, 2011

. -
. -
-

:
: 2- -
: 300

CIP
.
004.312(075.8)
,
/ . :
,
, 2011. -275 .: : 21
: .274
ISBN 978-608-4504-40-5
)
COBISS.MK-ID 89142282




.

.

. ,

.

.
, ,
.

.
.

,
. ;
-.

, , , .

.
, ROM, PAL PLA.

-.
.

.

.

1. ........................................................ 1

1.1 ....................................................2
, ........................3
......................................4
........................5
.............................. 6
1.2 ...............................................................6
1.3 ....................................................12
1.4 ......................................................16
1.5 ............... 22
1.6 .................................................................... 25
BCD ..................................32
....................................................................34
K ............ 37
1.7 .......................................................52
1.8 .................................................................................56
1.9 .................................................................................... 59

2. ............................................................ 63

2.1 ............................... 64
2.2 ......................................................70
2.3 ...........................................................71
2.4 , ........................... 72
2.5 .......................74
2.6 .......................................................75
2.7 ................................................................79
......................................................79
.......................................................81
2.8 ..................................................82
..................................83
.................................................84
............................85
............. 87
2.9 .....................................................89

II

.....................................................................90
2.10 ...............................................................................92
2.11 .................................................................................. 96

3. ........... 99

3.1 .................................................100
3.2 ................................................101
3.3 .....................................103
5 6 .............. 113
....... 115
116
..................................119
........................ 123
3.4 - ...................... 125
........... 126
....... 134
...................... 136

.................................................................................137
................................141
3.5 ...............................................................................146
3.6 .................................................................................. 148

4. .............................................................. 151

4.1 ..............................................................152
................................................................152
................................................................. 160
4.2 .....................................................................164
4.3 ..................................................................170
4.4 ..................................................................172
4.5 ROM (Read Only Memory) .................................................176
4.6 .........................................178
.............................................179
...........................................182
4.7 ...............................................................................184
4.8 .................................................................................. 206

5. .............................................................. 209

5.1 -.....................................................212
SR .................................................................................... 212
D ...................................................................................... 217
- ...................................................................... 220

III

- ........................... 221
JK -........................................................................ 222
D - .................................224
T -.......................................................................... 225
- ............................... 227
5.2 ........................................228
5.3 .........................................232
5.4
............................................................234
5.5 ...................................239
5.6 ..................245
5.7 .............................................................251
.................................................................................252
...................................................................................256
5.8 ...............................................................................262
5.9 .................................................................................. 269

............................................................................................. 272

1.

, .

.

1.1
.
, .

.
N b

( N ) b = ( Pn Pn 1 .... P1 P0 P1 P 2 ... P m ) b

(1.1)

b>1 0 Pi b 1 .
N

( N ) b = Pn b n + Pn 1b n 1 + ... + P0 b 0 + P1b 1 + P 2 b 2 + ... + P m b m

(N )b =

Pb

i = m

(1.2)

1.1 ,
.
, Pn
(MSD - Most Significant Digit), P0
(LSD - Least Significant Digit).
1.1: 1234
b=10

(1234)10 = 1 103 + 2 102 + 3 101 + 4 100

1.

1.1: ,

2
3
4
5
8
10
12
16

0,1
0,1,2
0,1,2,3
0,1,2,3,4
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,,B
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A, B,C,D,E,F

,

. ,
2,
.

3
. ,
3 .
,
. , ,
.
0 7.
1.2: 10110111011,1101
.
010 110 111 011, 110 100 = (2673,64)8
2
6 7 3
6 4

3- .
,
4 .
1.3: 10100
.

0001 0100 = (14)16 = (20)10

1
4



.
.
1.4: 1011.101

1 2 3 + 0 2 2 + 1 21 + 1 2 0 + 1 2 1 + 0 2 2 + 1 2 3 =
1 1
8 + 2 + 1 + + = 11,625
2 8
1.5: (3241)5

3 53 + 2 52 + 4 51 + 1 50 = 446

( N ) b = Pnb n + Pn 1b n 1 +... + P0b 0

= ((...( Pn b) + Pn 1 )b + Pn 2 )b + ...P1 )b + P0 ) .

(1.3)

.
,
.
1.6: (3241)5
5

3*5+2=17
17*5+4=89
89*5+1=(446)10

1.

( N ) b = P1b 1 + P2b 2 +... + P mb m

= b 1 ( P1 + b 1 ( P2 +... + (b 1 P m )...))

(1.4)

1.4
.
1.7: (0,534)8 .
4
8
.
4:8 + 3 = 3,50
3,50:8 + 5 = 5,4375
5,4375:8 + 0 = 0,6796875


b, ,
, 0
.
1.8: (44)10 .
44:2 = 22
22:2 = 11
11:2 = 5
5:2 = 2
2:2 = 1
1:2 = 0

0
0
1
1
0
1

(44)10=(101100)2.

b
, 0,
. ,
b .

1.9: (0,6796875)10 .
0,6796875*8 = 5,4375
0,4375*8 = 3,50
0,50*8 = 4,0
0
(0,6796875)10 = (0,534)8.


b1
b2.
1.10: (16)7 3.

(16) 7 = 1 71 + 6 7 0 = (13)10
13 : 3 = 4
4:3=1
1:3=0

1
1
1

(13)10=(111)3

, .
1.11: (0,1)3 .

( 0,1) 3 = 1 31 = ( 0, 333...)10 = ( 0, 3)10

1.12: (0,2)11 .

( 0, 2 )11 = 2 111 = ( 0,1818...)10 = ( 0,18)10

1.2

1.2 .

1.

1.2:

(carry)
0+0=0
0
0+1=1
0
1+0=1
0
1+1=0
1
.
:
- 0 0
- 0 1, 1 0 1
- 1 0 1
.

.
,
.
1.13: :
1 11 11
1001.011
(9.375)10
+1101.101
(13.625)10
________
_________
10111.000
(23)10

1.3 .
1.3:

(borrow)
0-0=0
0
0-1=1
1
1-0=1
0
1-1=0
0
,
1, 2
0.
02

10
- 01
___
01

0
0, 1, 2.
0112

11000
24
- 10001
-17
______
___
00111
7

/ (shift)

2, 2-,
2.
1.14: (110.101)2=(6.625)10
2 22 ( 2-2)

(1.10101)2=2-2(6.625)10=(1.65625)10
2
22
(11010.1)2=22(6.625)10=(26.5)10.

1.4
1.4:

0x0=0
0x1=0
1x0=0
1x1=1
1.15: 110.10 10.1

110.10
x 10.1
________
11010
11010
___________
10000.010

1.

.
. Booth
Algorithm, .

.
1 0
.
.
1.16: (11000)2= (24)10 (110)2= (6)10
-

11000 : 110 = 100

110
_____
= = 00

1.17: (101110)2= (46)10 (111)2= (7)10

-

101110 : 111 = 0110

111
_____
1011
111
_____
=1001
111
______
100

. 2
:

(restoring and nonrestoring algorithm).

. , 1

10

.
,
.
, 0
,
.
.
1.18: (1100)2:(1111)2,
(12)10:(15)10.

..
restore

..

..

..
restore

..
restore

..

1100
-1111
_____
-0011
+1111
_____
11000
-1111
______
10010
-1111
_______
000110
-1111
_______
-1001
+1111
_______
01100
- 1111
________
- 0011
+ 1111
________
11000
- 1111
_________
1001

q0=0

q-1=1
q-2=1
q-3=0

q-4=0

q-5=1

q0.q-1q-2q-3q-4q-5 0.11001, 1001.

1.

11

.
.
2 :
.
:
X , Y , 1/2Y
.

X+Y-1/2Y=X+1/2Y,
.
1.19: (1100)2:(1111)2,
(12)10:(15)10.
1100
- 1111
_____
q0=0
..
- 00110
shift+add
+ 1111
______
q-1=1
..
+ 10010
shift+subtract -1111
______
q-2=1
..
+00110
shift+subtract
-1111
________
q-3=0
..
-10010
shift+add
+1111
________
q-4=0
..
-00110
shift+add
+1111
_________
q-5=1
..
+1001

q0.q-1q-2q-3q-4q-5 0.11001, 1001.

12

1.3
:
(fixed point), (floating point)
(BCD-Binary Coded Decimals).
: , ,

.

( )
( ).
8 10102

0

0.00110 .
.

. BCD
.
,

. .

n
[0,2n-1].

.
.
.

1.

13

: -,
.

.
- (sign-magnitude)
SM. ,
.

.
.
-0 +0.
n
- [-(2n-1-1),2n-1-1].
N N
N1C.
.
1. 9.

.
4
1 N = 10 4 1 N = 9999 N . 9
N=2345 e N = 9999 2345 = 7654 .
N N
N2C. .
.
2, 10.
2345
N = 10 4 N = 10000 N = 7655 .

.

( 0 1 1 0).
,
( 1 ).


.

14

(digit
complement), (radix minus one),
(once complement) . DC.
n
[-(2n-1-1),2n-1-1].
(radix
complement), (twos complement),
(true complement) RC.

n [-2n-1,2n-1-1].

, (-2n-1)
.

, .
4 (n=4)
[-7,7]
[-8,7],
1.5. -
[-7,7].
1.5: 4
SM, DC RC

SM, DC RC
0
0000
1
0001
2
0010
3
0011
4
0100
5
0101
6
0110
7
0111
8
/

0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8

SM
DC
1000
1111
1001
1110
1010
1101
1011
1100
1100
1011
1101
1010
1110
1001
1111
1000
/
/

RC
/
1111
1110
1101
1100
1011
1010
1001
1000

.
(MSB-most significant bit) 1 , 0
. SM DC

1.

15

, . RC


, . (1000)2
,
(0111)2+1=(1000)2.
, 32- :
0 2 147 483 647
.
10000000000000000000000000000000
(-2 147 483 648)10 = (-231).
(-2 147 483 647)10 = (1000001)2, (-1)10 = (111111)2
(- 2 147 483 648)10
.
1.6
1
.
1.6:
8

+127
+126
.......
+3
+2
+1
+0
-1
-2
-3
-4
.....
-127
-128

01111111
01111110
.......
00000011
00000010
00000001
00000000
11111111
11111110
11111101
11111100
.....
10000001
10000000

N2C=N1C+1. ( )

16

N2C=(2n)2-N2.

(1.5)

N2 , N2C
, N1C .
1.5 -4
:
0 1 2

1 0 0 0 0 (2n)2
1 0 0 N2
_________________
1 1 0 0 N2C

( )

N1C=(2n)2-N2-1.

(1.6)

1.6 -4
:
0 1 2
1 0 0 0 0 (2n)2
1 0 0 N2
_________________
1 1 0 0 N2C
1
_________________
1 0 1 1 N1C

1.4

.
.
,
.
.
3
: -,
.

1.

17

- .

n- -(2n-1-1) +(2n-1-1).
-
.
,
- (01100011)2-(01001111)2
0 1100011
-0 1001111
___________
0 0010100

(+99)
(+79)
(+20)

(01001111)2-(01100011)2

1 :
(01001111)2-(01100011)2=10010100.

