Professional Documents
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Cognition in Aviation
Cognition in Aviation
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The senses
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ILLUSIONS
Spatial disorientation (the pilot is
disoriented, he cannot determine aircraft position
typically affection perception of attitude, pitch and
roll (= loss of situational awareness)
s. 10-1
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Some examples
More than 200 illusions exist,
most of discovered in the
1800 century
s. 10-2
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s. 10-2
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s. 10-2
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s. 10-2
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s. 10-2
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s. 10-2
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s. 10-2
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Ponzo illusion
s. 10-2
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Mller-Leyer illusion
s. 10-2
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Geometrical Illusion
s. 10-2
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Geometrical Illusion
s. 10-2
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Geometrical Illusion
s. 10-2
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Illusion in depth
s. 10-2
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Illusion in depth
s. 10-2
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s. 10-3
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s. 10-4
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Gade
s. 10-5
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P y ol g st.
Psychologist
s. 10-5
Physiologist
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Negative picture
An example of adaptation of
sensory cells in the retina
s. 10-5
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Spatial orientation
VISION
VESTIBULAR
ORIENTATION
AND
BODY
RESPONSES
SEAT-OF-THE-PANTS
SENSES OF
BALANCE
s. 10-6
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Spatial orientation
VISION
VESTIBULAR
ORIENTATION
AND
BODY
RESPONSES
SEAT-OF-THE-PANTS
SENSES OF
BALANCE
s. 10-6
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Human Visibility
4 Visibility: how well human eye can see
4 Contrast is key factor (better than luminance)
4 Implications for aviation:
Ability to recognize hazards is degraded
Ability to steer unaffected
Bad
combination
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Visual Illusions
4Because of misinterpretation of
sensory data
4Unavoidable during ambiguous,
obscured or absent visual cues
(=night)
4AUTOKINESIS
Static light appears to move when
stared at in the dark; reduced by
visual scanning
s. 10-6
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Visual Illusions
4WATERFALL EFFECT
Rotor downwash gives false cue of climb
4HEIGHT ILLUSION
Flying over low contrast, illusion of high alt
4FLICKER VERTIGO
Flicker between 4-20 cycles/sec
4SIZE-DISTANCE ILLUSION
Viewing light as changing in brightness
s. 10-6
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Visual Illusions
4RELATIVE MOTION
Mistake another aircrafts movement for
own
4FALSE HORIZON
Cloud formations may be confused with
horizon or ground
4GROUND-LITE MISINTERPRETATION
Confusion of ground lights with stars
s. 10-6
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Spatial orientation
VISION
VESTIBULAR
ORIENTATION
AND
BODY
RESPONSES
SEAT-OF-THE-PANTS
SENSES OF
BALANCE
s. 10-6
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s. 10-6
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s. 10-6
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s. 10-6
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Semi-circular canals:
x-axe: 2o/sec2
y-axe: 7o/sec2 for climb
4o/sec2 for dive
z-axe: 2o/sec2
Otolith organ:
x-axe 0,1 m/sec2
z-axe 0,1 m/sec2
s. 10-6
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Spatial orientation
VISION
VESTIBULAR
ORIENTATION
AND
BODY
RESPONSES
SEAT-OF-THE-PANTS
SENSES OF
BALANCE
s. 10-6
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s. 10-6
FORCE OF GRAVITY
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GRAVITY
PLUS
CENTRIFUGAL
FORCE
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SPATIAL DISORIENTATION
Peripheral type:
Central type:
Correct interpretation of
Erroneous interpretation of
s. 10-6
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False perception of
Aircraft orientation
Type I disorientation
(unawareness of error)
Correct perception of
Aircraft orientation
Type II disorientation
(awareness of conflicting input)
Conflict not resolved
Control based on
False perception
Disorientation stress
Performance
Inappropriate
control
Aircraft accident
Loss of control
Error recognized
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Resolved
Correct control
s. 10-6
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s. 10-6
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Illusions on take-off
4Somatogravic illusion
s. 10-6
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s. 10-6
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Illusions on take-off
4Somatogravic illusion
4Outside references
s. 10-6
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s. 10-7
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s. 10-7
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Ground light
s. 10-7
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Over water
Lights of fishing
boats
s. 10-7
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s. 10-8
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s. 10-8
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Autokinesis
s. 10-8
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s. 10-8
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s. 10-8
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s. 10-8
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Coriolis illusion
4Can occur when the head is tilted during a
long-established turning.
4The experience is an illusion of roll, often
accompanied by dissiness
DEMO
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s. 10-8
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Judgement of :
-distance
-height
-speed
VISUAL CUES
s. 10-8
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s. 10-8
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Changing perspective
s. 10-8
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s. 10-8
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Initial judgement of
appropriate glideslope
s. 10-9
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Sloping ground
4If the terrain slopes down to the runway, the
pilot will perceive himself to be too low on
approach
4If the terrain slopes up to the runway, the
pilot will perceive himself to be too high on
approach
s. 10-9
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s. 10-10
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s. 10-10
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Width of runways
4 A narrow runway may give
the impression of being too high
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s. 10-10
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Atmospheric Perspective
Incorrect distance calculation because
of clarity of atmosphere
(interference of fog, rain, smoke or
snow)
Errors of perception can occur when
ground features are atypical
(small trees)
s. 10-10
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s. 10-11
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s. 10-11
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s. 10-12
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s. 10-12
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Coning of attention
4Specially in the student pilot
4During stress and high workload
Restriction of the
field of attention
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Missed Approach
4Somatogravic illusion
4Oculogravic illusion
s. 10-13
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Response to linear
acceleration
s. 10-13
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Radial acceleration
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s. 10-14
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Dont fly
Drugs
Exhaustion
Alcohol
Tobacco
Hypoglycemia
s. 10-14
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s. 10-14
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Remember:
Nearly all disorientation is a normal
response to the unnatural
environment of flight. If you have
been alarmed by a flight incident
discuss it with colleagues including
your flight surgeon.
Your experience will probably not be
as unusual as you thought
s. 10-14
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s. 10-14
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s. 10-14
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Example
Two jet aircraft converging at normal crusing
speeds of 550 KIAS each.
Closure rate of approx. 18 miles/minute
Reaction time is 5-12 sec. to take action
Recognition distance of 1,5 3,8 miles
At this distance the aircraft will appear small
And it will be difficult to see due to lack of
relative motion
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0,2o
s. 10-15
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Time to
see and
avoid
s. 10-15
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s. 10-15
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s. 10-15
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s. 10-15
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s. 10-16
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s. 10-16
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Special situations
4Rain on windscreen
s. 10-17
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Special situations
4Rain on windscreen
4Flying over smooth water
4Snow coverage
4White out
4Fog and pollution
4Runway lights
s. 10-17
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