BAHAN PROGRAM INTERVENSI

PPSMI 2007 UNTUK MURID

TINGKATAN LIMA
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

MINIMUM SYLLABUS REQUIREMENT

1. FUNCTIONS
Determine domain , codomain , object, image and range of relation.
1. Diagram 1 shows the relation between set P and set Q.

3
2

-2

-3

1
Diagram 1

Set P

Set Q

a. State the following:

=

i.

Domain

ii.

Codomain =

iii.

Objects

iv. Images

v. Range

=...

vi. Object of 9 = ....

vii. Image of 2 =
b. Represent the above relation using
i.

a set of ordered Pairs

ii.

a Cartesian graph

Classifying the types of relations

State the type of the following relations
a)

x
2

2
4

xX

b)

16

3
2
-2
-3

36

..
c)

3
2
-3

.
Type of number

x2

d)
2
9
-3

Prime
Even
Odd

..
e) { ( 3 , 1 ) , (9 , 1 ) , (12 , 2 ) , (15 , 2) }.

..
f)

Set Q

5
4
3

1
0

..

Set P

2. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
To express a given quadratic equation in general form ax2 + bx + c = 0 and stating the
value of a , b and c.

Example 1
x2 = 5x 9
x2 5x + 9 = 0
Compare with the general form
ax2 + bx c = 0
Thus, a = 1, b = -5 and c = 9

Example 2
4x =

x 2 2x
x

4x(x) = x2 2x
4x2 - x2 2x = 0
3x2 2x = 0
Compare with the general form
Thus, a = 3, b = - 2 and c = 0

Exercises
Express the following equation in general form and state the values of a, b and c.

5
2x

3x =

3.

x( x + 4 ) = 3

4. (x 1)(x + 2) = 3

5.

4
x3
=
5 x
x

6. x2 + px = 2x - 6

7. px (2 x) = x 4m

2.

8.

(2x + 5) =

7
x

1.

(2x 1)(x + 4) = k(x 1) + 3

9. (7 2x + 3x2) =

x 1
3

10. 7x 1 =

x 2 2x
x

Forming quadratic equations from given roots

Example 1
3 , 2
Example 2
1, - 3
a)

x=3 , x=2
x - 3 = 0 , x-2 = 0
( x 3 )( x 2 ) = 0
x2 5x + 6 = 0
x = 1 , x = -3
x1=0 , x+3=0
(x1)(x+3)=0
x2 + 2x 3 = 0

4,-7

b) - 6 , - 2

c) 2 ,

1
3

d)
1
,
5
2

e)

1
,
3

1
2

f)

4 , 0

3. QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
Inequalities
Example
Find the range of values of x for which x 2 2 x 15 0
Solution
Method 1
x 2 2 x 15 0

Let f x x 2 2 x 15
= x 3 x 5
When f x 0

x 3 x 5 0

x 3 or 5

For x 2 2 x 15 0
x 35 or f x x 3

Method 2
Using a number line
+ve

-ve

-3

+ve

Check sign ( +ve or ve ) of any region

The signs will be alternate
Look at the question :
If > : look at the +ve region
If < : look at the ve region
For x 2 2 x 15 0
x 5 or x 3

Exercises
Solve the following inequalities
a) 3x2 x < 0

b) x2 7x + 10 > 0

c) 2x2 + 5x 7 0

d) x2 2x 8

e)

2x2 + x > 3

g) 2 ( x2 2 ) < 7x

4.

f) x ( x 1 ) > 12

h) 3x2 5x + 4 > 3 x2

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

Guidance
1 Arrange the linear equation such that
one of the two unknowns becomes the
subject of the equation.
(avoid fraction if possible)
2 Substitute the new equation from step 1
into the non-linear equation .
Simplify and express in the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0.

Example
x + 2y = 1
x=
(

)2 + 4y2 = 13
=0

3 Solve the quadratic equation by

factorisation, completing the square or
by using the formula

(2y 3)(

) = 0,

y=
4 Substitute the values of the unknown
obtained in step 3 into the linear
equation.

