sfo{/t /x]sf] elgPtf klg # vfvsf xf/fxf/Ldf g]kfnL sfdbf/ /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . >d
tyf /f]huf/ kj4{g ljefusf] cf+s8f cg';f/ ;/b/ %))) g]kfnL k|lt dlxgf stf/ k:5g\ . d"ntM clwsf+z
g]kfnL ;fdfgo sfdbf/sf] ?kdf Go"g tnjdf sfd u5{g .. stf/df lgdf{0f sDkgLsf] jfx'Notf x'gfn]
clwsf+z sfdbf/ lgdf{0f kIf;+u g} cfj4 /x]sf 5g\ . ;fdfGotM k|lt dlxgf % ;o stf/L l/ofn eGbf tn
sfd ug]{ g]kfnL sfdbf/ 5}gg\ . stf/df sfo[/t g]]kfnLx? sDkgL dflnsb]lv ;fdfGo sfdbbf/ ;dd 5g\ .
stf/df sfo{/t t;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?n] dlxgf df c/af} /]ld6]G; :jb]z k7fpb} cfPsf 5g\ . e"uf]nsf] kNnf]
s'gfdf kl/jf/sf] nfng kfng ug]{ bfloTj af]s]/ cfPsf ;kgf ef]uL g]kfnLx?sf] lbgsf] sdfO{nfO{ l56f] /
5l/tf] ljZjfl;nf] 9+uaf6 cfkmGthgsf] xft;Dd k'¥ofpFg] dfWodsf] ?kdf ljleGg a}s tyf lalQo ;+:yfx?
stf/df ls|ofzLn /xb} cfPsf5g\ . stf/df a8\b} u/]sf] /]ld6]G; ;~rfns a}s tyf lalQo ;+:yfx?sf]
pkl:yltn] ljb]zdf b'Mv u/]/ sdfPsf] sdfO{ ldg]6e/ d} k'¥ofpFg ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . stf/nfO{ sfo{If]q
agfP/ oxfF ;~rflnt laleGg Mony Exchange x?;+u ;xsfo{ u/L /]ld6]G; ;~rfng ug]{ g]kfnL a}s tyf
ljlQo ;+:yfx? @ bh{g gfl3;s]sf 5g\ . logLx?n] c;+ul7t If]qdf 5l/P/ /x]sf k"lhnfO{ Pslqt ug{
ljleGg lsl;dsf cfly{s Kofs]hx? cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . ljz]if t stf/ nufotsf vf8L /fi6«x?af6 lelqg]
/]ld6]G; ;]jf pkef]udf vr{ eO{/x]sf] 5 . cg'Tkfbs If]qdf vr{ eO[/x]sf] /]ld6]G;nfO{ Pslqt u/L
pTkfbgd"ns sfddf nufpg] / b'j}sf] cfly{s x}lifot psf:gsf] nflu a}s tyf lalQo ;+:yfx? laleGg
cfsif{s Kofs]hx? lnP/ stf/df l5/]sf 5g\ . stf/af6 /]ld6]G;sf] sf/f]af/ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf a}s tyf
lalQo ;+:yfx?n] oxfF b'Mv u/]/ sdfPsf] ?k}ofnfO{ ljZjf;gLo 9+uaf6 cfkmGtsf] xft;Dd k'¥ofpFg ufXf]
lyof] . ca Tof] x'G8Lsf] hdfgf /x]g . stf/df @ bh{g eGbf al9 a}s tyf lalQo ;+:yfx? g]kfndf k};f
k7fpg O{n]S6«f]lgs dfWod dfkm{t sf{o/t 5g . stf/df b'v u/]/ sdfPsf] sdfO{nfO{ art ug{sf] nflu /
s'g} pTkfbglzn If]qdf nuflg ug{sf] nflu oxf l:yt a}+s tyf lalQo ;:yfx?n] laleGg sf{os|dx?
;~rfng ub}{ cfO{ /x]sf 5g . stf/nfO{ cfKMgf] sfo{ If]q agfP/ ;~rfngdf /x]sf a}+s tyf lalQo ;+:yfx?
o; k|sf/ 5g .
-!_ lxdfnog a}+s lnld6]8
-@_ Pe/]i6 a}+s lnld6]8
-#_ g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8
-$_ /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s
-%_ g]kfn O{Ge]i6d]G6 a}=s
-^_ gljn a}+s lnld6]8
-&_ nIdL a}+s lnld6]8
-*_ df5fk'5«] a}+s lnld6]8
-(_ s[lif lasfz a}+s
-!)_ ;+D;/f dlg 6«fG;km/
-!!_ k|e' dlg 6«fG;km/
-!@_ cfO Pd O{
-!#_ ;]jf dlg 6«fG;km/
-!$_ Soflk6n dlg 6«fG;km/
-!%_ o'lgog dlg 6«fG;km/
137
 stf/sf g]kfnLsf ;d:of, ;dfwfgsf pkfo / ;'emfjx?
stf/nfO{ a]b]lzs /f]huf/sf] uGtJo :yn agfP/ lelqg] g]kfnLx?sf] Oltxf; tLg bzs eGbfklg
k"/fgf] e} ;s]sf] 5 . cem} kl5Nnf] !) jif{ otf stf/df g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] cfudg b|'tt/ ultdf j[l4
eO{/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] j[l4;+u pgLx?;+u ;DjlGwt ljljw ;d:ofx? :jfefljs ?kdf a8\bf 5g\ .
s'g} klg ;d:of To:tf x'b}gg\ ls h;sf] ;dfwfg x'b}g\ . k|To]s ;d:ofsf] ;fy;fy} ;dfwfgklg cfPsf] x'G5
. km]l/ csf]{ zAbdf eGbf stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLsf ;d:of e]g]sf] g} xfdL g]kfnL g} xf} . ;d:of pJhfpg
klg g]kfnL / ;d:ofdf lklN;g] klg g]kfnL o; cy{df v} t ;d:of < d"n s'/f ;d:of klxrfg ug]{ /
;dfwfgsf] k|s[of s;/L cjnDjg ug]{ eGg] xf] . stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnL sfdbf/sf ;d:ofx? Vff8L If]qdf
sfd ug]{ cfd g]kfnLx? s} ;d:ofx'g . d"ntM ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] g} 7f]; kxnug'{ kb{5
. Ps} lbgdf jf Ps} k6sdf ;a} k|sf/sf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg x'g] klg xf]Ogg\ . oxfFsf ;d:ofx?nfO{
Go"lgs/0f ub}{ ;dfwfgsf] af6f]lt/ cl3 a8\gsf] nflu lgtfGt cfj:os e} ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . oxfFsf]
;d:ofx?nfO{ g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs ;/sf/n] pRr dxTjsf ;fy ;Daf]wg ub}{ cfj:os gLltut lg0f{ox?df
h'6\g] ck]Iff ug'{ kb{5 . stf/df sfo{t/ # nfv g]kfnLx?n] /fli6«o cy{tGqdf k'¥ofO{/xsf] dxTjk"0f{
of]ubfgsf] stf/ ub}{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf b]lvPsf] ljs[tL / la;+ultsf] cGTo ub}{ o;nfO{
cem} dof{lbt Pjd Jojfl:yt agfpg lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

s_ cled"vLs/0f tflnd M—
stf/df sfd ug{ cfpFg] g]kfnLn] oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL,/xg–;xg,;+:s[lt,efiff Pjd\ sfdsf] af/]df :ki6
hfgsf/L gkfPsf] jf /f]huf/bftfsf] hfgL–hfgL e'mSsfPsf sf/0fn] w]/} g]kfnLx? stf/df cfO{;s]kl5
sfddf c;Gt'li6 eO{ d'n's kms{g] jf oxfF g} efu]/ sfd ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . ljutsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ dWogh/
/fVbf Pp6f sfd eg]/ csf]{ sfddf NofO{Psf x?sf] hdft 7"nf] e]l6of] . stf/ cfpg' k"j{ x'g'kg]{ ljljw
hfgsf/Lsf cefjsf sf/0fn] b'Mv kfpFg] tyf 7"nf] cfly{s gf]S;fgL Aoxf]g'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf stf/
;DjlGw cled"lvs/0f tflndsf] Aoj:yf xfndf ul/Ptf klg cbIf JoflQmåf/f lbg] tflnd jf tflnd g} glbO{
k|df0f kq pknJw ug{] k|rngn] pQm sfo{jf6 clxn];Dd s'g} pknlAw gePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ stf/nfO{
/f]hL–/f6Lsf] nflu uGtJo :yn agfpg]x?nfO{ lgDg s'/fx?df slDtdf klg # lbg] cled"lvs/0f tflnddf
;xefuL u/fO{ lgDg ljifox?df hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .
— stf/sf] xfjfkfgL,efiff,;+:s[lt,sfg'gL Aoj:yf,d'b|f cflb .
— stf/df :Yfflkt g]kfnL b'tfjf;,;fdfhLs ;+3,;+:yfx?, j}s tyf lalQo ;+:yfx? .
— g]kfn ;/sf/n] eG;f/,d'b|f ;txL,nufgL cflbdf pknJw u/fPsf ;'ljwfx?sf] hfgsf/L .
— ljleGg sfddf tflnd ;~rfngsf lglDt cfj:os sf]if{sf] lgwf{/0f u/L hfgsf/L d"ns a'sn]6x?
k|sfzg ug]{ .
— lhNnf lhNnfx?df a}b]lzs /f]huf/LsfnfuL cfj:os ;Lk d'ns tflnd s]Gb|x? vf]nL ;+rfng ug{
k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
— tflnd ;~rfngsf lglDt cg'dtL lbbf stf/df cg'ej k|fKt u/]sfnfO{ dfq lbg] k|lzIfsx?sf] xsdf
klg ;f]xLnfO{ k|fyfldstf lbg] .
— a}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;/f]sf/ s]Gb|x? vfnL ljleGg ;+rf/ dfWodx?af6 r]tfgfd'ns sfo{s|dx? Rfnfpg] .

