santon04@ucu.ac.

cy

KEYFORMULAS

Lind, Marchal,and Wathen ,

l2th edition
in Business
and Economics,
StatisticalTechniques

. Coefficientof variation

CHAPIER
3
. Population
mean

cv: : (1oo)

>X
p=t

[3-ll

. Pearson'scoefficientof skewness

. Sample mean, raw data

13.21

- l \ l

e k :

w,Xr+w2X2*...*wnXn
' wn
wt'wz'

14-31

. Softwarecoefiicientof skewness

. Weighted mean
n

3(X - Median)
s

-^=

x =>x

l+21

f-tx-xl'l
-

(n-1Xn'2llzt s

l3-31

/i

tHt

CHAPTER
5

. Geometric mean

GM = {T)(x,\(\).

lx.l

1941

. Specialruleof addition
P(A or B\ - P(A) + P(B)

. Geometric mean rate of increase

au2l

. Complement
rule
a i t _ r- ' -

"'"'

-r Value at end of Deriod

\ Value at start of period

lrn'v

tHI

P(Al=1-P(-A\

IHI

o Generalruleof addition

. Range
Range : Largest value - Smallest value

tmt

P(A or B) = P(A\ + P(B\ - P(A andBl

t$4I

. Specialruleof multiplication

. Mean deviation
rY-t

MD:--T

I'J-^4

P(A andB) : P(A)P(B)

. Population variance

P(AandBl = P(A\P(BIA\
.-- -r(X*p)2
N

tHl

5tx -r,f":

t3-el

P(A).P(B]A)
P(A) ' P(B A) + P(A2l . P(B A2)

t$4

. Multiplication
formula
Totalarrangements: (mxn)

. Sample variance

tffil

. Bayes'Theorem
P ( A 1 B ) '=

. Population standard deviation

tHl

o Generalruleof multiplication

tSI

. Numberof permutattons

s . = >n(-x1 - x ) ,

[3-101

. Sample standard deviation

frl

(n

ll

Isel

. Numberof combinations

^ - l5lx:tt

"-

P-

[3-1 1]

n-1

. Samplemean,groupeddata

x = znf u

[3-12]

[3-13]

CHAPTER
6
. Meanof a probability
distribution

o,=)[(x-rr),P(x)]
. Binomialprobability
distribution
Pt5l=,C,d(1-r)n-x

. Location of a percentile

tFlI
tF2l
tNl

. Meanof a binomialdistribution

*o

[+10]

. Variance
of a probability
distribution

4
CHAPTER
to:(n+1)

t(n - rll

p: >[xPE)]

. Sample standard'deviation,grouped data

ir
": ,i:Y_

^n!

[4-1]
p=nl

lF4l

. Sampleproportion

. Varianceof a binoinialdistribution
d=nr(1'-r)

IHI

P-n

tHl

. Hypergeometric
probabilitydiskibution
PP4= Gc'X" 'sC' ')

. Confidenceintervalfor proportion
tffil

. Poissonprobabilitydistribution
Pod-gnil

tHI

pjzop
.

Standard

enor of proportion

o r : , '\ 4n _ P )

tFn

t9-51

. Confidenceintervalfor proportion
7
CHAPTER
. Meanof a uniformdistribution

P - ' 'tP(\n

_a + D

rr-1I

(b-aY
12

,^ f - P ^U/ r

b_a

P-31

and0elsewhere

ila<x<b

. Normalprobability
distribution

PE)=-:e

[.Iy]

ovzT

rr-41

^\l:l
P^el
\E/

lel0]

10
CHAPTER
. z distribution
asa teststatistic
p
-_XoltG
. zdistribution,
o unknown
X-p

tlcll

tlG2l

s/tG
. Testof hypothesis,one proportion

. Standard normal value

. _X

teel

. Sample size for proportion

. Uniformprobability
distribution
pE\:

,2

,^, =/ z s \
\F/
tz-21

tsl

. Samplesizefor estimatingmean

o Standarddeviationof a uniformdistribution
"_

Pl

rr-51

_r

z:P

C,

tlNl

. Testof hypothesisproportion

8
CHAPTER
. Standard
enorof mean

z: -+:T(r
t
,',

:-

\,6

t&1I

X-v
s/\,G

,:;M

te2l

s/x{i

IlHI

. TYPell error

. z-value,population shape and o unknown

,:\__p

t1G4t

o Onesampletest of mean,smallsample

o z-value, p and o known

X-v

- T,|

\n

X.- v,
o/fi

18-31

IlHI

11
CHAPTER
. Test statistic for difference between two large sample means

9
CHAPIER

x,-x,

. Confidence intervalfor p, n > 30

Xxz:7

I$11

o Confidence intervalfor p, o unknown

Xt t]

t$21

is? , s3
\ n ,- t

111-4

. Two-sampletest of proportions
Pt-Pz
-_
'- p)
,En-n"\ p"(1

\nt-n,

tl1-31

. Standarderror of estimate

. Pooledproportion
p " = -X- -, + X o
n1+n2

^ _w-w

.r , \- n _ 2

[11-01

[1SI

o Confidenceinterval

. Pooledvariance
_o (n,-1)s?+(n2-1)st

"?,=-ffi

X t - X-T\
'
[J1

t13-4

- Predictioninterval

. Two-sampletest of means-small samples

,' =

y, I r(,, ,) 1T* _lI -_S.