3
or
2

When y =

3
,
2

x = 1 2( ) =
When y =

x=
Exercises
1. x + y = 6 and x2 + y2 = 20

2. 4x + y = -8 and x2 + x y = 2

Ans:x=2,y=4
x=4,y=2

3. 2p + q = 3 and 4p2 + 3q2 = 13

Ans :x=-2,y=0
x=-3,y=4

4. 2x - 3y = 4 and x2 xy + y2 = 16

10

1
,q 2
2
Ans:
7
1
p ,q
4
2

4
12
,y
Ans:
7
7
x 8, y 4

5.

Ans:

5.

6. 2y + x = y2 + x2 5 = 5

2
3

5 and 2 x 3 y 10
x
y

x 4, y

2
3

Ans :x=3,y=1
x=-1,y=3

1
, y3
2

INDICES AND LOGARITHM

INDICES
Solve each of the following equations
Examples
3x
1.
3 = 81
33x = 34
3x = 4
x =

Exercises
x

1. 9 = 27

1-x

4
3

11

2.

2x . 4x+1
2x . 22 (x+1)
x + 2x + 2
3x

= 64
= 26
=6
=4

3.

4 x 1

3 x

=4

3. 5x - 25x+1

=0

4
3

8 x 16 x1 0
3 x

2. 4x . 8x -1

24

x 1

23 x 2 4 x 4
3x = 4x + 4
x=-4

4.

16 x

4 x

1
32

4.

8 x 1

1
25

1
32 x

2 4 x 2 5

4x = -5
x

5
4

6. COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Determine whether two lines are parallel / perpendicular
Examples
1. Determine whether the straight lines
2y x = 5 and x 2y = 3 are parallel.

Solution
2y x = 5,
y=

1
1
x 5 , m1
2
2

x 2y = 3
y=

1
1
x 3 , m2
2
2

12

Since m1 m 2 , therefore the straight lines 2y x = 5

and x 2y = 3 are parallel.
2. Determine whether the straight lines
3y x 2 = 0 and y + 3x + 4 = 0 are
perpendicular.

3y x 2 = 0
y=

1
2
1
x , m1
3
3
3

y + 3x + 4 = 0
y= 3x 4, m2 3
m1 m2

1
( 3) = -1.
3

Hence, both straight lines are perpendicular.

Exercises
3. Determine whether the straight lines
y 3x + 5 = 0 and 2y - 5x + 4= 0 are
parallel.

Solution

4. Determine whether the straight lines

3y x + 8 = 0 and y + 3x - 2 = 0 are
perpendicular.

Equation of a straight line

The equation of a straight line may be expressed in the following forms:
i)

The general form :

ax + by + c = 0

ii)

The gradient form :

y = mx + c ;

iii)

The intercept form :

x
y
+
=1,
a
b

a) If given the gradient and one point:

y y1 = m( x x1 )

m = gradient

c = y-intercept

a = x-intercept , b = y-intercept
Eg. Find the equation of a straight line that
passes through the point (2,-3) and has a
gradient of

1
.
4
13

y y1 = m( x x1 )
1
y (3) ( x 2)
4

P(x1, y1)
Gradient = m

4 y x 14

E1. Find the equation of a straight line that

passes through the point (5,2) and has a
gradient of -2.

E2. Find the equation of a straight line that

passes through the point (-8,3) and has a
gradient of

3
.
4

y = -2x + 12

b) If two points are given :

Note : You may find the gradient first, then
use either (a) y = mx + c
or
or

(b) y y1 = m( x x1)

4y = 3x + 36

Eg. Find the equation of a straight line that

passes through the points (-3, -4) and (-5,6)
y ( 4)
6 ( 4)
=
x ( 3)
5 (3)
y4
10

x3
2

y y1
y 2 y1
(c)
=
x x1
x 2 x1

y + 4 = -5 ( x + 3 )
y = -5x- 19

E1. Find the equation of a straight line that

passes through the points (2, -1) and (3,0)

y=x-3

c) The x-intercept and the y-intercept are

given:

E2. Find the equation of a straight line that

passes through the points (-4,3) and (2,-5)

4x + 3y +7 = 0

Eg. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of

the straight line PQ are 4 and -8

14


m = -
x int errcept

respectively. Find the gradient and the

equation of PQ.