v_ ;Lkd'ns tflndsf] clgjfo{ Aoj:yf M—

stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLx? dWo] () k|ltzt eGbf a9L cbIf / cw{bIf kb{5g\ . bIf
tyf pRrbIf g]kfnLx? s]xL If]qdf sfo{/t /x]tfklg pgLx?sf] kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwfx? blIf0f
138
 Pl;ofs} cGo d"n'ssf sfdbf/x?sf] t'ngfdf lgs} sd 5g\ . cfhsf] 1fgnfO{ k|ljlwn] lht]sf] of]
k|lt:kwf{Tds ljZjdf xfdL h:tf k|ljlwz"Go,cNkefifLn] cGt/fli6«o >d ahf/ /x]sf] sfdsf] cg'ej klg
sd tyf cf}hf/ pks/0fsf] km/ssf] sf/0f klg Toxfsf] cg'ej Tolt pkof]uL x'b}g . t;y{ oxfFsf] >d
ahf/df g]kfnLx?sf] klxrfg ;:tf]df sfd ug]{ cbIf sfdbf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 g]kfn / cfd
g]kfnLx?sf] cbIf,sdhf]/ / Go"g :t/sf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ zfl//Ls tyf dfgl;s >dsf] t'ngfdf sd
tnjsf sf/0fn] AolQm Pjd\ /fi6«nfO{ g} gf]S;fg k'lu/x]sf] 5 . cGt/fli6«o >d ahf/df /x]sf]
ljifdtfnfO{ pGd"ng ug{sf] nflu ;Lk d"ns tflndsf] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .
— ;Lk d"ns tflndaf6 x'g] cfly{s tyf cGo kmfObfsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fO{ a}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg
rfxg]nfO{ tflnd lng k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
— j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ g} nlIft u/]/ ;Lk d"ns tflnd s]Gb|x? v'nfO{ g]kfnLx?nfO{ Go"gtd tflnd
clgjfo{ u/fO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf k7fpg] .
— stf/sf cg'ejL JolQmx?af6 ;Lk d"ns tflnd lbg] / tflnd s]Gb|x?n] stf/df k|of]udf cfpg] cf}hf/
tyf lgdf0f{ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k|of]u u/]/ tflnd lbg] Jofj:yf ug]{ .
— tflnd s]Gb|x?n] stf/ / oxfFsf] sfdsf] af/]df oyfy{ lel8of] lkSr/ - j:t'l:ylt emlNsg]
kmf]6f],t:jL/x?sf] k|of]uu/]/ sfdbf/x?sf] sfdk|ltsf] dgf]jn a9fpg] .
— o:tf tflnds]Gb|x?sf] lgoldt ;'kl/j]If0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
— cfly{s cj:yf sd ePsfx?nfO{ ;x'lnot b/df ;Lkd"ns tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

u_ sfdbf/ k7fpFg] ;+:yfx?sf] lhDd]jf/L M—

g]kfndf d]gkfj/ Ph]G;Lx?n] sfd / tnj ;'ljwfsf af/]df :ki6 hfgsf/L glbg],
hfgL–a'emL unt hfgsf/L lbO{ sfdbf/nfO{ stf/ k7fpg],Pp6f sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 >d l:js[lt lng] / csf]{
sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 sfdbf/ k7fpg] ;fy} pgLx?n] lbg] /f]huf/L ;+emf}tf kq csf]{ s'g} t]>f] sDkgLsf]
x'g],sfdbf/nfO{ g]kfnsf] Po/kf]6{df l5/fO{lbPkl5 cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ePsf] 7fGg],>d laefuaf6
l:js[ltlbbf Plu|d]G6 / leiffnfO{ gldnfO{sg xr'jfsf] e/df jf cfly{s k|nf]egdf kl/ :jLs[tL lbg],sfdbf/n]
klg cfˆgf] Ifdtfsf] e/df k|i6 hfgsf/L glbg],h;/L klg Ps k6s stf/ hfg] lgot /fVg] cflb sf/0fn]
oxfF cfO{;s]kl5 sfdbf/ d]gkfj/ / sDkgLsf aLr sfd, zt{ / ;'ljwfsf af/]df dg leGgtf cfpgfn]
cfk;L c;dembf/L eO{ cgGt sfdbf/ g} kL8Lt x'g'kg]{ cglulGt 36gfx? oxfF eO{/xG6g\ . stf/sf] kl5Nnf]
cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] g]kfnLx? 7lug] / cnkqdf kg]{ c;+ul7t If]q b]lvPsf] 5 . w]/} /sd
nuflgul/ sfdbf/ oxfF plq;s]kl5 sfg'g t pgLx?sf] cfwf/ sdhf]/ x'gfn] g]kfnaf6 elg k7fPsf] sfd /
tnj ;'ljwf eGbf sfdbf/sf] x'gfn] g]kgnaf6 sfdbf/x? k7fFpbf oxfFsf] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 dfux'g] sfg'gL
k|s[of k/f gu/L ToxfFaf6 sfdbf/ k7fpgfn] klg w]/} ;d:ofx? Ylkg cfPsf x'g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
pbfl;gtfsf] sf/0fn] g]kfnsf d]gkfj/ sDkgLx?n] cfly{s df]hd:tL ul//x]sf 5g\ . stf/sf] sfg'g cg';f/
s'g} klg ljb]zL sfdbf/ Nofpg] sDkgLn] pN6} nfvf} vr{ ug'{ kb{5 . h'g C0f ltg{ @ jif{sf] leiff cjlw
sfkmL x'b}g .
— o:tf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ stf/sf] b'tfjf;af6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] ;Ssn ;+emf}tf gePdf >d :jLs[lt
glb]g] .
— a}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf stf/ k7fpg] ;+:yf jf AolQmn] To;/L gSsnL ;+Demf}tfdf k7fPdf jf >d :jLs[lt
lnPsf] sDkgL eGbf cnu sDkgLdf k7fPsf] 7xl/g cfPdf cfj:os sfg'gL sf/jfxL x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .
— stf/ cfPsf] 7xl/g cfPdf cfj:os sfg'gL sf/jfxL x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .
— stf/ cfPsf] ltg dlxgf leq cfjf; cg'e'lt gnufPdf / sj'lnot cg';f/sf] tnj tyf cGo
;'ljwfx? pjnJw gu/fPsf] 7xl/Pdf ;DjlGwt d]gkfj/ sDkgLn] dflg; lkmtf{ ug'{ kg]{ sfg'gL Aoj:yf
x'g'kg]{
139
— stf/sf sDkgL;+u l;w} jf ;DjlGwt d'n's / g]kfnL /f]huf/ Jof;fox? aLr ;+emf}tf u/]/ dfq leiffsf]
sf/f]af/ ug{ kfpg] Aoj:yf ul/g' kg]{ . ;fy} sfdbf/sf] contract cjlw ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L
k7fpg] JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] x''g'kg]{ .
— JolQut leiffdf stf/ cfPsfx? cnkqdf kg]{ 36gfx? Jfl9 bf]xf]/Lb} uPsf]n] o:tf] le;fsf] sf/f]jf/
aGb ug{ kxnug'{ kg]{ sb+sbflrt AolQmut leiff cfj:os k/]df g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] To;sf] ljZjfl;nf]
cfwf/ vf]Hg' kg]{ .
— d]gkfj/ sDkgLn] stf/ k7fpFbf clgjfo{ ?kdf :ki6 ?kdf a'lemg] ;+emf}tfdf 5fk nufP/ k7fpg' kg]{ .
— d]gkfj/ sDkgLn] stf/df cflwsf/Ls k|ltlglw /fVg' kg]{ / pgLx?sf] ljj/0f g]kfnL b'tfjf;df x'g'kg]{ .
— >d ljefudf visa Transalation ug{ cg'ejL AolQmsf] aoj:yf ul/g' kg]{ .
— g]kfnaf6 sfdbf/ k7fpg] d]gkfj/ sDkgL / sfdbf/ aLr pQ/bfloTj :ki6 ls6fg x'g] ul/ g]kfndf g}
;+emf}tf ul/g' kg]{ .
— lghL If]qaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf k7fpFbf w]/} ;d:ofx? b]lvPsf x'bf ;/sf/L :t/jf6 g} sfdbf/ stf/
k7fpg] Joj:yf ldnfog' kg]{ .
— stf/sf ;+ul7t If]qx?df g]kfnL dlxnf sfdbf/nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .

3_ >d P]g tyf >d ;+emf}tf M—

stf/nfO{ g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf] ;'/lIft j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] uGtJo:yn agfpgsf] nfuL stf/
;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/jLr >d ;+emf}tfsf] cfj:oStf dxz'; u/L ;g\ @))% df g} >Df ;+Demf}tf ePkl5
xfn;Dd k|jfesf/L ?kdf sfo{jGog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . stf/sf] >d P]gdf jflif{s tnjL labf,cfpg] hfg]
xjfO{ l6s6,leiffvr{,cf}ifwLkrf/,;DjlGwt /f]huf/ bftfn] Joxf]g]{ :Kfi6 Aoj:yf ul/Pssf] ePtfklg oxfFsf
/f]huf/bftfx?n] Aojxf/df nfu' u/]sf 5}gg\ . a]/f]huf/L g]kfnL >ldsx?n] ;/sf/L cg'udgsf] sdL /
;a}eGbf a9L g]kfnL d]gkfj/ sDkgLx?sf] cj:yf k|lt:kwf{sf sf/0f xjfO{ l6s6 / ;]jf ;'Ns ;d]t /f]huf/
sDkgLx?n] lbP/ l;Q}df stf/ Nofpg'kg]{ g]kfnL sfdbf/x?n] cfPsf] @ jif{;Dd klg C0f r'Stf ug{ g;Sg]
u/L /sd vr{ ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt 5 . g]kfnL d]gkfj/ sDkgLx?n] pN6} oxfFsf sDkgLx?nfO{ pN6} sldzg lbg'
/ To;sf] af]em sfdbf/nfO{ yf]kfg'{ oxfFsf] >d sfg'gLdf u}/ sfg'gL elgP klg ;f] sf] lg/Gt/tfsf sf/0fn]
g} oL ;d:ofx? bf]xf]/L/x]sf 5g\ . csf]{ s'/f g]kfn stf/ >d ;+emf}tfdf w]/} s'/fx? ck"0f{ 5g. Gf]kfnL
sfdbf/sf] ;'/Iff k"0f{ ?kdf ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g\ . dlbn sfdbf/sf] af/]df >d;D+emf}tf df}g 5 .
— >d ;+Demf}tfdf cbIf sfdbf/sf] Go"gtd dfl;s tnj slDtdf !&% cg] 8n/ a/fa/ tf]lsg'sf] ;fy}
a:g],vfg],cf}iflwkrf/ vr{ /f]huf/bftfn] Aoxf]g'{ kg]{ Aoj:yf ul/g' kg]{ .
— Go"gtd @! lbgsf] tnjL labf,b'O{ aif{sf] Ps Ps k6s cfpg] hfg] xjfO{ l6s6,leiff vr{ ;DjlGwt
/f]huf/bftfn] Aoxf]g]{ :ki6 Joj:yf >d ;+emf}tfdf ul/g' cfj:os b]lvG5 .
— d]gkfj/ sDkgL tyf stf/sf /f]huf/bftf sDkgLx?n] leiff nufpg ljljw ljifox?df >d P]g labor
law sf] kfngf u/] gu/]sf] cg'udg ug]{ / gu/]df cfyL{s sf/jfxL ug{ aoj:yf ug]{ .

ª_ sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] Aoj:yf M

ladf/ x'g],b"3{6gfdf kl/ 3fO{t] xg] csfn d[To'j/0f ug]{,cflb dfgjLo ;d:ofx?klg
lbgfg'lbg df}nfpb} 5g\ . ;DjlGwt sDkgLdf gk'Ub} g} cnkq x'g] jf sdkgL cfj:os ;xof]u gk'¥ofpFbf
jf sDkgLaf6 efuL cnkq x'g] jf sDkgLn] cfj:os ;xof]u gk'¥ofpbf jf sDkgLaf6 efu]sf] AolQm ladf/
x'g],xftd'v ;Dd hf]8\g wf} wf} kg]{ d"n's kms{g l6s6 ;Dd dfq x'g], sf/0fjzM d[To'x'bf nf; g]kfn
kmsf{pg g;Sg] cflb ;d:ofx? HjnGt ?kdf p7\b5g\ . l6s6sf] cefjdf ;fdfGo ck/fwsf] sf/0fn] h]n
k/]sf sof} g]kfnL 3/ kmls{g ;ls/fv]sf 5}gg\ . stf/sf ljleGg o:tf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu
;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] u}/ cfj;Lo g]kfnL ;+3 bf]xf RofK6/n] sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] lyof] t/
140
g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] c;xof]usf sf/0fn] clxn] s'g} k|of]hgxLg ag]sf] 5 . nfvf} ?k}of hDdf e} ;s]sf]
sNof0fsf/L sf]ifnfO{ g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] ;xof]u ug{' cfkm}df nfhdbf]{ ljifo xf] / dfgjtf lj/f]w sfd xf] .
g]kfnsf] nf]sqflGqs ;/sf/sf] wAaf p8fpg] sfd g]kfnL b'tfjf;n] u/]sf] 5 . stf/sf] b'tjf;n] ubf{ sof}
g]kfnLx? h]ndf ;8]/ a;L /xg' k/]sf] oyfy{tf 3fd hlQs} 5nË 5 .

r_ ;x'lnot C0fsf] Aoj:yf M—

stf/df j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf cfpg] g]kfnLx?nfO{ ;lhn}k};f sdfpg] cfzfdf jf:tfljs /sd eGbf
sof} u'0ff a9L /sdlt/L cfPsf x'G5g\ . pgLx?n] c;+uli7t If]qaf6 dflg; # k|ltzt b]lv % k|lt;t;Dd
Aofhb/df shf{ lnO{ b'O{ jif{ cjlwsf nflu stf/ cfpFg s/La Psnfv g]kfnL ?k}of ;Dd vr{ u/]sf x'G5g\
. o;/L lnPsf] shf{sf] ;fjf,Aofh d'Qmsf nflu dfq klg xfn x'g] ;fdfGo g]kfnLsf] sdfO{n] @ jif{ eGbf
a9L;do nfUg] ub{5 . o;/L >dsf] 7"nf] c+z ;ffjf,Aofh e'QfgLdf g} l;l¢G5 . csf]{ lt/ k"g :t/sf
AolQmx?nfO{ ;fx'x?n] klg shf{sf] nflu gkTofpg] x'gfn] pgLx? j}b]lzs /f]hufl/af6} ljd"v x'g' kl//x]sf] 5
. g]kfn ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] lznlznfdf ljb]zhfg] g]kfnLx?nfO{ ;'ne Aohb/df C0f pknJw
u/fpFg /f]huf/ a}sx? :yfkgf ug]{ h:tf ;s/fTds sbdx? Rfn]sf] b]lvPtfklg o;df klg ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
kx'Fr k'Ug g;s]sf] b]lvG5 .

5_ ladfsf] clgjfo{ Aoj:yf M—

stf/sf] u/d xfjfkfgL, ;'/Iff ;DjlGw Go"g hfgsf/L,c:j:y jf;:yfg,dfgl;s tgfj,cflbsf
sf/0fn] w]/} g]kfnLx? sfdbf/sf] csfndf d[To' x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))& df dfq} !%$ hgf g]kfnLsf]
csfndf d[To' ePsf] lyof] . oxfF x'g] s'n d[To' b/sf] ^) k|lt;t Cardio Respirator Arrest / HertAttack
af6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . csfn d[To'b/ lbgk|ltlbg a9\b} 5 . stf/df g]kfnaf6 d[tssf] kl/jf/nfO{ efu
xf]Og,/fi6«nfO{ g} 7"nf] cfly{s tyf dfgjLo Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . stf/df sfdbf/sf nflu b'3{6gf ladf
Aoj:yf u/]sf] ePtfklg k|fs[lts d[Tosf nflu s'g} lsl;dsf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] kfO{b}g . clwsf+z stf/df d[To'
j/0f ug]{ g]kfnLx?sf] d[To'nfO{ k|fs[lts ?kdf lnOG5, h;n] ubf{ cfl>t kl/jf/n] s'g} /fxft kfpb}gg\ .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg ljb]zdf /f]huf/df hfg]x?nfO{ clgjfo{ hLjg ladfsf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] b]lvGg .
;fdfGotfM stf/ nufPtsf vf8L /fi6«df sfdbf/sf] ?kdf k|j]z ug]{ g]kfnLn] @ jf # jif{sf] stf/
cjlwsf sfd ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf Aofltmx? Kflxnf] k6s tLg dlxg] cg'dlt leiffdf k|j]z u/]tfklg b'O{
jf tLg jif{sf] stf/ cjlw ;dfKt ul/ sfo{/t sDkgLaf6 g]kfn kms{g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;y{ g]kfnaf6
stf/ nufotsf cGo sfo{/t d"n's hfg'k"j{ k'/f k'/fug'{ kg]{ < d :jLs[lt nufPtsf cg'dltx? Kf|bfg ug]{
s|ddf ;DjlGwt lgsfo dfkm{t cfj:os a'emfO{ s/f/ cjlwsfnflu hLjg ladf ul/sf] k|df0f k]z u/]kl5
dfq cGo :jLs[ltlbg] Aoj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . labfdf uO{ sfo{/t d"n's kmls{g] s|ddf ;d]t lghn] k"g @ jif{ -
sfof{jlwe/ _ sf nflu pQm hLjg ladfsf] clgjfo{ gljs/0f ug]{ aoj:yf x'g'kb{5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf
stf/ jf cGo d"n'sdf uPsf] AolQmsf] cfl>t kl/jf/sf] ;+Defljt cfly{s ef/nfO{ Vofn /fvL sfdbf/sf]
hLjg ljdfsf] ladf]s ? !) nfv ul/g'kb{5 . ;fy} lghsf] d[To' ePdf d[tssf] nfz d"n's k7fpg nfUg]
vr{ / p;sf] s/f/ cjlwe/df tnajf6 k|fKt x'g] ;Defljt cfly{s nfenfO{ klg ;s]6]sf] x'g'kb{5 . o;/L
ladfubf{ ;a} k|sf/sf] b'3{6gf,b'Mv ljdf/ tyf ;fdfGo d[To'sf] 36gfnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]sf] x'g'kb{5 . of] ladf
Aoj:yf ;/n,;xh x'g'kb{5 .

