Facts and Points You Should Know 2014 - 2

AMIYA KUMAR
3E LEARNING, 3RD FLOOR, ANAND COMPLEX, NEAR LALPUR PS, H.B.

ROAD RANCHI, 095 34 002244
Facts And Points You

Should Know
2014
WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/MATHSBYAMIYA
Facts And Points You Should Know
Contents
1. HIGHLIGHTS OF CENSUS 2011 ..........................................................................................
.......................... 4
2. THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA DRAFTING AND COMPOSITION .......................... 5
3. UNICAMERAL PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM ................................................................
..................................... 7
4. BICAMERAL
CAMERAL PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM ................................................................
........................................ 8
5. REORGANISATION OF STATES IN INDIA ................................................................
..................................... 10
6. SCHEDULES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION ................................................................
..................................... 11
7. First in India ................................
...........................................................................................................................
........................... 13
8. World Largest ................................
.........................................................................................................................
......................... 16
9. Popular Names: Persons ................................
................................................................................................
........................................ 18
10. Jananpeath Awards ................................
................................................................................................
................................................ 24
11. Recipients of Indira Gandhi Peace Prize................................................................
............................................... 27
12. Industrial Towns and Cities in Ind
India ................................................................
..................................................... 29
13. Cups and Trophies in Sports ................................................................................................
.................................. 31
14. India's performance in Commonwealth Games ................................................................
.................................... 33
15. First in India (Woman) ................................
................................................................................................
.......................................... 34
16. Cities on the bank of rivers................................
................................................................................................
..................................... 36
17. River Cities of the World ................................
................................................................................................
........................................ 38
18. UNESCO's World Heritage Sites in India ................................................................
............................................. 39
19. Tribal Dances in India ................................
................................................................................................
........................................... 40
20. Nick names................................
..............................................................................................................................
.............................. 42
21. Tribes and Races of thee world ................................................................................................
................................ 43
22. Important Lines in World ................................
................................................................................................
....................................... 45
23. The Geographcal Lines ................................
................................................................................................
.......................................... 46
24. Important facts about condition of Woman in India ............................................................
............................ 47
25. Parliaments of the world ................................
................................................................................................
........................................ 48
26. World's Largest Dams ................................
................................................................................................
............................................ 52
27. World Civilizations ................................
................................................................................................
................................................. 53
28. Landmarks in World History ................................................................................................
................................. 55
29. Revolutions and Wars of Independence ................................................................
................................................ 56
30. Important Battles (World) ................................
................................................................................................
...................................... 59
31. 61st National Film Awards Winners List ................................................................
.............................................. 62
32. 59th Filmfare Awards (2014) Winners ................................................................
.................................................. 63
33. Other National Awards (Important ) ................................................................
..................................................... 64
34. Nobel Prize 2013 Winners ................................
................................................................................................
...................................... 65
2
Compiled By Amiya From different Sources3E Learning, 3rd Floor, Anand Complex, Near Lalpur PS,
H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244
www.facebook.com/MathsByAmiya

35. 86th Academy Awards Winners .............................................................................................
............................. 66
36. Branches of Science ................................
................................................................................................
............................................... 67
37. Some Important Economics, Commercial and Trade Terms................................................
................................
72
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H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244
HIGHLIGHTS
HLIGHTS OF CENSUS 2011
The population of India has increased by more than 181 million during the decade 2001-11.
2001
Percentage of growth in 2001

2001-11 is 17.64; males 17.19 and female 18.12
2001-2011
2011 is the first decade (with the exception of 1911
1911-21) which has actually added lesser
population compared to the previous decade.
Uttar Pradesh (199.5 million) is the most populous State of the country followed by Maharashtra.
The percentage decadal growth rates of the most populous States have declined during 2001-2011
compared to 1991-2001.
1. Uttar Pradesh (25% to 20.09%)
2. Maharashtra (22.73% to 15.99%)
3. Bihar (28.62% to 25.07%)
During 2001-2011,
2011, as many as 25 States/UTs with a share of about 85% of the countrys population
registered and annual growth rate of lless
ess than 2% as compared to, 15 States/UTs with a share of
about 42% during the period 1991
1991-2001.
The total number of children n the age

age-group 0-6
6 is 158.8 million (5 million since 2001).
Uttar Pradesh (29.7 million), Bihar (18.6 million), Maharashtra (12.8 million), Madhya Pradesh
(10.5 million) and Rajasthan (10.5 million) constitute 52% children in the age group of 0-6
0 years.
In Census 2011, population of children in the age group 00-6

6 years registered negative percentage
growth (-)3.08%
)3.08% growth with minus (-)2.42 for males and (-)3.80
)3.80 for females.
In Census 2011, the proportion of Child Population in the age group of 00-6
6 years to total population
is 13.1 percent while the corresponding figure in 2001 was 15.9 percent. The decline has been to the
extent of 2.8 points.
Overall sex ratio at the national level has increased by 7 points to reach 940 at Census 2011 as
against 933 in Census 2001. This is the highest sex ratio recorded since Census 1971 and a shade
lower than 1961. Increase in sex ratio is observ
observed in 29 States/UTs.
Three major States (J&K, Bihar and Gujarat) have shown decline in sex ratio as compared to Census
2001.
Kerala with 1084

84 has highest sex ratio followed by Puducherry with 1038, Daman and Diu has the
lowest sex ratio 618.
Child sex ratio

io of children aged between 0 to 6 years is 914 (national). Increasing trend in the child
sex ratio seen in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, and Andaman
and Nicobar Island in all remaining 27 States/UTs, the child sex ratio show decline over Census
2001.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA DRAFTING AND COMPOSITION
The present Constitution was framed by the Constituent Assembly of India setup under Cabinet Mission Plan
of May 16, 1946.
The Constituent Assembly consisted of 385 members, of which 292 were elected by the elected members of
the Provincial Legislative Assemblies while 93 members were nominated by the Princely States. To these
were to be added a representative each from the for Chief Commissioners Provinces of Delhi, AjmerMarwar, Coorg and British Baluchistan.
Each Province and each Indian State or group of States were allotted the total number of seats proportional to
their respective population roughly in the ratio of one to a million.
B N Rao was appointed the Constitutional
titutional Adviser of the Assembly.
The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly took place on December 9, 1946 with Dr Sachidanand Sinha
as its interim President. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as its President on December 11, 1946.
The Assembly has 13 committees for framing the Constitution.
The all-important Drafting Committee
Committee,, which bore the responsibility of drafting the Constituent Assembly,
from July 1947 to September 1948, was formed on August 29, 1947. Its members were:
1. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Chair
Chairman
2. N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
3. Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar (a distinguished jurist)
4. K. M. Munshi (a distinguished jurist)
5. Syyed Mohd. Saadulla
6. N. Madhav Rao (in place of B L Mitra)
7. D. P. Khaitan (T Krishnamachari , after Khaitans death in 1948)
It was finally passed and accepted on November 26, 1949. The last session of the Assembly was held on
January 24, 1950, which unanimously elected Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the President of India. In all, 284
members of the Assembly signed the official copies of the Indian C
Constitution
onstitution which came into effect on Jan
26, 1950, known and celebrated as the Republic Day of India.
Although Constitution was ready on November 26, 1949 but was delayed till Jan 26, 1950 because in 1929
on this day Indian National Congress demanded Poorna Swaraj in Lahore session under J L Nehru. Some
of the provisions as those related to citizenship, elections, provisional Parliament etc, were given immediate
effect.
Constituent Assembly took 2 years 11 months 18 days to complete the Constitution.
Originally it had 395 articles, and 8 schedules (12 at present).
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Constituent Assembly adopted our National Flag on July 22, 1947. It was designed by Pingali Venkaiah of
Andhra Pradesh.
The idea to have Constitution was given by M N Roy. He was a Political Philosopher.
Preamble of the Constitution is a preface or the introduction to the constitution. It is not an integral part of
Constitution. The interpretation of the Constitution is based on the spirit of Preamble.
The Objective Resolution,
, proposed by Pandit Nehru and passed by the Constituent Assembly, ultimately
became the Preamble of constitution.
Idea of Preamble borrowed from the Constitution of United States.
The words Socialist, Secular and Unity & Integrity were added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.
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UNICAMERAL PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

In government, unicameral is the practice of having one legislative or parliamentary chamber. Thus, a
unicameral parliament or unicameral legislature is a legislature which consists of one chamber or house.
Unicameral legislatures typically exist in small and homogeneous unitary states, where a second chamber is
considered unnecessary.
Countries having Unicameral Parliamentary System
1. AlbaniaKuvendi
19. MongoliaState
State Great Khural
Jatiyo Sangshad
2. BangladeshJatiyo
20. MontenegroParliament
Parliament
3. BulgariaNational
National Assembly
21. New ZealandParliament

Parliament
4. Burkina FasoNational
National Assembly
22. Norway*Storting
Storting
5. CroatiaSabor
23. Palestinian AuthorityParliament

Authority
6. DenmarkFolketing
24. Papua New GuineaNational

Guinea
Parliament
7. DominicaHouse
House of Assembly
Assembly of the Republic

25. PortugalAssembly
8. EstoniaRiigikogu
9. FinlandEduskunta
10. GreeceHellenic
Hellenic Parliament
26. Saint Kitts and NevisNational

Nevis
Assembly
11. HungaryNational
National Assembly
Grenadines
27. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
House of Assembly
12. IcelandAlthing
28. SamoaFono
13. IsraelKnesset
29. SerbiaNational
National Assembly
14. Kurdistan RegionKurdistan

istan National
Assembly
30. SingaporeParliament
Parliament
15. LatviaSaeima
32. SwedenRiksdag
16. LithuaniaSeimas
33. TurkeyGrand
Grand National Assembly
17. MaltaHouse
House of Representatives
34. UkraineVerhovna
Verhovna Rada
18. MoldovaParliament
35. VanuatuParliament
Parliament
31. SlovakiaNational
National Council
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BICAMERAL PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

A bicameral system is a parliamentary system of two legislative Chambers. Indian system is
bicameral because both thee Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha are involved in the process of making
new laws. Bicameral literally means two chamber.
Countries with Bicameral Parliamentary System:
1. Australia-ParliamentSenate
SenateHouse of Representatives
2. Austria-ParliamentFederal
Federal Council
CouncilNational Council
3. Antigua and Barbuda-Parliament
ParliamentSenateHouse of Representatives
4. The Bahamas-Parliament
ParliamentSenateHouse of Assembly
5. Barbados-ParliamentSenate
SenateHouse of Assmebly
6. BelizeNational
National Assembly
AssemblySenateHouse of Representatives
7. Belgium-Federal Parliament
ParliamentSenateChamber of Representatives
8. Bhutan-Parliament
Parliament (Chitshog)
(Chitshog)Bhutan
Bhutan will become a Democratic Constitutional Monarchy in
2008National
National Council (Gyalyong Tshogde)
Tshogde) National Assembly (Gyalyong Tshogdu)
9. Canada-ParliamentSenate
SenateHouse of Commons
10. Czech Republic-Parliament
ParliamentSenateChamber of Deputies
11. Ethiopia-Federal
Federal Parliamentary Assembly
AssemblyHouse of Federation House of Peoples
Representatives
12. GermanyBundesrat
Bundesrat (Federal Council)
Council)Bundestag (Federal Diet)
13. Grenada-ParliamentSenate
14. India-ParliamentRajya
Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
States)Lok
Lok Sabha (House of People)
15. Ireland-OireachtasSeanad
Seanad ireann
ireannDil ireann
16. Iraq-National AssemblyCouncil of Union Council of Representatives
17. Italy-ParliamentSenate
Senate of the Republic
RepublicChamber of Deputies
18. Jamaica-ParliamentSenate
19. Japan-DietHouse
House of Councillors
CouncillorsHouse of Representatives
20. Malaysia-ParliamentDewan
Dewan Negara
NegaraDewan Rakyat
21. The Netherlands-States-General
GeneralEerste KamerTweede Kamer
22. Pakistan-Majlis-e-Shoora
ShooraSenateNational Assembly
23. Poland-ParliamentSenate
SenateSejm
8
Compiled By Amiya From different Sources3E Learning, 3rd Floor, Anand Complex, Near
Lalpur PS, H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244

24. Romania-ParliamentSenate
SenateChamber of Deputies
25. Saint Lucia-ParliamentSenate
SenateHouse of Assembly
26. Slovenia-ParliamentNational
National Council
CouncilNational Assembly
27. South Africa-Parliament
ParliamentNational Council of ProvincesNational
National Assembly
28. Spain-Cortes GeneralesSenateCongress of Deputies
29. Switzerland-Federal
Federal Assembly
AssemblyCouncil of StatesNational Council
30. Thailand-National
National Assembly SenateHouse of Representatives
31. Trinidad and Tobago-Parliament
ParliamentSenateHouse of Representatives
32. United Kingdom-Parliament
ParliamentHouse of LordsHouse of Common
9
REORGANISATION OF STATES IN INDIA

After independence, the demand for the reorganisation of states on linguistic basis was raised from
different regions. The Constitution Assembly appointed S. K. Dhar Comm
Commission
ission in Nov. 1947 to
study the issue of reorganisation of States on linguistic basis. The commission in its report , submitted
in 1948, recommended against the organisation of states purely on basis. Instead, the commission
suggested the following criteria
ia along with language
language-
1. Geographical contiguity
2. Financial self-reliance
3. Administrative viability
4. Potential for development
The Congress, in its Jaipur session in 1948, appointed a three member committee to consider the
recommendations of Dhar Commission. The Committee is popularly known as JVP Committee after
the name of its three members Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabh Bhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitarammaiah.
The committee rejected language as the basis of reorganisation of states. It suggested that
tha the security,
unity and economic prosperity of the nation as the criteria of reorganisation. The Congress Working
Committee accepted its recommendation in 1949, but the demand for linguistic reorganisation of
States persisted in southern states particula
particularly
rly in Telgu speaking areas. As the agitation took a violent
turn in Telgu speaking area, the Congress conceded the reorganisation of Telgu speaking area in the
State of Andhra Pradesh in 1953.
To make an exhaustive study of the problem, the Government of India setup State Reorganisation
Commission in 1953 which was headed by Fazal Ali. The other members of the commission were
Hriday Nath Kunzru and K M Panikkar. The commission, in its report submitted in 1955, accepted the
language as the basis of reorganisation
isation of the States. It suggested the reorganisation of 27 states of
various categories into 16 states and 3 union territories. The State Reorganisation Act, 1956 was
passed by parliament to give effect to the recommendations of the commission.
10
SCHEDULES
ES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION
There are 12 Schedules in The Indian Constitution.
First Schedule
deals with territories of 28 states and seven union territories of the Indian Union.
Second Schedule
deals with salaries, allowances etc. of President, Vice Preside