Equation of straight line is :

m PQ =
x int errcept

y int ercept

y int ercept

x
y
+
=1
a
b

x
y
+
=1
4
8

=
=

Note : Sketch a diagram to help you !

Equation :

At the x-axis, y = 0
At the y-axis, x = 0

y 2x 8

E2. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of

the straight line PQ are -6 and 3
respectively. Find the gradient and the
equation of PQ.

E3. The x-intercept of a straight line AB is

-5 and its gradient is -3. Find the y-intercept
of the straight line AB and the equation of
AB.

2y = x+6

3x + 5y +15 = 0

7.

STATISTICS

Finding median using formula

The number of vehicles that pass by a toll plaza from 1 p.m to 2 p.m. for 60
consecutive days is shown in the table below.
Number of vehicles
50
60
70
80
90

59
69
79
89
99

Number of
days
4
10
24
16
6

15

Calculate the median of the number of cars using formula.

Solution :
Number of
vehicles
50
60
70
80
90

Median lies in this

interval

59
69
79
89
99

Number of days
(f)
4
10
(24)
16
6

Step 1 : Median class is given by =

Cumulative
frequency
4
(14)
38
(
)
(
)

Tn

T60

T30

Therefore, the median class is 70 79

Step 2 : Median =

n
F

L 2
fm

(___)

76.17

60
14

2
24

( __ )

L = lower boundary of the median

class = 69.5
n =
F = cumulative frequency before the
median class = 14
fm = frequency of the median class
=24
c = size of the median class
= upper boundary lower
boundary
= 79.5 69.5
= 10

To estimate the mode using a histogram

Modal class = 70 79
(c)
Class boundary
49.5 59.5
60
70
80
90

69
79
89
99

Number of days
(frequency)
4
10
24
16
6

16

(c) The histogram is shown below

Frequency

25

20

15

10
17

49.5

59.5

69.5

79.5

89.5

99.5 Number of vehicles

Estimated mode = 76

Exercises:
1. The table below shows the heights of 40 students in cm.
Height( cm )
Frequency

150 154
4

155 159
9

160 164
12

165 169
8

170 174
5

175 - 179
2

a. Find the median

b. Construct a histogram and hence, find the estimated mode

18

2. The table below shows the marks obtained by 50 students in a test.

Mark
Number of students

10-19

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

70-79

13

10

a. Find the median

b. Construct a histogram , and hence find the estimated mode

8.

CIRCULAR MEASURE

Convert measurements in radians to degrees and vice versa.

180o

Radian

1 rad =
Degrees

180o

180 o

__________

1 o=

180

rad =

_________
Convert the following angles in radians to degrees and minutes.
a. 1.5 rad

b. 0.63 rad

19

c.

rad
2

d.

3
rad
2

Convert the following angles to radians.

a. 500

b. 124.30

c. 72035

d. 285021

Arc length of a circle

s r

where s = arc of a circle

r = radius of a circle
= angle subtended at the center ( in radian )

Find the length of arc.

1.

2.
P
8 cm
0.5 rad

152
O

6.4 cm

20

Complete the table below by finding the values of , r or s.

1.5 rad

1.

2.

3.

r
9 cm

14 cm

30 cm

2.333 rad

35 cm

Area of a sector
Complete the table below, given the areas and the radii of the sectors and angles
subtended.
A

Area of sector

Radius
38.12 cm

90 cm2

9.15 cm

1.

2.

1 2
r , is in radians
2

Angle subtended
500

21

3.

72 cm2

4.

18 cm2

5.

200 cm2

6.

145 cm2

9.

DIFFERENTIATION:

1.

y = 10

=1.64 rad

6.5 cm

1.778 rad

8 cm

2. y = x 5

dy
=
dx

dy
=
dx

3. f (x) = -2 x 3
f (x)=

4. y =

7
x

dy
=
dx

5. f ( x)
f (x)=

1
3x 3

Always change
a fractional
function to the
negative index
before finding
differentiation

6. y 4 x 2 x
dy
=
dx

22

8.

d
1

2
2 x 2 5x
7.
dx
x

y x(3 x 2)
dy

dx

9. Given y 3 x 2 4 x , find the value of

dy
when x =2.
dx

10. Given f ( x) x 1 x 2 , find the value

of f ' (0) and f ' (1).