1.5.
:
,
1.
(-5)10
.
5: 00000101
:
11111010
:
+
1
________
-5:
11111011


:
, 1,
.
11111101
.

18

:
:
:
:
:

11111101
00000010
+
1
________
00000011=3
-3

m-
n-. n>m n-m
n-m
.

(sign-extension). n<m (signtruncation), m-n
.
.

n, n .
,
1100 (-4)
+1101 (-3)
-------------1 1001 (-7)
1
.
(overflow).

.

0101 (+5)
+0111 (+7)
-------------1100 (-4)
1010 (-6)
+1100 (-4)
-------------0110 (+6)

1.

19

.

:

.
:

1
01100
+11011
-------------00111

(+12)
(-5)
(+7)

0
10011
+11001
-------------01100

(-13)
(-7)
(+12)

0

11000
(-8)
+00110
(+6)
-------------0
11110
(-2)

1
11101
+11010
-------------10111

(-3)
(-6)
(-9)

20

.
, (00010111)2-(00001001)2 =2310-910
00010111
+11110111
-------------1 00001110

(+23)
(-9)
(+14)

1.7 .
1.7:

-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111

-
1111
1110
1101
1100
1011
1010
1001
1000 0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111

,
(end around carry). , (00010111)2-(11110110)2 =2310-910

1.

00010111
+11110110
-------------00001101
+1
--------------00001110

21

(23)
(-9)

(14)

.


:

N 2C = 2 n N 2
N 1C = 2 n N 2 1

.
1.20: (0.1101)2

0.1101 = 10.0000 0.1101 = 1.0011

10.000=1.1111+0.0001.
10.0000-0.1101=1.1111-0.1101+0.0001.
, 0.0001
.
1.21: A-B ,
B
.

A B = 0.1110 0.1101

B = 0.1101 = 1.0010 + 0.0001 = 1.0011

A + B = 0.1110 + 1.0011 = 0.0001
-A-B 2 :

A B = A+ B
1.22: -A-B

A B = 0011 0101 = 1101 + 1011 = 1000

22

1.5

(floating-point),
V=(-1)S x F x RE
S , F , E R
.
,

1
F <1
R
.
, 234.12 R=10
0.23412+3.

0 1 .
(biased) (unbiased). 8
-128...0...+127, 0...+128...+255.

1 (
0). ,
,
. (hidden bit).

.
IEEE 754
IBM/3 7 0 PDP-11 DEC.
, underflow,
overflow . IEEE 754 :
=8 , F=23
=11 , F=52
- 11 , F31
- 15 , F63 .

1.

23

F
.
IEEE 754 32.
.
1
8
23

(biased) 127.
64:
1
11
52

IEEE 754 0
, :

0.....................0

0.......................0

, + -.
1 0
:

11....................1

0.......................0

NaN (not a number- )

.
NaN, 1
:

11....................1

IEEE

overflow
underflow underflow
overflow
-1.0x10308 -1.0x10-308
1.0x10-308 1.0x10308

(

24

) ( ).

.
underflow,

overflow.

14
, , 5 , 8 .
1710
10001x20=1000.1x21=100.01x22=10.001x23=1.0001x24=0.10001x25.


1
5
8
0 00101 10001000


. ,
6553610=0.1x217
0

1000 1

10000000

. 0.2510=2-2
.
,
(biased),
.

5 .
5 32,
16.
16
1710=0.10001x25 16+5=21
0

1010 1

10001000

16 0.2510=2-2= 0.1x2-1

1.

01111

25

10000000

. 1710
:
0

10101

10001000

10110

01000100

10111

00100010

11000

00010001

.
0.03125=0.00001x20=0.1x2-4 e
, 16
16-4=12
0

01100

10000000

,
. , 1.5x102+3.5x103=0.15x103+3.5x103=3.65x103.

1.6

.
(, CR, LF .). ASCII
.

,
.

.

26

.
.
,
,
.

.
.
.
,
, .
.

.

.

BCD

. BCD .
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)
.
10 4 . 3
23=8<10. 4
24=16 6
, .
N (0,,N-1)
n n= log2N, 2n=N.

16!/6! 2,9*1010 .

.

1.

27

BCD 8421 BCD (NBCD) . 8421

. 1.8. 0 9
(8,4,2,1)
.
1.8: NBCD

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

(8,4,2,1) NBCD
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001

BCD ,
.
, 12 1100, BCD
12

0001 0010
1
2
NBCD :

(4 , ) 0110,
6


6 NBCD
() .

, NBCD
9 .
9 6.
, 3610= 0011 0110NBCD 9210=1001 0010NBCD

28

0011 0110 36
+0110 +0110 +6
_________________
1001 1100
+1001 0010 +92
__________________
1 0010 1110
-0110 -6
__________________
0001 0010 1000 128
4610=0100 0110NBCD 9410=1001 0100NBCD
NBCD
6
0100 0110 46
+0110 +0110 +6
_________________
1010 1100
+1001 0100 +94
__________________
1 0011 1 0000
+1
__________________
0001 0100 0000 140
9210=1001 0010NBCD 3610=0011 0110NBCD
6
0112
0 12
1001 0010 92
- 0011 0110 -36
_________________
0101 1100
-0110
__________________
0101 0110 56

1.

29

LED . .
10-
.

. 1.9

.
1.9:

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

abcdefg
abcdefg
1111110
0000001
0110000
1001111
1101101
0010010
1111001
0000110
0110011
1001100
1011011
0100100
1011111
0100000
1110000
0001111
1111111
0000000
1111011
0000100

1.1 .
a
f
e

g
d

b
c

1.1:

. 4- 4-

30

t3, t2, t1 t0. b3b2b1b0

b3t3+b2t2+b1t1+b0t0.

. , (5,3,2,1),
(7,4,2,1) (4,2,2,1) .
1.10.
1.10: (5,3,2,1)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

(5,3,2,1)

(7,4,2,1)

(4,2,2,1)

0000
0001
0010
0 1 0 0 0011
0101
1 0 0 0 0110
1 0 0 1 0111
1010
1 1 0 0 1011
1101

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
1000
1001
1010

0000
0001
0010
0011
1000
0111
1100
1101
1110
1111

.
. , (8,4,-2,-1)
1.11 .
1.11: (8,4,-2,-1)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

(8,4,-2,-1)
00 0 0
01 1 1
01 1 0
01 0 1
01 0 0
10 1 1
10 1 0
10 0 1
10 0 0
11 1 1

1.

31

. 3 (exceed
3) (Gray code).
3 ( 1.12)
3, .
3
.
1.12: 3

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

3
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100

9,
3
. 0011 (3 )
. , 6 5
3


6
+5
___
11

3
1001
+1000
__________
1 0001
+0011 +0011 3
______________
0100 0100

3
9
0011.

32

4
+3
___
7

3
0111
+0110
__________
1101
-0011 3
__________
1010
3
0011,

27
-11
___
16

3
0101 1010
-0100 0100
__________
0001 0110
+0011 +0011 3
______________
0100 1001

BCD

(9-N)
.
, 7 (4,2,2,1) 1101.
7 2 (9-7=2)
0010. 0010 1101. ,
(4,2,2,1) .
1.1: b3b2b1b0 d i ,

b3 b2 b1 b0 .

9
( 9 d i ) b3 b2 b1 b0 .

1.23: (2,4,2,1) ?
3 . (2,4,2,1)
3 0011 ( 1001).

1.

33

1100 (0110) (2,4,2,1)

6, 3 9. ,
(2,4,2,1) .

3
9-3=6

(2,4,2,1)
0011
1100

1.24: NBCD ?

5
9-5=4

(8,4,2,1)
0101
0100

0101
5 1010. 1010 NBCD
0100 4. NBCD .
1.25: (8,4,-2,-1) ?

7
9-7=2

(8,4,-2,-1)
10 0 1
01 1 0

(8,4,-2,-1) .
1.26: 3 ?

1
9-1=8

3
0100
1011

3 .
1: BCD
9. :
9 .
: b3b2b1b0 t 3 t 2 t1t 0 .
d = b3 t 3 + b2 t 2 + b1t1 + b0 t 0 .

34

d 9 .
d
b3b2b1b0 .

d = (1 b3 )t 3 + (1 b2 )t 2 + (1 b1 )t1 + (1 b0 )t 0

= t 3 + t 2 + t1 + t 0 (b3 t 3 + b2 t 2 + b1t1 + b0 t 0 )
= t 3 + t 2 + t1 + t 0 d
t 3 + t 2 + t1 + t 0 = 9 .
1.27: 462 NBCD .
462 NBCD 0100 0110 0010.
4 (4,2,2,1), (4,3,1,1),
3 (2,4,2,1).
, (8,4,-2,-1).


. .
1.13 .
1.13:

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0000
0001
0011
0010
0110
0100
1100
1110
1010
1000

1.

35

(Gray code).

gi = bi bi +1 0 i n 1
gn = bn
(1.7)
b
,
0

n
g
,
i
, i 0 i n

.
, (EXOR)
1.14. 2.
.
1.14:
x y
x
y
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0

gi = (bi + bi +1 ) mod 2 0 i n 1.

(1.8)

1.15 0 15.
1.15 .
MS .
MS 0 1.
1.28: 1110.

b3

b2

b0
0

b1
1

(1110)2=(14)10 1001.

36

bn = g n

(1.9)

g i = bi bi 1 0 i n 1

1.9 gi bi
bi-1.
1.15:

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

0000
0001
0011
0010
0110
0111
0101
0100
1100
1101
1111
1110
1010
1011
1001
1000

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

1.29: 1011.
g3 g2 g1 g0
1 0 1 1
b3=g3=1
g2=b3 b2
g1=b2 b1
g0=b1 b0

0=1 b2 b2=1
1=1 b1 b1=0
1=0 b0 b0=1

1011 (1101)2=(13)10.

1.

37

K


.
.
.
,
.
.

(Boole)
.

01
11
00

10

)
001

011

101

111
000
100

010

110

)
1.2: ) 2-
) 3-

n- 2n ,
n- .

38

.
n- .
2-
1.2.

1,
2- 2. 3-

1.2. 1. 3
2 ( 001 111) 3 ( 001 110).
N-
, (Hamming) .
1.2:
.

.
3- ( 1.16)
1.3.
001-1

011-2

101-6

111-5
000-0
100-7

010-3

110-4

1.3: 3-
, 2n
(2n-1) 1
(0). n- .

2n n-.
1.3 .

1.

39

1.16: 3-

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

000
001
011
010
110
111
101
100

n
.
.
1.3:

.
, NBCD , ,
3 (2,4,2,1) 1. NBCD
2 5, ,
2.

) )
1.4:

2. 3-
000, 011, 100 110. 100
1 110 000 .

40

100 101
2.
,
.
1.4 2.

.
2 e
.

n+1 .


.
.
.
1.30: 1.17 NBCD
. MS (Most Significant)
.
1.17: NBCD

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

NBCD

10000
00001
00010
10011
00100
10101
10110
00111
01000
11001

.
,
.