President,
nt, Speaker, Judges of Supreme Court
and High Courts, Comptroller and Auditor General etc.
Third Schedule
of constitution prescribes the various forms of oath or affirmation which various incumbents have to
take before assuming a public office.
Fourth Schedule
deals with seats allotted to various states and union territories in the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
Fifth Schedule
deals with provision regarding administration and control of the scheduled areas.
Sixth Schedule
deals with provision regarding ad

administration
ministration of tribal areas in the state of Assam, Meghalaya and
Mizoram.
Seventh Schedule
details the subjects contained in the three lists union list, state list and concurrent list, over which the
Union and state governments enjoy authority.
Eighth Schedule
gives the list of 22 regional languages recognized by the original Constitution (Assamese, Bengali,
Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and
Urdu) the 15th (Sindhi) was added by the 21st Amendment in 1967; and three viz Konkani, Manipuri,
and Nepali were added by the 71st Amendment in 1992. In 2004 four more languages were added to
the Eighth Schedule viz Bodo, Maithili, Santhali and Dogri. With this total number of regional
languages increased to 22.
Ninth Schedule
covers land and tenure reforms; the accession of Sikkim with India. It may be reviewed by the courts
Tenth Schedule
introduces the Anti-defection

defection provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the State
Legislatures.
11
Eleventh Schedule
constituted for Panchayats, for rular development.
Twelfth Schedule
defines Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities.
12
First in India
The first Indian to win Nobel Prize
Rabindranath Tagore
The first President of Indian National Congress
W.C. Banerjee
The first Muslim President of Indian National Congress
Badruddin Tayyabji
The first Muslim President of India
Dr. Zakir Hussain
The first British Governor General of India
Lord William Bentinck
The first British Viceroy of India
Lord Canning
The first Governor General of free India
Lord Mountbatten
The first and the last Indian to be Governor General of free India
C. Rajgopalachari
The first man who introduced printing press in India
James Hicky
The first Indian to join the I.C.S
Satyendra Nath Tagore
Indias first man in Space
Rakesh Sharma
The first Prime Minister of India who resigned without completing

Morarji Desai
the full term
The first Indian Commander-in--Chief of India
General Cariappa
The first Chief of Army Staff
Gen. Maharaj Rajendra Singhji
The first Indian Member of the Viceroys executive council
S.P.Sinha
The first President of India who died while in office
Dr. Zakhir Hussain
The first Muslim President of Indian Republic
Dr. Zakhir Hussain
The first Prime Minister of India who did not face the Parliament
Charan Singh
The first Field Marshal of India
S.H.F. Manekshaw
The first Indian to get Nobel Prize in Physics
C.V.Raman
The first Indian to receive Bharat Ratna award
Dr. Radhakrishnan
The first Indian to cross English Channel
Mihir Sen
The first Person to receive Jnanpith award
Sri Shankar Kurup
The firs Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Ganesh Vasudeva Mavalankar

13
The first Vice-President of India
Dr. Radhakrishnan
The first Education Minister
Abdul Kalam Azad
The first Home minister of India
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
The first Indian Air Chief Marshal
S. Mukherjee
The first Indian Naval Chief
Vice Admiral R.D. Katari
The first Judge of International Court of Justice
Dr. Nagendra Singh
The first person to reach Mt. Everest without oxygen
Sherpa Anga Dorjee
The first person to get Param Vir Chakra
Major Somnath Sharma
The first Chief Election Commissioner
Sukumar Sen
The first person to receive Magsaysay Award
Acharya Vinoba Bhave
The first person of Indian origin to receive Nobel Prize in

Medicine
Hargovind Khurana
The first Chinese traveller to visit India
Fahein
The first person to receive Stalin Prize
Saifuddin Kitchlu
The first person to resign from the Central Cabinet
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
The first person to receive Nobel Prize in Economics
Amartya Sen
The first Chief Justice of Supreme Court
Justice Hirala J. Kania
The first Indian Pilot
J.R.D. Tata (1929)
First Deputy Prime Minister of India
Vallabhbhai Patel
First Prime Minister to be voted out of Office
India Gandhi (1977) when the

Indian National Congress lost to
the Janta Party.
First Sikh Prime Minister
Dr. Manmohan Singh
First Sikh President
Giani Zail Singh
First Non-Congress
Congress Government
Janta Party with Morarji Desai

as the Prime Minister (1977(1977
1980)
14
First Prime Minster of India resigned without completing his full

term
Morarji Desai
First Prime Minister to lead a minority government for a full

term(five years)
P.V. Narasimha
First Prime Minster from South India
P.V. Narasimha Rao
First Finance Minister of Independent India
Shri R.K.Shanmukhan Chettys
First Hydroelectric Plant
On the Ganganachukki waterfall

of the Sivasamudram Falls,
Karnataka, built in 1902
First City to have electricity
Banglore, in 1906 (it was in fact

the first city to have electricity)
First Man in Space
Rakesh Sharma aboard Salyut 7,

on April 03, 1984. He was the
138th man in space world-wide.
world
First Women in Space
Kalpana Chawla aboard Space

Shuttle Columbia flight STS-87,
STS
on November 19,1997
She was a naturalized United
States citizen, and represented
the US during the event.
First Test-tube baby
Durga Agarwal, born 1978
First Scienfific Expedition to Antarctica
1981
First Nuclear Reactor
Tarapur, Maharashtra
First Genetically Modified Food Product in India
Bt. Egg Plant Hybrid
First Satellite
Aryabhatta, launched on April

19, 1975
First Satellite dedicated exclusively for educational services
EDUSET
First Successfully Indigenous Launch Vehicle
SLV-3
15
World Largest
Largest Continent
Asia, 17,212,2000 square miles
Smallest Continent
Australia,312,2000 square miles
Highest Mountain
Mount Everest, Himalayan Mountains, Nepal

Nepal-Tibet,
Tibet, 29,035 feet above
sea level
Lowest Point on land
The Dead Sea, Israel

Israel-Jordan,
Jordan, water surface 1,349 feet below sea level
Deepest Underwater
Trench
Marina Trench, 200 miles southwest of Guam in the Pacific

P
Ocean,
36,198 feet below the ocean surface
Largest Sea
The Mediterranean Sea, 1,144,800 square miles
Highest Lake
The Highest navigable lake is Lake Titicaca in Peru, 12,500 feet above
sea level
Lowest Lake
The Dead Sea, Israel

Israel-Jordan, surface of water 1,349 feet below sea level
Largest Lake
Caspian Sea, 152,239 square miles
US-Canada, 31,820 square miles

Largest Freshwater Lake Lake Superior, US
Deepest Ocean
Pacific Ocean, average depth 13,215 feet
Largest Ocean
Pacific Ocean, 60,060,700 square miles
Smallest Ocean
Arctic Ocean, 5,427,000 square miles
Largest Gulf
Gulf of Mexico, 615,000 square miles
Bay
The Bay of Bengal, 1,300,000 square miles
Largest Island
Greenland, 839,999 square miles
Largest Peninsula
Arabia, 1,250,000 square miles
Largest Archipelago
Indonesia, 3,500
3,500-mile stretch of 17,000 islands
Largest Gorge
Grand Canyon, Colorado River, Arizona, US, 217 miles long, 4-18
4
miles
wide, 1 mile deep
Deepest Gorge
Hells Canyon, Snake River, Idaho, 7,900 feet deep
Longest Mountain Range The Andes of South America, 5,000 miles

Longest River
The Nile, Africa, 4,180 miles

16
Shortest River
The Roe, Montana, US, 200 feet long
Largest River
The Amazon, South America, basin of 2,500,000 square miles
Longest Estuary
Ob River, Russia, 550 miles long, up to 50 miles wide
Largest Lagoon
Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil, 150 miles long, 4,500 square miles
Largest Waterfall
Angel Falls, Venezuela, 3,212 feet high
17
Popular Names: Persons

Popular Name
Persons
Adi Kavi
Valmeeki
Angel of Death
Josef Mengele
Anna
C N Annadurai
Badshah Khan / Frantier Gandhi
Abdul Gaffar Khan
Bard of Twickenham
Alexander Pope
Bird
Charlie Parker
Birdman
Chris Anderson
Bloody Mark
Mary I of England
Body Beautiful Beale
Edith Bouvier Beale
Bonnie Prince Charlie
Charls Edward Stuart
Bono
Paul Hewson
Bonzo
John Bonham
Boom Boom Afridi
Shahid Afridi
Brangelina
Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie
Broadway Joe
Joe Namath, AFL/NFL American Football Player
Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama
Caligula
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus
Canuck
Canadian, from Johnny Canuck
Chacha
Jawaharlal Nehru
Chemical Ali
Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf,

Sahhaf, Iraqi information
Minister during the 2003 US invasion; also known as
Baghdad Bob
Deenabadhu der Alte (the old man)
C F Andrews Konrad Adenauer
Desert Fox
Erwin Rommel
Deshbandhu
C.R. Das
18
Popular Name
Persons
Diamond Dave
David Lee Roth, Singer
Dr. Death
Jack Kevorkian proponent of assisted suicide
Dubya
George W. Bush
EI Cauclillo
Francisco Franco
Father of his country
George Washington
Father of the Nation (India)
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Frontier Gandhi
Abdul Gaffar Khan
Fuhrer
Adolf Hitler
Genghis khan
Temujin
Grand Old Man of Britain
Willian Ewart Glandstone
Grand Old Man of India
Dadabhai Naoroji
Guruji
M S Gohlwalkar
Hanoi Jane
Jane Fonda
Haryana hurricane
Kapil Dev
His Airness
Michael Jordan
Honest Abe
Abraham Lincoln
Iceman
George Gervin
Ike Dwight
David Eisenhower
Iron duke
Duke of Wellington
Kaka
Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite
Kaviguru, Gurudev
Rabindranath Tagore
King James
LeBron James
King Maker
Earl of Warwick
Knick killer
Reggie Miller
Larry Legend
Larry Bird
19
Popular Name
Persons
Lokmanya
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Loknayak
Jayaprakash Narayan
Madge
Madonna
Madiba
Nelson Mandela
Mahatma Gandhi
Mohandas K. Gandhi
Maid of Orleans
Joan of Arc
Man of Blood and Iron
Otto Von Bismark
Man of Destiny
Napolean Bonaparte
Man of Peace
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Manitas de Plata
Flamenco guitarist Ricardo Baliarod
Mr. Hockey
Gordie Howe
Mr. October Reggie Jackson
Major League Base ball Player and Hall of Famer
Netaji
Subhash Chandra Bose
Nightingale of India
Sarojini Naidu
Old Blue Eyes
Frank Sinatra, entertainer
Old Hickory
Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the United States
Old Kinder hook (OK)
Martin Van Buren, 8th President of the United States
Old Nick
Santa
Old St. Nick
Santa
Panditji
Jawaharlal Nehru
Pearl of the Orient
Philippines
Pele
Edson Arantes do Nascimento
Prince of Kolkata
Saurav Ganguly
Prince of Humanities
Desiderius Erasmus
Punjab Kesari
Lala Lajpat Rai
20
Popular Name
Persons
Qaid-e-Azam
Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Rajaji
C Rajagopalachari
Saint of the Gutters
Mother Teresa
Satchmo
Louis Armstrong
Slick Willy
U.S. President Bill Clinton
Super Star
Tamil Actor (Indian) Rajinikanth
The Bambino
George Herman Ruth, Jr., American baseball Player
The Bard, Bard of Avon
William Shakespeare
The Bird
Mark Fidrych, Base ball pitcher
The Boss
Bruce Springsteen
The Boston Strangler
Albert DeSalvo
The Cincinnatus of the Americans
George Washington
The Doctor
Valentine Rossi
The Duke
John Wayne
The Elephant Man
Joseph Merrick
The Fab Four
The Beatles
The General
Irish Criminal Martin Cahill
The Godfather
James Brown
The Golden Bear
Jack Nicklaus
The Governator
Arnold Schwarzenegger
The Gray Lady
The New York Times
The Great Commoner
William Pitt
The Great Communicator
Ronald Reagan, The 40th president of the United

States of America
The Great Emancipator
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United