11. INDEX NUMBER

Index number or price index ,I

Q1
100
Q0

where Q0 = quantity or price at base time

Q1 = quantity or price at specific time

Composite index , I

I W
W
i

where

Ii = index number

Wi = weightage

The table shows the price of 3 types of goods: A, B and C in the year 2005 and 2006.
Types of good 2005
A
B

RM 1.20
x

Price
2006
RM 1.60
RM 2.30

Price index in 2006

(Base year = 2005)
z
110

23

C
RM 0.60
Find the value of x, y and z

102

Calculate the composite index for each of the following data

Index number, I
Weightage, W

120
3

110
4

105
3

1. PROGRESSIONS
Finding the nth term of an AP and a GP
Arithmetic Progression
Tn = a + (n 1 ) d
1. Find the 9th term of the arithmetic
progression.
2, 5 , 8 , ..
Solution:
a=2
d = 5-2=3

Geometric Progression
Tn = ar n - 1
2. Find the 11th term of the arithmetic
progression.
5
3, , 2,........
2

T9 2 (9 1)3
= _______
3. For the arithmetic progression
0.7, 2.1 , 3.5, .. ,find the 5th term .

4. Find the nth term of the arithmetic

progression

24

1
4, 6 ,9,.....
2

5. Find the 7 th term of the geometric

progression.
- 8, 4 , -2 , ..
Solution:
a=-8

r=

T7 = (-8)(
=

1
8

6. Find the 8 th term of the geometric

progression.
16, -8, 4,

4
1
=
8 2

1 7-1
)
2

7. For the geometric progression

4 2
,
, 1 , .. ,find the 9 th term .
9 3

8. Find the 3 th term of the geometric

progression
50, 40, 32.

Find the sum to infinity of geometric progressions

a
S
1 r

S sum to infinity
a = first term
r = common ratio

25

1.

24, 3.6, 0.54, .

2.

81, -27,9, ..

Find the sum to infinity of a given

geometric progression below:
Example:
2 2
6, 2, , ,.......
3 9
a=6
2
1
r

6
3
a
S
1 r
6
=
1
1- -
3
9
=
2

3.

1 1 1
, , ,....... ..
2 4 8

Express the following recurring decimal as a fraction in its simplest form

1.

Use

0. 3
.

0. 3

= 0.3333..

= 0.3 + 0.03 + 0.003 + .

where a = 0.3 and r = 0.1

a
1 r
0 .3

1 0 .1

0.3
0.9

1
3

2. 0.7

26

3. 0.25

4. 0.96

2. LINEAR LAW
Steps to plot a straight line
Using a graph paper.
Identify Y and X from part (a)

Construct a table

Follow the scale given.

Label both axes
Line of best fit

Determine : gradient
m
Y-intercept c
27

QUESTION
x
y

2
2

3
9

4
20

5
35

6
54

Table

The above table shows the experimental values of two variables, x

and y. It is know that x and y are related by the equation
y = px2 + qx
Non- linear
a) Draw the line of best fit for

y
against x
x

a) From your graph, find,

i)
p
ii)
q

Solution
STEP 1

Reduce the non-linear

To the linear form

y = px2 + qx
The equation is divided throughout by x
To create a constant that is free from x
On the right-hand side i.e, q

y
qx
px 2
=
+
x
x
x
y
= px + q
x

Linear form
Y = mX + c

Y = mX + c
Note : For teachers reference

STEP 2

construct table

28

20

35

54

y
x

STEP 3

Using graph paper,

- Choose a suitable scale so that the graph
drawn is as big as possible.
- Label both axis
- Plot the graph of Y against X and draw
the line of best fit

y
x

12

10
x
8
x
6
x
4

1
x

29

2
x
2

-2
-4

STEP 4

From the graph,

find p and q

9 1
Gradient , p =
=2
62

Construct a right-angled triangle,

So that two vertices are on the line
of best fit, calculate the gradient, p

y- intercept = q= -3

Determine the y-intercept, q

from the straight line graph

Exercise
1. Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y , obtained from an experiment. The
variables x and y are related by the equation y px

r
, where p and r are constants.
px

30

x
y

1.0
5.5

2.0
4.7

3.0
5.0

4.0
6.5

5.0
7.7

5.5
8.4

Table 1
Plot xy against x2, by using a scale of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes.
Hence , draw the line of best fit.

