Abdulaziz (Arabic: , Abd al-Azz ibn Abd arRaman l Sad; 15 January 1876 9 November 1953), usually known

outside the Arab world as Ibn Saud, was the first monarch of Saudi Arabia,
the third Saudi State.
He reconquered his family's ancestral home city of Riyadh in 1902, touching
off three decades of conquests that left him the ruler of nearly all of central
Arabia. He consolidated his control over the Najd in 1922, then conquered
the Hijaz in 1925. He united his dominions into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
in 1932. As King, he presided over the discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia
in 1938 and the beginning of large-scale oil production after World War II. He
fathered many children, including 45 sons, and all of the subsequent kings of
Saudi Arabia.

IBN SAUD
COUNTRY: SAUDI
ARABIA

Ruhollah Mostafavi Moosavi Khomeini (Persian: , [ruhollhe omeini]

(24 September 1902 3 June 1989), was an Iranian religious leader, revolutionary,
and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution, Khomeini
became the country's Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution as the
highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his
death. Khomeini was a Faqih, author of more than forty books, but is primarily known
for his political activities. He spent more than 15 years in exile for his opposition to
the last Shah. In his writings and preachings he expanded the theory of velayat-e
faqih, the "guardianship of the jurisconsult (clerical authority)" to include theocratic
political rule by the Islamic jurists. This principle was installed in the new Iranian
constitution after being put to a referendum.

AYATOLLAH
ROUHOLLAH
MOUSARI KHOMEINI
COUNTRY: IRAN

Mustafa Kemal Atatrk (pronounced [mustf ceml ttyc]; 19 May 1881

(conventional) 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, reformist
statesman, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of
the Republic of Turkey. His surname, Atatrk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was
granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament.
Atatrk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the
Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish
War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he
defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns led to victory in the
Turkish War of Independence. Atatrk then embarked upon a program of political,
economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire
into a modern and secular nation-state. Under his leadership, thousands of new
schools were built, primary education was made free and compulsory, and women
were given equal civil and political rights, while the burden of taxation on peasants
was reduced. His government also carried out an extensive policy of Turkification.
The principles of Atatrk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are
referred to as Kemalism.

MUSTAFA KEMAL
ATATURK
COUNTRY: TURKEY

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 25 December 1876 11

September 1948) was a lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan.[1] Jinnah
served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's
independence on 14 August 1947, and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from
independence until his death. He is revered in Pakistan as Quaid-i-Azam[b] (Great
Leader) and Baba-i-Qaum[c] (Father of the Nation). His birthday is observed as a
national holiday.
Born in Karachi and trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in London, Jinnah rose to
prominence in the Indian National Congress in the first two decades of the 20th
century. In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated HinduMuslim
unity, helping to shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the AllIndia Muslim League, a party in which Jinnah had also become prominent. Jinnah
became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League, and proposed a fourteenpoint constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims. In 1920,
however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of
satyagraha, or non-violent resistance, advocated by the influential leader,
Mohandas Gandhi.

MUHAMMAD ALI
JINNAH
COUNTRY: PAKISTAN

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (/ndi, n-/;Hindustani: [mondd as

krmtndd andd i];( 2 October 1869 30 January 1948) was the preeminent
leader of Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing
nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired
movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahatma
(Sanskrit: "high-souled", "venerable")applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa,
is now used worldwide. He is also called Bapu (Gujarati: endearment for "father",
"papa") in India.
Born and raised in a Hindu merchant caste family in coastal Gujarat, western India,
and trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, Gandhi first employed nonviolent
civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian
community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about
organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive
land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in
1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's
rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, but above all for
achieving Swaraj or self-rule.
Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400
km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit
India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both
South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all
situations, and advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a selfsufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl,
woven with yarn hand spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also
undertook long fasts as the means to both
self-purification and social protest.

MAHATMA GANDHI
COUNTRY: INDIA

PROYEKTO
SA

ARALING
PANLIPUNAN
IPINASA NI:
SHARA-LYN EDDING
8-BONIFACIO
IPINASA KAY:

MS. SUMERA CATONG

SOCIAL STUDIES
TEACHER