141
h_ b"tfjf;Lo ;]jf M
;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf /x]sf] b"tfjf;af6 stf/df so[/t g]kfnLx?n] w]/} ;xof]usf] ck]Iff
ub{5g . sd k'm;{b,gf}nf] efiff sd tnj tyf sd cg'ejsf sf/0fn] stf/sf g]kfnLn] To:tf] ck]Iff ug'{
:jfefljs} klg xf] . /fxbfgL gljs/0f dfq xf]Og,le;f k|df0fLs/0f nufPt k'ln;,cWofudg,cbfnt,c:ktfn
cflbdf cfO[kg]{ em+em6Lnf sfo[x?df b'tfjf;sf] k|efjsf/L ;]jf gx'gfn] g} w]/} g]kfnLx?n] k|fKt sfg'gL tyf
cgo ;'ljwfx?af6 al~rt x'g'k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] :ki6 gLlt tyf lgodsf sf/0fn] ubf{ clwsf+z
g]kfnL 7lug],cnkqdf kg]{ s|d a8\b} 5 . stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLn] b'tfjf;af6 afa'sf] h:tf] dfof / cfdfsf]
h:tf] ddtfsf] ck]Iff u/]sf x'G5g\ . b'Mvsf],cK7\of/f]sf],ef/ la;fpg] rf}tf/L 7fg]sf x'G5g\ . t/ pgLx?sf]
efjfgfdfly b'tfjf;n] t';f/f] kfl/lbG5 . g]kfnL b'tjf;sf] dxTj bf]xfsf] s'g} s'gfdf lrof k;n yfk]/ j;]sf]
j+ufnLnfO{ ;f]w] yfxf x'G5 .
g]kfnL b'tfjf;nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g} of] xljutdf NofO{ k'¥ofPsf] xf] . b'tfjf;sf] ;]jfnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg b'tfjf;nfO{ >f]t / ;fwg ;DkGg agfpg' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . tLg nfv g]kfnL /x]sf]
7fpdf tLghgf sd{rf/L /fv]/ /fHon] g} stf/jf;L g]kfnLnfO{ ckdfg u/]sf] 5 . ;ldt sd{rf/Laf6
lbgfg'lbg al9/x]sf] ;d:ofx?sf] ˆnf]ck x'g;Sg] x'gfn] k'ln;,cWofudg,cbfnt,c:ktfn / sDkgLx?df hfg
>d ;xrf/L OsfO{sf] clgjfo{ Aofj:Yff ul/g' kb{5 . Demand leter, Power of Attorney / Contral
Agereement x? stf/sf] >d ljefujf6 k|dfl0fs/0f ug]{ b'tfjf;af6 clgjfo{ k|dfl0fs/0fsf] Aofj:yf
ul/g' kb{5 . b'tfjf;af6 k|dfl0fs/0f x'g' eGbf klxn] clgjfo{ ?kdf sDkgLx?sf] ;'ljwfx?sf] lgl/If0f
ug]{,Joj:yf / sfdbf/x?;+u e]l6 ;]jf / zt{x? a'emL lg/LIf0fsf] l/kf]{6 b'tfjf;df /fVg] / ;f]xL l/kf]{6sf]
cfwf/df k|dfl0fs/0f ug]{ ul/g' kb{5 . stf/df c/aL efiffdf dfq} n]vfkl9 / sfdsf/jfxL x'g] x'bf
cbfnt,>d sfo{no,k'ln;,sDkgL cflb 7fFpx?df c/aL n]Vg] / af]Ng] dflg;sf] cfj:ostf kg]{ x'gfn] c/aL
efiffsf] 1fg ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

em_ nufgL ;DjlGw Aoj:yf M—

stf/ nufot vf8L /fi6«x?df sfdug]{ g]kfnLsf] sdfO{ cGo ljslzt d"n'sdf eGbf sd 5 .
pgLx?sf] sdfO{ s]jn shf{ ltg]{,hDdf vl/b ug{,3/ lgdf{0f ug{ / 3/fo;L sfd sfhdf g} vr{ x'G5 . o;/L
cg'Tkfbs bf]u'gf nuflg ePsf sf/0fn] sfdaf6 kms]{ kl5 cfDbflg >f]t gx'g'sf sf/0fn] plgx?sf] hLag
:t/ v:sg k'Ub5 . csf]{ lt/ plgx?n] k|fKt u/]sf] 1fg , l;k / k|flawL klg s'g} /rfgfTds sfddf nfUg
g;ls wf/f;foL sfd sfhdf g} Aoltt x'g uO{ AofQmL tyf /fi6«nfO{ gf]S;fg k'lu/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] stf/
nufotsf vfl8 If]qsf g]kfnLx?n] ;fgf] nuflgnfO{ ;'/lIft 9+un] :js[tL ul/ nuflg nufpg, u/fpg
cfj:os aftfa/0f ;"hgf ug{ gful/s nuflg sf]if h:t} s'g} laz]if sfo{s|d dfkm{t nuflg k|aflxt ug]{
aftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] 7f]; lglt tyf sfo{s|d Nofpg' kb{5 . sDkgLx?sf] ;]o/ lalqmsf]
s|ddf k|afl; g]kfnLx?nfO{ lg:rLt sf]6fsf] Aofj:yf ug]{ / k|aflz g]kfln 2f/f NRN BANK sf] :yfkgf u/L
To; dfkm{t ljleGg pTkfbg d"ns If]qdf nufgL ug'{ kb{5 .

`_ eG;f/tyf cGo ;'ljwfx? M—

stf/sf g]kfnLx? :jb]z kms{g] s|ddf cfk'mn] k|of]u ul//x]sf jf 3/fo;L k|of]usf nflu
;fdfgx? NofpFbf eG;f/df w]/} emGem6x? Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] 5 . k|jf;L g]kfnLnfO{ eG;f/ ;DjlGw :ki6 hfgsf/L
gx'g' tyf pgLx?sf] :k:6 kl/ro emlNsg] s'g} k|df0f gx'g' eG;f/sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] klg 7Ug] k|a[lt cflb
sf/0fn] o;f] ePsf] . vfl8 If]qdf sf{o/t g]kfnLx?n] /fi6«Lo cy{tGqdf dxTjk'0f{ of]ubfg k'/of{P klg
plgx?n] /fi6« af6 eG;f/ a}lÍu cflbdf vf;} ;'lawf kfPsf] 5}g .

142
 j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g @)^$
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Aoj;fonfO{ k|a4g ub} ;f] Aoj;fonfO{ ;'/lIft Jojl:yt / dof{lbt agfpg
tyf a}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] sfdbf/ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Aoj;foLsf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{sf] nflu z}b]lzs
/f]huf/ ;DjlGwt sfg"gnfO{ ;+;f]wg / PsLs/0f ug{ jf~5gLo ePsfn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] Aoj:yflksf ;+;bn]
of] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DjlGw sfg"gnfO{ ;+;f]wg / PsLs/0f ug{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g @)^$ :yfkgf u/]sf] 5
u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/sf] k"j{:jLs[lt / sfdbf/ 5gf}6 ;DjlGw Joj:yf o;
k|sf/ u/]sf] 5 .

!$ k"j{ :jLs[lt lng'kg]{

S_ /f]huf/bftf ;+:yfsf] gfd,7]ufgf / sfdbf/ k7fpg] d'n's,
V_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] lsl;d
u_ sfdbf/sf] lsl;d / ;Vof
3_ sfdbf/n] kfpg] tnj ;'ljwf / labf
ª_ sfdbf/n] sfd ug' kg]{ lbg / ;do
r_ j}b]lzs/f]huf/df hfg] d'n'ssf] cflwsfl/s lgsfo jf s'6g}lts lgof]u jf >d ;xrf/L jf r]Dj/ ckm
sd;{ jf gf]6/L klJnsaf6 k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] dfukq / clVtof/gfdsf] ;Ssn k|lt
5_ /f]huf/bftf ;+:yf / sfdbf/aLr x'g] s/f/sf] k|ltlnlk
h_ tf]lsP adf]lhd cGo s'/fx?
pkbkmf adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] lgj]bg hfFra'em ubf{ Ohfhtkqsf] dfu pko'Qm b]lvPdf lgj]bg
lbPsf] ldltn] rf/ lbgleq ljefun] j}b]lzs /f]huf/df g]kfnL sfdbf/ k7fpg] sf/afxL z'? ug{ k"j{ :jLs[lt
lbg]5 .
— pkbkmf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg b]xfosf] cj:yfdf ljefun] sfdbf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k"j{
:jLs[lt lbg] 5}g\ .
s_ /f]huf/bftf ;+:yfn] dfu u/]sf] sfdbf/sf] of]Uotfsf] cg'kftdf ;]jf zt{ tyf ;'ljwf ;Gtf]ifhgs
gePdf .
v_ k|:tfljs j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sfdbf/sf] dof{bf,k|lti7f jf :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ lsl;dsf] b]lvPdf .
u_ ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n] cg'ko'Qm b]lvPdf
3_ tf]lsP adf]lhd cGo cj:yf b]lvPdf .
$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd k"j{ :jLs[lt glbg] lg0f{o u/]df ;f]sf] sf/0f v'nfO{ OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'
kg]{5 .