a.

b. Use the graph from (a) to find the value of

i.
p
ii.
r
2. Table 2 shows the values of two variables, x and y , obtained from an experiment. Variables x
and y are related by the equation y = pk x+ 1 , where p and k are constants.
x
y

1
4.0

2
5.7

3
8.7

4
13.2

5
20.0

6
28.8

Table 2
a. Plot log y against ( x + 1 ) , using a scale 2 cm to 1 unit on the ( x + 1 ) axis and 2 cm to
0.2 unit on the log y axis.
Hence, draw line of best fit
b. Use the graph from (a) to find the value of
i.
p
ii.
k

3.

INTEGRATION
x n 1
x dx n 1 c , n 1

Integration of xn :

x 31
c
3 1
x4
=
c
4
dx

1.

3
x dx

4.

Integration of axn :

2.

5.

n
ax dx

Note :

dx

dx

3.

6.

x dx

dx

ax n 1
c , n 1
n 1

m dx

mx c , m a constant

31

1.

2.

10x

5.

2 dx

x11
c
11
x2
= 8.
c
2
= 4x 2 c

8.

6x dx

dx

11.

8x

14.

x 31
c
3 1
x4
= 6.
c
4
3x 4
=
c
2

3
6 x dx 6.

4..

10 dx

7.

8x dx 8.

10.

12x

13.

2
3

10x + c

dx

2x

= 2.

dx

8
5

dx

3.

4x

6..

3dx

9.

3x dx

dx

12.

10 x

15.

18.

0.9x

dx

8x

dx

12
4

dx

dx

dx

x 31
c
3 1

x 2
c
2
1
= 2 c
x
= 2.

16.

2
5x3 dx

17.

2
3 x dx

dx

32

To Determine Integrals of Algebraic Expressions.

Note : Integrate term by term. Expand & simplify the given expression where necessary.

Example :

2
(3x 4 x 5)dx =

=
1.

(6 x 4 )dx

4.

x(3x 2 )dx

(3x 2)

8 x 1)dx

dx

(3 x 4) 2
10.
dx
x2
=

8.

(2 x 1)(2 x 1)
dx
x2

11.
=

3 x 2)dx

( x 2)( x 3)dx

6.

(2 x 1)(2 x 1)dx

5.

(x

3.

7.

x3 2x2 + 5x + c

(12 x

2.

3x3 4 x 2

5x c
3
2

6x2 4
x 2 dx

9.

(2 x

x 1)dx

12.

(2 x)

dx

Definite Integral

33

1.

Given

that

f ( x) dx 3

f ( x) dx 7 . Find

(a) the value of k if

kx f ( x) dx 8

Given

that

f ( x) dx 3

and

g ( x)dx 5 . Find

5 f ( x) 1dx
3

(b)

and 2.

0
4

f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
(b) 3 f ( x) g ( x) dx
(a)

Answer : (a) k =

22
3

Answer: (a) 15
(b) 4

(b) 48

4. VECTOR
Vector in the cartesian coordinates
1. State the following vector in terms in i~ and ~j and also in Cartesian coordinates
Solution
Example
j
~

2
OA 2 i
~
0

5
P

4
3 B

1
0

0
OB 3 j
~
3

OP p 3 i 4 j
~

A
1

3 4

3

4

34

Exercise

Solutions

(a) OP =

(b) OQ

2
1

-3

-1 O

-2

1-1

-2

(c) OR

(d) OS

(e) OT

2.

(f) OW

Find the magnitude for each of the vectors

Example
3 i 2 j
~

(a)

2i 5 j
~

3 22
2

13 unit

(b) 5 ~i 12 ~j

(c) i~ ~j

35

3.