1.

41

.
.

2 5

2 5 m___ n (m_out_of_n)

. n m
1.
2 5 5
2 . (7,4,2,1,0) 2 5.
1.18.
1.18: 2 o 5 (7,4,2,1,0)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

(7,4,2,1,0)
11000
00011
00101
00110
01001
01010
01100
10001
10010
10100

5 2
5 2

5
5!
( )=
= 10
2 2 !(5 2 )!

,
.
2 5
. , ,
( ).
,
.

42

(6,3,2,1,0)
1.19.
1.19: 2 o 5 (6,3,2,1,0)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

(6,3,2,1,0)
01001
00011
00101
00110
01010
01100
10001
10010
10100
11000

- (biquinary)

. 7
. 1___2,
1___5. -
1.20.
1.20: -

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

(5,0) (4,3,2,1,0)
01
00001
01
00010
01
00100
01
01000
01
10000
10
00001
10
00010
10
00100
10
01000
10
10000

1.

43

(residue codes)

,
.
R,
R(N)=N mod p.
1.21
0 9 2, 3, 5 7.
1.21: 2,3,5 7
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

2
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

3
0
1
2
0
1
2
0
1
2
0

5
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4

7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2

(
p).
2
3
5
7
1
0
0
1
1
2
0
5
______________________
15+5=20
0
2
0
6

15
5

2
3
5
7
0
2
3
1
0
0
1
6
______________________
8+6=14
0
2
4
0

8
6

44

p .
2
3
5
7
0
2
2
2
0
2
3
1
______________________
2*8=16
0
1
1
2

2
8

,

. ,

.
N1
N2

321
248
----N1+N2 569

321 mod 9 = 6
248 mod 9 = 5
-----------------569 mod 9 = 2

(6+5=11 mod 9=2)

p=r-1 r
.
R(N1)=(3+2+1) mod 9 = (6) mod 9 = 6
R(N2)=(2+4+8) mod 9 = (14) mod 9 = 5

.

.
.
, 46, N=
101110 R(N)=N mod 3=01.
101110 01.
(46*3=138)
0 . , N=101110
m=3 10001010.
(self-checking).

1.

45

.
.

.
n k = log 2 (n + 1)
.
, n=100011, k = log 2 (6 + 1) = 3 ,
9 . n 3 .
011, 100.
100011 100, 3 .

, 1 0 0
1. 1 0, 0 1
.

.

2 : 000 111.
3. 000
.

100, 010 001.
1 000 2 111.
000.
x
2x+1.
2x+y+1 x
y .

46

RAM . n-
,
m=n+k.
1, 2, 4, 8, ...,
2.
.
.
2p,
1 p.

:
.
. , ()
1,3,5,7 .
3, 5 7 . 2,3,6,7
3, 6 7 .

2. .

3,
1
1

4
, 3 .
7
1.22.
1.22: 7

1
c1

2
c2

3
b3

4
c4

5
b2

6
b1

7
B0

, :
c1 1, 3, 5 7
( )

1.

47

c2 2, 3, 6 7

c4 4, 5, 6 7
.

c1 = b3 b2 b0
c2 = b3 b1 b0
c4 = b2 b1 b0

(1.10)
(1.11)
(1.12)

1.31: 5 .
NBCD 5 0101.

c1 = 0 1 1 = 0
c2 = 0 0 1 = 1
c3 = 1 0 1 = 0

1
c1
0

2
c2
1

3
b3
0

4
c4
0

5
b2
1

6
b1
0

7
B0
1

p1, p2 p4

p1 = c1 b3 b2 b0
p2 = c2 b3 b1 b0
p4 = c4 b2 b1 b0

(1.13)
(1.14)
(1.15)

. , p1, p2 p4

.
p4 p2 p1.
.

48

1.32:
5
0100111.

c1
0

c2
1

b3
0

c4
0

b2
1

b1
1

b0
1

p1, p2 p4

p1 = 0 0 1 1 = 0
p2 = 1 0 1 1 = 1
p4 = 0 1 1 1 = 1
110
.
(b1),
0100101.

.

.
, n
, n+k .
, 2 ,
0 2-1. , ,
, 2-1
n+k .
2-1 n+k.
n n 2 -1-.
. 1.23
n .
, k=3 n7-3=4, =4 n15-4=11.
=4
11 5 ,
3 .

1.

49

1.23: () (n)

3
4
5
6
7

n
3-4
5-11
12-26
27-57
58-120

3
.
, .


.
1.33: 8- 10101100
.
2 n+k+1
k. n=8
4, 24 8+4+1, 1613.
1, 2, 4 8,
.

1
c1
0

2
c2
1

3
b7
1

4
c4
1

5
b6
0

6
b5
1

7
b4
0

8
c8
0

9
b3
1

10 11 12
b2 b1 b0
1 0 0

:
c1
3, 5, 7, 9 11
c2 3, 6, 7, 10 11
c4 5, 6, 7 12
c8 9, 10, 11 12.
,

c1 = b7 b6 b4 b3 b1 = 1 0 0 1 0 = 0
c 2 = b7 b5 b4 b2 b1 = 1 1 0 1 0 = 1

50

c 4 = b6 b5 b4 b0 = 0 1 0 0 = 1
c8 = b3 b2 b1 b0 = 1 1 0 0 = 0
1.34: 111101001100 8
4 .
.
8 4
:

1
c1
1

2
c2
1

3
b7
1

4
c4
1

5
b6
0

6
b5
1

7
b4
0

8
c8
0

9
b3
1

10 11 12
b2 b1 b0
1 0 0

e, :

p1 = c1 b7 b6 b4 b3 b1 = 1 1 0 0 1 0 = 1
p 2 = c 2 b7 b5 b4 b2 b1 = 1 1 1 0 1 0 = 0
p 4 = c 4 b6 b5 b4 b0 = 1 0 1 0 0 = 0
p8 = c8 b3 b2 b1 b0 = 0 1 1 0 0 = 0

p8 p4 p2 p1
0 0 0 1

1 0. 011101001100.

4,

L , D
, C
,
L-1=C+D DC.
1.24 C D
L.

1.

51

1.24: (D)
(C) (L)
L
1
2
3
4
5

D
0
1
2
1
3
2
4
3
2

C
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
2

L=4 D=2 C=1
.

,
.
4
3 c8 8-
.
7 :

p1, p2 p4 .
, :

p4p2p1=000 .
, ,
p1, p2 p4 .
, .
8 4
13
12 .

52

1.7
, ,
.
.
10+26=36 ,
6 .
ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange).
ASCII 5 . Baudot
. 5-
ASCII , 1967 ,
(ISO - International Organization for Standardization) 7-
. 7- ASCII ( 1.5) 52 (
), 10 , 32 , 32
( $ #) space .
, ,
( 1.6).

.
80-

128 255.
,
, .
ASCII ANSI (American National Standards Institute) ,
ASCII .
IBM ( 1.7) NBCD ,
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code).
8 ASCII
, ( 1.8).
(digit bits)
(zone bits). EBCDIC IBM
System/360. IBM BCD . BCD
4- ( 1.8).
1010 1111 .
: 1111
, 1100 1101 .

1.

53

8-
.

1.5: ASCII

1.6: ASCII

54

, -1265 BCD
1111

0001

0010 0110

0101 1101

3 , 4-
, 4 .

1.7: EBCDIC

1.8: EBCDIC

1.

55

1.9: BCD
Unicode 16 ASCII
Latin-1.
.
Unicode 5 ( 1.10).

1.10: Unicode

56

1.8
1. ) (2AC)16-(256)8
3 .
) : (4,4,1,-2),
(8,4,-3,-2) .
(2AC)16=(0010 1010 1100)2=(684)10
(256)8=(010 101 110)2=(174)10
10 1010 1100
- 0 1010 1110
_________________________
1 1111 1110
(111111110)2=28+27+26+25+24+23+22+21=(510)10
BCD 510 0101 0001 0000 3 510 1000 0100
0011.

3
9-3=6

(4,4,1,-2)
0111
1101

(4,4,1,-2)
3 6, 6
3. 7 9.

3
9-3=6

(8,4,-3,-2)
1011
1001

(8,4,-3,-2)
3 6, 6
3. 7 9.


3
9-3=6

0010
0101

1.

57

3
0

6
0

2. ) (2C2)16-(326)8
3 .
) : (7,5,3,-6)
(7,4,2,-1) .
(2C2)16=(0010 1100 0010)2=(706)10
(326)8=(011 010 110)2=(214)10
10 1100 0010
- 0 1101 0110
_________________________
1 1110 1100
(111101100)2=28+27+26+25+23+22=(492)10
BCD 492 0100 1001 0010 3 492 0111 1100
0101.

(7,5,3,-6)
3
0010
9-3=6
1101
(7,5,3,-6)
3 6, 6 3.
, 9.

3
9-3=6

(7,4,2,-1)
0101
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

58

(7,4,2,-1)
3 6, 6
3. 12 9.
3. 0011.
n=4
?

?

c1 = b3 b2 b0
c2 = b3 b1 b0
c4 = b2 b1 b0
c1 = 0 0 1 = 1
c2 = 0 1 1 = 0
c3 = 0 1 1 = 0

c1
c2
b3
c4
b2
b1
b0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0011 1000011. 3
4 .

n 2-1-. k=3 n7-3=4.
4. 1010.
n =
4 ?

c1 = b3 b2 b0
c2 = b3 b1 b0
c4 = b2 b1 b0
c1 = 1 0 0 = 1
c2 = 1 1 0 = 0
c3 = 0 1 0 = 1
c1
1

c2
0

b3
1

c4
1

b2
0

b1
1

b0
0

1010 1011010. 3
4 .

1.

59

1.9
1.
:
) 8 , ) 16 ) 32 .
2.
) 111010, ) 10101111.101 ) 110110110.
3.
) 194, ) 2006, ) 140, ) 270.
4.
) (764.7)8
) (F6D.C)16
) (147.5)8 .
5.
) (12021)3
) (4321)5
) (98)12.
6. (3EF)16-(1111)2

) 3
) .
7. e 1110.

4 .
8 . )
e 1000111.
.
) e
m=8 : 11010010.
9. 53, 130 214
) , ) BCD , ) 84-2-1 , ) .

60

10.
- 8 ,
:
) 77, ) -42, ) 119, )-107.
11. 4

) -
)
) .
12. n

) -
)
) .
13.
?
) (8, 4, -3, -2)
) (7, 5, 3, -6)
) (6, 2, 2, 1)

14. 535 637

) BCD
) 3 .

.
15. 721 - 423 3.
16. m--n (m-out-of-n)
) n=5, m=2
) n=6, m=3
) n=8, m=1.
16.
9:
) 1472943
) 236798
) 124011.

1.

61

17. 2-out-of-5
.
18. 7- 4 3
. 7-
.
?
) 1110010
) 0111100
) 0101001
) 1000001.
19. 9876
) 8421
) 2421
) 3
) -
20.
d?

2.