!%_ lj1fkg k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{

S_ bkmf !$ adf]lhd :jLs[lt k|fKt ePkl5 O{hfhtkqjfnfn] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f v'Ng] ul/ sfdbf/
5gf}6 ug{ g]kfnL efiffdf k|sfzg x'g] s'g} /fli6«o:t/sf] b}lgs klqsfdf sDtLdf ;ft lbgsf] Dofb lbO{
lj1fkg k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{5 .
v_ pkbkmf _!_ adf]lhd k|sflzt lj1fkgsf] ;"rgf ;DalGw Ohfhtkqjfnfn] cfˆgf] sfo{nosf] ;"rgf
kf6Ldf 6fF;u/L ;f] ;"rgfsf] ps k|lt ;f]xL lbg ljefu ;dIf ;d]t k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lj1fkg k|sfzg ePkl5 j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg rfxg] JolQmn] tf]lsPsf] ljj/0f
;+nUg u/L Ohfhtkqjfnf ;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .

!^_ sfdbf/ 5gf}6u/L ;"rL tof/ ug'{ kg]{ s_ bkmf !% sf] pkbkmf # adf]lhd lgj]bs k|fKt ePkl5 dfu eO{
;f]sf] sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ lgj]bssf] of]Uotf tyf cg'ej / tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cGo s'/fsf cfwf/df
143
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] sfdbf/sf] 5gf}6 u/L 5gf}6 ePsf JolQmsf] ;"lr tof/ u/L To:tf] ;"lr Ohfhtkqjfnfsf]
sfo{nosf] ljefu ;Dd k]z ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd sfdbf/sf] ;"rL tof/ ubf{ s'g} clgoldttf ePsf] egL ljefu ;dIf s;}sf] ph'/L
kg{ cfPdf jf ljefu cfkm}nfO{ s'g} tj/jf6 hfgsf/L x'g cfPdf ;f] ;DjGwdf ljefun] tTsfn cfj:os
5fgjLg ug{ ;Sg] / To;/L 5fgjLg ubf{ ph'/L lgj]bs cg';f/ s'g} clgoldttf ePsf] b]lvPdf ljefun]
sfdbf/ 5gf}6 ;DalGw ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ tTsfn /f]Sg] cfb]z lbg]5 .

!& _ /fxbfgL ljb]z n}hfg :jLs[lt lng' kg]{ .

s_ bkmf !^ adf]lhd j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg 5gf}6 ePsf JolQmsf] /fxbfgL k|j]zf1fsf] nflu g]kfn aflx/
nfg' kg]{ ePdf ljefnsf] :jLs[lt lng' kg]{5 .

!*_ :jLs[ltsf] lg:;f -l:6s/_ ;DaGwL Joj:yf M !_ Ohfhtkqjfnn] bkmf !^ adf]lhd 5gf}6 ePsf
sfdbf/sf] k|j]iff1f k|fKt ePkl5 To:tf sfdbf/nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg cl3 b]xfosf ljj/0f ;+nUg
u/L >d :jLs[ltsf] lg:;f -l:6s/_ sf] nflu ljefu ;dIf n]lv k7fpg] 5 .
s_ s'g} sfdsf]nflu ;Lkd'ns tflnd cfjZos kg]{ To:tf] tflnd lnPsf] k|df0fkq / cled'vLs/0f
tflndsf] k|df0fkq
v_ lg/f]uLtfsf] k|df0fkq
u_ jLdf u/]sf] k|df0fkq
3_ Ohfhtkqjfnf / sfdbf/ aLr ePsf] s/f/
ª_ /f]huf/bftf ;+:yf / sfdbf/ aLr ePsf] s/f/
r_ sfdbf/n] OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{ lt/]sf] /sdsf] /l;b jf a}Íef}r/
5_ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf cGo s'/fx?
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k]z ePsf] ljj/0f hfFrj'em ubf{ bkmf !$ adf]lhd k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f;+u b'?:t
b]lvPdf ljefun] tLg lbgleq To:tf sfdbf/sf] /fxbfgLdf >d :jLs[ltsf] lg:;f - l:6s/_ nufO{ lbg]5 .

-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd pknAw u/fO{Psf] hfgsf/L bkmf !$ adf]lhd k]z u/]sf] ljj/0f;+u km/s b]lvPdf
ljefun] j}b]lzs /f]huf/df sfdbf/ k7fpg OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{ /f]s nufpg ;Sg] / To;/L /f]s nufpg' kg]{
sf/0f ;lxtsf] hfgsf/L OhfhtkqjfnfnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .

!(_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg]

-!_bkmf !* adf]lhd hfgsf/L lbO{ ;s]kl5 Ohfhtkqjfnfn] ;DalGwt d'n'sdf k|j]z ug]{ cjlw ls6fg
ePsf]df ;f] cjlwleq / cjlw ls6f gePsf]df tLg dlxgfleq ;DalGwt sfdbf/nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df
k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq sfdbf/nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg g;s]df ;DalGwt
Ohfhtkqjfnfn] ;DalGwt sfdbf/af6 a'lemlnPsf] /sd / ;f] /sddf jflif{s aL; k|ltztn] x'g] Aofhsf]
/sd ;d]t hf]8L tL; lbgleq lkmtf{ ug'{ kg]{5 .
t/ k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO{ lj1fkg u/]eGbf km/s zt{sf] sf/0fn] sfdbf/n] hfg OGsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf
k|j]zf1fz'Ns s§f ug{ kfO{g] 5}g\ .

@)_ JolQmut ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg ;Sg] M

-!_ s'g} JolQm j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] lgldQ JoflQmut ?kdf ljb]z hfg rfx]df b]xfosf s'/fx? v'nfO{ ljefu
;dIf :jLs[ltsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .
144
S_ /f]huf/sf] nflu hfg rfx]sf] d'n's
V_ ljb]zdf ug'{ kg]{ sfdsf] k|s[lt
u_ /f]huf/bftf ;+:yfn] lbPsf] :jLs[ltkq
3_ /f]huf/sf zt{ tyf ;'ljwf ;ki6 pnn]v ePsf] ;Demf}tfkq
ª_ cled'vLs/0f tflnd k|fKt u/]sf] k|df0fkq
r_ lg/f]uLtfsf] k|df0fkq
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 ljefun] cfj:os hfFra'em ubf{ lgj]bssf] dfu pko'Qm
b]lvPdf lgj]bsnfO{ /f]huf/sf nflu ljb]z hfg] :jLs[lt lbg]5 / To;/L :jLs[lt lb+bf ljefun] aLdf u/]sf]
k|df0f k]z ug{ nufpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ o; bkmfdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg s'g} klg Ohfhtkqjfnfn] JolQut ?kdf sfdbf/ k7fpg
kfpg] 5}g .
@@_ :jb]zL ljdfg:yn k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ .
-!_ Ohfhtkqjfnfn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] nflu sfdbf/ k7fpFbf :jb]zL ljdfg:yn k|of]u u/L k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd :jb]zL ljdfg:ynaf6 sfdbf/ k7fpg xjfO{ hxfhsf] l6st pknAw gePsf] h:tf
sf/0f b]vfO{ ljb]zL ljdfg:yn k|of]u u/L sfdbf/ k7fpg k/]df ljefusf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ljefusf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ljb]zL ljdfg:yn k|of]u ug{ g]kfnaflx/ hfFbf k|:yfg
ljGb'sf] cWofudg sfo{nodf tf]lsP adf]lhd btf{ u/fpg' kg]{5 .