States of America
21
Popular Name
Persons
The Great one
Wayne Gretzky, WHA/NHL hockey player
The Greatest
Muhammad Ali boxer
The Hick from French Lick
Larry Bird
The killer
Jerry Lee Lewis
The King (of baseball)
Felix Hernandez
The King (Golf)
Arnold Palmer
The King (of all Media)
Howard Stern
The King (of NASCAR)
Richard Petty
The King (of Rock and Roll)
Elvis Presley
The King of Pop
Michael Jackson
The King of Spain
Ashley Giles
The King of Spin
Shane Warne
The Little Sparrow
Sezen Aksu
The Man From Tennessee
Andrew Jacksons
The Material Girl
Madonna
The Mick
Mickey Mantle
The Myth
Bodybuilding great Sergio Oliva
The Old Pretender
James Francis Edward Stuart
The Paris of the South
Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires
The Rawalpindi Express
Shoaib Akhtar
The Red Baron
Manfred von Richthofen, World War I, German flying

ace
The Sultan of Swat
Babe Ruth, Major league Baseball player and Hall of

Famer
The Teflon Don
Mobster John Gotti
The Toxic twins
Aerosmith members Steven Tyler and Joe Perry,

referred to as such because of their massive drug
22
Popular Name
Persons
intake during the 70s and 80s
The Young Pretender
Charles Edward Stuart
Trane
John Coltrane
Tricky Dick
Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States
Turd Blossom
Karl Rove, a name given by George W. Bush
Uncle Sam
The U.S.A or some times the government
Wizard of the North
Walter Scott
23
Jananpeath Awards
Year
Name
Language
1965
G. Sankara Kurup
Malayalam
1966
Tarashankar Bandopadhyaya
Bengali
1967
Kuppali Venkatappagowd
Kannada
1967
Umashankar Joshi
Gujarati
1968
Sumitranandan Pant
Hindi
1969
Firaq Gorakhpuri
Urdu
1970
Viswanatha Satyanarayana
Telugu
1971
Bishnu Dey
Bengali
1972
Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'
Hindi
1973
D R Bendre
Kannada
1973
Gopinath Mohanty
Oriya
1974
Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar
Marathi
1975
P. V. Akilan
Tamil
1976
Ashapurna Devi
Bengali
1977
K. Shivaram Karanth
Kannada
1978
Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan 'Ajneya'
Hindi
1979
Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya
Assamese
1980
S. K. Pottekkatt
Malayalam
1981
Amrita Pritam
Punjabi
1982
Mahadevi Varma
Hindi
1983
Maasti Venkatesh Ayengar
Kannada
1984
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Malayalam
1985
Pannalal Patel
Gujarati
24
1986
Sachidananda Rout Roy
Oriya
1987
Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar (Kusumagraj)
Marathi
1988
Dr. C. Narayana Reddy
Telugu
1989
Qurratulain Hyder
Urdu
1990
V. K. Gokak (Vinayaka Krishna Gokak)
Kannada
1991
Subhas Mukhopadhyay
Bengali
1992
Naresh Mehta
Hindi
1993
Sitakant Mahapatra
Oriya
1994
U. R. Ananthamurthy
Kannada
1995
Dr. M. T. Vasudevan Nair
Malayalam
1996
Mahasweta Devi
Bengali
1997
Ali Sardar Jafri
Urdu
1998
Girish Karnad
Kannada
1999
Nirmal Verma
Hindi
1999
Gurdial Singh
Punjabi
2000
Indira Goswami
Assamese
2001
Rajendra Keshavlal Shah
Gujarati
2002
D. Jayakanthan
Tamil
2003
Vinda Karandikar
2004
Rahman Rahi
Kashmiri
2005
Kunwar Narayan
Hindi
2006
Ravindra Kelekar
Konkani
2006
Satya Vrat Shastri
Sanskrit
2007
Dr. O. N. V. Kurup
Malayalam
2008
Akhlaq Mohammed Khan 'Shahryar'
Urdu
2009
Amar Kant
Hindi
25
2009
Shrilal Shukla
Hindi
2010
Chandrashekhara Kambara
Kannada
2012
Ravuri Bharadhwaja
Paakudurallu
2013
Kedarnath Singh
Akaal Mein Saras
26
Recipients of Indira Gandhi Peace Prize
Year
Name
Recipient's Description
1986
Parliamentarians for Global Action International Organisation of Parliamentarians
1987
Mikhail Gorbachev
Former Soviet Union Leader
1988
Gro Harlem Brundtland
Former Prime Minister of Norway
1989
UNICEF
United Nations Children's Fund
1990
Sam Nujoma
First President of Namibia
1991
Rajiv Gandhi
Former Prime Minister of India
1992
Saburo Okita
Japanese Economist
1993
Vclav Havel
1st President of the Czech Republic
1994
Trevor Huddleston
Anti-Apartheid Activist
1995
Olusegun Obasanjo
12th President of Nigeria
1996
Mdecins Sans Frontires
Voluntary Organisation
1997
Jimmy Carter
39th President of the United States
1998
Muhammad Yunus
Founder of Grameen Bank
1999
M S Swaminathan
Indian Agricultural Scientist
2000
Mary Robinson
7th President of Ireland
2001
Sadako Ogata
Former United Nations High Commissioner for

Refugees
2002
Shridath Ramphal
2nd Commonwealth Secretary-General

General
2003
Kofi Annan
7th United Nations Secretary General
2004
Maha Chakri Sirindhorn
Princess of Thailand
2005
Hamid Karzai
1st President of Afghanistan
2006
Wangari Maathai
Environmental and Political activist
2007
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Charitable Foundation
2008
Mohamed ElBaradei
4th Director General of the IAEA

27
2009
Sheikh Hasina
Prime Minister of Bangladesh
2010
Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva
Outgoing president of Brazil
2011
Ela Bhatt
founder of SEWA
2012
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia
2013
Angela Merkel
Flag of Germany.svg Germany
28
Industrial Towns and Cities in India

S.No
Name of Town
Industry
Aligarh
Locks
Ankleshwar
Oil
Bhagalpur
Silk
Bhilai
Steel Plant
Chittranjan
Locomotive
Cochin
Ship Building
Darjeeling
Tea
Dhariwal
Woolen goods
Digboi
Oil
10
Durgapur
Steel Plant
11
Ferozabad
Bangles
12
Guntur
Tobacco
13
Jamshedpur
Embroidery, Brassware
14
Jharia
Coal Mines
15
Katni
Cement
16
Khetri
Copper
17
Khurja
Crockrey
18
Kolar
Gold Mines
19
Kolkata
Jute, leather work
20
Ludhiana
Hosiery
21
Meerut
Sports Goods
22
Moradapur
Brassware
23
Mumbai
Film Industry
24
Nagpur
Oranges
29
25
Raniganj
Coal Mines
26
Rourkela
Steel Plant
27
Sambhalpur
Sarees
28
Sindri
Fertilizers
29
Sivakashi
Fire works
30
Surat
Textiles
31
Tirupur
Textiles
32
Titagarh
Paper
33
Varanasi
Silk Sarees
30
Cups and Trophies in Sports

Sport
Cups and Trophies
Hockey
Aga Khan Cup, Begam Rasul Trophy (women's), Maharaja Ranjit Singh Gold Cup,
Lady Ratan Tata Trophy (women's), Gurunanak Championship (women's),
Dhyanchand Trophy, Nehru Trophy, Sindhia Gold Cup, Murugappa Gold Cup,
Wellington Cup etc
Football
Beghum Hazarat Mahal Cup, BILT Cup, Bordoloi Trophy, Colombo Cup,
Confederation Cup, DCM Trophy, Durand Cup, Rovers Cup, BC Rai Trophy
(National Championship), FIFA World Cup, Jules Rimet Trophy, Kalinga Cup,
Santosh Trophy (National Championship), IFA Shield, Scissor Cup, Subroto
Mukherjee Cup, Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee Tr
Trophy,
ophy, Todd Memorial Trophy, Vittal
Trophy, etc.
Cricket
Anthony D' Mellow Trophy, Ashes, Asia Cup, Benson and Hedges Cup, Bose
Trophy, Champions Trophy, Charminar Challenger Cup, CK Naidu Trophy, Cooch Behar Trophy, Deodhar Trophy, Duleep Trophy, Gavaskar - Border Trophy, GD Birla
Trophy, Gillette Cup, Ghulam Ahmand Trophy, Hakumat Rai Trophy, ICC World
Cup, Irani Trophy, Interface Cup, Jawaharlal Nehru Cup, Lomboard World Challenge
Cup, Mc Dowells Challenge Cup, Merchant Cup, Moin
Moin-ud-Dowla
Dowla Cup, Nat
Na West
Trophy, Prudential Cup (World Cup), Rani Jhansi Trophy, Ranji Trophy, Rohinton
Baria Trophy, Rothmans Cup, Sahara Cup, Sharjah Cup, Sheesh Mahal Trophy,
Sheffield Shield, Singer Cup, Sir Frank Worrel Trophy, Texaco Cup, Titan Cup, Vijay
Hazare Troph
Trophy,
y, Vijay Merchant Trophy, Vizzy Trophy, Wisden Trophy, Wills
Trophy, World Series Cup.
Table Tennis
Berna Bellack Cup (men), Corbillion Cup (women), Jai Laxmi Cup (women),
Rajkumari Challenge Cup (women junior), Ramanuja Trophy (men junior),
Travancore Cup (women), Swathling Cup (men), etc
Badminton
Aggarwal Cup, Amrit Diwan Cup, Asia Cup, Australasia Cup, Chaddha Cup,
European Cup, Harilela Cup, Ibrahim Rahimatollah Challenger Cup, Konica Cup,
Narang Cup, SR Ruia Cup, Sophia Cup, Kitiakara Cup, Thomas Cup, Tunku
Abdulrahman Cup, Uber Cup, World Cup, Yonex Cup etc
Basketball
Basalat Jha Trophy, BC Gupta Trophy, Federation Cup, SM Arjuna Trophy, Todd
Memorial Trophy, William Jones Cup, Bangalore Blues Challenge Cup, Nehru Cup,
Federation Cup etc.
Bridge
Basalat Jha Trophy, Holkar Trophy, Ruia Gold Cup, Singhania Trophy, etc
Polo
Ezra Cup, Gold Cup, King's Cup, Prithi Cup, Schneider Cup etc.
Athletics
Charminar Trophy, Federation Cup etc
Air Racing
Jawaharlal Challenge Trophy, King's Cup, Schneider Cup etc
31
Billiards
Arthur Walker Trophy, Thomas Cup etc
Boxing
Aspy Adjahia Trophy, Federation Cup, Val Baker Trophy etc.
Golf
Canada Cup, Eisenhower Trophy, Muthiah Gold Cup, Nomura Trophy, President's
Trophy, Prince of Wales Cup, Ryder Cup, Solheim Cup, Topolino Trophy, Walker
Cup, World Cup etc
Chess
Naidu Trophy, Khaitan Trophy, Limca Trophy, Lin Arec City Trophy, World Cup, etc
Horse Racing
Beresford Cup, Blue Raiband Cup, Derby, Grand National Cup etc.
Netball
Anantrao Pawar Trophy, etc
Rugby Football
Bledisloe Cup, Calcutta Cup, Webb Ellis Trophy, etc
Shooting
North Wales Cup, Welsh Grand Pix etc
Volleyball
Centennial Cup, Federation Cup, Indira Pradhan Trophy, Shivanthi Gold Cup, etc
Yatching
America Cup, etc
32
India's performance in Commonwealth Games

S.No
Year
Venue
First Place
India's Medal
1930
Hamilton(Canada)
England
Not participated
1934
London(England)
England
1 Bronze Medal
1938
Sydney(Australia)
Australia
No medal
1950
Auckland(New Zealand)
Australia
Not Participated
1954
Vancouver(Canada)
England
No medal
1958
Cardiff (Britain)
England
Gold-2,
2, Silver-1
Silver
1962
Perth (Australia)
Australia
Not Participated
1966
Kingston(Jamica)
England
Gold-3,Silver
3,Silver-4,Bronze-5
1970
Edinburgh(UK)
Australia
Gold-5,Silver
5,Silver-3
10
1974
Christchurch(New Zealand) Australia
Gold-4,Silver
4,Silver-8,Bronze-3
11
1978
Edmonton(Canada)
Canada
Gold-5,Silver
5,Silver-4,Bronze-6
12
1982
Brisbane (Australia)
Australia
Gold-5,Silver
5,Silver-5,Bronze-3
13
1986
Edinburgh(UK)
England
Not Participated
14
1990
Auckland(New Zealand)
Australia
Gold-13,Silver
13,Silver-8,Bronze-7
15
1994
Victoria(Canada)
Australia
Gold-6,Silver
16
1998
Kuala Lumpur(Malaysia)
Australia
Gold-07,Silver
17
2002
Manchester(England)
Australia
Gold-32,Silver
32,Silver-21,Bronze-19 (Third
Position)
18
2006
Melbourne
Australia
Gold-22,Silver
22,Silver-17,Bronze-11 (Fourth
Position)
19
2010
Delhi
Australia
Gold 38, Silver 27, Bronze 36 (Second

Position)
Scotland
64 medals (15 Golds, 30 Silvers, 19

Bronzes) (5th Position) India's first ever
Commonwealth medal was won
by Rashid Anwar who won a bronze in
Welterweight category of Wrestling
20
2014
Glasgow
33
First in India (Woman)

The first lady to become Miss World
Rita Faria
The first woman judge in Supreme Court
Mrs. Meera Sahib Fatima Bibi
The first woman Ambassador
Miss C.B. Muthamma
The first woman Governor of a state in free India
Mrs Sarojini Naidu
The first woman Speaker of a State Assembly
Shanno Devi
The first woman Prime Minister
Mrs Indira Gandhi
The first woman Minister in a Government
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
The first woman to climb Mount Everest
Bachhendri Pal
The first woman to climb Mount Everest twice
Santosh Yadav
The first woman President of Indian National Congress
Mrs Annie Besant
The first woman pilot in Indian Air Force
Harita Kaur Dayal
The first woman Graduates
Kadambini Ganguly and Chandramukhi

Basu, 1883
The first woman Airline Pilot
Durga Banerjee
The first woman Honours Graduate
Kamini Roy, 1886
The first woman Olympic medal Winner
Karnam Malleswari, 2000
The first woman Asian Games Gold Medal Winner
Kamlijit Sandhu
The first woman Lawyer
Cornelia Sorabjee
The first woman President of United Nations General

Assembly
Mrs Vijaya Laxmi Pandit
The first woman Chief Minister of an Indian State
Mrs Sucheta Kripalani
The first woman Chairman of Union Public Service

Commission
Roze Millian Bethew
The first woman Director General of Police
Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya
The first woman Judge
Anna Chandy (She became judge in a

district court in 1937)
34
The first woman Cheif Justice of High Court
Mrs Leela Seth (Himachal Pradesh High