64

(George Boole) 1854

.
4 :
1. -
,
2. ,
3.
4. -
.
.
.
,

.
.
.

(Huntington) 50
.

2.1
5 :
1. (Closure)
B
(+) (*) :
) x y B x+y B.
+ .
) x y B x*y B.
* .

2.

65

2. (Identity elements)
x B:
) 0 B
+ x+0=x
) 1 B
* x*1=x.
3. (Commutative law)
)
x+y=y+x.
)
x*y=y*x.
4. (Distributive law)
)
x*(y+z)=(x*y)+(x*z)
)
x+(y*z)=(x+y)*(x+z)
5. (Complement)
x B x , x,

) x + x = 1
) x * x = 0
.
,
4 5
. .

B. m- B
B m .
, ,
. 2
( )
().

66

:
.
:

0 1 1 0.

.
8
.
, .
1: (Null law)
) x + 1 = 1
) x * 0 = 0
,
.
1:

x * 0 = 0 + ( x * 0)

= ( x * x ) + ( x * 0) 5
= x * ( x + 0)
4
= x*x
=0

2
5

1 .
2: (Involution)
x=x
.

: x = a . 5 x + a = 1 x * a = 0
a = x , x = x .
3: (Idempotency)

a) x + x = x
) x * x = x

2.

3:

x + x = ( x + x ) *1

67

= ( x + x ) * ( x + x ) 5
= x + x*x
4
= x+0
=x

5
2

4: (Absorption)
) x + x * y = x
) x * ( x + y ) = x
4:

x + x * y = x *1 + x * y
= x * (1 + y )
= x *1
=x

2
4
3 1
2

5: (Simplification)
a) x + x * y = x + y

b) x * ( x + y ) = x * y
5:
4
x * ( x + y) = x * x + x * y
= 0 + x * y 5

= x* y

6: (Associative law)
a) x + ( y + z ) = ( x + y ) + z = x + y + z
) x * ( y * z ) = ( x * y ) * z = x * y * z
6:
6

A = ( x + ( y + z )) * (( x + y ) + z )

( x + ( y + z )) * (( x + y ) + z )
= ( x + ( y + z )) * ( x + y ) + ( x + ( y + z )) * z
= ( x + ( y + z )) * ( x + y + z )

( x + ( y + z )) * (( x + y ) + z

68

= (( x + y ) + z ) * x + (( x + y ) + z ) * ( y + z )
= (( x + y ) + z ) * ( x + y + z )
A
= x + ( y + z ) A = ( x + y ) + z

. , 2
, .
,
.
7: (Consensus)
a) x * y + x * z + y * z = x * y + x * z

b) ( x + y ) * ( x + z ) * ( y + z ) = ( x + y ) * ( x + z )
7:

x * y + x * z + y * z = x * y + x * z + y * z * ( x + x ) 5
= x* y + x*z + y*z*x + y*z*x
4
= ( x * y + x * y * z) + ( x * z + x * y * z)

3 6

= x * y * (1 + z ) + x * z * (1 + y )

= x* y + x*z
8: (De Morgans law)
a) x + y = x * y

) x * y = x + y
8: x * y
5 x + y .
1: ( x + y ) + x * y = ( x + x * y ) + y 3 6

= ( x + y) + y

= x + ( y + y)

6
= x +1
1
=1
2: ( x + y ) * x * y = x * x * y + y * x * y 3 4

= 0* y + x * y * y
=0

5 3
5 1

2.

69

.
2 .
.
2, 2n
n1.
1937 (Claude Shannon)
.
:
. 0 1.

. 0 1
, .


.
2.1:


.
(propositional logic) :
,

.


.
, 1 0
() (F) .

. , .
p , -p .
.

70

2.2

.
, .

(AND)

x=1 2 (x*1=x), x*y=x, x=0

1 (x*0=0), x*y=0 y.

x
0
0
1
1

y
0
1
0
1

x*y
0
0
0
1

.
. x y 1 x*y=1.

(OR)

.
.
x
0
0
1
1

y
0
1
0
1

x+y
0
1
1
1

2 y=0 x+y=x x+y

x. y=1 1, x+y=x+1=1.

(NOT)

2.

71

, ,
.
2.1:

x + y = x * y .
x
y
x
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

1
1
0
0

x+y

x+y

x*y

1
0
1
0

0
1
1
1

1
0
0
0

1
0
0
0

2.3
2.2:
0 1 ,
.

, E = ( x + y * z ) * ( x + y ) + ( x + y )
.
2.3:
.
.

.
:

E1 = ( x + y * z ) * ( x + y ) + x + y
E 2 = x * x + x * y + x * y * z + y * y * z + x * y ,
E3 = x + x * ( y + y * z ) + x * y

3, 4 5

E4 = x + x * y

4 4

E5 = x + y

5
2.4: :

(x*x x+x)
( x * x x + x )
(0 1).

72

.
:
* , .

2.4 ,
2.5: n
2 :
( )
( ).

n.
n.
2.6: n

n .

().

().
: 1
:
E1 = ( x + y + z )( x + y + z )( x + y + z ) .
:

E2 = ( x + y + z )(( x + y )( x + y ) + ( x + y )( z + z ) + z z )
E3 = ( x + y + z )( x + y )

E4 = x y + x y + xz + yz
4 , .

. x y 4

2.

73

z + z 1 .
z + z z .
, :
E5 = x y ( z + z ) + x y ( z + z ) + xz ( y + y ) + yz ( x + x)

E6 = x yz + x y z + x yz + x y z + xyz
2.7:
.
6 , .
2.2: E = xy + xz
.

E = xy + xz
= ( xy + x)( xy + z )
= ( x + x)( y + x)( x + z )( y + z )
= ( x + y )( x + z )( y + z )

,
. :

x + y = x + y + z z = ( x + y + z )( x + y + z )
x + z = x + y y + z = ( x + y + z )( x + y + z )
y + z = x x + y + z = ( x + y + z )( x + y + z )
x x, y y z z 0,
.

E = ( x + y + z )( x + y + z )( x + y + z )( x + y + z )
2.8:
.
,
.

74

2.5

) x1 + x2 = x1 x2
) x1 x2 = x1 + x2
3 :
) x1 + x2 + x3 = x1 x2 x3
) x1 x2 x3 = x1 + x2 + x3
3 2 .
x1 + x2 x4 x4 + x3 = x4 x3

x4 = x1 + x2 = x1 x2 .

) ) ).
:
) x1 + x2 + ... + xn = x1 x2 ...xn
) x1 x2 ...xn = x1 + x2 + ... + xn .

.
2.9:

:

E ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn , + ,*) = E ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ,*, + )

2.3:

E = x yz + x y z + x yz .

2.9:

E = ( x + y + z )( x + y + z )( x + y + z )

2.

75

E = ( x y + xz + yx + y + yz + z x + z y )( x + y + z )
= ( xz + x z + y )( x + y + z )
= xy + y z + x yz + x z
2.4: E

E = ( x + y )( y + z )( x + y + z )( x + z )

= ( x y + y + xz + yz )( x x + x y + x z + xz + yz + z z )
= ( y + xz )( x y + x z + xz + yz )
= x y y + x yz + x y z + xz z + x yz + x xz + y yz + x yz
= x yz + x y z + x yz

2.6
2.10:
0 1
.
n 2n
. ,
. ,
2n
2n 2 2n, 2 .
2.11: n
2n
2 .
, 16 2
256 3 , . 2.1 16-
2 .

76

2.1: 2
x
0
0
1
1

y
0
1
0
1

F1

F1

F1

F1

F1

F1

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
1

0
0
1
0

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
0

0
1
0
1

0
1
1
0

0
1
1
1

1
0
0
0

1
0
0
1

1
0
1
0

1
0
1
1

1
1
0
0

1
1
0
1

1
1
1
0

1
1
1
1

2.2.

,
.
2.2: 2

F0 = 0

(null)
(AND)

x but not y

x
y but not x

y
(XOR)

F8 = x + y

(OR)
(NOR)

F9 = xy + x y

Equil

F10 = y
F11 = x + y

NOT y

if y then x (y->x)

F12 = x
F13 = x + y

NOT x

if x then y (x->y)

(NAND)

(one)

F1 = xy
F2 = x y

F3 = x

F4 = x y

F5 = y

F6 = x y + x y
F7 = x + y

F14 = xy

F15 = 1

. , 2.3

2.

77

5,
.

,
.
2.3:
x

xy

x + xy

x+y

xy + x y + y

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

1
1
0
0

1
0
1
0

1
0
0
0

1
0
1
1

1
0
1
1

1
0
1
1

. E = x y z + x yz + x y z + x yz + xyz
(
). .
E = ( x + y + z )( x + y + z )( x + y + z )
(
). .
n 2n .
:
0 2n-1
, 1 , 0
.
, n 2n .
:
0 2n-1 ,
1 , 0
.
2.4 3
.
x y z x + y + z ,
.

78

2.4: 3
x

0
0

x yz

x+y+z

x yz

x+y+z

xy z

x+y+z

x yz

x+y+z

x yz

x+y+z

x yz

x+y+z

xy z

x+y+z

xyz

x+y+z

()
():

()
():


.

F 1.
2.5: F
, F=(2,3,4,5,7)
F = x y z + x yz + x y z + x yz + xyz .

F 0.

2.

79

2.6: F
0, F=(0,1,6)
F = ( x + y + z )( x + y + z )( x + y + z ) .
2.7: ()
F
(): F = ( x + y + z )( x + y + z )( x + y + z ) .


:

E = ( x + y + z) + ( x + y + z) + ( x + y + z) + ( x + y + z) + ( x + y + z)

E = x y z + x yz + x y z + x yz + xyz


.

2.7

.
.

.
(Claude Shannon).

f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) n
.

f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) = x1 f (1, x2 ,..., xn ) + x1 f ( 0, x2 ,..., xn ) .

2 ,
x1 1, x1 0.

80

.
x1 (
1 0) .

, x2
. n
0 1
(
), 0 1.
,
2n (n ),
1, 0. 0
.

f = a0 x1 x2 ...xn + a1 x1 x2 ...xn 1 xn + a2 x1 x2 ...xn 1 xn + ...

+ a2 n 2 x1 x2 ...xn + a2 n 1 x1 x2 ...xn
ai
ai .
, a5 (5 101) x1 x2 x3 .

n n
, .
2.8: f 2 x1 x2 . f
1 x1 x2 : 00, 10, 11 0
.
. .
:

f = x1 x2 + x1 x2 + x1 x2
= x2 ( x1 + x1 ) + x1 x2
= x2 + x1 x2

2.

81

= x2 (1 + x1 ) + x1 x2
= x2 + x1 ( x2 + x2 )

= x1 + x2
f ( x1 , x 2 , x3 , x 4 ) x3

x 4
f ( x1 , x 2 , x3 , x 4 ) = x3 x 4 f ( x1 , x 2 ,0,0) + x3 x 4 f ( x1 , x 2 ,0,1) +
x3 x 4 f ( x1 , x 2 ,1,0) + x3 x 4 f ( x1 , x 2 ,1,1)

.
.
0 1
.

f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) = [ x1 + f ( 0, x2 ,..., xn )][ x1 + f (1, x2 ,..., xn )]

f = (b0 + x1 + x2 + ... + xn )(b1 + x1 + ... + xn1 + xn )...