@#_ Go"gtd kfl/>lds tf]Sg ;Sg] M

g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] sfdbf/n] kfpg] Go"gtd
kfl/>lds tf]Sg ;Sg]5 ,
@$_ ;]jf z'Ns tyf k|j¢{g vr{ M
-!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} d'n's jf sDkgLsf] nflu k|lt sfdbf/ ;]jf z'Ns k|j{¢g rfh{;lxt ;+:yfn] lng
kfpg] /sdsf] clwstd xb tf]Sg]5 .
-@_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu 5gf}6 ePsf] sfdbf/sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] d'n'saf6 k|j]iff1f k|fKt ePsf]
hfgsf/L Ohfhtjfnfn] lbP kl5 lghn] s/f/ adf]lhdsf] /sd Ohfhtjfnfsf] sfof{nodf jf a}s vftfdf
hDdf ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd Ohfhtjfnfsf] sfof{nodf /sd hDdf u/]sf] ;f]sf] e/kfO{ sfdbf/nfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M
o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|j¢{g vr{ eGgfn] Ohfhtjfnfn] sfdbf/jfnfO{ /f]huf/Ldf k7fFpbf
nfUg] k|j]iff1f z'Ns / sfdbf/sf] sf]6f pknAw u/fpFbf :jb]z tfy ljb]zdf ePsf] vr{nfO{ hgfp+5
@%_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] s/f/ ug'{ kg]{ M
-!_ /f]huf/bftf ;+:yf jf lghsf] k|ltlglw / sfdbf/ tyf Ohfhtjfnf / sfdbf/ aLr j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf
nflu k|:yfg ug'{ cl3 /f]huf/sf ;]jf,zt{ tyf b'j} kIfn] kfngf ug'{ kg]{ zt{ / sfdbf/n] kfpg]
kfl/>ldssf] ;DaGwdf sfdbf/nfO{ :ki6;+u s/f/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ Ohfhtjfnfn] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s/f/ g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb u/L b'O{ k|lt ljefu;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5
/ To:tf] s/f/sf] k|lt .

145
 g]kfnsf] ljsfzdf stf/af;L g]kfnLsf] of]ubfg
s'g} klg /fHon] cfˆgf gful/ssf] ;Lk / bIftfsf] cfwf/df pgLx?nfO{ sfd lbO{ ;fdfGo uf;,af;
/ skf;sf] Aoj:yf ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj dflgG5 t/ xfdL sxfF b'{efUo s] eOlbof] eg] /fHon] slxNo} cfkm\gf
gful/s k|lt pQ/bfoL k'0f{ Aojxf/ u/]g . O{ltxf;n] k|df0fLt ul/;s]sf] 5 ls g]kfnL hgtf ;w} lt/ eP .
cfk\mg} cfugdf c6fpg ;s]gg\ . /fHon] >d ug]{sf] >d lsGg ;s]g, cfKMg} df6f] hf]tL kl/jf/ wfGg]nfO{
/fHon] hf]Tg} lbof] g t /fHon] gful/ssf AoflStx?sf] z'/Iffsf] Uof/l]G6 g} ug{ ;Sof] . lbg/ft >d u/]/
laxfg a]n'lssf] r'Nxf] aNg] kl/jf/ ;Dd xfd|f] /fHo slxNo} k'Ug ;s]g . km'6kmf6 / u'6uf6df d:t ePsf
xfd|f /fhg}lts bnx? ;Qf / zlStsf] kmf]xf]l/ lu4] v]ndf /dfO/x] . g]kfnsf ufp ufpdf a]/f]hufl/ plAhg
yfn] / clgsfn k:g yfNof] . l;dfGt hgtfsf hLag ´g ´g s:6k|b x'b} uO/x]sf 5g / afWo yP/
g]kfnLx? sfd ,bfd / dfd vf]Hg laleGg x}l;otdf lab]l;g afWo eP . o;l/ lab]lzg] g]kfnLx? lbg
k|ltlbg a9\b} 5g . stf/s} s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] ;/b/ % xhf/ ;kgfaf]ls g]kfnLx? k|lt dlxgf lelqg] tYofÍ
5.
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljZjsf] s'gf–s'gfdf olt g} g]kfnL 5g\ . eg]/ eGg ;lsg] ljZjfl;nf]
cfwf/ g} /fHo;+u 5}g . ef/tdf dfq $) nfv g]kfnL ljleGg x}l;otdf afr]sf] tWof+sx? ;fj{hlgs
gePsf xf]O{gg\ . vf8Ldf dfq !) nfv eGbf jl9 g]kfnL /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . e"uf]nsf] ;fgf]
s"gf] stf/df dfq nueu # nfv g]kfnL /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . stf/df /x]sf g]kfnLx? ljleGg k];fdf
;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF clws+z g]kfnL >ldssf ?kdf /x]sf5g\ . oxfF bIf, cw{bIf / cbIf u/L tLg
k|sf/sf g]kfnL sfdbf/ /x]sf 5g\ . ljz]ift stf/df l;sdL{, 8sdL{, gsdL{, 8«fO{e/, nf]8/, d]sflgsn,
KnDa/, Onf]S6«f]lgsn, s|]g ck/]6/, jfrDofg, ;e]{o/ cf]e/l;o/, sDk'6/ ck/]6/, Sn/s, PsfpG6]g,
OlGhlgo/, g;{, 8fS6/, sDKo'6/ ljz]o1, xf]6n Dofg]hd]G6, n]vfkl/Ifs, nufotsf e]l6G5g\ . To;}u/L
stf/df ljleGg :yfgdf ;'/Iff uf8{x? ljdfg kl/rfl/sf, ljdfg Aoj:yfks, sDkgLsf k|jGws tyf k|zf;s
;Dd g]kfnLsf] kx'r b]lvG5 . sDtLdf klg kfFr;o stf/L l/ofn b]lv dlxgfdf bh{gf} l/ofn;Dd sdfpg]
g]kfnL stf/df 5g\ . ;j{k|yd t tLg nfv j]/f]huf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] kfNg' k/]g . lo tLg nfv
g]kfnL;+u cfl>t kl/jf/x? kSs} klg cfly{s ?kdf ;jn aGb} uPsf 5g\ . ;fdflhs k|lti7f cfh{g ub}}{
uPsf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] logLx?sf] af/]df ;f]Rg';Dd k/]sf] 5}g . stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLx?n] aif]{gL c/af}
/]ld6]G; d"n's leq\ofPsf 5g\ . 4Gbn] cfs|fGt ag]/ w/f;foL ag]sf] g]kfnsf] cy{tGq g} olx k|jf;Lsf]
/]ld6]G;n] wfg]sf]df s;}sf] b'O{dt 5}g\ . /fli6«o cy{ tGqnfO{ k|f0f eg]{ sfd stf/ nufPt cGo /fi6«x?df
a:g] k|jf;Lx?n] ub]}{ cfO{/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]q o;}df nfeflGbt 5 . j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ln] ubf{ xfd|f] JolQut cfly{s cj:yf klg ;'l¢0f aGb} uPsf] 5 . ufFpsf e'mkl8x? cfly{s ?kdf
alnof x'b} uPsf 5g\ . k':Tf}nL ;b}{ hfg] C0fsf] cg'kft 36\bf] 5 . g]kfnLsf] hg hLjg la:tf/} pGgt x'b}
5 . AolQm wlg x'g' eg]sf] /fHo wgLx'g' xf] . s'g} g s'g} ?kn] ljb]z guPsf kl/jf/ ;fob s'g} gxf]nf .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf kl/jf/sf] t'ngfTds ?kdf hLjg ;'vb / ;d[¢ aGb}{ uPsf] xfd|} ufpF,;dfhdf
k|;:t e]l6G5g\ . h'g /fi6«sf] nflu /fd|f] dflgG5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf stf/ k;]sf g]kfnLx?n] sdfPsf] ;Dk"0f{ sdfO{ c;+ul7t If]qdf dfq} vr{ x'b}g\
. 3/fo;L sfdsfh rnfPg eljiosf] nflu ;d]t art ug'{ k5{ eGg] efjgfsf] ljsfz e} ;s]sf] 5 . cem}
stf/df sfo{/t @ bh{g eGbf al9 a}s tyf lalQ ;+:yfx?n] cg'Tkfbg If]qdf vr{ eO{/x]sf] k"lh ;+ul7t x'b}
s'g} pTkfbgzLn >ddf lelqg yfn]sf] 5 . stf/sf] sdfOn] g} cfˆgf ufFp,7fpdf n3' pBd ;+rfng u/]/
/fi6«sf] nflu of]ubfg ug]{x? klg k|;:t} 5g\ . stf/ s} sdfOn] /fhosf] 7"nf–7"nf kl/of]hgfx?df ;d]t
nufgL ug{ ;Sg] k|z:t} eO{ ;s]sf 5g . d"ntM stf/sf g]kfnLn]] lzIff,:jf:y,ljw't,lalQo ;+:yf nufPtdf
nufgL u/]sf] kfOG5 . h;n]ubf{ ljb]zL nufgL :jb]zdf lelqg] dfq xf]Og, laleGg /f]huf/sf cj;/x? ;d]t
146
;[hgf x'g hfG5 . stf/df cfˆg} Aoj;fo ;~rfng u/L cGt/fli6«o ?kdf :yflkt e} ;s]sfx? k|;:t 5g .
pgLx?nfO{ b]z leq\ofP/ pgLx?sf] ;Lk,bIftf / cg'ej ;+u} pgLx? dfkm{t ljb]zL nufgL :jb]z leq\ofpg
cg's'n aftj/0f aG5 . stf/ s} ufp,;dfhsf ul/j kl/jf/x? cfly{s ?kdf ;'/lIft / ;fdfhLs ?kdf
;Ddflgt x'b} uPsf 5g\ . cfly{s ?kdf kl/jf/nfO{ ;'/lIft x'G5g\ . Tof] l;Ëf] /fi6« g} ;'/lIft x'G5.
g]kfnaf6 stf/ k:g] a]nfdf clwsf+z g]kfnL xftdf l;k gePsf cbIf x'G5g\ . k|lt:kwf{ds ljZj
>d ahf/df pRr cf}hf/ / k|ljlw;+u 3'nldn x'b} $,% jzGt ljtfpbf cfTdfljZjf;L Pjd\ cg'ejL bIf
ag]/ g]kfn lelqG5g\ . plgx?;+u ljZj >d ahf/df lelqPsf kl5Nnf k|ljlwx?,cg'ejx?,sfd ug{
cf}hf/x?sf] ;Lk bIftf;+u} g]kfn lelqG5 . cfh ljZjdf k|ljlw ult dx+Ëf] 5 ls h'g g]kfnsf] kx'reGbf
xhf/f} sf]if 6f9fsf] laifo aG5 t/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dfkm{t g]kfn ;/sf/n] o:tf k|ljlwx? lgz'Ns leqofpFb}
5 . cbIf cfˆgf gful/snfO{ ljgf nufgL bIf kfFpb}5 . stf/df $,% jif{ sfdug]{ ;a} g]kfnLnfO{ k'luxfNb}g
. stf/sf] a;fO{df l;s]sf] cg'ej / ;Lk p;n] cfˆg} cfFugdf nufFp5 . cfˆg} df6f]df p;n] cfˆgf] ;Lk
/f]K5 . kSs}klg p;sf] cfTdljZjf;n] 7]; vfFb}g\ . :j+o p;sf] kl/jf/ / /fi6«nfO{ p;n] dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg
k'¥ofpF5 . bIf hgzlQ s'g} klg /fi6«sf] ljsfzsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf kl5Nnf
k|ljlwx?klg stf/af6 g]kfn lelqPsf 5g\ . stf/sf] ljslzt >d ahf/sf ljleGg sfd ug]{ cg'ejx?
b]zn] l;Q}df cfpb}g . h'g g]kfnsf] ljsfzsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . stf/df sfd u/]/ kms]{sf
g]kfnLx?nfO{ ;+ul7t u/]/ pgLx?n] k|fKt u/]sf cg'ej,1fg,;Lk / k|ljlwnfO{ /fHon] ;lx 9+un] kl/rfng ug{
;Sg] xf] eg] ul/a /fi6«x? dWo]df ul/a /fi6«sf] ?kdf ljZjdfg lrqdf ;";lHt xfd|f] zfg 36\b} hfg] lyof] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] ubf{ xfd|f] b]zsf j}s tyf lalQo ;+:yfx? cfly{s ?kn] dhj't eO/x]sf 5g\ .
c;+ul7t If]qdf 5l/Psf] ?k}of nfO{ g]kfn leq\ofpg] / ljleGg pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf nufgL ug]{ aftfj/0f
logLx?n] ;[hgf ub}{5g\ . g]kfnsf a}sx?n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu nf]g k|jfx ug]{ dfq geP/ pgLx?sf]
b'vn] sdfPsf] ?k}ofnfO{ ;lx 7fpFdf ;b'kof]u ug{ :ki6 gLltklg cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . b]fxfdf a9\bf] a}s tyf
ljlQo If]qx?n] / b]z aflx/ ;d]t /]ld6]G; leqofpg s'lb/x]sf x'gfn] /f]hufl/sf yk cj;/x? klg ;[hgf
x'b} 5g\ . j}lsË If]qsf] j[l¢x'g' b]zsf] cfly{s kIf ;jnx'g' xf] . j}sx?n] ljb]z df sdfbf/sf ?kdf sfo{/t
/x]sf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;d]t n3' pBf]u ;~rfngsf] nflu nf}g k|jfx ub{5g . h;n] ubf{ u|fdL0f kl/jf/x? ;d]t
:jfnDjg aGb} uO/x]sf 5g\ . o;af6 j}s tyf kl/jf/ b'j}nfO{ kmfO{bf k'Ug hfG5 . cg'Tkfbs If]qdf v]/
uO{/x]sf] >dsf] k|of]u eO{ k"lh lgdf0f{ x'g' /fi6«sf] nflu ;s/fTds kIf xf] . j}b]lzs /f]hufl/n] ubf{ Pp6f
;fdfGo gful/ssf] 5f]/fn] ljZjsf] s'gf–s'gfsf] e|d0f ug{ kfPsf] 5 . leGg
;+:sf/,/xg,;xg,xfjfkfgL,snf,;f+:s[lt,;flxTo,efiff,wd{,/Lltl/jfh,k/Dk/fcflbsf] af/]df hfGg] / cfˆgf]
;+:s[ltnfO{ ljZjdf km}nfpg dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfdbf/x? s} sf/0fn] ljleGg /fi6«;+u
g]kfnsf] s'6g}lts ;DjGw cem k|uf9 x'b} uPsf] 5 . stf/ s} s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] klg of] s'/fsf] ;lhn} k'li6
x'G5 . ljZjsf ljleGg s'gf / kf6Lx?sf dflg;;+Uf ;DjGw x'g] x'gfn] g]kfnsf] af/]df k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ d2t
k'U5 . ;du|df eGbf stf/sf g]kfnLn] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ?kdf g]kfnsf] ljsfzdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg
k'¥ofO{/x]sf 5g\ .