Court)
The first woman Judge in Supreme Court of India
Kumari Justice M. Fathima Beevi
The first woman Lieutenant General
Puneeta Arora
The first woman Air Vice Marshal
P. Bandopadhyaya
The first woman chairperson of Indian Airlines
Sushma Chawla
The first woman IPS officer
Mrs. Kiran Bedi
The first and last Muslim woman ruler of India
Razia Sultan
The first woman to receive Ashoka Chakra
Nirja Bhanot
The first woman to receive Jnanpith Award
Ashapurna Devi
The first woman to cross English Channel
Aarti Saha
The first woman to receive Nobel Prize
Mother Teresa
The first woman to receive Bharat Ratna
Mrs Indira Gandhi
The first woman to receive Jnanpith Award
Ashpurna Devi
35
Cities on the bank of rivers

City
River
Allahabad
At the confluence of Ganga and Yamuna
Patna
Ganga
Varansi
Ganga
Kanpur
Ganga
Haridwar
Ganga
Badrinath
Alaknanda
Agra
Yamuna
Delhi
Yamuna
Mathura
Yamuna
Ferozpur
Satluj
Ludhiana
Satluj
Srinagar
Jhelum
Lucknow
Gomti
Jaunpur
Gomti
Ayodhya
Saryu
Bareillly
Ram ganga
Ahmedabad
Sabarmati
Kota
Chambal
Jabalpur
Narmada
Panji
Mandavi
Ujjain
Kashipra
Surat
Tapti
Jamshedpur
Swarnarekha
36
Dibrugarh
Brahmaputra
Guwahati
Brahmaputra
Kolkata
Hooghly
Sambalpur
Mahanadi
Cuttack
Mahanadi
Serirangapatnam
Cauvery
Hyderabad
Musi
Nasik
Godavari
Vijayvada
Krishna
Curnool
Tungabhadra
Tiruchirapalli
Cauvery
37
River Cities of the World

S.No City
Country
River
S.No
City
Country
River
Alexandria
Egypt
Nile
21
Lima
Peru
Rmac
Amsterdam
Netherlands
Amstel
22
London
England
Thames
Baghdad
Iraq
Tigris
23
Madrid
Spain
Manzanares
Bangkok
Thailand
Chao
Phraya
24
Melbourne
Australia
Yarra
Belgrade
Yugoslavia
Danube,
Sava
25
Montreal
Canada
St.
Lawrence
Berlin
Germany
Spree,
Havel
26
Moscow
Russia
Moskva
Bogot
Colombia
Bogot
27
Paris
France
Seine
Brussels
Belgium
Senne
28
Prague
Czech
Republic
Moldau
Budapest
Hungary
Danube
29
Rome
Italy
Tiber
10
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Ro de la
Plata
30
Saint
Petersburg
Russia
Neva
11
Cairo
Egypt
Nile
31
Santiago
Chile
Mapocho
12
Calcutta
India
Hugli
32
So Paulo
Brazil
Tiet
13
Damascus
Syria
Barada
33
Seoul
South
Korea
Han
14
Delhi
India
Yamuna
34
Shanghai
China
Huangpu
15
Dublin
Ireland
LIffey
35
Tokyo
Japan
Sumida
16
Ho Chi Minh
City
Vietnam
Saigon
36
Vienna
Austria
Danube
17
Hong Kong
China
Pearl
37
Warsaw
Poland
Vistula
18
Jakarta
Indonesia
Liwung
38
Zagreb
Croatia
Sava
19
Kiev
Ukraine
Dnieper
39
Zrich
Switzerland
Limmat,
Sihl
20
Lisbon
Portugal
Tagus
38
UNESCO's World Heritage Sites in India

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) seek to encourage
the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world
considered to be of outstanding value to humanity. This is embodied in an international treaty called
the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted
adopte by
UNESCO in 1972. In India there are 28 such sites which are recognized by UNESCO. In 2010, Jantar
Mantar of Jaipur was the latest entry into the list.
1. Agra Fort
16. Group of Monuments at Pattadakal
2. Ajanta Caves
17. Sundarbans National Park
3. Ellora Caves
18. Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers

National Parks
4. Taj Mahal
5. Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram
19. Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi

20. Humayun's Tomb, Delhi
6. Sun Temple, Konrak

7. Kaziranga National Park
21. Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi

22. Mountain Railways of India
8. Keoladeo National Park

9. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
23. Mahabodhi Temple Complex

Com
at Bodh
Gaya
10. Churches and Convents of Goa
24. Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
11. Fatehpur Sikri
25. Champaner-Pavagadh
Pavagadh Archaeological
Park
12. Group of Monuments at Hampi

13. Khajuraho Group of Monuments
14. Elephanta Caves
15. Great Livingg Chola Temples
26. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly

Victoria Terminus)
27. Red Fort Complex
28. The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
Ecological Hot Spots : -There

There are 34 areas in the world that correspond to this definition of
biodiversity hotspots. All together, they possess 44 percent of the Earths high plants on only 11.8
percent of the planets surface and they have lost more than 87 percent of their original habitat.
Criteria
1. A specific territory must contain a minimum of 1,500 species of vascular plants, equaling to
more than 0.5% of the worlds total plant species as endemics.
2. Secondly, to be considered as a hotspot, 70 percent of the habitat in the spotted area must be
lost, meaning that most of the living species disappeared. The lost of species comes
frequently from overconsumption and from the destruction of natural forest for agriculture.
The isolated situation makes it very vulnerable, si
since
nce there is no possibility of reproduction in
case of extinction.
39
Tribal Dances in India

Dance
State
Dance
State
Kottam
Andhra Pradesh
Tappatrikali
Kerala
Veethi Bhagavata
Andhra Pradesh
Theyyam
Kerala
Bihu
Asom
Lota
Madhya Pradesh
Ankia Nat
Asom
Macha
Madhya Pradesh
Ojapati
Asom
Pandvani
Madhya Pradesh
Jat- Jatin
Bihar
Dahikala
Maharashtra
Damdiya Ras
Gujarat
Lavani
Maharashtra
Garba
Gujarat
Lezim
Maharashtra
Rasila
Gujarat
Tamasha
Maharashtra
Tippani
Gujarat
Lai Haroba
Manipur
Bhavai
Gujarat, Rajasthan
Maha Rassa
Manipur
Swang
Haryana
Chiraw (Bamboo dance)
Mizoram
Gidda Parhaun
Himachal Pradesh
Bahaka Wata
Orrisa
Kayanga
Himachal Pradesh
Dandanate
Orrisa
Luddi
Himachal Pradesh
Bhangra
Punjab
Munzra
Himachal Pradesh
Gidda
Punjab
Chakri
Jammu & Kashmir
Chamar Ginad
Rajasthan
Hikat
Jammu & Kashmir
Gangore
Rajasthan
Rauf
Jammu & Kashmir
Jhulan Leela
Rajasthan
Chakiarkoothu
Kerala
Kayanga Bajavanga
Rajasthan
Chavittu Natkam
Kerala
Khayal
Rajasthan
Kaikotti Kalli
Kerala
Kummi
Tamil Nadu
Koodiyattam
Kerala
Kokattam
Tamil Nadu
Krishnanathani
Kerala
Therukoothu
Tamil Nadu
40

Mudivettu
Kerala
Chappeli
Uttar Pradesh
Kumanon
Uttar Pradesh
Kajri
Uttar Pradesh
Chhau
West Bengal
Karan
Uttar Pradesh
Jatra
West Bengal
Nautanki
Uttar Pradesh
Kathi
West Bengal
41
Nick names
1.
Bengals Sorrow: Damodar River
28. Land of Cakes: Scotland
2.
Blue Mountains: Nilgiri Hills
29. Land of Golden Fleece: Australia
3.
Chinas Sorrow: Hawang--Ho
30. Land of Maple: Canada
4.
City Beautiful: Chandigarh
31. Land of Morning Calm: Korea
5.
City of Dreaming Spires: Oxford
32. Land of Thousand Lakes: Finland
6.
City of Golden Gate: San Francisco
33. Land of the Midnight Sun: Norway
7.
City of Magnificent Buildings: Washington
34. Land of the Rising Sun: Japan
8.
City of Palaces: Calcutta
35. Land of the Thunderbolt:

erbolt: Bhutan
9.
City of Seven Hills: Rome
36. Land of White Elephant: Thailand
10. City of Sky-scrapers: New York
37. Loneliest Island: Tristan De Gunha (Mid(Mid

Atlantic)
11. Cockpit of Europe: Belgium

12. Dark Continent: Africa
38. Never Never land: Vast Prairies of N.

Australia
13. Emerald Isle: Ireland
39. Pearl of the Antilles: Cuba
14. Eternal City: Rome

15. Forbidden City: Lhasa (Tibet)
40. Pearl of the Pacific: Guayaquil port of

Ecuador
16. Garden City: Chicago
41. Pillars of Hercules: Straits of Gibraltar
17. Gate of Tears: Strait of Bab

Bab-el-Mandeb
42. Playground of Europe: Switzerland
18. Gateway of India: Bombay
43. Quaker City: Philadelphia
19. Gift of the Nile: Egypt
44. Queen of the Adriatic: Venice
20. Granite City: Aberdeen
45. Roof of the World: The Pamirs, Central Asia
21. Hermit Kingdom: Korea
46. Rose-pink City: Jaipur
22. Herring Pond: Atlantic Ocean
47. Sorrow of China: Yellow River
23. Holy Land: Palestine
48. Spice Garden of India: Kerala
24. Island Continent: Australia
49. Sugar bowl of the World: Cuba
25. Island of Cloves: Zanzibar
50. Venice of the East: Alappuzha
26. Isle of Pearls: Bahrain (Persian Gulf)
51. Venice of the North: Stockholm
27. Key to the Mediterranean: Gibraltar
52. White mans grave: Guinea Coast of Africa

42

53. Windy City: Chicago
Tribes and Races of the world

1. Afridis: A war-like
like race of hill men on the north
north-west
west frontier of Pakistan (tribal area of
Waziristan).
2. Bedouins: Nomadic tribe of Arabia, spread over the whole of N
Northern
orthern Africa and Western
Asia.
3. Bhils: a primitive Dravidian race inhabiting Central India.
4. Boer: a name applied to South Africans of Dutch or Huguenot descent, especially to early
settlers of Transvaal and the Orange Free State and their descendants.
5. Bushmen: They live in the Kalahari desert. They are probably the descendants of the earliest
inhabitants of Africa. They rank among the most uncivilized and backward peoples in the
world. Their food consists almost entirely of meat, often raw or decomposed, and
a in times of
scarcity they will eat insects, snakes etc.
6. Cossacks: Peasants of the south
south-eastern
eastern border land of Poland, or Ukraina are known as
Cossacks. Many of them belong to Turkic people while many others are of a mix descent.
7. Eskimos: Race living in the Arctic regions: Greenland, Alaska, Labradors and the extreme
north-east
east corner of Siberia.
8. Karbis: They are natives of Assam.
9. Khasis: A tribe inhabiting the Khasi and Jaintia hills in the north
north-eastern
eastern hilly tracts in
Meghalaya State of India. The Kha
Khasis
sis have their own distinctive language and culture.
10. Kikuyu: A race of Bantu negroes who live in the north of Mount Kenya. They combine
agriculture with pastoralism.
11. Kirghiz: of Central Asia are an example of people adopted to a grassland environment. They
are pastoral nomads who move from pasture to pasture with the flocks and herds of horses,
camels, oxen, sheep and goats. Meat forms only a small portion of their food. The Kirghiz are
fearless horsemen, and even their children are expert riders.
12. Kiwis: inhabit
nhabit New Zealand.
13. Lambadies: are concentrated in Karnataka State of India.
14. Lepchas: are aborigins of Sikkim and Darjeeling. They are one of the Scheduled Tribes of
the Hills, recognised by the Government of India.
15. Magyars: the Hungarian race who came to Eastern Europe from south-west
west Asia and settled
in Hungary in the 10th century.
16. Mahsud: Hill-tribe
tribe living in north
north-west of Pakistan.
43
Compiled By Amiya From different Sources3E Learning, 3rd Floor, Anand Complex, Near Lalpur
PS, H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244

17. Maoris: are the original inhabitants of New Zealand. The Maoris are tall, muscular,
handsome people, with brown skin and black hair. They are greatly skilled in stone and woodwood
carving.
18. Masai: of the east African Plateau are the example of pastoral people. They are tall, strong,
warlike race, partly negroid in type. They treat their cattle with great respect and affection and
do not kill them for food or for sale as meat.
19. Moplas: A Muslim tribe of Malabar (Kerala, India).
20. Mayas: A large group of American Indians living in the highlands of Gauatemala.
21. Munda: They are mostly located in the State of Madhya Pradesh in India.
22. Nagas: Hill tribe of Nagaland (India).
23. Negritos: are the ancient tribes of Andamans.
24. Negro: A race of men distinguished by dark skin, fuzzy hair, broad and protruding lips, living
in south-west
west and Central Africa.
25. Red Indians: Race living in U.S.A. between the rocky Mountains and the Missouri River.
They are original inhabitants of America.
26. Santhals: Aboriginal natives of Orissa and Chhotanagpur.
27. Semangs: are tribal people living in Malaysia.
28. Todas: They are aboriginal tribe of the Nilgiris (India).
29. Zulus: are a race of negroid people in Natal (South Africa), having close ethnic, linguistic
and cultural ties with the Swazis and the Bantus.
44
Important Lines in World

Durand Line
Durand line demarcates the boundaries of India and Afghanistan.
Hindenburg Line
It divides Germany and Poland.
Marginal Line
Marginal line demarcates the boundaries of Russia and Finland
McMahon Line
McMahon line demarcates the frontier of India and China.
Medicine Line
It is the border between Canada and the United States.
Order-Neisse Line
It is the border between Poland and Germany, adopted at the Poland Conference (Aug 1945) after
World War II.
Radcliffe Line
It demarcates the boundary between India and Pakistan.
17th Parallel
It is the boundary between North and South Vietnam.
24th Parallel
Pakistan claims for demarcation between India and Pakistan on the basis of this line.
38th Parallel
This line separates North Korea and South Korea.
49th Parallel
It is the boundary between USA and Canada.
45
The Geographcal Lines

nes
Isopleth
Reactions
Isobars
Equal pressure
Isobaths
Equal depth in sea
Isobronts
Thunder-storm
storm at the same time
Isohaline
Salinity
Isohels
Sunshine
Isohyets
Rainfall
Isohypse
Elevation above sea

sea-level
Isonif
Snow
Isotherms
Temperature
Isoneph
Cloudiness
Isodapan
Equal transportation cost distance
Isocline
Slope
46
Important facts about condition of Woman in India

