PROJECT

WORK
DATE ..

NAME

CLASS

SECTION

ROLL NO.

SUBJECT

SUBMITTED TO

INDEX
SERIAL NO.

TOPIC

PAGE NO.

1.

CERTIFICATE

01

CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT SIDDARTH GUPTA OF

CLASS XII N OF MODERN PUBLIC SCHOOL,
BHIWADI HAS SATISFACTORILY COMPLETED THE
PROJECT ON FOAMING CAPACITY OF SOAPS
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MRS. MANEESHA

SIGNATURE OF THE TEACHER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Id like to express my greatest gratitude to the

people who have helped and supported me in
completing my project. I am greatful to my teacher
Mrs. Manisha for her continuous support for the
project. I wish to thanks my parents for their
undivided support and interest which inspired and
encouraged me, without which I would have been
unable to complete my project. At last I would like
to thanks all my friends who appreciated me for my
work and motivated me and finally God who made
all things possible.

INTRODUCTION
Soap and cleanliness are inseparable, and cleansing, be it personal hygiene or
laundering, is part of human history. Stringent guidelines with regard to the
cleanliness

of holy sites are a part of all the major religions, and the sanctification of the state
of

cleanliness as well as its signification of purity of body and soul are recurrent
themes in

their liturgies.

The origins of the word "soap" and of the first use of soap are obscure. According to

one Roman legend, soap was discovered serendipitously near Mount Sapo, an
ancient

location for animal sacrifice not far from Rome. Animal fat mixed with wood ashes

(the ancient source of alkali) and rain-water created an excellent soap mixture.
Roman

housewives noticed that the strange yellow substance in the water of the Tiber
River

(flowing near Mount Sapo) made their clothes cleaner and brighter than ordinary
water.

Soapmaking became an art among the Phoenicians (fl. ca. 600 B.C.E. ) and
underwent

significant advances in Mediterranean countries in which local olive oil was boiled
with

alkali ashes (as part of soapmaking) at around the same time.

Ascribing value to cleanliness seems to have been a part of the civilizing of

humankind.

After the fall of Rome (in 467 C.E. ), a decline in attention paid to personal
cleanliness

and the maintenance of sanitation contributed to the great plague of the Middle
Ages,

and made especially grim contributions to the Black Death plague epidemic of the

fourteenth century. Cleanliness and regular bathing became unremarkable in much

of

Europe not until 300 years later.

For several centuries in Europe, soapmaking was limited to small-scale production

that

often used plant ashes containing carbonate ( esters of carbonic acid) dispersed in

water, which were then mixed with animal fat and boiled until the water
evaporated.

The reaction of fatty acid with the alkali carbonate of the plant ashes formed a soap
and

glycerol.

The real breakthrough in soap production was made in 1780 by a French chemist

and physician, Nicolas Leblanc, who invented the process of obtaining soda (sodium

carbonate, Na 2 CO 3 ) from common salt (the Leblanc process), and increased the

availability of this alkali at a reasonable cost. With the development of power to

operate

factories, soapmaking grew from a "cottage industry" into a commercial venture

and

became one of the fastest-growing industries of the modern era. Body soap, which
had

been a luxury item affordable by royalty and the very rich, became a household
item of

ordinary folks as well.

Throughout the nineteenth century, physicians were realizing the value of soap as a

medicinal agent. A well-known protagonist of soap was scientist and educator Ignaz

Phillipp Semmelweis, who in 1847 discovered the infectious etiology of puerperal

fever

and therefore required medical students to wash their hands before they examined

patients. Semmelweis encouraged his colleagues to adopt his antiseptic methods,

telling them, "while we talk, talk, talk,

gentlemen, women are dying. I am not asking anything world-shaking. I am asking

you

only to wash. For God's sake, wash your hands." In a circular handed out in
Budapest

during the summer of 1865, he implored new mothers: "Unless everything that
touches

you is washed with soap and water and then chlorine solution, you will die and your

child with you!"

The chemistry of soap manufacturing stayed essentially unchanged until World War
II,

at which time synthetic detergents (syndets) became available. There had been a
search

for cleansing agents that would foam and clean when added to seawater in
response to

the need of sailors who spent months at sea under severe freshwater restrictions.