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 stf/sf g]kfnLnfO{ x]l/g] bl[i6sf]0f
xfd|f] b]zsf] nflu a}b]lzs /f]hufl/ ckl/xfo{ cfj:ostf xf] . ljljw sf/0fn] ubf{ aif]{lg nfvf}
g]kfnL lab]lzg jfWo 5g . a]b]lzs /f]hufl/n] ubf{ ufpn] ´'kl8x? cfly{s ?kdf alnof x'b} uPsf 5g
csfl;bf] a]/f]hufl/ ;d:of Ps xb;Dd sd x'b} uPsf] 5 . /]ld6]G;sf] dfWod af6 /fi6«sf] cy{tGq dha"t
aGb} uPsf] 5 . ufp ;x/sf k":tf}ln C0fx? lgld6ofGg x"b} uPsf 5g . gofF–gofF k|ljlwx? b]zdf lelqg]
s|d hf/L 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf guPsf kl/jf/ e]6\g cfh xfd|f] ;dfhdf xDd]–xDd] k5{ . s'g} g s'g} sf/0fn] ubf{
g]kfnLx? ljZjsf s'gf–s'gfdf 5l/g k'u]sf 5g\ . d"ntM xfd|f] b]zsf ;DkGg kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? ljZjsf
ljsl;t d'n'sx?df hfg] u5{g . ;a} g]kfnLsf]cfly{s x}lifot ToxfF ;Dd k'Ug] x'b}g\ . k|fljlws 1fg xfFl;n
u/]sf jf ;DkGg kl/jf/df x'ls{Psfx? ljZjs} ;jf{lws ;DkGg d'n'sx?df cf/fdsf] lhGbuL latfpb} 5g .
hf] cfly{s ?kdf ;jfn 5}g,u/Ljsf] 5f]/f] g} vf8Ldf k:g]x?sf] cfly{s x}l;ot sd x'G5 . 3/df clgsfn
k/]sf] x'G5 . 3/sf] ul/lj 36fpg / ufpF,;dfhdf :jfledfgL gful/s eP/ afRgsf] nfuL / k':tf}nL C0fsf]
af]em sd ug{ xhf/f} ;kgf af]sL g]kfnLx? vf8Ldf lelqg afWo 5g\ .
vf8L zAb dWod tyf Go"g juL{o kl/jf/sf nflu Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . vf8Ldf g} !) nfv eGbf a9L
;kgf ef]uL g]kfnL cfˆgf] ;kgfsf] v]tL ub}{ 5g\ . stf/ vf8L/fi6«x?s} Ps ;b:o /fi6« xf] . stf/n] kl5Nnf]
b'O{ bzsdf ce'tk'0f{ ljsfz u/]sf] 5 . ljsfzsf] b|'/t/ ultdf cuf8L a9L/x]sf] stf/df ljleGg cj;/x?
ylkb} 5g\ . kmn:j?k g]kfnLx?sf] nfuL Pp6f cfsif{s a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] uGtAo:yn aGb} uPsf] 5 .
stf/ ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs sfdbf/ Nofpg] /fi6«x?sf] ;"lrdf xd];f g]kfnnfO[ klxnf] ;"lrdf /fVg] ub{5 . t;y{
stf/df g]kfnLx?sf] ;+Vof lbg–k|ltlbg a9\b} uPsf] 5 Û stf/df g]kfnL sfdbf/sf nflu laleGg cj;/x?
/x]sf 5g\ . stf/df sfd ug]{ g]kfnLx? sDkgL dflnsb]lv ;fdfGo Go"g tnadf sfd ug]{ ;Dd 5g\ . cfh
ljleGg sDkgLsf pRr tx;Dd g]kfnLsf] kx'r k'lu;s]sf] 5 . gkfnLs} Tofu,zfx; / OdfGbf/Ln] :jo +stf/
;/sf/ ubub 5 t/ stf/df sfd ug]{ g]kfnL cfˆg} b]zdf ckx]lnt 5g\ . stf/df sfd ug]{ g]kfnLnfO{
x]nfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]l/G5 . sxfF uPsf] 5 /] stf/ eGgf;fy gfs v'DRofpg] rng oBkL xfd|f] ;dfhdf
k|rlnt 5 . stf/df sfd ug]{ ;a} n]j/ x'g,Go"g tnjdf sfd u5{g,ul/jsf 5f]/fx? hf] k9]sf 5}gg\ ,xftdf
l;k 5}]g .ufFp3/df ljlu|Psf dfq x'g eGg] xfd|f] cfd wf/0ff dfq 5 . ul/j x'g' s] p;sf] dfq bf]if xf] <
OdfGbf/k"j{ cfˆgf] >d a]Rg' p;sf] s:tf] uNtL xf] stf/df sfd u/] klg cd]l/sfdf sfd u/] klg g]kfnL
>dLs g} xf],n]j/ g} xf],:yfg ljz]; s]xL km/s kb}{g . cd]l/sf,hfkfg,a]nfotdf klg ul/g] ToxL sfd xf] km]l/
lsg km/s km/s d'Nofªsg ul/G5 < xfd|f] ;dfhdf 5f]/f] cd]l/sf uP5 eGgf ;fy p;nfO{ 7"nf] dfG5]sf]
?kdf x]l/G5,/fd|f] ;Ddfg hgs Aofjxf/ ul/G5 t/ stf/ jf vf8L uPsf] 5 eGgf;fy cs}{ dgl:ylt
agfO{G5 . p;nfO{ tNnf] bhf{sf] Aofjxf/ ul/G5 . C0f kTofpg' t s'/} hfcf];,af]Ng ;Dd ufXf] x'G5 . vf8Ldf
sfdug]{ x?nfO{ lsg g/fd|f] b[li6«n] x]l/G5 < vf8L k:g] g]kfnLnfO{ g]kfnsf] ljleGg :yfgdf ;Ddfghgs
Aofjxf/ ul/b}g\ . ljleGg b'Mv / emd]nfx? p7fO{G5 . ;kmf 6fO{ sf]6 clg sf/df x'lQP/ cd]l/sf hfg
Po/kf]6{ l5/]sf] Pp6f g]kfnL / em'q] emfq] sk8fdf plw|Psf] emf]nf af]s]/ stf/ hfg Po/kf]6{ l5/]sf]
g]kfnLdf w]/} c;dfGtf Aofjxf/ ul/G5 . cflv/ b'a} g]kfnL x'g .b'a} sfd ug{sf]nflu hfb}5g . Pp6fn] !%
nfv vr{ u/]sf] Tofxf hfg,xf]nf dlxgfdf @ nfv sdfp5,csf]{n]^) xhf/ vr{u/]sf] 5 . Toxf hfg xf]nf !%
xhf/ sdfp5 eg]/ g]kfnL—g]kfnLnfO{ alu{s/0f ug'{ ePg lg . g]kfnLn] cd]l/sf,hfkfg,stf/ jf s'j]t
uPklg Ps} bhf{sf] sfd ug]{ xf] . oBkL vr{ u/]sf] cg'kftdf sdfO{df leGgtf kSs} x'G5,t/ sfd ToxL xf] .
o;df alu[s/0f ug'{sf] cf}lrTo g} s] 5 / < t/ g]kfndf alu{s/0f ul/G5 . stf/df a;]sfnfO{ tNnf] bhf{sf]
gfu/Lssf] ?kdf /fHosf] ljleGg tx / tKsfsf k|ltlglwn] x]K5g\ . sfd ub}{df 7'nf] / ;fgf] x'b}g . k};fn]