1. The female literacy in India is 65.5% while that male is 82.1% and the national average is
74% according to Census 2011.
2. The dropout rates in school (class I to X) is higher in males (53.3%) as compared to females
(51.97%)
3. The enrolments rates of females in school are slightly lower then their male counterparts.
4. The maternal mortality in has come down from 254 during 2004
2004-06
06 to 212 in 2006-07
2006
5. In the year 2010, thee infant mortality of female child was 49 per 1000 live birth while in case
of male child was 46.
6. Life expectancy at birth of females is (64.2 years) higher then that of males (62.6 years)
7. 2.2% of women in India drink alcohol
8. 10.8% of women in India chew tobacco
9. 1.4% of women in India smoke
10. 40.8% of deliveries (birth) are institutionalized
11. In 2011, of the total crime reported against women, 43.4% were committed by husband and
relatives
eported against women.
12. The cases of Molestation were second highest among the total crime reported
13. In the Union council of ministers (74), there are at present 8 women
14. Among the 26 Supreme Court judges, there are 2 women
15. Among the 634 total high court judges in India, 54 are women.
16. In the organized sector, women constitute 20% of the total work force.
47
Parliaments of the world

Country
Parliament
Afghanistan
Shora
Argentina
National Congress
Australia
Federal Parliament
Austria
National Assembly
Bangladesh
Jatiya Sansad
Bhutan
Tsogdu
Bolivia
National Congress
Brazil
National Congress
Brunei
National Assembly
Botswana
National Assembly
Britain
Parliment (House of Common's and House of Lords)
Bulgaria
Narodno Subranie.
Cambodia
National Assembly
Congo Democratic Rep. of National Legislative Council

Colombia
Congress
Canada
Parliament
China
National People's Assembly
Chile
Chamber of Deputies and Senate
Comoros
Legislative Council and Senate
Costa Rice
Legislative Council and Senate
Crotia
Sabor
Cuba
National Assembly of People's Power
Czech Republic

48
Denmark
Folketing
Ecuador
Natinal Congress
El Salvador
Legislative Assembly
East Timor
Constituent Assembly
Ethiopia
Federal Council and House of Representative
Egypt
People's Assembly
Fiji Islands
Senate & House of Representative
France
National Assembly
Finland
Eduskusta (Parliament)
Germany
Bundestag (Lower House) and Bundesrat (Upper House)
Guyana
National Assembly
Greece
Chamber of Deputies
Hungry
National Assembly
Iceland
Althing
India
Sansad
Indonesia
People's Consultative Assembly
Iran
Majlis
Iraq
National Assembly
Israel
Knesset
Italy
Japan
Diet
Jordan
National Assembly
Korea(North)
Supreme People's Assembly
Korea(South)
National Assembly
Kuwait
National Assembly
49
Laos
People's Supreme Assembly
Labanon
National Assembly
Lesotho
National Assembly and Senate
Lithuania
Seimas
Luxembourg
Chamber of Deputies
Libya
General People's Congress
Malaysia
Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara
Maldives
Majlis
Madagascar
National People's Assembly
Mongolia
Great People's Khural
Montenegro
Federal Assembly
Mozambique
People's Assembly
Myanmar
Pyithu Hluttaw
Nepal
Rashtriya Panchayat
Netherlands
The Staten General
New Zealand
Parliament (House of Representative)
Oman
Monarchy
Pakistan
National Assembly & Senate
Paraguay
Senate & Chamber of Deputies
Philippines
The Congress
Papua New Guinea National Parliament

Poland
Sejm
Romania
Great National Assembly
Russia
Duma & Federal Council
Serbia
Federal Assembly
50
Senegal
National Assembly
Seychelles
People's Assembly
South Africa Rep. House of Assembly

Spain
Cortes
Sweden
Riksdag
Saudi Arabia
Majlis Al Shura
Sudan
Majlis Watani
Switzerland
Federal Assembly
Syria
People's Council
Turkey
Grand National Assembly
USA
Congress
Vietnam
National Assembly
Venezuela
National Congress
Zambia
National Assembly
51
World's Largest Dams
Volume (thousands)
Dam
Location
Three Gorges
China
Syncrude Tailings
cu m
cu yds
Year completed
39,300,000
51,402,459
UC08
Canada
540,000
706,320
UC
Chapetn
Argentina
296,200
387,410
UC
Pati
Argentina
238,180
274,026
UC
New Cornelia Tailings
United States
209,500
274,026
1973
Tarbela
Pakistan
121,720
159,210
1976
Kambaratinsk
Kyrgyzstan
112,200
146,758
UC
Fort Peck
Montana
96,049
125,628
1940
Lower Usuma
Nigeria
93,000
121,644
1990
Cipasang
Indonesia
90,000
117,720
UC
Atatrk
Turkey
84,500
110,522
1990
Yacyret-Apipe
Paraguay/Argentina
81,000
105,944
1998
Guri (Ral Leoni)
Venezuela
78,000
102,014
1986
Rogun
Tajikistan
75,500
98,750
1985
Oahe
South Dakota
70,339
92,000
1963
Mangla
Pakistan
65,651
85,872
1967
Gardiner
Canada
65,440
85,592
1968
Afsluitdijk
Netherlands
63,400
82,927
1932
Oroville
California
59,639
78,008
1968
San Luis
California
59,405
77,700
1967
Nurek
Tajikistan
58,000
75,861
1980
Garrison
North Dakota
50,843
66,500
1956
Cochiti
New Mexico
48,052
62,850
1975
Tabka (Thawra)
Syria
46,000
60,168
1976
Bennett W.A.C.
Canada
43,733
57,201
1967
Tucurui
Brazil
43,000
56,242
1984
Boruca
Costa Rica
43,000
56,242
UC
High Aswan (Sadd-el-Aali)
Egypt
43,000
56,242
1970
San Roque
Philippines
43,000
56,242
UC
Kiev
Ukraine
42,841
56,034
1964
Dantiwada Left Embankment
India
41,040
53,680
1965
Saratov
Russia
40,400
52,843
1967
Mission Tailings 2
Arizona
40,088
52,435
1973
Fort Randall
South Dakota
38,227
50,000
1953
Kanev
Ukraine
37,860
49,520
1976
Mosul
Iraq
36,000
47,086
1982
Kakhovka
Ukraine
35,640
46,617
1955
Itumbiara
Brazil
35,600
46,563
1980
Lauwerszee
Netherlands
35,575
46,532
1969
Beas
India
35,418
46,325
1974
Oosterschelde
Netherlands
35,000
45,778
1986
52
World Civilizations
Egyptian Civilization
It is one of the world's longest continuous civilizations. In 300 BC Upper and Lower Egypt were
united, beginning a period of cultural glory and native rulers that lasted nearly 3,000 years. Historians
have divided the history of Egypt into the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms, spanning 31 dynasties
and lasting to 322 BC. The highlight of the Old Kingdo
Kingdom
m was the building of the pyramids of Giza.
The Middle kingdom saw Egypt develop into a great power. Massive temples and tombs, such as
Tutenkhamun's were built during the New Kingdom.
Another classification is the pyramid age (3490
(3490-2500 BC), the Feudal Agee (about 1800 BC), the New
Empire (about 1150 BC). In the fourth and third millennium, the Pharaohs held supreme power. The
Egyptians studied nature with great care. They were aware of five planets. They divided the day-night
day
cycle into twelve hours. They also developed a system of writing called hieroglyphics.
Mesopotamian Civilization
Mesopotamia was the ancient region between Tigris and Euphrates in South
South-West
West Asia, roughly
corresponding to modern Iraq. It was the site of one of the earliest human civil
civilizations,
izations, resulting from
the development of irrigation in the 6th millennium BC and the extreme fertility of the irrigated land.
Sumerians settled in the lower parts of Tigris and Euphrates valley between 5000 and 4000 BC. Its
seat was the city of Mesopotamia,
mia, founded by the Sumerians Babylonia gained supremacy in the 18th
Century BC and was followed by others, notably the Assyrians. Later ruled by the Persians Greek and
Romans, Mesopotamia gradually lost its distinctive cultural traditions.
Mesopotamia bears
rs the stamp of clay as does no other civilization, and nowhere in the world but in
Mesopotamia and the regions over which its influence was diffused was clay used as the vehicle for
writing. They also created mythological and historical epics like the fam
famous
ous 'Creation' and 'Flood
Epics'. The most impressive work of the Babylonians is the 'Epic of Gilgamesh' containing their main
myths.
Chinese Civilization
The first documented dynasty was the Shang (c. 1523
1523-c.
c. 1020 BC), when bronze casting was
perfected. The Zhou dynasty (c. 1030
1030-221
221 BC) was the age of Chinese Classical Literature, in
particular Confucian and Lao Tzu. China was unified by Qin Shihuangdi, whose tomb near Xlan
contains the famous terracotta army. The majority of the great wall was built by the Qin dynasty (221(221
206 BC). The Ran dynasty established in 206 BC and ruled until AD 220. The Ran dynasty developed
the empire, a bureaucracy based on Confucianism, and also introduced Buddhism. China then split
into three kingdoms (Wei, Shu and Wu). Tan
Tang dynasty (618-907)
907) was a golden era of artistic
achievement, especially in poetry and fine art.
Genghis Khan conquered most of China in the 1210s and established the Mongol empire. Kubla Khan
founded the Yuan dynasty (1271
(1271-1368), a period of dialogue with Europe. The Ming dynasty (136853

1644) restablished Chinese rule and is famed for its fine porcelain. The Manchu Qing dynasty (16441912) began by vastly extending the empire.
Greek Civilization
The earliest urban society in Greece was the palace
palace-centered Minoan civilization. It reached its height
on Crete c. 2000 BC. It was succeeded by the mainland Mycenaen civilization, which arose c. 1600
BC following a wave of Indo-European
European invasions. A second wave of invasions in c. 1200 BC,
destroyed the Bronze Age cultures, paving the way for a dark age. Classical Greece began to emerge
(c. 750 BC) as a collection of independent city
city-states
states including Sparta and Athens.
The civilization reached its heights, after repelling the Persians at the beginning of the 5thcentury BC
and began to decline after the civil strife of the Peloponnesian war. The Greek city-states
city
were taken
over by Philip II of Macedon in 388 BC. Greek culture was spread by Philip's son Alexander the
Great throughout his empire. In the 2nd cent
century
ury BC, the Romans conquered Greek city-states.
city
The Greeks were the first political scientists and democrats in the world. Greece occupies a great
place in the history of world civilization. The outstanding philosophers like Socrates, Plato and
Aristotle were the products of this civilization. The Greeks also built many temples. Homer's 'Iliad'
and 'The Odyssey' are also Greece's great gifts to the world.
Roman Civilization
Rome is situated on the river Tiber in Italy. Etruscan traders occupied this city and made it the largest
and most important cities of central Italy. Between 338 and 169 B.C., the Romans dominated the
Mediterranean world. Between 167 B.C. and 14A.D. much of the land was conquered, the republic
was brought to an end and the Roman Empire was established. The rise of Caesar is a remarkable
event in the Roman history. After Caesar, Octavian brought the republic to an end.
The ancient Romans worshipped their family deities. Galen, a physician, completed an encyclopaedia
of medicine. Caesarian
n Operation, first tried at the birth of Caesar became popular. In the fourth
century after Christ, Theodosius made Christianity the religion of the state.
54
Landmarks in World History

Magna Carta :- The Magna Carla was a Charter of Rights granted to the Englishmen during 1215
AD by King John II. During the reign of King John II (1167
(1167-1216)
1216) the citizens of Britain were
burdened with heavy taxes. As a treacherous and cruel king he curbed the privileges of nobles and
clergymen. As a result the barons, clerg
clergy
y and the common people united and compelled King John to
redress their grievances by signing the Great Charter known as the Magna Carta. It was signed by
King John II in June 1215 at Runnymede. The charter contained 63 clauses guaranteeing the freedom
of the barons, the church and the common man. Under this charter the king himself was to act
according to the law which curbed the king's right to levy taxes arbitrarily. It ensured that the king
would act with the sanction of the people's representatives in the matters of administration be it the
imposition of new taxes or punishing a wrong doer or imprisonment of any man. In other words,
through this document the Law was made the highest authority in the land. The Magna Carta laid
down the important principlee that England should be governed by a definite law and not by the whims
or will of a despotic ruler.
Feudalism:- Feudalism was apolitical and economic system of medieval Europe based on the
relation of lord to vassal in which land was held on the conditi
condition
on of homage and service. A lord
would promise to protect a smaller landowner from his enemies. In return, the small landowner or
peasant surrendered his land and became a vassal. In 888 AD big empires were divided into small
kingdoms of landowning nobles who protected peasants against tribal attacks. Peasants surrendered
their lands to the nobles for protection of their lives. They were allowed to work and live on it but the
land became feudal property. Feudal lords became rich and powerful and kings had to
t depend on them
for men and money.
Renaissance:- Renaissance means revival or rebirth. During the time of the Roman empire all the
manuscripts containing the wisdom of the ancient Greeks were kept in Constantinople and studied by
the scholars of the city. However, in 1451 AD a new Sultan, Mahomet II ascended the Turkish throne
and swore to capture Constantinople (now Istanbul). In 1453 he attacked and occupied the city. The
scholars fled taking with them the manuscripts and documents and settled in thee cities of Italy to
spread their learning throughout western Europe. In 1454, Gutenberg set up a printing press and these
manuscripts and documents were reprinted, and thus astronomy, geography and other sciences were
rediscovered by western Europe. A Gre
Greek
ek copy of the New Testament (Part of the Bible) was also
found, which revolutionized the process of religious reform in Europe. The Renaissance has been
called the revival of learning that swept across Europe. The movement slowly spread to England in
the 15th and 16th centuries.
Habeas Corpus Act, 1679 :- The Habeas Corpus Act was drawn up during the reign of King Charles
II which stated that no one was to be imprisoned without a writ or warrant stating the charges against
him. It also provided facilities to a prisoner to obtain either speedy trial or release on bail. The Act
safeguarded the personal liberties of the people against arbitrary imprisonment by the king's orders.
Glorious Revolution :- King James II of England, became very unpopular due to his
hi strong
Catholic beliefs. As a result he was forced to flee to France. The government invited William of
Orange (1650-1702)
1702) the Dutch leader and his wife Mary, daughter of King James II, and declared
them joint sovereigns on 13 February, 1689. The overthr
overthrowing
owing of James II was without any
bloodshed and is thus known as the Glorious Revolution.
55
Revolutions and Wars of Independence

