CANADAS NATIONAL LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian universities via a

contribution through the National Research Council Canada

E-Linac Initiative: New Electron

Driver for RIB Science
Design for MW SC linear accelerator driver for
independent photo-fission production of RIBs
Shane Koscielniak, TRIUMF Accelerator Physicist
U. Victoria, 06 March 2009

LABORATOIRE NATIONAL CANADIEN POUR LA RECHERCHE EN PHYSIQUE NUCLAIRE ET EN PHYSIQUE DES PARTICULES
Proprit dun consortium duniversits canadiennes, gr en co-entreprise partir dune
contribution administre par le Conseil national de recherches Canada

E-linac Talk Outline

Introduction
Motivation/Impacts
Performance milestones
E-linac Specification

Superconducting RF Because
Relation to TESLA/ILC
ILC: voltage-gradient limited design
E-linac: power-gradient limited design

Baseline design
High Power RF building blocks (2 slides)
Layout functional & flexible
Capitalize on existing equipment designs

Activity in support of design effort (3 slides)

Summary
Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

E-Linac Motivation/Impact
New Science: Nuclear physics with neutron-rich RIBs, and
9Be(,p)8Li for -NMR studies in Materials and Molecular Sciences.
Complementary & independent driver for RIB production.
Implements strategy of multiple beams (e, p) to multiple users to
accelerate science output.
E-Linac will operate through annual cyclotron shutdowns
providing strong year-round RIB experimental program.
Leverages valuable existing infrastructure:
Proton Hall, shielded vault with services
World-class RIB experimental apparatus (detectors)
Builds further SCRF expertise base from
(1, 100 MHz, 4K) to (=1, 1 GHz, 2K) - =v/c relativistic speed
Prepares Canada for SCRF projects world-wide (ILC, CERN-SPL)
Qualifies commercial partner (PAVAC) to build SCRF cavities.
Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

Radioactive ions diffuse

out, are ionized, massseparated, accelerated

What is photo fission?

Electron
beam

-ray
photons

Tungsten
convertor target

Production efficiency high: one photon for three electrons (30 MeV)

Multilayer Uranium
oxide, or carbide
production target

Photo-fission cross-section high for 15

MeV due to Giant Dipole Resonance

Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

E-Linac Specification
Beam power (MW)
Duty Factor

0.5
100%

Average current (mA)

10

Kinetic energy (MeV)

50

Photo-fission products
distribution using 50 MeV 10 mA
electrons on to Hg convertor &
UCx target
Number of photo-fission /second
versus electron energy for 100 kW
e-beam on Ta convertor and U target.
Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

E-Linac Beam Specification

Practical
considerations
(beam
diagnostics)
motivate bunch
rep rate

Bunch charge (pC)

16

Bunch repetition rate (GHz)

0.65

Radio frequency (GHz)

1.3

Average current (mA)

10

Kinetic energy (MeV)

50

Beam power (MW)

0.5

Duty Factor

100%

Bunch vital statistics (rms)

inject

eject

Normalized emittance (m)

<30

<100

Longitudinal emittance (eV.ns)

<20

<40

Bunch length (FW), inject (ps)

<170

<30

<1 keV

<1%

Energy spread (FW)

Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

The requirement:
50 MeV 10 mA
= MW beam
power eliminated
on target.

Not
critical;
beam
dumped
on target
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We chose Superconducting RF because:

High duty factor or continuous operation is inconceivable with NC
cavities for 50 MeV, need 4-8 MW wall-plug power.
With SC cavities need 1.5 MW wall-plug power
- enormous operational cost savings!

