BASIC TELEPHONY

TELEPHONY

Telecommunication deals with the service of

providing electrical communication at a distance.

Telecommunication

Introduction-Lecture 1

Tele

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BASIC TELEPHONY

BASIC TELEPHONY

Brief History

Telecommunication
1860 Johann Philipp Reis (Germany) built Das Telephon, the
first publicly demonstrated telephone.

far transfer of meaningful

information from one location
(sender) to a second location
(receiver).

1871 Antonio Meucci (Italy) files a caveat for a telephone that

he claims to have been built in 1849 though it is not
demonstrated and never patented.

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BASIC TELEPHONY

BASIC TELEPHONY

Brief History

Brief History

1876 Alexander Graham Bell (Scotland) demonstrated the

first working model of a telephone on March 10, 1876, but
Bell had applied for a patent a month earlier on February 14,
1876. Elisha Grey had submitted a disclosure of invention for
a telephone on that same day in February, but ultimately the
U.S. Supreme Court upheld Bells invention, although in a
split decision.

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1889 Almond Strowger files a patent for the first automatic

telephone exchange later called STROWGER SWITCH.
Wiliam Gray is granted the 1st patent for the coinoperated telephone.
1896 The first dial telephone is used in Milwaukee, USA.

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Telephony

BASIC TELEPHONY

Brief History

POTS - Plain Old Telephone Service

- connotes being old-fashioned and obsolete

1946 AT&T inaugurates the

service.

1st commercial

mobile telephone
But actually, old implies familiarity and ease of use

1981 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system becomes the

1st international cellular mobile telephone system, providing
services in Finland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

Telephony is a system of communications employing an

apparatus, transforming the sound wave into an electrical
wave, passing the electrical wave over a suitable medium or
a circuit and then transforming the electrical wave back into a
sound wave at the receiver

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BASIC TELEPHONY

BASIC TELEPHONY

Telephone Networks

Telephone - an electronic apparatus containing a transmitter

and a receiver that is connected to a telecommunication
system, enabling the user to speak to and hear other similar
equipment.

- enable us to extend communication AROUND THE

WORLD
A Telephone System provides private two-way
communication between two points separated by a distance
and has to fulfill the following requirements:
It must have fidelity.
It must have reliability.
It should transmit information over the channel as quickly as
possible.
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BASIC TELEPHONY

BASIC TELEPHONY

TELEPHONE

SIDETONE

It consists of a handset and its cradle with a signaling device,

consisting of either a dial or push buttons.

When the level is high, the natural human reaction is for the
talker to lower his or her voice.

The handset is made up of two electro-acoustic transducers,

the earpiece or receiver and the mouthpiece or transmitter.
There is also a sidetone circuit that allows some of the
transmitted energy to be fed back to the receiver (to enable
the speaker to hear his own voice).

- Thus by regulating sidetone, talker levels can be

regulated.
If too much Sidetone is fed back to the receiver,
- the talker lowers his or her voice
- this results to reduced output level of the transmitter

- sidetone level must be controlled

- the level (voice volume) at the distant receiver is also

reduced
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- system performance is deteriorated

TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

A. Transmitter

A. Transmitter
- The transmitter requires a direct-current (dc) potential,
usually on the order of 35 V, across its electrodes (called
the talk battery) supplied over the line (central battery)
from the switching center and has been standardized at
48 V dc.

Microphone typical device for converting the sound

pressure variations (caused by speech) into electrical
current variations
Standard frequency bandwidth for voice transmission:
300 to 3400 Hz

Current from the battery flows through the carbon granules or

grains when the telephone is lifted from its cradle or goes off
hook.

A modern telephone transmitter - carbon microphone contains

loosely packed carbon grains.

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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

A. Transmitter
When someone speaks into the telephone (Off-hook):
1. the diaphragm vibrates
2. vibration causes the carbon grains to be compressed and
released.
3. compression and expansion vary the current flow in the
associated electric circuit.
4. transmission of current to a distant identical instrument,
causes the diaphragm in it to vibrate in response to the
fluctuations induced by the nearby magnetic field.

A. Transmitter
1.

Carbon Transmitter

constructed by placing carbon granules between metal

plates called electrodes.
- diaphragm takes variations in pressure caused by sound
waves and transmits these variations to the carbon granules.
- The electrodes conduct electricity that flows through the
carbon.
- The resultant current varies with the sound-wave pressure
applied to the transmitter.

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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

A. Transmitter

A. Transmitter

2. Electret Transmitter

2. Electret Transmitter

composed of a thin disk of metal-coated plastic and a

thicker, hollow metal disk.
- in the handset, the plastic disk is held slightly above
most of the metal disk.

- Sound waves from the caller's voice cause the plastic

disk to vibrate, which changes the distance between the
disks, and so changes the intensity of the electric field
between them.

- The plastic disk is electrically charged, and an electric

field is created in the space where the disks do not touch
anything.

- The variations in the electric field are translated into

variations of electric current, which travels across telephone
lines.

