REVIEW (TWS/2005)

Steady, Uniform Pipe

Flow

General Equations,
continued

Friction Factor
TWS/2002

Georgia Tech Hydraulics Lab,

Moody Diagram
2002)

(from Munson et al.

Pipe Flow Problems

Minor Losses
V

hL K
2g loss coefficient
where K = minor

Fitting

Sharp-edged entrance

0.50

Exit into a reservoir

1.0

Abrupt expansion

(1-A1/A2)2

Regular 90oelbow
(flanged/
threaded)
Globe valve, fully open

0.3/1.5
10

Gate valve (fully/half open) 0.15/2.1

Pipes inSeries and

Parallel
Serie
s

Q1
Q2

Q3

hL h
L1

hL3

hL2
1

Parallel
Q Q1
Q2
hL1
hL2

2
3

Q3
hL3

Three Reservoir
Problem
Given: pipe properties & reservoir
elevations
A
B
HGL

Let hJ = zJ + pJ/

1
pJ/
zA

J
C
zC

zJ

Energy Equations (A-J, B-J or J-B, J-C)

zB

zA = hJ + (f1L1/d1)(Q12/2gA12)
zB = hJ + (f2L2/d2)(Q22/2gA22)

hJ = zC + (f3L3/d3)(Q32/2gA 3)
3

Find: Q1, Q2,

Q3

Continuity at J (positive in, negative out)

Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0

Solution
Assume fully-rough turbulent friction
factors Assume initial hJ = zB
Solve energy equations for Q1, Q2, Q3
Let F = Q1+Q2+Q3 (positive in,
negative out)
If F > 0, raise HGL (hJ) and flow is from
J-B
If F < 0, lower HGL and flow is from B-J
Continue to iterate on hJ by solving
energy equations for each hJ until F
0
Check if fully-rough turbulent

General Numerical
Approach
Form a function that has a zero value
when the nonlinear equation is solved

F(HGL Q3
)
Q1 Q2
F(HGL
)

HGL0

HGL or hj

Bisection Method
Successively halve the solution
interval until the change in the
depth is small
y =
+ )/2
(y =
y
2 3 1 iteration
(y
HGL)
3

F(y)

F(y 3)*F( 1) > 0 ?

y

Yes

No

y3
y1

y3
y2

y1

y2
y3 = (y1+ y2)/2

Example
zA = 200 ft; zB = 100 ft; zC = 50 ft
L1 = 5000 ft; L2 = 3000 ft; L3 =
6000 ft D1 = 3.0 ft; D2 = 2.0 ft; D3
= 2.5 ft
Run program RES03.exe
A
B

Uppe
r
1

Middle

Junctio
n

2
3

Cast iron pipes

Q1 =90.2
cfs Q2 =
-30.5 cfs Q3

- 59
Lower

cfs

Example revisited
Change to L3 = 2000 ft and D3 =
3.5 ft
How does the direction and
magnitude of the flow in Pipe 2
change? Why? How does the total
flowrate delivered to
the lower reservoir change?
Why is there only a small change
in the friction factors?

Pipe Networks
Q1

q1
q4

Junction
q2

Lo
op
k
q3

Net sum of head losses around a

closed loop = 0 (hf =0,positive
clockwise)
Net flowrate at a junction =

0 for example, (Q1 q1

q4 = 0)

Hardy Cross Method

For a given pipe, let

q
q0

q
rq

hf n

wher q0
flo rate &
e
w q
initial
fL
where r
an n 2
2
2gdA d

correction

Then for each pipe, from a Taylors series

expansion retaining only the first two terms,

h f r[q0

nq

n 1

q]

Hardy
Cross

..continued

Then for a given pipe loop,

hf rq0 q0

n1

qnr q0

Or solving for the correction

q

rq q

nr q
0

n1

hf
n q
0

n1

Assume flow rates in each pipe that satisfy

continuity at the junctions, then successively
apply corrections
to each loop until they
balanced
are all

Hardy Cross Example

20
2

70 2 = 9800
2
35 1 = 1225
2

-30 4= -3600
7425

50
15
35

r=5

2702 = 280
2351 = 70

70

r=
2

r=1

r=1
r=4

2304 = 240
590

15 5 = 1125
2
-35 1 = -1225

35

30

-35 1 = -1225
-1325

2155 = 150
2351 = 70
2351 = 70
290

30

100

q1 = - 7425/590 = -13

q2 = -(-1325/290) = 5

20
2

57 2 = 6500
2
17 1 = 289
2
-43 4= -7400
-611

50
r=5

2572 = 228
2171 = 34
2434 = 344

57

r=
2

20
r=1
r=4

606

17

43

20 5 = 2000
30 -1721 = -289
r=1
2
-30 1 = -900

2205 = 200
2171 = 34
2301 = 60

811

30

294

100

q1 = -(-611/606) = 1

q2 = -811/294 = -3

20
2

58 2 = 6740
2
21 1 = 441
2
-42 4 = -7050
131

50
r=5

2582 = 232
2211 = 42
2424 = 336

58

610
100

r=
2

17
21
r=1
r=4

42

33
r=1

17 5 = 1444
2
-21 1 = -441
2
-33 2 = -1089

30

-86

2175 = 170
2211 = 42
2331 = 66
278

q1 = -131/610 0

q2 = -(-86/278) 0