Find the magnitude and unit vector for each of the following
(a) r~ 2 ~i 6 ~j

Example
r 3i 4 j
~

Solution :
Magnitude, r 32 4 2
~

=5
1
unit vector, r, (4 i 3 j )
~
5 ~ ~

(b) a~

(c) h~

SPM 2003/no. 12 / paper 1.

uuuu
r
uuur
1.
Diagram 2 shows two vectors, OP and QO .
y
Q(-8, 4)
P(5,

3)

O
x
Express
uuur
x
(a)
OP in the form ,
y
uuur
(b)
OQ in the form xi + yj.

[ 2 marks]

36

5. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
To sketch the graph of sine or cosine function , students are encouraged to follow the
steps below.
1. Determine the angle to be labeled on the x-axis.
eg :

Function

angle

y = sin x

x = 90o

y = cos 2x

2x = 90o
x = 45o

y = sin

3
x
2

3
x = 90o
2

x = 60o
2. Calculate the values of y for each value of x by using calculator

37

eg : y = 1 2 cos 2x
x
y

0
-1

45
1

90
3

135
1

180
-1

3. Plot the coordinates and sketch the graph

y
3

225
1

270
3

315
1

360
-1

45

90

135

180

225

270

315

360

Exercises
1. Sketch the graphs of y = 1 + sin 2x for 0 x 180o
2.

Sketch the graph of y = 2 cos

3
x for 0 x 2.
2

6. PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

1. The number of ways of arranging all the

2. The number of ways of arranging four

alphabets in the given word.

of the alphabets in the given word so that

Solution:

last alphabet is S

6! = 6.5.4.3.2.1

Solution:

= 720

The way to arrange alphabet S = 1

The way to arrange another 3 alphabets=

P3
3. How many ways to choose 5 books

The number of arrangement = 1 x 5 P 3 = 60

4. In how many ways can committee of 3

from 20 different books

men and 3 women be chosen from a group

Solution:

of 7 men and 6 women ?

38

The number of ways=

20

Solution:

C5

The numbers of ways = 7 C 3 x 6 C 3

= 15504

= 700
5. Four out of the letters from the word

6. An excursion group consisting of 4 males

BESTARI are arranged in a row. Find the

possible different arrangements.

and 4 females is to be chosen from 8 males

and 7 females. Find the number of ways the
excursion group can be formed.

7. Find the number of ways to arrange 7

students in a row.

8. The Mathematics teacher would like to

choose three students out of ten candidates
to form school quiz team. Find the number
of ways the teacher can do it.

7. PROBABILITY
Question
1.
4
6
8
9
2
3
The above figure shows six
numbered cards. A card is chosen
at random. Calculate the
probability that the number on the
chosen card
(a)
is a multiple of 3 and a
factor of 12
(b)
is a multiple of 3 or a
factor of 12.

Answer
Let
A represent the event that the number on the chosen
card is a multiple of 3, and
B represent the event that the number on the chosen
card is a factor of 12.
A = {3, 6, 9}, n(A)= 3
B = {2, 3, 4, 6}, n(B) = 4
A B = {3, 6}
A B = {2, 3, 4, 6, 9}
2 1
.
6 3
5
(b) P(A B) =
6

(a) P(A B) =

Alternative method
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

39

3 4 2

6 6 6
5
=
.
6

2. A box contains 5 red balls, 3

yellow balls and 4 green balls. A
ball is chosen at random from the
box. Calculate the probability that
the balls drawn neither a yellow
nor a green.
3. Box C contains 4 black marbles
and 6 yellow marbles. A marbles
is chosen at random from box C,
its colour is noted and the marbles
is noted and the marbles is
returned to the box. Then a
second marbles is chosen.
Determine the probability that
(a) both the marbles are black.
(b) the two balls are of different
colours.
(c) at least one of the balls
chosen is yellow.