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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

A. Transmitter

A. Transmitter

The microphone of a telephone:

- serves as a sensitive "electric ear"

When a person talks into the telephone:

- lies behind the mouthpiece of the phone.

- the sound waves hit the diaphragm and cause it to

vibrate.

Just like a human ear, the transmitter has an eardrum.

Eardrum of the telephone - a thin, round metal disk called
a diaphragm.

- the diaphragm vibrates at various speeds, depending

on the resonance in air pressure caused by the varying tones
of the speaker's voice.
The transmitter or mouthpiece converts acoustic energy into
electric energy by means of a carbon granule transmitter.

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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

A. Transmitter

A. Transmitter

Behind the diaphragm:

Behind the diaphragm:

- there is a small cup filled with miniscule grains of

carbon.

- in turn, the diaphragm compacts the grains tightly

together.

- the diaphragm presses against these carbon grains,

while a low voltage electric current travels through the grains.

- as the grains are compacted by the diaphragm, the

electric current travels through easily

- the pressure on the carbon grains varies as the sound

waves cause the diaphragm to vibrate.

- then a large amount of electricity flows through the

grains.

- a loud sound causes the sound waves to push hard

upon the diaphragm.
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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

A. Transmitter

A. Transmitter

Behind the diaphragm:

Behind the diaphragm:

- however, when the sound is soft, the sound waves

push lightly on the diaphragm.
- when sound waves push lightly on the diaphragm, the
diaphragm puts on a light pressure on the carbon grains.
- then grains are pressed together loosely, and this
makes it harder for the electric current to pass through them,
and less current flows between the grains.

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Thus, the pattern of the sound waves determines:

1. the level of pressure put on the diaphragm.
2. this pressure, in turn, regulates the pressure
on the carbon grains.
3. the crowded or loose grains cause the electric
current to become stronger or weaker, depending on how
compacted the grains are. The current copies the pattern of
the sound waves and is sent over a telephone wire to the
receiver, or speaker, of another telephone.
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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

B. Receiver

B. Receiver

- made from a flat ring of magnetic material

- equipped with a coil of wire through which electric current,
representing the sounds from the distant telephone, flows.
- also equipped with a thin diaphragm of magnetic material
positioned between the magnet and the coil.
- magnetic field is created by the changes in the coil current
and this makes the diaphragm vibrate.

The speaker of the telephone:

serves as an "electric mouth".
two magnets located at the edge of the diaphragm cause it
to vibrate.
Has two magnets:
1. Permanent magnet - constantly holds the diaphragm
close to the speaker head.

- as the diaphragm vibrates, it creates sound waves

2. Electromagnet - consists of a piece of iron with a coil

wound around it.

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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

B. Receiver

B. Receiver

The speaker of the telephone:

The speaker of the telephone:

when an electric current passes through the coil, the iron

core becomes magnetized.
the diaphragm is pulled towards the iron core and away
from the permanent magnet.
the pull of the electromagnet varies between strong and
weak, depending on the different variations in the current.
thus, the electromagnet controls the vibrations of the
diaphragm in the speaker.

the electric current passing through the electromagnet

becomes stronger or weaker according to the loud and soft
sounds.
this action causes the diaphragm to vibrate according to the
speaker's speech patterns.
as the diaphragm moves in and out, it pulls and pushes the
air in front of it, which produces the sound.

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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

B. Receiver

C. Ringer

The speaker of the telephone:

the pressure on the air sets up sound waves that are the
same as the ones sent into the microphone. The sound
waves strike the ear of the listener and they hear the words
from the other person.

- part of the telephone set that informs the subscriber of an

incoming telephone call.
- responds only to a special frequency of electricity that is
sent by the exchange in response to the request for that
telephone number.
- this is also termed as alerter.
In short and simple language, a RINGER is:
- a device that alerts you to an incoming call.
- it may be a bell, light, or warbling tone.

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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

C. Ringer

C. Ringer

- the telephone company sends a ringing signal that is in AC

waveform to your telephone.

- a gong ringer is the loudest signaling device that is solely

phone-line powered.

- although the common frequency used in the U.S. is 20 Hz,

it can be any frequency between 15 and 68 Hz. Most of the
world uses frequencies between 20 and 40 Hz.

- modern telephones tend to use warbling ringers, which

are usually ICs, powered by the rectified ringing signal.

- the voltage at the subscriber's end depends upon loop

length and the number of ringers attached to the line; it could
be anywhere between 40 and 150 volts.

- the audio transducer is made up of either a piezoceramic

disk or a small loudspeaker via a transformer.

- the most common ringing device is the gong ringer,

comprised of a solenoid coil with a clapper that strikes
either a single or double bell.
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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

D. Dialer

D. Dialer

- part of the telephone set in which the subscriber inputs the

telephone numbers, either by using a rotary dialer or by using
a push-button dialer.
1. Pulse Dialing
- type of dialing that employs the loop "make and break"
technique from the dialer to the central office.
- It is also called Dial Pulsing or Rotary Dialing.
- In a rotary dial, the numerals one to nine, followed by
zero, are placed in a circle behind round holes in a movable
plate.