(b2n 2 + x1 + x 2 + ... + x n )(b21 1 + x1 + x 2 + ... + x n )

bi 0 1.
n
n ,
.

82

2.8


( ), , ( ).
2.5.
2.5: ,

xy

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

1
1
0
0

1
0
1
0

0
0
0
1

x+y

xy + x y

x+y

xy

xy + x y

0
1
1
1

0
1
1
0

1
1
1
0

1
0
0
0

1
0
0
1

. ,
,
:

xy = x + y
x + y = xy

x y = x y + x y = ( x + y )( x + y ) = x x + x y + xy + y y = x y + xy
2.9:
.

x y = xy + x y
= xy + x y + x x + y y
= x( x + y ) + y ( x + y )
= ( x + y )( x + y )

2.

83

2.12:

.
(B, +, *, -),
B, 2
.
, (, , )
.
(, )

:

xy = xy = x + y .
(,)
:

x + y = x + y = x + y.
, () . ,
:

x = x + x = xx
xy = xy = xy xy
x + y = x + y = x y = xx + yy .
() . ,
:

x= x+x
x+y=x+y=x+y+x+y

xy = xy = x + y = x + x + y + y .
, ,
, , ,
.
1
.

84

, .
.

:

x + y + z = x + y z = ( x + y) z = x z + y z

x + y + z = x ( y + z ) = x y + xz .
,

xy z = xy + z = xy + z

x yz = x + yz .

2.

85

. xy = x + y

x + y = x y

xy = xy = x + y

x + y = x + y = x y ,

86

x y = x y + xy
= ( x + y )( x + y )

= xy + x y
= ( x + y )( x + y )
,

x y + x y ,

( x + y )( x + y ) :

2.

87

x y + xy = x y + xy + x x + y y
= x( x + y ) + y ( x + y )
= ( x + y )( x + y ) .
x y + x y
( x + y )( x + y ) :

x y + xy = x y + xy
= ( x + y )( x + y )
= ( x + y )( x + y ) .
, ( x + y )( x + y )

xy + x y :

( x + y )( x + y ) = ( x + y )( x + y )
= x+ y x+ y

= x y + xy
= xy + x y .

,

. ,

.
x = x + x = x x

88

xy = xy = xy xy

x + y = x + y = x y = xx + yy

x = x + x

x + y = x + y = x + y + x + y

xy = xy = x + y = x + x + y + y

2.

89

2.9
2 : 0 1 V
2 5 V
. 5V.

.
. 2.1
.

2.1:

: , . Vcc.
.
, Vout
Vcc, 1.
Vin ,
Vout , 0.
.

( 2.2).
0
, 1
0.

2 : .

.

.

90

2.2:


TTL
(transistor-transistor logic) Texas Instruments, ECL
(emitter-coupled logic) Motorola
. CMOS
(complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) MOSFET
.

.
:

(SSI-Small Scale Integrated)

- 10
, .
(MSI-Medium Scale
Integrated) - 10 100

, , .
(LSI-Large Scale
Integrated) - 100 ,

2.

91

,
(PLD).
(VLSI-Very Large
Scale Integrated) -

.

( 2.3). 2.3, 14
, 7 .
:
1.
(power dissipation)
2.
(propagation delay)
3.
(noise margin).

2.3: 7400 TTL

:
1.
2. .


.
.

92

2.10
1. ()
f
f = (0,2,4,6,7).
f = ( x1 + x 2 + x3 )( x1 + x 2 + x3 )( x1 + x 2 + x3 )( x1 + x 2 + x3 )( x1 + x 2 + x3 )
2. ()
f
f= (1,3,4,5,7).

f = x yz + x yz + x y z + x yz + xyz
3.
f = xy + x yz + y z .

f = xy + x yz + y z = ( x + y )( x + y + z )( y + z )
4.
f = ab + ac d + cd .

f = ab + ac d + cd = (a + b)(a + c + d )(c + d )
5.
( x + y )( y + z )( y + z )
)
) .

( x + y )( y + z )( y + z ) = ( x + y ) ( y + z ) ( y + z ) = xy y z yz =
( xy ) ( y z ) ( yz ) ( xy ) ( y z ) ( yz )
( x + y )( y + z )( y + z ) = ( x + y )( y + z )( y + z ) = ( x + y ) + ( y + z ) + ( y + z ) =
( x + x + y + y) + ( y + y + z) + ( y + z + z)
6.
x y + ( y + z )( x + z )

2.

93

)
) .

x y + ( y + z )( x + z ) = x y + ( y + z )( x + z ) = x y ( y + z )( x + z ) =
= x y * ( yz )( x z ) = x yy * ( yyz )( xx zz )
x y + ( y + z )( x + z ) = x y + ( y + z )( x + z ) = ( x + y ) + ( y + z ) + ( x + z ) =
= ( x + x + y) + ( y + z + z) + ( x + z) + ( x + x + y) + ( y + z + z) + ( x + z)
7. x y + xz
- ( - )
- ( -
).

x y + xz = x y xz = ( x + y )( x + z )
( x + y )( x + z ) = ( x + y + z z )( x + y y + z ) = ( x + y + z )( x + y + z )( x + y + z )
8. a) x( y + yz ) + x + xz
- ( - )
- ( -
).

x( y + yz ) + x + xz = x( y + z ) + x = xy + xz + x = x + y + xz = x + y + z

x( y + y ) + y ( x + x) + z ( x + x) = x y + x y + xy + x y + xz + xz =
x y ( z + z ) + x y ( z + z ) + xy ( z + z ) + x y ( z + z ) + xz ( y + y ) + xz ( y + y ) =
x yz + x y z + x yz + x y z + xyz + xy z + x yz
9.)
, .
) z1 z2 .

94

a
b

z1

z2

) x * y = x + y
c

a
b

z1

z2

z1 = (a b) c = (ab + ab) c
= (ab + ab)c + (ab + ab)c
= (a + b)(a + b)c + abc + abc
= abc + abc + abc + abc
z 2 = (a b)c + ab = abc + abc + ab
10. )
, .
) z1 z2 .
a

z1

z2

2.

95

a) x + y = xy
a
b

z1

z2

z1 = (a b) c = (ab + ab) c
= (ab + ab)c + (ab + ab)c
= (a + b)(a + b)c + abc + abc
= abc + abc + abc + abc
z 2 = (a + b)[(a b) + c] = (a + b)(ab + ab + c) = ab + ac + ab + bc
11. (->,-)
.
p > q = p + q .

.

p+q = pq
pq = pq = p + q = p q

96

2.11
1.

) ab + c + ( a + b ) c .
) ( ab + ac )( a + b )( a + c )
) x ( y + w yz ) + x y ( wz + z )
2.

a + b ( c + uv ) .
3.

) x y = x y
) x y = x y

) xy x y = x y .
4.

abc = ( a + bc )(b + c )( a + c ) .

5.

)
)
)
)

E1 = ab + ac + bc
E2 = ( x + y )( y + z )( y + z )
E3 = x y + ( y + z )( x + z )
6. {} {} .

f =
7. f ( x1 , x2 , x3 )
.

(2, 3,5, 6) .

2.

97

8.

f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x1 ( x2 + x2 x3 ) + x1 + x1x3 .
9. ( )
3 1
0.
10. ( )
4 1
1.
11. f ,

12. ( x + yz )( y + xz )
)
)
)
) .

3.

100

,
. , ,
,

.
.


.
. ,
.

(Karnaugh) - (QuineMcCluskey).
. -
.

3.1

,


.
:

1. xy + xy = y
2. x + xy = x + y
3. xz + xy + yz = xz + xy

( )

( ).

.


.

, .

3.

101

.

:

f ( a , b , c , d ) = abcd + abcd + abcd + abcd + abcd + abcd + abcd + abcd

= acd (b + b ) + acd (b + b ) + abc ( d + d ) + abc ( d + d )
= acd + acd + abc + abc
= ad ( c + c ) + ac (b + b )
= ad + ac

:

f ( a , b , c , d ) = abc + bcd + acd + abcd + abc

= ab( c + c ) + bcd + acd + abcd

(1)

= ab + bcd + acd + abcd

= a[b + b ( cd )] + bcd + acd

(2)

= a (b + cd ) + bcd + acd
= ab + acd + bcd + acd
= [ ab + a ( cd ) + b ( cd )] + acd

(3)

= ab + acd + acd

3.2
(implicant)
,
(implicent) .
1
1.
0 0.
f ( a , b , c , d ) = abcd + abcd + abcd + abcd .
4
.

abcd + abcd = acd (b + b ) = acd

102

abcd + abcd = acd (b + b ) = acd ,

f = acd + acd .

, 1
1.

.
,
f = cd ( a + a ) = cd .
acd acd cd ,

1 cd 1.

,
(prime implicant).
3.1:
.
, cd .

.
.
f ( a , b , c ) = ab + ac + bc
4 f ( a , b , c ) = abc + abc + abc + abc .
ab , ac bc
, . ab
abc abc , ac abc abc .

f f ( a , b , c ) = ab + ac
( ab + ac + bc = ab + ac ).

3.

103

,

.

3.3
n 2n
.
( ,
).
.

1 . 3.1
1, 2, 3 4
.
x
0

1
x2
0

x1

x1

x1x2

0
1

00

x2x3
01
11

10

00

x3x4
01
11

10

0
1

00
01
11
10

3.1: , ,

104

().

1.

1 2 ,
. 1
.

,
.

.

.

b. b
1
0,
.
3.2
4 .

, , .

,
.


.
:
2
1
(
) f=1.

3.
00

01

11

10

00
01
11
10
00

01

11

10

00
01
11
10

01

11

10

00

01

11

00

10

01

11

10

00

01

11

00

10

01

11

10

00

01

11

00

10

01

11

10

00

01

11

00

10

01

11

10

00

01

11

00

10

01

11

10

01

11

00

10

11

10

00

01

11

10

00

01

11

10

00

01

11

10

00

01

11

10

01

11

10

00

01

11

10

01

11

10

00
01
11
10
00

00
01
11
10

01

00
01
11
10

00
01
11
10
00

00

00
01
11
10

00
01
11
10

00
01
11
10

10

00
01
11
10

00
01
11
10

00
01
11
10

11

00
01
11
10

00
01
11
10

00
01
11
10

01

00
01
11
10

00
01
11
10

00
01
11
10

00
00
01
11
10

00
01
11
10

00
01
11
10

00
01
11
10

00
00
01
11
10

105

01

11

10

00
00
01
11
10

3.2: 4

106

:
3

2
1
8 f=1.
:

- 4
- 3
- 2
- 1
- f=1.

3.2:

.
3.3:

(essential)
.
,

,
,
.

,
.

1 ( 0
).
f=1 (f=0).

3.

