Works Cited

Primary Sources:
Arriola, Gus. "Gordo." Environment and Society Portal. 1984. Print.
Gordo is a daily comic strip created by Gus Arriola and was the
first major
comic with Hispanic characters. It honored Rachel Carson on the
anniversary
of her death with both a Sunday and weekday strip, which
assisted in my
research by allowing me to understand how
environmentalists felt towards
Carsons work. It also helped in my
research by strengthening the impact of her legacy and its continuing
relevance twenty years after her death.
Carson, Rachel. "Environmental Hazards: Control of Pesticides and
Other Chemical
Poisons." Subcommittee on Reorganization and International
Organizations
of the Committee on Government Operations. 4 June 1963.
Rachel Carson
Council. Web.
This source was a transcript of Rachel Carsons testimony before
the congressional subcommittee that was investigating the claims
made in her
book. It was one of her last public appearances and
final plea to the public to
change the way we treat our ecosystems.
She discusses the sources of contamination and the ways the
government can help to fix it, inserting real
pieces of legislation
into her argument to strengthen her point. It helped me
to
understand her perspective on the issue after the publication of Silent
Spring and to strengthen my own project by hearing her side of
her public battle.
Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. Boston: Mariner, 1962. Print.
This book was the basis for the entirety of my research. Written
by Rachel
Carson in 1962, it demonstrates the clear, climactic style of
writing that
allowed her to explain pesticide use and its effects so
poignantly to the American public. This writing style was also helpful to
me- by hearing Carsons own words, I was able to capture the spirit
of her fight and place it
into my own project. This edition also
included an introduction by Linda Lear, which detailed Carsons

background as a writer, and an afterward by

Silent Springs effect on the environmental

Edward O. Wilson about

movement.

DDT- For Control of Household Pests. United States Department of

Agriculture Mar.
1947: Print.
This was an advertisement run by the USDA condoning the use of
the DDT
pesticide for controlling pests inside the home. It is
significant because at this
time, even the government was in
support of the damaging pesticide- it
wasnt until Rachel Carson
that it was considering harmful. It helped me to
capture why the
public believed DDT was good and understand the appeal that
allowed it to become such an integral part of American culture.
DDT on the Farm. 1952. Valhalla Movement, Montreal.
This photograph depicted four men on a farm- two city officials
observing as
two farmers sprayed DDT on their crops. Since none
of the men are wearing
any protection, it helped me to
understand the misinformation the public
received about the
safety of synthetic pesticides. It also contributed to my website by
demonstrating how liberally DDT was used, especially on crops.
Doomsday for Pests. Prod. Jerry Fairbanks. Sherwin-Williams DDT,
1947. Film.
This was a propaganda film advertising Pestroy, a new
pesticide brand created by Sherwin-Williams. It discusses the benefits
of DDT and presents it as a miracle product. To do this, it depicted
scientists in high-tech laboratories and other imagery seen as new
and advanced. It aided me in my research by showing me first-hand
exactly how DDT became popularizedthrough the deliberate use of
advertising that showed only the benefits of
DDT.
Eisenstaedt, Alfred. Rachel Carson at Microscope. 1963. Chatham
University,
Pittsburgh.
This is a photograph of Rachel Carson sitting at a microscope in
her home
examining a petri dish under a microscope. It was taken by Alfred
Eisenstaedt, the photographer responsible for the iconic Times
Square kiss
photo after V-J day. This photo was an example of
those neglected by the press because it portrayed Rachel Carson as

the scientist she was, which helped me to understand how she was
shown in popular culture by her
critics.
"Go Ahead and Eat, Says Cranberry Expert." Mirror News [Los Angeles]
11 Nov.
1959: n. pag. Print.
This source was a newspaper article about the Cranberry Scare
of 1959, one
of the first environmental trepidations in American
history. It helped me to understand the feelings the public had towards
the environment in 1959
that allowed them to accept and fight for
Silent Spring. I also included a
photograph of the article in my
project as it strengthens the idea that
environmentalism was just
starting to grow in the late 1950s.
Konig, George. Child Delousing. 1945. National Public Radio, Texas.
This was a photograph of a child being sprayed directly with DDT
to cure
head lice prior to the DDT ban in 1972. It helped to
demonstrate to me just
how liberally DDT was used- neither the
child nor the nurse administering the treatment were wearing any
type of protection. It allowed me to understand the reasons why Rachel
Carson wanted to change the way the
public viewed chemicals- to
give the public the protection it so desperately needed.
Lear, Linda, ed. Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel Carson.
Boston:
Beacon, 1998. Print.
This book was a collection of the lost writings of Rachel Carson,
including early wildlife writing, journal entries and a letter to her
physician near the
end of her life. It was an incredibly powerful
glimpse at Carson outside of the
public eye and gave me valuable
insight about her personality and activism.
It also contains an
introduction by editor Linda Rear about the legacy of Silent Spring
itself and how it has permanently embedded itself into
American
culture.
Lehrer, Tom. Pollution. Atlantic Records, 1967. MP3.
This was an audio recording of Tom Lehrers song Pollution, a
satirical
piano piece about environmental damage in America. It
reflected the many
environmental issues facing the nation in 1967
and can be considered the
first activist song of the new
movement. It aided in my research by helping me to understand how