1. Pulse Dialing
- The user places a finger in the hole corresponding to
the desired digit and rotates the movable plate clockwise
until the user's finger hits the finger stop; then the user
removes the finger.
- The result is a number of dial pulses, which are
caused by the electrical current flowing between the
telephone set and the exchange. The equipment at the
exchange counts these pulses to determine the number being
called.

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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

D. Dialer

D. Dialer

1. Pulse Dialing

2. Tone Dialing

For PULSE DIALING, it takes 0.1 sec/pulse plus 0.5

sec inter-digit time to transmit a digit.

- type of dialing that employs two tones or two

frequencies to represent a single digit.

Example: How long does it take to dial 442-9394 in

seconds, using pulse dialing?

- also called Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF)

dialing.

Solution:

- In a touch tone system, the numerals one to nine, each

represents one of the twelve available pushbuttons in the
keypad.

6(0.5) means that there are 6 interdigit spaces in 442-9394

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- The central office is equipped with a code receiver that

interprets the numbers dialed according to the DTMF tones it
receives.
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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

D. Dialer

D. Dialer

2. Tone Dialing

2. Tone Dialing

For TONE DIALING, it takes 0.25 sec to 0.5 sec plus

0.25 sec to 0.5 sec inter-digit time to transmit a digit.

a. Touch Tone Multi-frequency Code

Example: How long does it take to dial 442-9394 in

seconds, using tone dialing?

697 Hz

770 Hz

852 Hz

941 Hz

1209 Hz

1336 Hz

1477 Hz

Solution:
6(0.25) means that there are 6 interdigit spaces in 442-9394

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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

1633 Hz

D. Dialer
2. Tone Dialing

E. Switch-Hook or Hookswitch

a. Multi-Frequency Code Comparison

US Army TA
341/PT in
Hz

DigitTouchTone in Hz

US Air Force
412L in Hz

697 + 1209

1020 + 1620

2100 + 2300

697 + 1336

1020 + 1740

2300 + 2500

697 + 1477

1020 + 1860

1900 + 2700

770 + 1209

1140 + 1620

1900 + 2100

770 + 1336

1140 + 1740

2500 + 2700

770 + 1477

1140 + 1860

2300 + 2700

852 + 1209

1260 + 1620

2100 + 2500

852 + 1336

1260 + 1740

1900 + 2300

852 + 1477

1260 + 1860

2100 + 2700

941 + 1336

1380 + 1740

1900 + 2500

- switches on the telephone set when operated.

- If the switch-hook contact is open, the telephone is said to
be "off-hook" and when the contact is closed such that a
current flows, the telephone is said to be "on hook".
1. On-Hook Condition
- The handset rests on its cradle if the telephone is idle or
inactive.
- The switch-hook is open, so no DC current flows through
the line.

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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

E. Switch-Hook or Hookswitch

E. Switch-Hook or Hookswitch

2. Off-Hook Condition
- The handset is lifted off from its cradle.
- if the switch-hook contact is closed, DC current flows
from the central office through the telephone set and through
a relay coil at the central office.
Hook switch:
- basically a switch that connects and disconnects the phone
from the network.

2. Off-Hook Condition
- the speech network, also known as the "hybrid" or the
"two wire/four wire network", takes the incoming signal and
sends it directly to the speaker.
- also, it takes the microphone output and feeds it down
the line. The standard network used all over the world is an
LC device with a carbon microphone; some newer phones
use discrete transistors or ICs.

- connects to the network when you lift the handset, and

disconnects when the handset is replaced.
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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

F. Balancing Network (Sidetone Generator)

F. Balancing Network (Sidetone Generator)

The Duplex Coil

- In the telephone set, it is intentionally slightly unbalanced so

that a small amount of the transmitted signal is also fed to
the receiver of the talking phone. Such a signal is called the
Sidetone.
- A varistor provides automatic adjustment of the sidetone
level for telephone set installations as variations in loop
current due to the difference of local loops.

- blocks the sound of your own voice from ever

reaching your ear.
- in the original design of the telephone, the speaker
and microphone were connected directly together and this
caused the sound from the microphone to be transmitted to
the speaker. This setup gives the user an "echo effect".
- the duplex coil was incorporated to take the signals
from both the microphone and the speaker, and separate
them so that the signals are not fed back to the other
interface.

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TELEPHONE SET

TELEPHONE SET

G. Protection Circuits

G. Protection Circuits

1. Over-Voltage Protection
- employs a Zener diode to protect the circuits in the
electronic telephone from transient and over-voltages.
- If voltage protection is needed at a point where either
polarity voltage may appear, the device may be constructed
as two Zener diodes connected back to back.

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2. Polarity Protection protects the circuits in the event that

polarity of the normal input voltage is reversed.
- the rectifier bridge is commonly used to protect against
polarity reversal
H. Hybrid - Converts the four-wire interface into a two-wire
interface, which enables the telephone to operate via 2-wire
connection to the telephone company.
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TELEPHONE SET

........................END

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