107

3.1:
f ( x , y , z ) = x yz + xyz + x yz + xy z .

3 .
,

.
, .
3.3.
,
.

0
1

00
1
1

yz
01
0
0

11
0
0

10
1
1

3.3: 3.1
, ,
,
3.4.

0
1

00
1
1

yz
01

11

10
1
1

3.4:
3.1


.
,
.
x y ,
z 0.
z . , 3

108

4
.
3.2:

f ( x, y, z ) = x yz + x y z + x yz + x y z + x yz + xy z + xyz .
f .
1 (
3.5).
yz
00
01
11
10
0
1
1
1
x
1
1
1
1
1
3.5: 3.2

2. 3
1, 2 4.
3.6 3
.

00
x

0
1

yz
01
1
1

11
1
1

10
1
1

3.6:
3.2

. y z
0 1.
x.
.
x yz + x yz + xyz + xy z .

x yz + x yz + xyz + xy z = x y ( z + z ) + xy ( z + z ) = x ( y + y ) = x .

3.

109

z,
y. ,

f ( x , y , z ) = x + y + z .
3.3:
:
cd

ab

00
01
11
10

00
1

01
1
1

11

10
1

f ( a , b , c , d ) = ( 0,1, 2 , 5, 8, 9 ,10)

( 3.7).

cd
00
01
11
10
00
0
1
3
2
ab
01
4
5
7
6
11
12
13
15
14
10
8
9
11
10
3.7: 4
f = bd + bc + acd .
3 .
3.8.
cd
00
01
11
10
00
1
1
1
ab
01
1
11
10
1
1
1
3.8: 3.3

110

.
0
.
1
0 ( 3.9).
cd
00
ab

00
01
11
10

01

0
0

11
0
0
0
0

10
0
0

3.9: 3.3
0 . ,
f ( a , b , c , d ) = ab + cd + bd .

f
,
f:

f = ab + cd + bd

= ( a + b )( c + d )(b + d )
= ( ac + bc + ad + bd )(b + d )
= ( abc + bc ) + ( abd + bd ) + acd + bcd
= (bc + bcd ) + bd + acd
= bc + bd + acd
3.4:
f ( x , y , z ) = y ( z + xz ) + x yz .

, f ( x , y , z ) = yz + xy z + x yz .

.

3.

111

1 .

3.10.
yz
yz
00
01
11
10
0
1
x
1
1
1
1

xz
3.10: 3.4
yz f
11.
f = yz + xz .
3.5:

f ( x , y , z , w ) = ( 0,1, 4 , 5, 9 ) .
.
0.
(3.11) 0
: 0,1,4,5 9.

xy

00
01
11
10

00
0
0

zw
01
11
0
0

10

3.11: 3.5

f = xz + yzw .

112

( )
f .
f f = ( x + z )( y + z + w) .
f
f

f = f = xz + yzw

= ( x + z )( y + z + w)
= xy + yz + ( xz + z ) + xw + zw
= xy + ( yz + z ) + xw + zw
= ( z + zw) + xy + xw
= z + xy + xw
( 3.12),
0 1.
z
zw
01
11
1
1
1
1
1

00
xy

00
01
11
10

1
1
xy

10
1
1
1
1

xw

3.12:
3.5

f = z + xy + xw .

3.

113

5 6

,
.
5
. 3.13
5 .

yz
v=0
wx

00
01
11
10

00
m0
m4
m12
m8

01
m1
m5
m13
m9

00
01
11
10

00
m16
m20
m28
m24

01
m17
m21
m29
m25

11
m3
m7
m15
m11

10
m2
m6
m14
m10

11
m19
m23
m31
m27

10
m18
m22
m30
m26

yz
v=1
wx

3.13: 5

v=0, v=1.
, 6
. 6
3.14.
u=0 v=0,
u=0 v=1, .
5 6 .

,
.
.

. , m4

114

m20 , m4 m17
.
yz
u=0
v=0
wx

00
01
11
10

00
m0
m4
m12
m8

01
m1
m5
m13
m9

00
01
11
10

00
m32
m36
m44
m40

01
m33
m37
m45
m41

yz
11
m3
m7
m15
m11

10
m2
m6
m14
m10

11
m35
m39
m47
m43

10
m34
m38
m46
m42

u=0
v=1
wx

00
01
11
10

00
m16
m20
m28
m24

01
m17
m21
m29
m25

00
01
11
10

00
m48
m52
m60
m56

01
m49
m53
m61
m57

yz
u=1
v=0
wx

11
m19
m23
m31
m27

10
m18
m22
m30
m26

11
m51
m55
m63
m59

10
m50
m54
m62
m58

yz
u=1
v=1
wx

3.14: 6
6
.
u=0
v=0, u=1 v=1,
.
. , m5, m21, m37
m53.
3.6: 5

f ( v , w, x , y , z ) = ( 3, 4 , 7 , 9 ,11,12 ,15,16,18,19 , 20, 23, 24 , 26, 27 , 28, 31)

5
4 .

v=0, v=1.

5 .

.

3.15.

3.

p1

p4

yz
00
v=0
wx

00
01
11
10

01

1
1
1

115

yz
11
1
1
1
1

10
v=1
wx

00
01
11
10

00
1
1
1
1

01

11
1
1
1
1

10
1

p3
p2
3.15: 5
3.6
,
.
p1 p2
.

f = p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 = x yz + yz + vwxz + v xz .

,
.
.
(dont care condition),

.

(incompletely specified
functions).

b.

116

3.7:

f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = ( 2 , 4 , 8,15) d ( 0, 7 ,10,12 ,13)

3.16.

x1x2

00
01
11
10

00
b
1
b
1

x3x4
01
11

10
1

b
1
b

3.16: 3.7
4 8
0 12 x3 x4 ,
2 8 0 10
x2 x4 . 15
7 13. 7
x2 x3 x4 , 13
x1x2 x4 . ,
:

f1 = x2 x4 + x3 x4 + x2 x3 x4
f 2 = x2 x4 + x3 x4 + x1x2 x4 .

,
, .
0
0.
0 2 ,
.
, ,
.

.
.

3.

117

b

.

.

,
.
,
1 , 0
.
3.8:
f :
x1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

x2
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

x3
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

f
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0

, ,
. ,
1:

f = x1 x2 x3 + x1x2 x3 + x1 x2 x3 ,

0:

f = ( x1 + x2 + x3 )( x1 + x2 + x3 )( x1 + x2 + x3 )( x1 + x2 + x3 )( x1 + x2 + x3 ) .

,
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = ( 0, 2 , 4 , 6, 7 ) .

3.17.

118

x3

x1

0
1

00
0
0

x2x3
01
11
0

10
0
0

x1 + x2
3.17: 3.8
0, 4, 2 6
x3, 6 7

x1 + x2 . f = ( x1 + x2 ) x3 .

f
.
f f .

,
f = x3 + x1x2 .

f = f = x3 + x1x2 = x3 ( x1 + x2 ) .
3.9:
f ( x , y , z , w) = ( 0,1, 2 , 4 , 5, 6, 8, 9 ,10)
.

0.

f ( x , y , z , w ) = ( 3, 7 ,11,12 ,13,14 ,15) .

3.18.

f = ( x + y )( z + w) .

3.

00
00
01
11
10

xy

zw
01
11
0
0
0
0
0

119

10

3.18: 3.9



.
.
3.10:
NBCD 3 .
NBCD 3 ,
3.1,
. K 4 4 .
4 24 =16
. NBCD
.
3.2.
3.1: NBCD 3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

NBCD
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001

3
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100

120

, 3.19.

f1 = x1 + x2 x4 + x2 x3

f 2 = x2 x3 x4 + x2 x4 + x2 x3
f 3 = x3 x4 + x3 x4
f 4 = x4 .

3.2:
NBCD 3
x1x2x3x4
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

f1

x1x2

00
01
11
10

00

x3x4
01
11

10

b
1

1
b
1

1
b
b

1
b
b

f1f2f3f4
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
bbbb
bbbb
bbbb
bbbb
bbbb
bbbb

f2
00
x1x2

00
01
11
10

1
b

x3x4
01
11
1
1

10
1

b
1

b
b

b
b

3.19: f1 f2 3.10

3.

f3

x1x2

00
01
11
10

00
1
1
b
1

x3x4
01
11
1
1
b
b
b

f4
10
x1x2
b
b

00
01
11
10

00
1
1
b
1

121

x3x4
01
11

b
b

10
1
1
b
b

3.19: f3 f4 3.10

, 3.20.

3.20: NBCD
3
3.11:
x1x0 y1y0,
.
, .

122

4 2 .

3.3.
3.3: 3.11
x1 x0
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
01
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11

y1 y0
00
01
10
11
00
01
10
11
00
01
10
11
00
01
10
11

z1 z2
00
00
00
00
00
01
01
01
00
01
10
10
00
01
10
11

z1
z2 3.21.
z1
00
x1x0

y1y0
01
11

00
01
11
10

z2
10

00
x1x0

1
1

1
1

y1y0
01
11

00
01
11
10

1
1
1

1
1

10
1

3.21:
3.11
z1 z2
:
z1 = x1 y1

z2 = x0 y0 + x1 y1 y0 + x1x0 y1 .

3.

123

3.22.

3.22: 3.22

.
,
.

.
3.12:

f1 ( x, y, z , w) = x yzw + xy z w + xy zw + xyzw
f 2 ( x, y, z , w) = x y z w + x y zw + x yzw + xy z w + xy zw + xyzw

3.23

124

f1

zw
00

xy

00
01
11
10

01

f2
11

xy
1

zw

10

1
1

00
01
11
10

00

01

11

1
1

1
1

1
1

10

3.23: 3.12.

f1 = xy z + xzw
f 2 = xz + xw

3.24.

3.24: 3.12

3.25 .
.
f1
00
xy

00
01
11
10

zw
01
11

f2
10
xy

1
1

00
01
11
10

00

zw
01 11

1
1

1
1

1
1

3.25:

f1 = xy z + xzw f 2 = xz + xzw

3.26.

10

3.

125

3.26: 3.12,

3.4 -
-
()
() ()
() .
:
()
()
()

()
() .

,
.

126

.

.
,
,
.
, 0 , 1
, 2 , .

.

(-),
. , 1001
1101 1-01. ,

abcd + abcd = acd (b + b ) = acd .

,
.
.

.
3.13: -

f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = ( 0,1, 2 , 3, 6, 7 , 9 ,11,12 ,13,14 )

.

3.27.
, 0, 1, 2 3 .
. ,
0000 0001 000-,
1100 1110 11-0, .
.
,
.

3.

0
1
2
3
6
9
12
7
11
13
14

x1x2x3x4
0000
0001
0010
0011
0110
1001
1100
0111
1011
1101
1110

127

3.27:
.

.

3.28.

0,1
0,2
1,3
1,9
2,3
2,6
3,7
3,11
6,7
6,14
9,11
9,13
12,13
12,14

x1x2x3x4
00000-0
00-1
-001
0010-10
0-11
-011
011-110
10-1
1-01
11011-0

b
c
d

3.28: 3.13

3.28. 0,1
2,3 .