American War of Independence :- Great Britain regulated trade in the American colonies to such a
great extent that there was growing annoyance among the settlers at the controls and checks imposed
upon them. There were acts of rebellion and this hostility flared into war on 19 April, 1775; when
shots were exchanged in Lexington.
The first battle of the war was fought at Bunk
Bunker
er Hill Charlestown in which Britain won; they also
scored decisive victories in New York (1776) and Philadelphia (1777). But the American Continental
Congress had appointed George Washington (1732
(1732-99)
99) to take charge of the untrained American
soldiers and he inspired them to fight for their freedom. Further inspiration was provided on 4 July,
1776 when the Congress issued the Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson. The
Declaration renounced allegiance to the British throne and resolved "tha
"thatt these United Colonies are,
and of right ought to be, free and independent states.'' Americans were aided in their fight by Britain's
enemies in Europe and in 1777 the British general Burgoyne (1723
(1723-92)
92) was forced to surrender at
Saratoga.
In 1781 General Cornwallis (1738
(1738-1805)
1805) besieged at Yorktown by French ships which prevented aid
from reaching him by sea, surrendered and the War of Independence ended. America was granted its
independence in 1783 and George Washington was elected the first President of USA.
Boston tea party It is an incident related to the War of Independence in America when settlers in
colonies threw a shipment of 342 chests of tea into the sea at Boston in 1773. To suppress the
agitation, the colony of Massachusetts was brought under direct control of the Crown.
Greek War of Independence:- The Turkish empire included south

south-east
east Europe and the Middle East.
The Greeks were the first people to revolt against the Turks in 1821.
Russians supported the Greeks, Britain and France also joine
joined
d in supporting the Greeks in 1827. All
three countries joined together to destroy the Turkish empire and the Turks were forced to yield. The
Greeks achieved independence in 1830.
Belgian War of Independence (1830)
(1830):- When the Dutch gained independence in the
t late sixteenth
century, the southern provinces of the Netherlands (roughly equal to modern Belgium) remained
under the rule of Spain, and later Austria. During the Napoleonic, wars they were overrun by the
French and when Napoleon was defeated in 1814 B
Belgium
elgium was reunited with the Netherlands as one
kingdom.
The union with the Dutch was not accepted in Belgium. Although the two peoples had much in
common, problems arose out of differences in religion, language and social customs. Under the Dutch
king the Belgians, felt that they were being regarded as second
second-class
class citizens. This led to riots against
Dutch rule in 1830 and quickly developed into a full
full-scale mass revolution.
The Belgians declared their independence in 1830 and drew up a national Constitution
Constituti in 1831
inviting Leopold of Saxe-Coburg
Coburg (1790
(1790-1865) to become their first king.
French Revolution (1789-1793)
1793):- In the 18th century France was under the despotic rule of King
Louis XVI, who was not only inexperienced but also weak, feeble and lacked administrative
adm
capabilities. He believed in the Theory of Divine Right of Kings. At the time French society consisted
56

of nobles, clergy and the commoners. Nobles belonged to the highly privileged class and enjoyed
special rights. As one-fifth
fifth of the land was the property of the church, the clergy monopolized offices
of the church and led a luxurious life. The commoners were isolated as the most under-privileged
under
class which comprised peasants in villages, workers in cities and middle
middle-class
class government employees.
The commoners were awakened by French philosopher of the time who attacked the church, the
crown, and old traditions, of despotic rule. Montesquieu (1689
(1689-1755)
1755) who was dead against the
Divine Right Theory of kings; Volatire (1664
(1664-1774) who exposed the tyranny
anny and arbitrary practices
of the King, abuses of the Church and social inequalities; Rousseau (1712
(1712-1778),
1778), were the 18h
century philosophers of France, who through their writings and ideologies of liberty, equality and
fraternity prepared the nation for this great revolution in France.
French Revolution not only made France a Republic but also gave new direction to the oppressed
people of other countries, helped advocated and furthered the cause of liberty, fraternity and equality
by awakening people against
inst despotic rulers in their countries.
Russian Revolution (1917-1922)
1922):- The great revolution in Russia took place in two stages. The first
stage of the Russian Revolution began in February 1917 with the overthrow of the Czar Nicholas II.
The second stage in October of the same year led to the establishment of the world's first communist
state by the Bolsheviks under Lenin.
Revolution Russia joined the Allies in World War I to 1914, and met with success in the beginning
but was defeated in 1915-16
16 with ove
overr 5.5 million casualties in 2.5 years of war. This led to shortage
of war material and food which thoroughly frustrated the soldiers.
On 7 March, 1917, workers struck work and attacked Petrograd. Farmers revolted to villages and the
frustrated soldiers of World War I joined the general public to revolt against the Czar. Riots broke out
and lawlessness spread throughout Russia. The Czar was dethroned and a temporary government set
up under prince Kerensky's leadership. Kerensky was the follower of a midway ppolicy
olicy (Mensheviks
group) but people wanted definite social and economic changes.
Lenin who was deeply influenced by the principles of Karl Marx took over leadership of the
Bolshevik party which wished to setup a common government. The unity of labourers and
an peasants
under the leadership of Lenin made the revolution a success.
Lenin emerged as a great revolutionary leader; Czar Nicholas II and his family were assassinated,
power came into the hands of the public, and landlords, traders and the clergy were reduced
re
to
destitution. The Russian revolution set up a new society on the basis of communist principles and thus
the great revolution came to an end.
This was a great revolution after the French revolution (1789
(1789-93)
93) which was not limited to Russia
alone but affected almost all countries of the world. It established the ideology of Marxism and led to
the independence of several countries.
Chinese Revolution:- The Manchu Dynasty was overthrown and a republic proclaimed in October
1911. First President Sun Yat-Sen
Sen resigned in favour of strongman Yuan Shih
Shih-Kai.
Kai. Sun organized the
Parliamentarian `Kuomintany' Party. Students launched protests on 4 May, 1919 against League of
Nations concessions in China to Japan. Nationalist, liberal and socialist ideas and political
politic groups
spread. The Communist Party was founded in 1921. An Communist regime took power in Mongolia
with Soviet support in 1921.
57

Algerian War of Independence (1947
(1947-62):- In 1947 Algeria became politically unified with France
but the 86 percent Muslim population
ulation (Arabs and Berber) revolted against French domination and in
1954 war broke out. French deployed half a million troops against the rebels, but instead of
suppressing the revolution, troops supported the agitation and it turned into a sort of civil war.
General De Gaulle was called upon and he ultimately planned the Algerian independence which was
achieved in 1962.
Creation of Bangladesh:- Elections in Pakistan in 1970 resulted in a split between the Punjabis of
West Pakistan and the Bengalis of East Pakistan. By March 1971 the tension between the two groups
had escalated. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (1920
(1920-75)
75) of East Pakistan and his separatist party the Awami
League launched a civil disobedience movement and called for independence from Pakistan's rule. On
O
Pakistan's Republic Day (March 23) people dragged down its national flag and unfurled the flag of
Bangladesh. Severe fighting took place between the separatist (Mukti Bahini) and Pakistan's forces
stationed in East Pakistan. Mujibur Rahman was charged wi
with
th treason. However, formal
independence was declared on 17 April, 1971 and fierce fighting continued in which India supported
the separatist group. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was nominated President of Bangladesh while in jail
and returned to Bangladesh in Jan
January
uary 1972 to a tumultuous welcome. He was, however, assassinated
in 1975.
Collapse of the Soviet Empire:- In 1985 President Gorbachov inherited a collapsing empire.
Constricted by domestic pressures, he chose not to intervene when, in a few dramatic months of late
1989 and early 1990, communist governments of Eastern Europe collapsed under popular pressure
and new regimes declared themselves independent of Soviet control. The tearing down of the Berlin
Wall, and subsequent reunification of Germany was the m
most
ost powerful symbol of change. The
situation was little better in the republics which constituted the Soviet Union. The people were
increasingly disillusioned by falling living standards and inefficient government. Powerful nationalists
forces, from the southern
uthern republics of Armenia to Azerbaijan to the old Baltic States in the north, now
threatened to break up the Soviet Union from within. In August 1991 an attempt by communist `hard`hard
liners' to restore the old system in a coup d'etat failed, leaving the ce
central
ntral Soviet government stripped
of any real power. As one republic after another announced succession it was quickly clear that the
world possessed another `sick man' with all the attendant dangers. The collapse of Soviet Union
signalled the end of superpower
ower confrontation
58
Important Battles (World)

Battle
Period/Year Countries Involved
Battle of Megiddo
608 BC
Necho of Egypt and Josiah of Judah; Egyptians victorious
Battle of Marathon
490 BC
Athenians and Persians; King Darius of Persia defeated.
Battle of Thermoplyae
480 BC
Spartans led by Leonidas and Persians by Xerxes; Spartans

were defeated.
Battle of Salamis
480 BC
Athenian and Persian fleet in the Bay of Salamis; Persian

fleet defeated
Battle of Platae
479 BC
Greek and Persian forces; Persian forces defeated
Battle of Mycale
479 BC
Greek and Persian forces; Persian fleet defeated
Spartan War I
I 459 BC
Sparta and Athens, also called 'Pelponesian War'; it lasted

for 30 years
Spartan War II
431421
421 BC Sparta and Athens; Spartans victorious
Battle of Arabia
331 BC
Greek and Persian forces; Greeks victorious
Battle of Magnesia
190 BC
Syrian and Roman forces; Syrian forces defeated (north(north

west Lydia)
Hundred Year War
13381453
1453
France and England
War of Roses
14551485
1485
Civil War in England between the two rival royal houses of

Lancaster and York; White and red rose were their
respective symbols
Anglo-Spanish War
1588
Spanish and English fleets fought in the English Channel;

Defeat of the Spanish fleet
Thirty Year War
16181648
1648
Started as religious-cum-political
political war between (Conto) the
Lutherans and Catholics in Germany and developed into an
international war
Civil War of England
16421649
1649
Between Cavaliers (King Charles supporters) and forces of

the Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell;
mwell; King Charles I
executed
59
Battle of Gibraltar Bay 1607
The Dutch defeated the Spaniards and the Portuguese
Seven Year War
17561763
1763
Britain and France against Austria and Prussia; British

alliance won
Battle of Nile
1798
British and French fleets; Britain victorious
Battle of Trafalgar
1805
British fleet defeated fleets of France and Spain; British

fleets commanded by Admiral Nelson, who was killed in
the battle
Battle of Austerlitz
1805
Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia on one side and France

on the other; French on the other; French forces victorious
Battle of Borodino
1812
France and Russia; the French forces were commanded by

Napoleon who was defeated
Battle of Leipzig
1813
Germany and combined forces of Austria, Prussia and

Russia defeated Napoleon (French forces)
Battle of Waterloo
1815
British forces led by Duke of Wellington defeated French

forces led by Napoleon Bonaparte; it was Napoleon's last
battle; Napoleon was abdicated and was exiled to the island
of St Helena in South Atlantic
tlantic where he died in 182l.
First China War
1840
China and Britain; Chinese forces yielded. It was a trade

war and also known as the 'Opium War'
American Civil War
18611865
1865
Northern Vs. Southern states of America for the abolition of

slavery; Abraham Lincoln defeated the Southern states
RussoJapan War
1905
Russia and Japan in the Sea of Japan; Russia defeated; also

called the 'Battle of Port Arthur' or 'Battle of Yalu'
Balkan War I
1912
Turkey and Balkan countries (Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria

and Greece); Turkey defeated
Balkan War II
1913
Invasion of Serbia and Greece by Bulgaria; Bulgaria

defeated by combined forces of Serbia, Greece, Romania,
Montenegro, which stripped Turkey of most of its European
territories
World War I
19141919
1919
Germany (with Austria, Hungary and Turkey) against

Britain (with France, US, Russia, Japan, Canada, Austria
and Belgium); Germany and its allies were defeated
60
Battle of Jutland
1916
During World War Inaval

naval battle between Germany and
England in which Germany
any was defeated
World War I
193945
45
Axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) against the Allies

(Britain, USSR, US, France and several other countries);
Axis powers were defeated
Desert War
1942
Italian Army from Libya invaded Egypt in order to attack

British forces
Korean War
1954
South Korea invaded by North Korea; North Korea was

forced back by UN forces
Israel-Arab War
1967
Six-day
day war, shortest war in history; Arab forces led by
Egypt, Syria and Jordan were defeated
Pakistan-Bangladesh
War
1971
Mukti Bahini forces aided by India against the Pakistani

forces stationed in Bangladesh (former East Pakistan);
Pakistani forces surrendered and Bangladesh came into
being
Gulf War
1991
US led multinational forces attacked Iraq to oust Iraqi

troops from Kuwait
Kargil War
1999
India defeated Pakistani forces at Kargil
US-Afghanistan War
2001
US led coalition forces attack Afghanistan to bring down

the Taliban regime in Afghanistan in retaliation to the
September 11 terrorist attack in the USA
Gulf War II
2003
US led coalition forces dethroned the Iraqi President