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dlg;sf] cfsf/ gfKg ldNb}g . dflg;nfO{ /fd|f] / g/fd|f] 7"nf] / ;fgf] p;sf] Jojxf/n],p;sf] ljrf/n] ug]{ xf]
.
stf/sf] af/]df xfd|f] ;dfhdf pxL k"/fgf] wf/0ff 5 . ljZj sxfFaf6 sxfF k'lu;Sof], xfdL
eg] xfd|f] dfgl;stf kl/jt{g ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf} . ljZjsf ljleGg b]zsf dflg;x? stf/df sfd ug{ cfp5g
. stf/ olt w]/} ;Defjgf 5 ls, ;fob ljZjdf g} gxf]nf stf/df ;fdfGo sfdbf/sf] ?kdf lelqPsf] 5f]6f]
;dodf g} cfˆgf] Aoj;fo ;~rfng u/]/ a;]sfx?sf] ;+Vof @ bh{g gfl3;s]sf] 5 . d'n'sdf c/af} nufgL
ug{ ;Sg] cfly{s x}l;otdf k'lu;s]sf 5g . cd]l/sf hfg nufgL ug]{ k};f stf/ hfg nufgL u/]/ stf/sf]
jf:tfljstf;+u kl/lrt x'g ;s] stf/d} cd]l/sf aG5 . km]l/ csf]{ s'/f stf/df lbg/ft d]xgt u/]/
sdfPsf] ?lkofn] ufFp ;dfhdf s]xL g/fd|f] u/]/ sdfPsf] t xf]O{g < eg]/ ;f]lrG5 . stf/ ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf
;'/lIft /fi6« dWo]df cu|:yfgdf k5{ . t/klg stf/sf g]kfnLk|lt dgdf kfk af]lsG5 .
stf/df sfo{/t g]kfnLx?nfO{ /fHon] klg ckdflgt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fHosf] cy{tGqsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{
lx:;f stf/jf;L g]kfnLsf] /]ld6]G; ag]sf] 5 . t/ cfˆgf] k|ltlglw :j?k /fHon] b'tfjf; :yfkgf u/]sf] t
5,sfd rnfpg .g]kfnL b'tfjf;sf] ;]jf stf/jf;L g]kfnLx?sf] nflu k'Ug] ul/ 5}g . lbgx'F cg]s yl/sf
s];x? ylkb} hfG5g\ ./fHosf] k|ltlglwTj Toxf k'Ug ;ls/fv]sf] x'Gg . b]zsf] gful/ssf] x}l;otn] kfpg'kg]{
;'/Iff stf/af;L g]kfnLnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . stf/sf g]kfnLn] b'tfjf;nfO{ Pp6f
cleefjssf] ?kdf x]g'{ kb{5 . t/ b'tfjf;Lo ;]jf cleefjssf] 5}g .
stf/ hfg] eGgf ;fy g]kfnsf d]gkfj/ sDkgLx?n] klg 7Ub5g . sltn] t gSsnL leiffdf
;+D´f}tf u/]/ k7fpbf ;d]t Po/kf]6{df cnkq kg{] ub{5g . stf/sf] >d ahf/df xfd|f d]gkfj/ sDkgLx?n]
g]kfnL >dsf] cad"No u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL eg]sf Go""g tnadf sfd ug]{x? x'g eGg] dfgl;stf ox“fsf] >d
ahf/df kfOG5 . h:tf];'s} l8dfG8 cfPklg g]kfnLn] g]kfnLnfO{ g} p;}sf] k};fdf e]8f av|f ´} a]lrlbG5 .
h:tf] ;'s} sDkgL k7fOlbG5g . g]kfnL / g]kfn ;/sf/n] ubf{ g]kfnL stf/sf] h]ndf ;Dd k/]sf 5g .
g]kfnLnfO{ 7Ug] klg g]kfnL g} x'g . cnkqdf kfg] klg g]kfln rfx] sDkgL vf]n]/ bf]xfsf l;ldt g]kfnL
dWo]df cfly{s x}l;ot d´a't ePsf] 7flgg] :j3f]lift ;dfh ;]ljx? x'g of b'O rf/ hgf ;f]´f , l;wf
g]kfnLx?nfO{ 7u]/ g];gnlt/ 7'nf s'/f s'/f ug{] dfga t:s/x? x'g . ;a} g]kfnL zq'x? x'g . g]kfnLnfO{
df/]/ plgx?sf] kl;gf / /utn] d]f6fPsf klg 5g . bf]xfdf hf] ;fdfGo g]kfnLnfO{ uf]? ´} ;+lD´G5g . csf]{
tkm{ stf/df g]kfnLn] g]kfnLnfO{ g} x]Kg] rng ljBdfg /x]s} 5 . Pp6f /fd|f] kbdf k'u]sf] g]kfnLn] ;fdfGo
n]j/sf ?kdf sfo{/t g]kfnLnfO{ ul/g] Aofjxf/ b]Vbf :jfledfgL g]kfnLsf] nHhfn] zL/ lgx'l/G5 . stf/sf
;DkGg dflgg] g]kfnLdf ckgTj 5}g . k};fn] ltgLx?nfO{ kTy/ agfPsf] 5, ckgTjsf] v8]/L k/]sf] 5 .
k|jf;L hLjgsf c;xhtfnfO{ lrb}{ jfWotfsf] tftf] jfkmdf /dfpg] tNnf] ju{sf g]kfnL htftt}af6 x]lkg] /
ckdflgtx'g] k/Dk/fg} xfd|f] ;+:s[lt alg ;s]sf] 5 . Pp6f g]kfnLn] csf]{ g]kfnLnfO{ b'Mv glbbf ;fob ;]tL
jlUbgg\ xf]nf, OGb|jtL snsnfpFlbgg\ xf]nf <

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