128

00--. , 0,2 1,3

00--. 0,1,2,3
, 0,2 1,3 .
1,3 9,11, 2,3 6,7.
3.28 .

a, b, c d.
3.29.
x1x2x3x4
00--0-1
0-1-

0,1,2,3
1,3,9,11
2,3,6,7

e
f
g

3.29: 4 3.13

.
e, f g.

. :

x2 x3 x4 , x1 x3 x4 , x1x2 x3 , x1x2 x4 , x1 x2 , x2 x4 x1x3 .

.

.
.
.
0
a
b
c
d
e
f
g

6
x

11

12

x
x
x
x

x
x

x
x

x
x
x

x
x

13

14
x

x
x
x

3.30:
3.13

3.

129

.
x
.
3.30.
x

(essential prime implicant).

* ( 3.31).
x
. .

.
0

11

12

x
x

f*
g*

x
x

x
x

14
x

e*

13

x
x

3.31:


. ,
- :
x
.

130

x
( ).
( *).
3.31.
x
,

.
3.31
x 1, 2, 3, 6
9. e 0
1, 2 3. f 11 1,
3 9, g 7 2, 3 6.
, ,


.
12, 13 14.

.
3.32.
x.
.

12
a
b
c
d

x
x

13

14
x

x
x
x

3.32:

.

3.

131

.
3.4: I J
x ( I=J).
3.5: i j
x ( i=j).
3.6: K
L (K L) K x
L x K x
L x.
3.7: i
j (i j) i x j
x i x
j x.

Cp Cv.

1.
( 3.30).
.
1
.
3.8: I
J
K
I
I.
3.9: i
j
h i .

.
,

132

.

,

.
3.32,
d a c
b.
a, b, c d .
( 3.30)

-110 ( 6 0110 14
1110), b 1-01, c
110- d 11-0.


3.28.
a, b, c d
3 .
Cp=1
Cv=3+1=4.
b
3.33.

c**
d**

12
x
x

13
x

14
x

3.33:

x.
1 3 1 4 . c d
( **)
13 14.

,
. ,

3.

133

c b
d 12 13.
, 13 14 c d.
12 x .

f =c+d +e+ f + g
= x1x2 x3 + x1x2 x4 + x1 x2 + x2 x4 + x1x3 .

. c, d, e, f g a,
c, e, f g b, d, e, f g.
.
3.14:
.
.

a
b
c

1
x
x

2
x
x
x

3
x
x

4
x
x

5
x
x

1 5 .
,
.
2 1, 3, 4 5.
1 b
,
2 a, b c.
, 2

. 1

2 .

134

0 1.
-
1. ,
1
.

1.

.

3.15: -
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = ( 0, 9 ,13,15)b ( 7 ,12 )

.

( 3.34).
,
.

0
9
12
7
13
15

x1x2x3x4
0000
1001
1100
0111
1101
1111

3.34:
.

0
. a.

3.35.

3.

9,13
12,13
7,15
13,15

x1x2x3x4
1-01
110-111
11-1

135

b
c
d
e

3.35: 3.15

.
3.36.
0
a*
b*
c

13

d
e

15

x
x

3.36: 3.15

1.
.
x.
0 9. ,
a b,
0 9.

. x .
13 x
b.

136

.
15.

d e.
, ,
a, b d, a, b e:

f = x1 x2 x3 x4 + x1 x3 x4 + x2 x3 x4
f = x1 x2 x3 x4 + x1 x3 x4 + x1x2 x4 .

-
.

a.

.

.
3.10:
.

( x).
3.16:

0
x
x

4
x

16

12

24

a
b
x
c
x
x
d
x
x
e
x
f
x

28

x
x

3.

137

p = ( a + b )( a + c)(b + d )( c + e)( d + f )( e + f ) .

p
:

p = ( a + bc )( d + bf )( e + cf )
= ( ad + abf + bcd + bcf )( e + cf )
= ade + acdf + abef + abcf + bcde + bcdf + bcef + bcf
= ade + acdf + abef + bcde + bcf .


.

.
.
3.16
3 ade bcf.


. , a+d+e
b+c+f.

.


0. ,

.


.
.

.

138

.
3.17: -
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = ( 4 , 5,10,11,12 ,13,14 ) .

3.37.

4
5
10
12
11
13
14

x1x2x3x4
0100
0101
1010
1100
1011
1101
1110

3.37:
.

,
,
.
3.38.

4,5
4,12
5,13
10,11
10,14
12,13
12,14

x1x2x3x4
010-100
-101
1011-10
110110

a
b

3.38: 3.17
a, b c .
4, 5 12,
13. , 4, 12 5, 13.

3.

139

, ,
4, 12 5, 13 .
4 3.39.
x1x2x3x4
-10-

4,5,12,13

3.39:
3.17
,
( 3.40).
d, 4, 5,
11 13.

a d. ,
x , 10 12.
,
14.
b c.
4

10

11

a*

c
d*

12

13

x
x

14

x
x

3.40:
,
a, d, b a, d, c, ,
:

f = ( x1 + x2 + x3 )( x2 + x3 )( x1 + x3 + x4 )
f = ( x1 + x2 + x3 )( x2 + x3 )( x1 + x2 + x4 ) .

140

,
,
.
3.18: -


f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = ( 3, 4 , 6, 9 ,10,15)b (8,11) .

3.41.

4
8
3
6
9
10
11
15

x1x2x3x4
0100
1000
0011
0110
1001
1010
1011
1111

x1x2x3x4
01-0
10010-0
-011
10-1
1011-11

4,6
8,9
8,10
3,11
9,11
10,11
11,15
x1x2x3x4
10--

8,9,10,11

3.41:

3
a
b

10

c
d

15

x
x

3.42:

3.

141

f = ( x1 + x2 + x4 )( x2 + x3 + x4 )( x1 + x3 + x4 )( x1 + x2 ) .


.


1 ( 0
).
() .
()

x ( ).
x
,
().
()
x
.
3.19: 3
f1 ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = ( 2 ,11,12 ,13,14 ,15)

f ( x , x , x , x ) = ( 3, 7 ,11,12 ,13,14 ,15)

f ( x , x , x , x ) = ( 3, 7 ,12 ,13,14 ,15)
.
2

( 3.43) :
2,3,7,11,12,13,14 15. a
.

142

2
3
12
7
11
13
14
15

x1x2x3x4
0010
0011
1100
0111
1011
1101
1110
1111

f1
x
x
x
x
x
x

f2

f3

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x

x
x
x

3.43:
3.19


x .
3.44. 3.44
x .

3,7
3,11
12,13
12,14
7,15
11,15
13,15
14,15

x1x2x3x4
0-11
-011
11011-0
-111
1-11
11-1
111-

f1

f2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x

f3
x

c
d

x
x
x
x
x

3.44:

3.45. 3.44
3.45 x
3.44.

3,7,11,15
12,13,14,15

x1x2x3x4
--11
11--

f1
x

f2
x
x

f3
x

e
f

3.45:

3.

143

,

.
, , .

.

.


.
2
x

a
b
c
d
e
f

a
b
c
d
e
f

11

12

14

15

x
x
)

x
x

11

12

13

14

15

x
x
x
x

x
x

a
b
c
d
e
f

13

x
x

12

13

14

15

x
x
x
x
)
3.46: ) f1,
) f2 ) f3

144

,
.
3.46.

p1 = adf ( d + f ) = adf
p2 = (b + e )(b + c + e )( d + e ) f ( c + d + e + f ) = ( e + bd ) f
p3 = b (b + c ) f ( c + f ) = bf

p = p1 p2 p3 = adf ( e + bd ) fbf = abdf ( e + bd ) = abdf

,
a,b,d f.
4 .
3.47, 3.48 3.49.
.
2
x

a
b
d
f

11

12

13

14

15

x
x

3.47: f1

3.47 a, d f
,
f1.
f 1 = a + d + f = x1 x 2 x3 x 4 + x1 x 2 x 4 + x1 x 2 .

a
b
d
f

11

12

13

14

15

x
x

x
x

3.48: f2

3.

145

f2 b, d f.

f 2 = b + d + f = x1 x3 x 4 + x1 x3 x 4 + x1 x 2 .

a
b
d
f

12

13

14

15

3.49: f3

f 3 = b + f = x1 x3 x 4 + x1 x 2 .
b f .

146

3.5
1.
x1x0 y1y0
. , .
x1x0y1y0
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
f1
00
x1x0

00
01
11
10

f2
10

00
x1x0

f3
00
x1x0

y1y0
01
11

00
01
11
10

y1y0
01
11
1
1
1

f1f2f3f4
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0001
0010
0011
0000
0010
0100
0110
0000
0011
0110
1001

f4
00
x1x0

10

1
1

y1y0
01
11

10

00
01
11
10

10
1
1

y1y0
01
11

00
01
11
10

1
1

1
1

f1 = x1 x0 y1 y 0

f 3 = x1 x0 y1 + x0 y1 y 0 + x1 x0 y 0 + x1 y1 y 0

f 2 = x1 x0 y1 + x1 y1 y 0

f 4 = x0 y 0

3.

147

2. 4 x1, x0, y1 y0 pomal,

ednakov pogolem . x=(x1,x0)
y=(y1,y0) . pomal=1 x<y, pogolem=1 x>y
ednakov=1 x=y. , .
x1x0y1y0
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
f1
00
x1x0

00
01
11
10

y1y0
01
11
1
1
1

f2
10
1
1

00
x1x0

1
f3

x1x0

f1f2f3
010
100
100
100
001
010
100
100
001
001
010
100
001
001
001
010

00
01
11
10

00
01
11
10

00

y1y0
01
11

1
1
1

1
1

10

f1 = x1 y1 + x1 x0 y 0 + x0 y1 y 0
f 2 = x1 x0 y1 y 0 + x1 x0 y1 y 0 + x1 x0 y1 y 0 + x1 x0 y1 y 0
f 3 = x1 y1 + x1 x0 y 0 + x0 y1 y 0

y1y0
01
11

10

1
1

148

3.6
1.
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = ( 0, 2 , 5, 6, 7 , 8,10)

2.
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (1, 3, 5, 7 ,13,15) .
3.

f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 ) = ( 0,1, 5, 6, 8, 9 ,12 ,15,17 , 20, 21, 22 , 25, 28)b ( 3,14 , 27 , 30)

4.

f = (1,3,4,6,9,11,12,15,17,19,20,22,25,27,28,30,31)b(8,10,18)
5. -
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (1, 4 , 5, 6, 7 , 9 ,11,12 )

.

6. -
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = ( 0,1, 2 , 5, 7 ,12 ,13,14 )b (8,11)

7. -
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (1, 3, 5, 7 ,13,15) .
8. -
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = ( 2 , 4 , 8,15)b ( 0, 7 ,10,12 ,13)

9.

( 0, 2, 4,5, 9,10,11,13,15)
= ( 2 , 5,10,11,12 ,13,14 ,15)
= ( 0, 2 , 3, 4 , 9 ,11,13,14 ,15)

f1 =
f2
f3

3.