1.3 GHz @ 2 K is
cost minimum
Cost scales as Power/Length
@ constant gradient =

Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

We chose 1.3 GHz, 2K technology because:

1.3 GHz SCRF cavities have been in development for >30 years,
starting with 27 m long 50 MeV SCA at Stanford.
Enormous world-wide effort in this regime since the 1990s dedicated to
TESLA at DESY and now to International Linear Collider (ILC).
The Tesla Technology Collaboration (TTC) exists to promote, share
and disseminate the remarkable results of the effort.
With major impetus from TESLA, technology is now mature with
gradients >20 MV/m routine.
Projects now include: DESY X-ray FEL, Cornell Energy Recovery Linac
(ERL), Daresbury ERL Prototype, KEK-Free Electron Laser (FEL). KEK
and FNAL efforts for ILC, Jefferson Lab upgrade, TRIUMF e-linac, etc.
TRIUMF joined TTC in April 2007.

Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

DESY single-cell and 9-cell cavities form starting point for many
SCRF linac designs around the world

ILC cavity module

Commonality of ILC with Fission Driver stops here and does not
extend to the cryomodule or High Power RF
Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

ILC Main Linac cryomodule = 9 cavities

poster boy for high-gradient, low average power

9 mA, 333 MeV energy gain

3 MW beam power/cryomodule

BUT ILC not c.w.

1 ms pulse, 5 Hz

9 cavity/cryomodule; 9 cell/cavity Average current

0.04 mA
300 kW/cavity (peak power)
Single input coupler per cavity;
31 MV/m gradient

Average power 16
kW/cavity

2 HOM coupler/cavity

Duty factor 0.5%

But photo-fission driver will operate continuous wave (c.w.)

Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

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Linear Collider:
duty factor = 0.5%,
design is limited by accelerating gradient (31.5 MV/m)
E-linac: design driven by challenges of 100% duty factor
high-power CW input coupler & limited choice of klystrons
2 kelvin heat loads in CW operation
ILC input coupler:
16kW average power
Fission Driver: 500 kW CW RF power has to propagate
through input couplers and cavities to beam
E-linac input coupler:
60kW average power
Cornell/CPI-Eimac
Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

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HP RF building block
for e-linac

50 kW coupler

50 kW coupler

130 kW klystron

E-linac RF unit =
100 kW/cavity

Beam
current

Cavity
gradient

# cavities

Beam energy

Beam power

5 mA

20 MV/m

60 MeV

300 kW

10 mA

10 MV/m

50 MeV

500 kW

20 mA

5 MV/m

10

50 MeV

1 MW

Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

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25 kW

50 kW

50 kW

E-linac in 2010-2015 plan

100 kW, 25 MeV

e-GUN

BUNCHER
CAVITY

INJECTOR
LINAC

MAIN LINAC
CRYOMODULE #1

E-linac power distribution

50 kW

BEAM
TRANSPORT
LINE

50 kW

50 kW

E-linac in 2015-2020 plan

500 kW, 50 MeV
50 kW

50 kW

One 130 kW
klystron/cavity

e-GUN

BUNCHER
CAVITY

INJECTOR
LINAC

50 kW

MAIN LINAC
CRYOMODULE #1
50 kW

50 kW

MAIN LINAC
CRYOMODULE #2
50 kW

Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

BEAM
TRANSPORT
LINE

50 kW

13

CW operation has other challenges:

Higher heat load in all RF components: cavity, input coupler,
HOM coupler/absorber, etc
Limited choice of c.w. klystrons, c.w. couplers
Fission driver,
10 MV/m
4 cavity

ERL
20 MV/m
4 cavity

TESLA TDR
23.4 MV/m
12 cavity

RF Load (W)

41.6

166.4

4.95

2K Sum (W)

44.4

251.5

9.05

5K Sum (W)

29.1

34.5

15.94

Input Couplers

713

265

80.9

80K Sum (W)

717.6

601.2

183.02

Beam power
related

2K & 80K sums almost 4 TESLA values

Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

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E-Linac Baseline Layout

Injector linac
(acceleration & additional bunching)
10 MV/m, Q=1010
10 mA, 5-10 MeV gain
NC buncher 100 kW beam pwr

SRF Injector

Main linac
Two cryomodules
Two 9-cell cavities/module,
10 MV/m, Q=1010
10 mA, 40 MeV gain
400 kW beam pwr