people during this time felt about pollution and how awareness began
to grow about the environmental crusade itself.
Malarious Areas of the United States. Digital image. Center for Disease
Control. Pan
American Health Organization, Dec. 1969. Web.
This image depicts four maps of the United States with
highlighted portions
showing areas infected by Malaria- beginning
at 1882 and ending in 1935. It
is significant because these
statistics were taken prior to Paul Mllers
discovery of DDT,
therefore showing how disease carrying insects had ravaged the
American south. It allowed me to demonstrate why DDT was
used
so liberally because of the large numbers of insects.
Near Total DDT Ban Announced. Digital image. Michigan State
University. Library of
Congress, 1972. Web.
This was a digital image of a newspaper headline published the
year of the
DDT ban. While it is just a small clipping, one is able to see the
words
Environmental Protection Agency announced, suggesting that
this is one of
the agencys first major achievements. In addition,
the size of bold typeset of
the headline allowed me to see how large
and controversial a decision the
DDT ban was in 1972.
Norris, Len. "Silent Spring by Rachel Carson the Pesticide Threat." The
Vancouver
Sun. Vancouver: 1964. Print.
This was a comic depicting a housewife swatting flies with her
copy of Silent
Spring. It reflected the opinions of Carsons critics,
who believed her to be an
irrational woman with a great fear of
bugs. This new perspective assisted me in my research by showing
me ways that Carson was criticized by the public,
which was
incredibly beneficial when juxtaposed to the pro-Rachel Carson
Peanuts cartoons.
Nutrition Lab at American Cyanamid. 1960. University of New Mexico,
New Mexico.
This is a photograph of a research lab at American Cyanamid, the
chemical

company that employed outspoken Rachel Carson critic Dr.

Robert WhiteStevens. The bright colors and large bottles of chemicals show
the
stereotypical idea of how new, harmless technologies were
developed in
the 1960s. It helped me in my project by
strengthening my idea of how
people felt about chemicals during
this time and how those chemicals were created.
"Press Conference, 29 August 1962." Interview by John F. Kennedy. John
F. Kennedy
Presidential Library & Museum. JFK Foundation, Web.
This source was a recording of a press conference held by
President John F. Kennedy in 1962, shortly before the Science Advisory
Committee had begun to research Silent Spring. It demonstrates
Kennedys knowledge of the environmental movement, which is
crucial to understanding how public
sentiment influenced White
House actions. It also helps to strengthen the idea that Carson and
Silent Spring had become an international movement.
Schutz, Bob. Rachel Carson at Typewriter. 1963. AP Images, New York.
This is a photograph of Rachel Carson sitting at the typewriter
she used to
write Silent Spring at her home in Washington, D.C.
As a primary source, it helped me to see the way Rachel Carson
wanted to be portrayed in the
media- as a brilliant writer and
scientist- rather than a housewife and
mother. I used it in the
publication section of my website to show how
Silent Spring was
written.
Shapiro, Judy. E-mail interview. 28 Jan. 2015.
This source was an e-mail interview with Judy Shapiro, a woman
who grew up during the thalidomide era and the early age of the
environmental
movement. Her personal experiences- especially her
childhood witnessing victims of thalidomide- helped me gain a new,
personal perspective about Rachel Carsons work. It also helped me
to visualize what growing up in an unregulated chemical industry was
like.
The First Earth Day. 1970. Science Blogs, By Greg Laden.
This was a photograph of a rally commemorating the first earth
day in the United States in 1970. It depicts the passion and
enthusiasm of the
American environmental movement by

showing a large crowd being led by a

supporter. It aided in my
research by showing what a significant legacy Rachel Carson left
behind and how that legacy still exists today.
Use of Pesticides. Rep. President's Science Advisory Committee. John F.
Kennedy
Presidential Library and Museum, 15 May 1963. Web.
This source was the online publication of Use of Pesticides, the
report
investigating Rachel Carsons claims as requested by President
John F.
Kennedy. It is a fifty-page document detailing their findingshowever, what
was most helpful to my research was the last section
that requested agencies
take action to help the environment. This
document was successful in validating Rachel Carsons Silent Spring,
silencing chemical companies and taking the first steps towards
environmental protection in America.
Secondary Sources:
Graham, Frank, Jr. Since Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970.
Print.
This book was exceptional in its ability to describe Rachel
Carsons legacy and the impact she left on the environmental
movement. As a field editor for
Audubon Magazine, a nature
magazine, author Frank Graham Jr.s writing
creates a poignant
retrospective about our ecosystems and the destruction
we have
caused. This source was helpful to me in that it provided specific
examples of pesticide use in America and its effects, as well as
an appendix
detailing specific pesticides (including DDT) and how
they work against
wildlife. It allowed me to gain a scientific
understanding of what we can do to
improve the health of our
ecosystems, a movement that was sparked by Rachel Carson.
Griswold, Eliza. "How Silent Spring Ignited the Environmental
Movement." The New
York Times 21 Sept. 2012: n. pag. Print.
This source is a newspaper article covering Rachel Carsons
impact on the
environmental movement. It discusses her early life
in Springdale,
Pennsylvania, Silent Spring, and the relevance of the
reforms made today. It helped me create a more well-rounded project
by hearing Carsons story in someone elses words, giving me new
details I would not have discovered
otherwise.