rn >x-x)'

tlll

Y't t(sy
),TJ
t

t11-61

r / s- \fnl r- + - l
I
fizl

. -6.-ry.

>tX-X),

n3-sl

14
CHAFTER
r Multipleregression
eguation

. Paired t test
t

r=--:-sa/r/i

Y ' - a + b d 1+ b ; X 2 + . . ' + b h x k

t11-4

n4-11

o Multiple
standard
enor

12
CHAFTER
. Testfor comparing
twovariances

sye k= \ry

'-ssl?

[12-11

. Coefficientof multipledetermination

. Sum of souares.total
ss total = l(X - Xc)z

112-4

. Globattest of hypothesis

v, - x"r=
-' r.,G;fI;ll
I
\n,

t=,r##;1l

t12-31

. Sum of squares,treatments
SST = SS total - SSE
. Confidnceintervalfor means

nzl

t=b,,-o

11/+-51

S6,

t12-51

ls
cHAPTER

. Chi-squaretest statistic

o: >[(L#]

tl241

. Sum of squares,two way ANOVA

SSE = SStotal - SST - SSB

llelr

. Testingfor a particularregressioncoefficient
11241

. Sum of squares.blocks
SSB:k>(Xb-XGF

nr

"': d*

. Sum of squares,error

ssE= >6 - x"F

n+4

[1$11

. Expected frequency

(Rowtojalxcg'lumntotal)
f. _
'"
Grandtotal

112-4

CHAPIER13
o Coefficientof conelation

t1$4

CHAPIER16
' Signtest

- x'xY- r)
r _>(x
( n- l ) s r s y

(x * .s0)- p

llFll

' wilcoxon rank-sumtest

r conelation test of hypothesis

, =r{n

'_=,T

tt13-11
13'11

-,

\4_r,

t ^ r- n l n 1 + n 2 + 1 )

ft13-4
13-21

,=':+

o Linearregressionequation
Y'=a+bX

|U&i{il
IlNl

.Kruskal-Waltistest

. Slopeof the regressionline

sy
b=rq

H:
tlgrt

. Interceptof the regressionline

a=l-ox

tlHl

ns+'t

12
'h.xl

fEn'F - PnJ' -'

t"
n'

- 3(n + 1)
o spearmanrank conelation

6>d2
rs=1 -;F-

- PRJ'I
l
"r
llHl

t1641

. Paascheprice index

. Hypothesistest, rank correlation

t=r"E

n6-a

"=ffioool

tlrul

. Fisher'sidealindex
I7
C1IAPIER
. Grandmean

Fisher'sideal

=
inoex
R
" k=y

trs*I

tlz-1r
' Valueindex

. contror rimits,mean

tct=*-n ,a

ucu:i+nf

v:ffitr ool

n 7 -4 1

. Controllimits,range

ns- 4

. Realincome

UCL = DrF

LCL = D3F

n7-51

. Meanproportiondefective
Sum of the numberdefective

P=ffi

[17l

Monevincon
Realrncome= --6oj
r'*r

nHl

cHAPTERIS
. Lineartrend

. Controllimits,proportion

Y':a+bt
UCL and LcL = 'pl n- s ,'@

n7-sl

log Y' = log a + logb(t)

. Controllimits,c-barchal
ucLand LcL:.

* 3\6

t17-9t

CHAPIER18
. Simpteindex
p = 3 tr ool
Po

tr&lr -

o Simpleaverageof price relatives

p =2P,
n

-11U21

. Simpleaggregateindex

e=prrool

trrct

p: 34 rrool
zP&lo

rlHl

+o

. Laspeyresprice index

[1S11

. Log trend equation

n92l

GHAPTERm
. Expectedmonetaryvalue
= >tP(Sr)' v(A,,9)l
EMV(Ar)
' Expectedopportunitvcost

t2Gll

EOL(A,= >(P(S,).F6,, Si))

. Expectedvalueof perfectinformation

a2l}.2l

EVPI= Expectedvalueunderconditionof certainty

Expectedvalueof optimaldecisionunder
conditionsof uncertainty

t2O-31