Saddam Hussein
61
61st National Film Awards Winners List

61st National Film Awards were announced on April 16, in New Delhi. Here's the complete list of
winners
Best Feature Film: Ship Of Theseus (English
(English-Hindi)
Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment: Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (Hindi)
Best Children's Film: Kaphal (Hindi)
Best Direction: Hansal Mehta, Shahid (Hindi)
Best Film on Environment/Conservation: Perariyathavar (Mala
(Malayalam)
Best Debut Film of a Director: Nagraaj Manjule for Fandry (Marathi)
Best Film on National Integration: Thalaimuraigal (Tamil)
Best Actor: Rajkummar Rao (Shahid) and Suraj Venjaramoodu (Perariyathavar)
Best Actress: Geetanjali Thapa (Liar's D
Dice)
Best Supporting Actor: Saurabh Shukla (Jolly LLB)
Best Supporting Actress: Aida Elkashif (Ship Of Theseus) and Amruta Subhash (Astu)
Best Child Artist: Somnath Avghade (Fandry) and Sadhana (Thanga Meengal)
Best Film on Social Issues: Tuhya Dh
Dharma Koncha (Marathi)
Best Hindi Film: Jolly LLB (Hindi)
Best Assamese Film: Ajeyo
Best Telugu Film: Naa Bangaru Talli
Best Tamil Film: Thanga Meengal
Best Malayalam Film: North 24 Kaadham
Best Kannada Film: December 1
Best Marathi Film: Aajcha
ha Diwas Majha
Best Konkani Film: Baga Beach
Best English Film: The Coffin Maker
Best Khasi Film: RI
Best Sherdukpen Film: Crossing Borders
Special Mention: Yellow (Marathi) and Na Bangaaru Talli (Telugu)
Best Choreography: Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (Hindi)
Best Location Sound & Sound Design: Madras Caf (Hindi)
Best Sound Re-recording:
recording: Swapaanam (Malayalam)
Best Special Effects: Jal (Hindi)
Best Music Direction (Songs): Jaatishwar (Bengali)
Best Background Score: Naa Bangaru Talli
Best Dialogue: Astu
Best Male Playback Singer: Rupankar for Jaatishwar
Best Female Playback Singer: Bela Shende for Tuhya Dharma Kocha
Best Cinematography: Liar's Dice
Best Original Screenplay: December 1 (Kannada)
Best Adapted Screenplay: Prakruti (Ka
(Kannada)
Best Editing: Vallinam (Tamil)
Best Production Design: Miss Lovely (Hindi)
Best Costume Design: Jaatishwar
Best Make Up: Jaatishwar
Best Lyrics: Thanga Meengal (Tamil)
Special Jury Award: Yellow and Miss Lovely
62
59th Filmfare Awards (201

(2014) Winners
Best Actor: Farhan Akhtar - Bhaag Milkha Bhaag
Best Actress: Deepika Padukone - Goliyon Ki Rasleela RamLeela
Best Director: Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra - Bhaag Milkha Bhaag
Best Film: Bhaag Milkha Bhaag
Best Debut (Director): Ritesh Batra - The Lunchbox
Best Debut (Male): Dhanush - Raanjhanaa
Best Debut (Female): Vaani Kapoor - Shuddh Desi Romance
Best Film (Critics): Ritesh Batra - The Lunchbox
Best Actor (Critics): Rajkummar Rao - Shahid
Best Actress (Critics): Shilpa Shukla
Shukla- BA Pass
Sony Trendsetter of the Year Award: Chennai Express
Best Screenplay: Chetan Bhagat, Abhishek Kapoor, Supratik Sen and Pubali Chaudhari (Kai Po
Che)
Best Story: Subhash Kapoor - Jolly LLB
Best Actor in a Supporting Role: Nawazuddin Siddiqui - The Lunchbox
Best Actress in a Suporting Role: Supriya Pathak - Ram-Leela
Lifetime Achievement Award: Tanuja
Best Music Award: Jeet Ganguly, Mithoon and Ankit Tiwari - Aashiqui
Best Lyrics: Prasoon Joshi - Zinda (Bhaag Milkha Bhaag)
Best Playback Singer (Male) - Arijit Singh, Tum hi ho (Aashiqui 2)
Best Playback Singer (Female) - Monali Thakur, Sawaar Loon (Lootera)
RD Burman Award: Sidharth Mahadevan
Best Choreogrpahy: Samir and Arsh Tanna - Lahu Muh Lag Gaya (Ram-leela)
Best VFX: Tata Elxis (Dhoom:3)
Best Background Score: Hitesh Sonik - Kai Po Che
Best Action: Thomas Struthers and Guru Bachchan - D Day
Best Cinematography: Kamaljit Negi - Madras Cafe
Best Editing: Aarif Sheikh - D
D-Day
Best Production Design - Acropolis Desig
Design (Bhaag Milkha Bhaag)
Best Sound Design - Bishwadeep Chatterjee and Nihar Ranjan Samar (Madras Cafe)
Best Costume - Dolly Ahluwalia (Bhaag Milkha Bhaag)
63
Other National Awards (Important )

Adiseshiah Award : The 2007 Dr. Malcolm Adiseshiah Award was given to Dr. Ramachandra Guha,
Bengaluru-based
based social scientist and writer. The announcement was made by Mr. H.B.N. Shetty,
Executive officer of the Malcolm and Elizabeth Adiseshiah Trust and Prof. A. Vydhianathan, a trust
Member in Chennai on April 18, 22007.
Asian Young Scientist Award : Mr. S.K. Satheesh of Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala), Associate
Professor at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, has won the Asian Young Scientist Award
2007 of the Asian Research Assembly in aerosol research. The award would be presented to him at a
function in Taiwan.
Banarsi Das Gupta Rashtra Gaurav Puraskar
Puraskar: Ms. Nirmala Deshpande won the first Banarsi Das
Gupta Rashtra Gaurav Puraskar in New Delhi on November 5, 2007.
Basava Award: The Karnataka Government has honoured the former President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul
Kalam with the 2006-07
07 Basava Award in recognition of his services to the country. The award
comprises Rs. 10 lakh, a memento and a citation.
Bharat Bhushan Agrawal Award : The Bharat Bhushan Agrawal Award for
or the best Hindi poem of
the year has been conferred on Mr. Geet Chaturvedi from Jalandhar for his poem Mother
India published in the October 2006 issue of journal Vagarth.
Bharatiya Shiromani Puraskar : Gandhian and former US Ambassador, Mr. Phillips Talbot
Ta
has
been presented the 'Bharatiya Shiromani Puraskar' in New Delhi for his outstanding service to the
cause of the promotion of IndoUS
US relations. The award was presented to mark the 76th anniversary of
the historic Dandi March. Mr. R.K. Sinha, SE (E&
(E&M)
M) of Bharat Coking Coal Limited, New Delhi,
was also awarded 'Bharatiya Shiromani Puraskar' for excellent performance on July 26, 2007.
BHEL Bage Excellence Award : Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) has been conferred the
prestigious Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India National Award for Excellence in Cost
Management 2006 in New Delhi on July 3, 2007
64
Nobel Prize 2013 Winners
The Nobel Prize in Physics : The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to Franois
Englert and Peter W. Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our
understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed
through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments
e
at CERN's Large Hadron Collider".
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry : The 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly
to Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel "for the development of multiscale
models for complex chemical systems".
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Medicine: The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
was awarded jointly to James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Sdhof "for
their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells".
The Nobel Prize in Literature : The 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Alice
Munro ""master of the contemporary short story".
The Nobel Peace Prize : The 2013 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the Organization for the
Prohibition
hibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) "for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical
weapons".
The Prize in Economic Sciences : The 2013 Nobel Economic Sciences Prize was awarded
to Eugene F. Fama, Lars Peter Hansen and Robert J. Shiller "for their empirical
empir
analysis of
asset prices"
65
86th Academy Awards Winners

List of the 86th annual Academy Award winners announced 3 March, 2014 in Los Angeles 1. Best Picture : 12 Years a Slave
2. Best Actor in a Leading Role : Matthew McConaughey (Dallas Buyers Cl
Club)
3. Best Actress in a Leading Role : Cate Blanchett (Blue Jasmine)
4. Best Actor in a Supporting Role : Jared Leto (Dallas Buyers Club)
5. Best Actress in a Supporting Role : Lupita Nyong'o (12 Years a Slave)
6. Best Animated Feature : Frozen (Chris Buc
Buck, Jennifer Lee, Peter Del Vecho)
7. Best Cinematography : Gravity (Emmanuel Lubezki)
8. Best Costume Design : The Great Gatsby (Catherine Martin)
9. Best Directing : Gravity (Alfonso Cuarn)
10. Best Documentary Feature : 20 Feet from Stardom (Morgan Nevi
Neville, Gil Friesen, Caitrin Rogers)
11. Best Documentary Short : The Lady in Number 6: Music Saved My Life (Malcolm Clarke,
Nicholas Reed)
12. Best Film Editing : Gravity (Alfonso Cuarn, Mark Sanger)
13. Best Foreign Language Film : The Great Beauty (Italy)
14. Best Makeup and Hairstyling : Dallas Buyers Club (Adruitha Lee, Robin Mathews)
15. Best Original Score : Gravity (Steven Price)
16. Best Original Song : Let It Go - Frozen
17. Best Production Design : The Great Gatsby (Catherine Martin, Beverley Dunn)
18. Best Animated Short Film : Mr. Hublot (Laurent Witz, Alexandre Espigares)
19. Best Live Action Short Film : Helium (Anders Walter, Kim Magnusson)
20. Best Sound Editing : Gravity (Glenn Freemantle)
21. Best Sound Mixing : Gravity (Skip Lievsay, Niv Ad
Adiri,
iri, Christopher Benstead, Chris Munro)
22. Best Visual Effects : Gravity (Tim Webber, Chris Lawrence, Dave Shirk, Neil Corbould)
23. Best Adapted Screenplay : 12 Years a Slave (John Ridley)
24. Best Original Screenplay : Her (Spike Jonze)
66
Branches of Science
Acoustics : The study of sound (or the science of sound).
Aerodynamics : The study of the motion and control of solid bodies like aircraft, missiles,
etc., in air.
Aeronautics : The science or art of flight.
Aeronomy : The study of the earth's upper atmosphere, including its composition, density,
temperature and chemical reactions, as recorded by sounding rockets and earth satellites.
Aerostatics : The branch of statics that deals with gases in equilibrium and with gases and
bodies in them.
Aetiology : The science of causation.
Agrobiology : The science of plant life and plant nutrition.
Agronomy : The science of soil management and the production of field crops.
Agrostology : The study of grasses.
Alchemy : Chemistry in ancient times.
Anatomy : The science dealing with the structure of animals, plants or human body.
Anthropology : The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development
of mankind.
Arboriculture : Cultivation of trees and vegetables.
Archaeology : The study of antiquities.
Astrochemistry : The study of interstellar matter with a view to knowing the origin of
universe.
Astrology : The ancient art of predicting the course of human destinies with the help of
indications
ns deduced from the position and movement of the heavenly bodies.
Astronautics : The science of space travel.
Astronomy : The study of the heavenly bodies.
Astrophysics : The branch of astronomy concerned with the physical nature of heavenly
bodies.
Autoecology : The study deals with the ecology of species.
Bacteriology : The study of bacteria.
Biochemistry : The study of chemical processes of living things.
Bioclimatology : Studies the effects of climate upon living organisms.
Biology : The study of living things.
Biometry : The application of mathematics to the study of living things.
Biomechanics : The study of the mechanical laws relating to the movement or structure of
living organisms.
Biometeorology : Studies the effects of atmospheric conditions on living organisms.
Bionics : The study of functions, characteristics and phenomena observed in the living
world and the application of this knowledge to the world of machines.
Bionomics : The study of the relation of an organism to its environments.
Bionomy : The science of the laws of life.
Biophysics : The physics of vital processes (living things).
Botany : The study of plants.
Ceramics : The art and technology of making objects from clay, etc. (pottery).
(potte
Chemistry : The study of elements and their laws of combination and behaviour.
Chemotherpy : The treatment of disease by using chemical substances.
Chronobiology : The study of the duration of life.
67
Chronology : The science of arranging time in periods and ascertaining the dates and
historical order of past events.
Climatotherapy : The treatment of disease through suitable climatic environment, often,
but not always, found in recognised health resorts. As climate is subject to seasonal
variations, the required environment may have to be sought in different
localities at different periods of the year.
Conchology : The branch of zoology dealing with the shells of mollusks.
Cosmogony : The science of the nature of heavenly bodies.
Cosmography : The science that describes and maps the main features of the universe.
Cryobiology : The science that deals with the study of organisms, especially warmblooded
animals, at low temperature. The principal effect of cold on living tissues is destruction of life
or preservation of it at a reduced level of activity.
Crystallography : The study of the structure, forms and properties of crystals.
Cryogenics : The science dealing with the production, control and application of very low
temperatures.
Cryotherapy : Use of cold, but not freezing cold, as a form of treatment. Hypothermia
may be deliberately induced during surgery, for instance, to decrease a patient's oxygen
requirement.
Cytochemistry : The branch of cytology dealing with tthe
he chemistry of cells.
Cytogenetics : The branch of biology dealing with the study of heredity from the point of
view of cytology and genetics.
Cytology : The study of cells, especially their formation, structure and functions.
Dactylography : The study of fingerprints for the purpose of identification.
Dermatology : The study of skin and skin diseases.
Ecology : The study of the relation of animals and plants to their surroundings, animate
and inanimate.
Econometrics : The application of mathematics in testing economic theories.
Economics : The science dealing with the production, distribution and consumption of
goods and services.
Electronics : Studies the development, behaviour and applications of electronic devices
and circuits.
Electrostatics : It is a study of static electricity.
Embryology : The study of development of embryos.
Entomology : The study of insects.
Epidemiology : The branch of medicine dealing with epidemic diseases.
Epigraphy : The study of inscriptions.
Ethnography : A branch of anthropology dealing with the scientific description of
individual cultures.
Ethnology : A branch of anthropology that deals with the origin, distribution and
distinguishing characteristics of the races of mank
mankind.
Ethology : The study of animal behaviour.
Eugenics : The study of the production of better offspring by the careful selection of
parents.
Fractography : A study of fractures in metal surfaces.
Genealogy : The study of family origins and hi
history.
story. It includes the compilation of lists of
ancestors and arranging them in pedigree charts.
Genecology : The study of genetical composition of plant population in relation to their
habitats.
68
Genesiology : The science of generation.

