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SIE1010 Lesson 5.2 - Dimensioning and Tolerancing (Part 2)
SIE1010 Lesson 5.2 - Dimensioning and Tolerancing (Part 2)
Lesson Outline
Dimensioning
Units of Measurement
Terminology Associated with Dimensions
Arrangement, Placement and Spacing of Dimensions
Using Dimensions to Specify Size and Location of Features
Dimensioning Rules and Guidelines
Finish Marks
Tolerancing
Definitions
Tolerancing Methods and Tolerance Accumulation
Geometric Tolerances
Tolerancing of Mated Parts
Preferred Metric Limits and Fits
Tolerancing
Tolerance range within which a dimension is allowed to vary
Controls amount of variation on each manufactured part
Amount of variation depends on function of part and assembly
As long as size and location of part features fall within tolerance zone,
the part should function properly within an assembly
Tolerance Definitions
Tolerance specifies total permissible variation of a size
Tolerancing
General rule
Tolerances should be stated as generously as possible while still
ensuring the part will function properly
Allows a wider variety of processes to manufacture the part, thereby
keeping part costs low
Tolerance Declaration
Tolerances may be expressed in different ways
Direct tolerancing methods
General tolerance notes
Geometric tolerances
Limit dimensioning
Plus-and-minus dimensioning
Tolerance Accumulation
When location of a feature depends on more than one
tolerance values tolerances will be cumulative
Chain dimensioning technique example (a)
Dimensions are specified in sequence relative to each other
Tolerance accumulation between surfaces X and Y is 0.03
Tolerance Accumulation
Base line dimensioning technique example (b)
All dimensions of a given type are specified from the same datum
Tolerance variation between surfaces X and Y is reduced to 0.02
Tolerance Accumulation
Direct dimensioning technique example (c)
Distance between features are directly dimensioned
Tendency for tolerance accumulation can be further controlled
Maximum variation between surfaces X and Y is 0.01
Geometric Tolerances
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GDT) is a method
of defining parts based on how they function, using standard
ASME/ANSI symbols
Geometric D&T
Form
Orientation
Location/Position
Runout
Profile
Geometric Tolerances
GDT symbols
Mated Parts
Tolerance of a single stand-alone part is of little importance
When it is mated with other parts in an assembly, tolerancing
becomes critical
Mated parts must be toleranced as a system to fit within prescribed
degree of accuracy
In the pulley assembly below, shaft must turn freely within bushing,
while bushing is force-fit into pulley
Types of Fits
Fit refers to the degree of tightness or looseness between two
mating parts
Tolerances can be specified for mating parts to achieve desired fit
Clearance fit
Interference fit
Transition fit
Line fit
Clearance Fit
Internal member (e.g., shaft) is always smaller than external member
(e.g., hole of bushing)
Shaft is free to turn inside bushing
Interference Fit
Internal member (e.g., bushing) is always larger than external member
(e.g., hole of pulley)
Requires two parts to be forced together, without using adhesive or
mechanical fasteners
Transition Fit
Ranges between a pure clearance fit and a pure interference fit
Either internal shaft or external hole may be larger, so parts either slide or
are forced together
If an assembly calls for transition fit, the two sets (hole, shaft) of
components can be measured and sorted into groups according to size
(e.g., small, medium, large)
Components are then assembled components from one group being
mated with corresponding components from matching group
Selective assembly method relatively inexpensive way to manufacture
clearance or interference fits
Line Fit
One of the limits on both
members (hole, shaft) are equal
This means shaft and hole may
have the same size
Allowance
Allowance is the tightest possible fit between two mated
parts
Allowance = Smallest hole size Largest shaft size
Clearance fit
Allowance: Minimum clearance between two parts (positive)
Interference fit
Allowance: Maximum interference between two parts (negative)
Basic definitions
Basic size Size to which limits or deviations are assigned (40)
Deviation Algebraic difference between a size and the
corresponding basic size
Upper deviation Algebraic difference between max limit of size and
the corresponding basic size
Lower deviation Algebraic difference between min limit of size and
the corresponding basic size
Fundamental deviation Upper or lower deviation that is closest to
the basic size (H)
Illustration of Definitions
IT grade number
1. Establishes the magnitude of
a tolerance zone
2. A smaller number indicates a
smaller tolerance zone
Fundamental deviation
1. Establishes the position
of a tolerance zone with
respect to the basic size
2. Expressed by tolerance
position letters
3. Upper-case (e.g., H) for
hole dimensions; lowercase (e.g., h) for shaft
dimensions
Tolerance Specification
Tolerance zone symbol
40 H 7
40 g 6
Hole tolerance
Shaft tolerance
Hole basis is
preferred in most
cases
Fits have a
fundamental
deviation of H
on the hole
Find:
Tolerance limits on hole
Tolerance limits on shaft
Allowance
Allowance
Allowance = Hole min Shaft max = 50.000 49.920 = +0.080
Find:
Tolerance limits on hole
Tolerance limits on shaft
Allowance
Allowance
Allowance = Hole min Shaft max = 29.952 30.000 = -0.048
Tutorial
Form
Orientation
Location/Position
Runout
Profile
Form Controls
Straightness of axis
Circularity
Form Controls
Flatness
Cylindricity
Orientation Controls
Parallelism
Orientation Controls
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Location Controls
Concentricity
Position Controls
Runout Controls
Circular runout
Profile Controls
Profile of a line
Profile of a surface
References
Fundamentals of Graphics Communication, Sixth Ed
Gary R. Bertoline, Eric N. Wiebe, Nathan W. Hartman,
William A. Ross, McGraw-Hill Co., Inc, (2011)