Module #1

Thermionic gun: triode; 100 keV; 650 MHz

Module #2

Focusing & diagnostic packages

Division into injector & main linacs allows:

Possible expansion path to test-bed for
Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) e.g. 10 mA, 80 MeV
Recirculating Linear Accelerator (RLA) e.g. 2 mA, 160 MeV

Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

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Relative
energy
spread
0.7%

Output at 50 MeV
from injector with
2 single cell =1
cavities in
capture section
Bunch length 24 ps
Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

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The path-finders for c.w. high-power, high-current linacs are

the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) based light-sources,
particularly their injector linacs (no energy recovery)

Cornell ERL Injector serves as

model for many components
of fission driver

beam dump

beam lines
cryomodule
buncher
Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

DC gun
17

Use/adapt existing equipment designs wherever possible

TTF/ILC 9-cell cavities

Cornell/CPI 50 kW c.w. power couplers

variant of ILC/Orsay coaxial couplers
- Tested > 60 kW

klystrons from e2V or CPI/Eimac?

Elinac absorbers
Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB
XFEL-type ceramic HOM

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C.W. Cryomodules
Frontier c.w. for high duty or high-power, high-current linacs are drivers
for FELs - particularly injector linacs for Energy Recovery Linacs
Cornell ERL Injector forms existence proof for -MW capable
cryomodule forms reference model for E-Linac design
Changes compared to TTF cryomodule:
Increase diameter of 2-phase 2 K He pipe for
c.w. cavity operation
Direct gas cooling of chosen 5 K and 80 K
intercept points with He-gas flow
HOM absorbers between cavities
Tuner stepper easily replaceable
In-situ bake for input couplers

Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

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Tuner: Costing based on

INFN blade/coaxial tuner.
XFEL industrialisation
makes Saclay/lateral
tuner a strong candidate.

ILC variant of Saclay

lever/lateral tuner

Or INFN
blade/coaxial tuner?

Two candidates for NC single-cell

1.3 GHz buncher cavity
Daresbury
EMMA FFAG

Rossendorf Cavity: Rshunt 1.2 M, Q 1.4E4

Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

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Electron Source
ILC: Photonic gun expensive, high maintenance, 10-11 torr
Fission driver: Thermionic gun inexpensive, low maintenance,
pressure not critical (10-9 torr).
RF modulated gun avoids chopping and 3 kW beam dump
at start of linac.
NIST/JLab electron gun donated to
TRIUMF e-gun development station.
Will convert from diode to triode.
Vacuum pumps and HV power supplies
on order.
Emittance depends strongly on cathode
size, geometry, peak current, etc
Need beam characterization effort.

Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

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Summary
E-Linac is central component of the TRIUMF 10-year vision.
The fission driver represents a major new RIB source provides
complementarity to proton-driven RIB production.
Suite of potential RIB applications
Nuclear/astro physics
Materials & molecular sciences
Life/medical sciences
Light source technology test bed
L-band SCRF technology provides cost effective approach to
MW-class fission driver and capitalizes on world-wide R&D
There are cell, cavity, input coupler, HOM damper, tuner,
klystron, IOT, cryostat and BPM designs all pre-existing
eliminates substantial R&D & cost.
Participate in ILC and other SRF projects world wide, e.g. SPL
E-Linac is well-matched to the scale of the TRIUMF facility and
its accelerator expertise.
Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

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A brighter future? light source with photocathode and highvoltage gun

Study compatibility of light source (e.g. IR FEL or Compton Source)
beam parameters with e-linac design
Final parameters at user:
Bunch charge: 100 pC
Bunch length r.m.s. 1 ps (approx 4 ps FW)
Bunch emittance r.m.s. N 10 m
Bunch repetition rate up to 100 MHz
Gun type: photo-cathode (DC or RF? TBA)
Gun voltage: TBA

Elinac Initiative - Electron Driver for RIB

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