3
.
12
4
P(green) =
12

P (yellow) =

P(yellow or green) =

4
10
6
10

3 4 7
+ = .
12 12 12

Black

Yellow

4
10

Black

6
10

Yellow

4
10
6

Black
Yellow

10

(a) P(black

black)=

4
4
4

=
10 10
25

(b) P(same colours)

= P(black black) + P(yellow

yellow)

6
13
4
6

+
=
=
.
25
25
10 10
4
21
(c) 1 P(both blacks) = 1
=
25
25

4. A box contains 3 red balls , 5

yellow balls and 2 blue balls. A
ball is drawn at random from the
box. Find the probability that the
ball is not blue in colour.

5. The probability that Alia qualifies

2
for the final of a track event is
5
while the probability that Aisha
1
qualifies is
. Find the probability
3

40

that
a. both of them qualifies for the
final
b. only one of them qualifies for the
final.

6. A box contains 10 yellow marbles

and y blue marbles. If a marble is
picked randomly from the box, the
probability of getting a blue marble
2
is
. Find the value of y.
7

8. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
Example 1 :
Find the value of each of the following probabilities by reading the standardised normal
distribution table.
(a) P(Z > 0.934)

41

(b)

P(Z 1.25)

Solution
(b) P(Z 1.25) = 1 P(Z > 1.25)
= 1 0.1057
= 0.8944

1.25

1.25

(c) P(Z - 0.23)

Solution
(c)

P(Z - 0.23) = 1 P(Z < - 0.23)

= 1 P(Z > 0.23)
= 1 0.40905
= 0.59095

-0.23

42
0.23

(d)

P(Z > - 1.512)

Solution
(d) P(Z < - 1.512) = P(Z > 1.512)
= 0.06527

-1.512

(e)

1.512

P(0.4 < Z < 1.2)

Solution
(e) P(0.4 < Z < 1.2) = P(Z > 0.4) P(Z > 1.2)
= 0.3446 0.1151
= 0.2295

0.4

(f)

1.2

0.4

1.2

P(- 0.828 < Z - 0. 555)

Solution
(f) P(- 0.828 < Z - 0. 555) = P(Z > 0.555) P(Z > 0.828)
= 0.28945 0.20384
= 0.08561

-0.828

-0.555

0.555

0.828

43

(g) P(- 0.255 Z < 0.13)

Solution
(g) P(- 0.255 Z < 0.13) = 1 P(Z < - 0.255) P(Z > 0.13)
= 1 P(Z > 0.255) P(Z > 0.13)
= 1 0.39936 0.44828
= 0.15236

-0.255

0.13

-0.255

0.13

Example 2 :
Find the value of each of the following :
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

P(Z z) = 0.2546
P(Z < z) = 0.0329
P(Z < z) = 0.6623
P(z < Z < z 0.548) = 0.4723

Solution

44

(a) P(Z z) = 0.2546

Score-z = 0.66

0.2546

(b) P(Z < z) = 0.0329

Score-z = -1.84

(c)

P(Z < z) = 0.6623

1 - P(Z > z) = 0.6623
P(Z > z) = 1 0.6623
= 0.3377
Score-z = 0.419

(d)

P(z < Z < z 0.548) = 0.4723

1 P(Z < z) P(Z > 0.548) = 0.4723
1 P(Z < z) 0.2919 = 0.4723
P(Z < z) = 1 0.2919 0.4723
= 0.2358
Score-z = -0.72

Summary
Normal Distribution
Type 1
P( Z > positive no)
P ( Z > 1.2 ) = 0.1151

Type 6

Type 1
P ( Z > K ) = less than 0.5

P (Negative no < Z < Negative no )

P ( Z > K ) = 0.2743
P ( -1.5 < Z < - 0.8 )
K = 0.6
.....................................................
Type 2
P(Z < negative no)

= P ( 0.8 < Z < 1.5 )

= P ( Z > 0.8 ) P ( Z > 1.5 )

45

P ( Z < - 0.8 ) = P (Z > 0.8)

= 0.2119

.....................................................
Type 3
P ( Z < positive no)
P ( Z < 1.3 )
= 1 P ( Z>1.3)
= 1 0.0968
= 0.9032

= 0.2119 0.0668 = 0.1451

......................................................
Type 2
P ( Z < K ) = less than 0.5
.....................................................
.
Type 7
P ( negative no < Z < postive no )