Genetics : The branch of biology dealing with the phenomena of heredity and the laws
governing it.
Geobiology : The biology of terrestrial life.
Geobotany : The branch of botany dealing with all aspects of relations between plants and
the earth's surface.
Geochemistry : The study of the chemical composition of the earth's crust and the changes
which take place within it.
Geodesy : Methods of surveying the earth for making maps and corelating geological,
gravitational and magnetic measurements. It is a bran
branch of geo-physics.
Geography : The development of science of the earth's surface, physical features, climate,
population, etc.
Geology : The science that deals with the physical history of the earth.
Geomedicine : The branch of medicine dealing with the influence of climate and
environmental conditions on health.
Geomorphology : The study of the characteristics, origin and development of land forms.
Geophysics : The physics of the earth.
Gerontology : The study of old age, its phenomena, diseases, etc.
Glaciology : The study of ice and the action of ice in all its forms, and therefore includings
now.
Gynaecology : A study of diseases of women's reproductive organs.
Histology : The study of tissues.
Horticulture : The cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants.
Hydrodynamics : The mathematical study of the forces, energy and pressure of liquid in
motion.
Hydrography : The science of water measurements of the earth with special reference to
their use for navigation.
Hydrology : The study of water with reference to its occurrence and properties in the
hydrosphere and atmosphere.
Hydrometallurgy : The process of extracting metals at ordinary temperature by bleaching
ore with liquids.
Hydrometeorology : The study of the occurrence, movement and changes in the state of
water in the atmosphere.
Hydropathy : The treatment of disease by the internal and external use of water.
Hydroponics : The cultivation of plants by placing the root
rootss in liquid nutrient solutions
rather than in soil.
Hydrostatics : The mathematical study of forces and pressures in liquids.
Hygiene : The science of health and its preservation.
Limnology : The study of lakes.
Lithology : It deals with system
systematic description of rocks.
Mammography : Radiography of the mammary glands.
Metallography : The study of the crystalline structures of metals and alloys.
Metallurgy : The process of extracting metals from their ores.
Meteorology : The science oof the atmosphere and its phenomena.
Metrology : The scientific study of weights and measures.
Microbiology : The study of minute living organisms, including bacteria, molds and
pathogenic protozoa.
69
Molecular biology : The study of the structure of the molecules which are of importance
in biology.
Morpbology : The science of organic forms and structures.
Mycology : The study of fungi and fungus diseases.
Neurology : The study of the nervous system, its functions and its disorders.
Neuropathology : The study of diseases of the nervous system.
Nosology : The classification of diseases.
Numerology : The study of numbers. The study of the date and year of one's birth and to
determine the influence on one's future life.
Odontology : The scientific study of the teeth.
Optics : The study of nature and properties of light.
Ornithology : The study of birds.
Orthopedics : The science of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and
abnormalities of musculoskeletal system.
Osteology : The study of the bones.
Osteopathy : A therapeutic system based upon detecting and correcting faulty structure.
Otology : The study of the ear and its diseases.
Otorhinolaryngology : Study of diseases of ear, nose and throat.
Paleobotany : The study of fossil plants.
Paleontology : The study of fossils.
Pathology : The study of diseases.
Pharyngology : The science of the pharynx and its diseases.
Phenology : The study of periodicity phenomena of plants.
Philology : The study of written records, their authenticity, etc.
Phonetics : The study of speech sounds and the production, transmission, reception, etc.
Photobiology : The branch of biology dealing with the effect of light on organisms.
Phrenology : The study of the faculties and qualities of minds from the shape of the skull.
Phthisiology : The scientific study of tuberculosis.
Phycology : The study of algae.
Physical Science : The study of natural laws and processes other than those peculiar to
t
living matters, as in physics, chemistry and astronomy.
Physics : The study of the properties of matter.
Physiography : The science of physical geography.
Physiology : The study of the functioning of the various organs of living beings.
Phytogeny : The science dealing with origin and growth of plants.
Planetology : A study of the planets of the Solar System.
Pomology : The science that deals with fruits and fruit growing.
Psychology : The study of human and animal behaviour.
Radio Astronomy : The study of heavenly bodies by the reception and analysis of the
radio frequency electro-magnetic
magnetic radiations which they emit or reflect.
Radiobiology : The branch of biology which deals with the effects of radiations on living
organlsms.
Radiology : The study of X
X-rays and radioactivity.
Rheology : The study of the deformation and flow of matter.
Seismology : The study of earthquakes and the phenomena associated with it.
Selenology : The scientific study of moon, its nature, origin, movement, etc.
Sericulture : The raising of silkworms for the production of raw silk.
70
Sociology : The study of human society.

Spectroscopy : The study of matter and energy by the use of spectroscope.
Statistics : The collection and analysis of numerical data.
Tectonics : Study of structural features of earth's crust.
Teleology : The study of the evidences of design or purpose in nature.
Telepathy : Communication between minds by some means other than sensory perception.
Therapeutics : The science and art of healing.
Topography : A special description of a part or region.
Toxicology : The study of poisons.
Virology : The study of viruses.
Zoogeography : The study of the geological distributions of animals.
Zoology : The study of animal life.
Zootaxy : Classification of animals.
71
Some Important Economics,

conomics, Commercial and Trade Terms
Term
Ante date : To give a date prior to that on which it is written, to any cheque, bill or any other
document.
Appreciation of Money : It is a rise in the value of money caused by a fall in the general price level.
Assets : Property of any kind available towards the discharge of the liabilities of a testator, intestate
debtor or company.
At Sight : A form of notification written oon
n bills or notes denoting that they are not payable on
demand but after expiry of a specified period and allowing three days of grace there after.
Arbitration : A method for compounding dispute, generally of an industrial nature, between the
employer and his
is employees by reference to disinterested parties
parties-called
called arbitrators.
Advice : Any notification of a business transaction, apprising an agent, correspondent, or customer
that a certain thing has been done.
Bear : A speculator in the market who believes th
that price will go down.
Bill of Credit : A letter authorising the advance of money to a specified person, implying thereby the
obligation on the part of the writer to repay that amount.
Black Money : Unaccounted money on which no Income
Income-tax has been paid. The
he main reason for
accumulation of black money has been the steep rise in rate of taxation : tax evasion becomes
attractive and profitable. The business community, politicians and bureaucrats all have accumulated
black money during the last few years. The Government of India demonetised high denomination
notes in Jan. 1978 in order to reduce the evil or black money. Voluntary Disclosure Income Scheme
was introduced in 1977 by the Govt. Over Rs. 10,000 crores were netted by the Govt. by Feb 28,
1998.
Bond : A written monetary agreement between two persons, or between two governments or between
a person and a government or corporation, or between a corporation and a government.
Bull : A speculator in the stock market who buys goods, in some cases without money to pay with,
anticipating that prices will go up.
Balance of Trade : The difference between the imports and exports of a country. It is favourable
when the value of exported goods exceeds the value of imported goods. And it is unfavourable if the
imports exceed exports.
Bankers' Cheque : A cheque drawn by one bank on its own branch.
Bank Rate : The rate at which the Central Bank (Reserve Bank of India) will discount first class bills
of exchange.
Basket Currencies : 14 currencies whose average value has be
been
en taken to calculate the value of
S.D.R. Similarly, the rupee exchange rate is announced on the basis of average value of half a dozen
basket currencies.
Buyers' Market : An area in which the supply of certain goods exceeds the demands, so that
purchasers can drive hard bargains.
Carat : Measure or weight for precious stones, about 4 grains; 24 carat gold is the purest gold, thus
22 carat gold means a piece of gold in which 22 .parts are pure gold and 2 parts of an alloy, usually
copper.
Caution Money : It is money deposited as security for the fulfilment of a contract of obligation.
Central Bank : A bank which is (a) banker to the Government, (b) banker to the commercial banks,
and (c) manages the currency and credit policy of that country. The Reserve Ban
Bank
k of India is the
Central Bank.
Clearing House : The place where clerks from the different banks meet daily, bringing with them all
72

bills cheques drawn on each other bank on that day. The bills/cheques are then exchanged and
outstanding differences settled.
Letter of Credit : A letter from a bank, firm or one person to another authorising payment to a third
person of a specific sum, for which the sender assumes full responsibility.
Crossed Cheque : A cheque is crossed for protection. In a crossed cheque two parallel lines are
drawn across its face and the words 'and Co'. are written between the lines. Such a cheque must be
paid into one's own account in the ban} and then realised.
Debentures : A debenture is a certificate issued by a company to its creditors promising the payment
of a stated sum at fixed rate of interest, after a specified period of time. A debenture is the first charge
on the assets of the company.
Deflation : A state in monetary market when money in circulation has decreased and is characterised
characte
by low prices, unemployment, etc.
Demand Draft : An instrument drawn by one bank on any of its own branches or on another bank
under agency arrangement is payble on demand.
Devaluation : A deliberate reduction in the value of the home currency to for
foreign
eign currency. It is done
always by a governmental action, and is resorted to in order to reduce imports and increase exports.
India devalued her currency by 37 per cent on 6th June, 1966. Of late so many countries, viz., U.K.,
U.S.A., and France have resorted
rted to this expedient to balance their payment positions.
Draft : A cheque drawn by one bank on another.
Estate Duty : A form of death duty and a method of direct taxation, imposed when the property is
transferred on the death of its owner. It has been ab
abolished
olished in India but was reintroduced in a limited
way in 1988.
EURO : The European Union declared to introduce a common currency for its member countries,
called EURO. Eleven of the fifteen countries agreed to become members of the common currency
introduced
ced on Jan. 1, 1999. Four countries are likely to become members later. By 2002, it is hoped
that the local currencies will disappear and replaced by EURO.
Excise Duty : It is the duty charged on goods manufactured within the country; excise duties on
alcohol, tobacco, sugar, match-box,
box, cIoth, etc., have been levied by the Government of India.
Floating Currency : On account of too wide a fluctuation between the official and unofficial rates for
various currencies of the world, some of the countries decided not to fix any particular rate of the
currency vis-a-vis
vis others and let the value be determined on a daily basis.
Foreign Exchange : The method by which transactions in international trade are financed.
Fixed Exchange Rate : When the exchange rate of the ccurrency
urrency is fixed by the concerned
government and it can only be changed either by devaluation or revaluation.
Floating Exchange Rate : A situation in which the exchange rate of any currency is determined by
the forces of demand and supply for this currency. Today rupee is also floating and its exchange rate
with other currencies is determined by the demand and supply. Periodically the Reserve Bank of India
announces the exchange rates of rupee with other currencies. The exchange rate is calculated by
b
taking average value of basket currencies.
Free Trade : A tariff system which treats foreign imports and home produced articles on the same
basis, either taxing both equally or exempting both.
Gold Standard : It is a system of currency based on the free coinage of gold. It presupposes that the
state will sell and buy gold at fixed price in terms of the local currency; For all practical purposes, the
system is dead now.
Green Revolution : The term applied for the steep rise in the production of agricultural
agricultura products,
during the past few years. The Green Revolution was made possible by : (i) better use of fertilizers
{ii) intensive cultivation, (iii) latest varieties of seeds and especially the hybrid varieties (iv)
73

pesticides and insecticides and (v) availa
availability
bility of assured means of irrigation green revolution turned
gray in 1973-74
74 when food production was considerably lower. The main reason, according to a few,
is not the non-availability of food articles, but faulty distribution. There were food grain shortages
sho
in
1980 on account of severe drought in 1979. In 1998, the country reaped a large harvest of over 194
million tones and over 200 million tones in 1999.
Hard Currency : The currency of a country in relation to which we have an adverse balance of
payment, i.e., which is hard to be obtained.
Hot Money : Money which moves from one place to another to seek profit or higher rate of interest is
called hot money.
Index Number : A statistical method of indicating approximately the variations in the prices of
essential commodities over certain periods of time.
Inflation : It is an increase in the quantity of money in circulation without any corresponding increase
in goods, and, therefore, it leads to an abnormal rise in the price level.
Key Currency : A currency
y which is internally acceptable and is used in international payments.
74

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AMIYA KUMAR

3E LEARNING, 3RD FLOOR, ANAND COMPLEX, NEAR LALPUR PS, H.B.

Facts And Points You

Facts And Points You Should Know

H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244

Facts And Points You Should Know

H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244

Facts And Points You Should Know

Percentage of growth in 2001

The total number of children n the age

In Census 2011, population of children in the age group 00-6

Kerala with 1084

Child sex ratio

H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244

Facts And Points You Should Know

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA DRAFTING AND COMPOSITION

H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244

Facts And Points You Should Know

H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244

Facts And Points You Should Know

UNICAMERAL PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

21. New ZealandParliament

23. Palestinian AuthorityParliament

24. Papua New GuineaNational

Assembly of the Republic

26. Saint Kitts and NevisNational

14. Kurdistan RegionKurdistan

H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244

Facts And Points You Should Know

BICAMERAL PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

Lalpur PS, H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244

Facts And Points You Should Know

Lalpur PS, H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244

Facts And Points You Should Know

REORGANISATION OF STATES IN INDIA

Lalpur PS, H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244

Facts And Points You Should Know

deals with salaries, allowances etc. of President, Vice Preside

deals with provision regarding ad

introduces the Anti-defection

Lalpur PS, H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244

Facts And Points You Should Know

constituted for Panchayats, for rular development.

defines Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities.

Lalpur PS, H.B. Road Ranchi, 095 34 002244

Facts And Points You Should Know

The first President of Indian National Congress

The first Muslim President of Indian National Congress

The first Muslim President of India

Dr. Zakir Hussain

The first British Governor General of India

Lord William Bentinck

The first British Viceroy of India

The first Governor General of free India

The first man who introduced printing press in India

The first Indian to join the I.C.S

Satyendra Nath Tagore

Indias first man in Space

The first Prime Minister of India who resigned without completing

The first Chief of Army Staff

Gen. Maharaj Rajendra Singhji

The first Indian Member of the Viceroys executive council

The first President of India who died while in office