Key, Francis S. The Star Spangled Banner. Michel Simone. Rec. 27 Jan.
2009. Smith &
Co. MP3.
This was a recording of the Star Spangled Banner as performed
by Michel Simone, a concert pianist. Its subtle, proud notes were both
respectful and
powerful, exactly what I wanted to convey when
talking about the legacy of
Rachel Carson. It assisted in my research
by allowing me to draw emotion
from my readers, an important part
of honoring the memory of Rachel Carson.
Matthiessen, Peter, ed. Courage for the Earth: Writers, Scientists, and
Activists
Celebrate the Life and Writing of Rachel Carson. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin,
2007. Print.
This book was a collection of writings by scientists and authors
detailing
Silent Springs contributions to science and how they have
helped shape a new generation of environmental activism. One of
the most helpful of these
works was titled Rachel Carson and
Silent Spring and was written by Al
Gore. It discussed the how
Carson shaped the role of the environment in American government
and was invaluable to creating my own project about the legacy
Carson left. John Hays A Long View of Rachel Carson was also
beneficial- it discussed what made Rachel Carson so successful
and her
visions for the environment.
McKie, Robin. "Rachel Carson and the Legacy of Silent Spring." The
Guardian.
Guardian News and Media Limited, 26 May 2012. Web.
This article discussed Silent Spring and its impacts largely from
the perspective of Rachel Carson. It was written by Robin McKie, a
science and
technology editor from The Guardian, a Pulitzer Prize
winning publication.
What was most helpful to my research was the
section about the chemical companies retaliation against Carsons
claims. This gave me an in-depth look
at how far the industry really
went to protect themselves from Rachel Carsons rubbish research.
Musil, Robert. E-mail interview. 31 Jan. 2015.
This source is an e-mail interview with Dr. Robert Musil. Musil is
the president of the Rachel Carson Council and the former CEO of the
1985 Nobel
Peace Prize-winning Physicians for Social

Responsibility- he also holds a

Ph.D. from Northwestern University.
This was an incredibly in-depth
interview that covered every
aspect of Rachel Carsons life, from her work to
her influence to
her gender. Dr. Musil was an extremely beneficial source that
helped me to better understand Rachel Carsons life and legacy.
"Preventing Pollution in the Lower Duwamish." King County Archives.
King County,
29 Oct. 2014. Web.
This was an article discussing river pollution in King County,
Washington
before environmental regulations were put in place.
It also included a timeline of its environmental cleanup- most of it in
place after the publication
of Silent Spring. This helped my research
by showing me the nationwide
impact that Carsons work had and
provided an image of the river before
cleanup efforts began that I
was able to use in my website.
Souder, William. On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel
Carson. New York:
Crown, 2012. Print.
Published on the 50th anniversary of Silent Spring, this source
was a
retrospective of Rachel Carsons life and her fight to stop
pesticide overuse. It
also delved into the attacks from chemical
industries and the creation of
DDT. It was an excellent overview
of Carsons life, allowing me to supplement
my projects with
information that I was unable to find elsewhere. Souder is also an
accomplished nature writer, giving a unique perspective to Carsons
story that included detailed descriptions of environmental
effects.
Stoll, Mark. "Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, A Book That Changed The
World."
Environment & Society Portal. Rachel Carson Center, 2012. Web.
This source was an online exhibit about Rachel Carson and the
publication of
Silent Spring written by Mark Stoll, a history
professor at Texas Tech University. It went into incredible detail about
the life and legacy of Rachel Carson, and included many multimedia
sources such as videos, audio clips and photos. These helped link me
to many other research points I would
not have found otherwise,
such as the international movement that Silent Spring created.
Waddell, Craig, ed. And No Birds Sing: Rhetorical Analyses of Rachel
Carson's Silent

Spring. Southern Illinois U, 2000. Print.

This book was a collection of essays about the effectiveness of
Rachel
Carsons Silent Spring in conveying the message of
widespread pesticide use
and the techniques Carson used to do so.
One of the most compelling was
written by Paul Brooks, Carsons
editor, who discussed the production of the
book and its effects. It
helped me to realize the widespread influence that Carson had
because of her earlier nature writings, a factor I previous did not
consider when analyzing Carsons success.
Whorton, James. Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in
Pre-DDT
America. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1974. Print.
This book discussed health and pesticide usage before the
release of DDT. It focused specifically on the increasing insect
population, the need for a
method of control and the hazards of
DDT. Written by Dr. James Whorton,
who has a BS degree in
science, this source was able to effectively capture the
truth about
the growing DDT epidemic in relation to Rachel Carson. It helped me to
understand how pesticides were treated in the early 19th century and
how they become an epidemic.