P( Z < K ) = 0.3446
P ( Z > - K ) = 0.3446
- K = 0.4
K = - 0.4

P ( -1.2 < Z < 0.8 )

.....................................................
.
Type 4.
P( Z > negative no)
P ( Z > - 1.4 )
= 1 P ( Z < -1.4 )
= 1 0.0808
= 0.9192

....................................................
Type 5
P( positive no < Z < positive
no)
P( 1 < Z< 2 )
= P( Z> 1 ) P( Z> 2 )
= 0.1587 0. 0228
= 0.1359

= 1 P ( Z > 0.8) P ( z < -1.2 )

= 1 P ( Z > 0.8 ) P ( Z > 1.2 )
= 1 0.2119 0.1151
=0.673

.......................................................
Type 3
P( Z < K ) = more than 0.5
P ( Z < K ) = 0.8849
P ( Z > K ) = 1 0.8849
= 0.1151
K = 1.2

......................................................
Type 4
P ( Z > K ) = more than 0.5
P ( Z > K ) = 0.7580
P( Z < K ) = 1 0.7580 = 0.2420
P ( Z > -k ) = 0.2420
- K= 0.7
K = - 0.7

Exercises
A.

If z is standard normal variable, find the value of each of the following.

1. P(Z > 1.25 ) =

2. P(Z < 1.136 ) =

46

3. P(Z > -2.18 ) =

4. P ( -0.93 < Z < 1.02 ) =

5. P ( - 2.04 < Z < - 1.63 ) =

6. P ( 0 < Z < 1.228 ) =

B. Find the z-score of each of the following

1. P(Z<z) = 0.0192

2. P(Z>z) = 0.75

3. P(Z z)=0.6044

4. P(Z z)= 0.8032

10. LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Problem interpretation and the formation of the relevant equations or inequalities
The table below shows the mathematical expressions for the different inequalities
used.
Mathematical Expressions

Inequality

47

y greater than x
y less than x
y not more than x
y not less than x
The sum of x and y is not more than k
y is at least k times the value of x
y exceeds x at least k

a
b
c
d
e
f
g

yx
yx
yx
yx
x y k
y kx

yxk

Example:
A company delivers 900 parcels using x lorries and y vans. Each lorry carries 150
parcels while each van carries 60 parcels. The cost of transporting the parcels using a
lorry is RM 60 while that of a van is RM 40 . The total cost spent on transportation is not
more than RM 480.
(a) Write down two inequalities other than x 0 and y 0 , that satisfy all of the above
conditions.
Solution
(a)

150 x 60 y 900
5 x 2 y 30

.. 1

60 x 40 y 480
3 x 2 y 24

.
2

The two inequalities that satisfy the given conditions are :

5 x 2 y 30

and 3 x 2 y 24

Exercises
1. An institution offers two computer courses, P and Q. The number of participants for course P
is x and for course Q is y.
The enrolment of the participants is based on the following constraints:
I. :
II :
III. :

The total number of participants is not more than 100

The number of participants for course Q is not more than 4 times the number of
participants for course P.
The number of participants for course Q must exceed the number of participants for
48

course P by at least 5.
Write down three inequalities, other than x 0 and y 0 that satisfy all of the above
constraints.

2. Suriana want to make 2 cakes . Cake A need 120 g butter and 300 g flour. Cake B needs 240 g
butter and 200 g flour. Suriana has only 8.4 kg butter and 12 kg flour to make x cake A and y
cake B. The number of cake A that Suriana makes is not more than 3 times the number of
cake B.
Write down three inequalities, other than x 0 and y 0 that satisfy all of the above
conditions.

3. A district education office intends to organize a course on the teaching of Mathematics and
Science in English. The course will be attended by x Mathematics participants and y Science
participants.
The selection of participants is based on the following constraints:
I. : The total number of participants is at least 40
II : The number of Science participants is at most twice that of Mathematics
III. : The maximum allocation for the course is RM 7 200. The expenditure for a
Mathematics participant is RM120 and for a Science participant is RM80.
Write down three inequalities, other than x 0 and y 0 that satisfy all of the above
constraints

49