10.

149

( 2, 3,5, 7,8, 9,10,11,13,15)

= ( 2 , 3, 5, 6, 7 ,10,11,14 ,15)
= ( 6, 7 , 8, 9 ,13,14 ,15)

f1 =
f2
f3

.
11. )
f ( a , b , c , d ) = ( 2 , 6, 8,10,11)b ( 3, 4 , 5, 9 ,12 ,15)

.
) 2 .
) f.

4.

152

4.1

.

.

, .


.


.

4.1: ) ) -

4.1. . n
, n .
n- n+1- . S n+1
. ,
n+1 , 2n
.
22n .
.

4.

153

n-
.
. ,

. .
4.1.
xi yi,
Ci. : Si
Ci+1 - .


4.2.
xi
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

yi
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

Ci Si Ci+1
Si:
Ci+1:
0 0 0
xi
xi
1 1 0
0 1
0 1
0 1 0
00
1
00
1 0 1
yiCi 01 1
yiCi 01
1
0 1 0
11
1
11
1 1
1 0 1
10 1
10
1
0 0 1
1 1 1
a)
)
)
4.2: )
) Si ) Ci+1

Si = xi yi Ci + xi yi Ci + xi yiCi + xi yiCi

Ci+1 = xi yi + xi Ci + yi Ci = xi yi + Ci ( xi + yi )

(4.1)
(4.2)

Si .
Si
3 4 .
tp,
- 2tp.

154

Si

Si = xi yi Ci + xi yi Ci + xi yi Ci + xi yi Ci = ( xi yi + xi yi )Ci + ( xi yi + xi yi )Ci

= ( xi yi + xi yi )Ci + ( xi yi + xi yi )Ci = ( xi yi ) Ci

(4.3)

(4.4)
Ci +1 = xi yi + Ci ( xi yi + xi yi ) = xi yi + Ci ( xi yi ) .

Si Ci+1.
4.3.
-- .
4.3
4.3. . -
.
.

4.3: ) ) -
) -

4.

155

- 2tp,
4.3 e 4tp .

2tp.
(Ripple-Carry Adder)

.

, 4.4.

. 0,
(.. overflow carry)
n+1- .
(Ripple-Carry Adder)
.
2tp,
n- 2ntp.

4.4: 4- Ripple-Carry
n- .
,
101010
010101
,
. , ,
.

156

(Carry-Lookahead Adder)
2 n-
- ,
. 2 n-
. ,
,
.
,
2n
.
.

.

(ripple carry)
.
4.5

(carry-lookahead ).
Ci .
(4.4)
Ci+2 .
x y (4 .4 ) A B,
. (4.4)
. Gi
Pi i- :

Gi = Ai Bi
Pi = Ai Bi

(4.5)
(4.5)

(4.4)

Ci+1 = Ai Bi + Ci ( Ai Bi ) = Gi + Pi Ci .

(4.6)

i- , Gi=1, A
B 1. 1, .

4.

157

, Pi 1 Ci+1
Ci. .

4.5: Carry-Lookahead
i i+1 (4.6)

C i + 2 = Gi +1 + Pi +1C i +1
= Gi +1 + Pi +1 (Gi + Pi C i )

(4.7)

= Gi +1 + Pi +1Gi + Pi +1 Pi C i
:
:
Gi+1 =1
, Gi =1
Pi+1=1
Ci : Pi=Pi+1=1.
,
.
,
4- B.
S
C. B
.
B

158

. , i,
i+2 : i, i+1, i+2, Bi, Bi+1, Bi+2 Ci.

4.6: 4- carry-lookahead
4.6 4-
. Ci, ,

.
- ( 4.7).

4.7: -

4.

159

. Pi+j
, ,
4.5 4tp. ,
Gi+j Pi+j,
2tp ,
4.6. , carry-lookahead
,
2tp.
4- ,
20tp.

4x8x2tp=64tp. ,
320% .

4.8: 4-

(ICIntegrated Circuits). , ,
, 4.4
4- , 4.8,
MSI (Medium-Scale Integrated) .

160

4-

4- . 4.9
. 9 : 4
. 5 : 4-
.
4- ,
.

B3
B2
B1
B0
A3
A2
A1
A0

C0

S3
S2
S1
S0

C1

4.9: 4-

1.2
: .

, .

.

, . ,
,
(overflow).
n -2n-1 2n-1-1.

4.

161

. ,

- . ,

.

.
.
0 , 1
. .
( 4.1), 0,
,
1, .
4.1:
x
0
0
1
1

y
0
1
0
1

x y
0
1
1
0

-

.
.


.
4.10.
0, + B,
1, - B.

162

4.10:
,

,
, -.

.
1
.
-
4.11.


.

4.

4.11:

163

164

4.2

2n n
.
,

.
.
,
.
.

4.12: 8

4.

165

:
,
. .
:
.
2n , n

. 4.12 8
3 .
n=3 2n=8 .
s2s1s0=100

D4 0.
D4.

r = D0 s2 s1 s0 + D1 s2 s1s0 + D2 s2 s1 s0 + D3 s2 s1s0 +... + D7 s2 s1s0

(4.8)

4.13 2
n=2 4 .
1 2 (
enable )
. 1
0
. 0.

, 1.
4.12
- - , n +1
n .
(4.8)
,

( ),
.

166

4.13: 4 enable

m , m-1

, 2m-1 .
m! m-1 m-1
.
.

4.

167

,
(4.8)
m-1 .
Di.
4.1:

f ( x , y , z ) = (1, 2 , 4 , 7 ) = x yz + xyz + x yz + xyz
.
(4.9)

3 ,
3-1=2 .

f = s1 s0 D0 + s1s0 D1 + s1 s0 D2 + s1s0 D3 .

(4.10)

. s1 = x s0 = y .

f = x yD0 + xyD1 + x yD2 + xyD 3 .
(4.11)

(4.11) (4.9)

D0 = D3 = z

D1 = D2 = z .

(4.12)
,
4 2 ,
4.14.

4.14: 4 x 1
f ( x , y , z ) = (1, 2 , 4 , 7 ) = x yz + xyz + x yz + xyz

168

4.2: 4.1
z x, s1=z s0=x
Di.
2
(4.9),
(4.10). (4.10)
, s1=z s0=x

f = xzD0 + xzD1 + xzD2 + xzD 3.

(4.13)

(4.9) (4.13)
:

D0 = y D1 = y D2 = y D 3 = y .
4.3: ,
4
4.15.

yz

00
01
11
10

wx
01
11

00
1
1

1
1

10

4.15:
f ( w, x , y , z ) = ( 0,1, 6, 7 ,11)

4-1=3 .
,
2 .
s1 s0 w
x.
, :

f = s1 s0 D0 + s1s0 D1 + s1 s0 D2 + s1s0 D3 .

(4.14)

4.

169

wx=s1s0=00 D0. ,
wx=00

yz + yz = y ( z + z ) = y . D0 = y .
, wx=01
yz + yz = y . (4.14) s1s0=01
f = D1. , D1 = y .

wx=11 D3 = 0 wx=10 D2 = yz .
2
4.15.
, 4

3 .
.

4.15:
f ( w, x , y , z ) = ( 0,1, 6, 7 ,11)
2

4.4: 4.3 s1 s0
y z w x,
f ( w, x , y , z ) = ( 0,1, 6, 7 ,11)

.

170

D0 = D1 = x w D2 = xw D 3 = x w .

, -
2 ,
y z.


.
,
.

4.3
,
.
.
.
4.16
8 (23) , 4.17
.
4.12
(3) .
,
.

C2
C1
C0
D0 D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
0
0
0
x
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
x
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
x
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
x
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
x
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
x
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
x
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
x
4.16: 8

4.

171

, .
,
. x Dk
c2c1c0 k.
, n
n .

1
. ,
c2c1c0=100 D4=x Di 0.
D4 xc 2 c1 c0 .

4.17: 8

172

4.4

, ,
, .
n 2n

. ,
n- ,
2n .
. , n ,
2n .

, .
.
( ) 2n
n .
n
,
, n
. n 2n
n 2n .
. 1
.
4.17
(enable ),
x 1. , n 2n
.
MSI n=3 n=4
.
. 4.18
6 26 3 23 .
B , 6 26 ,
8 . , 64
. 64 3 23
. 4.18 2 64 .

4.

173

8- B 8 64-
, 8-
8 .

4.18: 6 26 3 23
64
, 6 64 12
212 , . ,
,

.
fan-out.
, 4.19.
4.19 2
4 . ,
.
, 4- AB , AB , AB
AB . 3 x 8 .
C,
ABC , ABC , ABC , ABC .

174

4.19:
.
,
.
4.5:
3 - .
4 x 16 . 10 3
, 10 16 . 4.2
3 - .
, 4.2
7- si 4- .
4.2: 3 -
.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

w
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1

3
x
y
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0

z
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

s1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0

s2
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1

-
s3
s4
s5
s6
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0

s7
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1

7 ,
- . 4.20
, s6.

4.

175

.
4.20, s6
: 0, 2, 3, 5, 6 8.

s6 = ( 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 ,11)

4.20: 3
- (
- 6)

.
- :

(3,5, 9,11)
= ( 3, 5, 6, 8,10,11,12 )
= ( 3, 5, 6, 8,10,11,12 )
= ( 3, 4 , 5, 6, 7 ,10,11,12 )

s1 =
s2
s3
s4

176

(3, 4, 6, 7,8, 9,10,11,12)

= ( 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 ,11)
= (5, 6, 7 , 8, 9 ,11,12 )
.

s5 =
s6
s7

n 2n
.
.
,
n 2n
.
2n , fanin ,
.

,
.

4.5 ROM (Read Only Memory)

. :
n 2n , n 2n
,

.
MSI
2n n
n .
.


.

4.

177

2n .
,
. , , m
2n
m . LSI
n m 4.21.
(read only memory)
ROM.
ROM :
n 2n
2n x m .
2n
, .
2n m
.
. ROM
,
, .

4.21: ROM
ROM .

. ROM
, .

178

ROM (mask
programmable). ROM
, .
ROM
. ROM PROM
ROM (field progammable).
ROM, PROM
.
ROM EPROM.
4.6: 4.22 a)
22 x 3 ROM.
4.22 b) e
.
01 ( m1)
z2
. ,
010.

4.22:
ROM

4.6
(PLD-Programmable Logic Devices)
LSI . :

.

4.

179

, ,
3 . ROM
,
.
(PLA-Programmable Logic Array)
(PAL-Programmable Array Logic). PAL
, PLA .
ROM
. n 2n
2n , n .
,
.


(Programmed Logic
Array).
ROM,
.
, 2n , n
n .
. ,

.
4.7: 4.23 4
PLA.
. 4-
4.23.

f 1 = xz + xz
f 2 = yz + xz
f 3 = xz + yz
f 4 = x y + yz
4 :

xz , xz , yz x y . , 4

180

. 4.23
.
2n,
,
.

f1

x
0

yz

00
01
11
10

1
1

yz

f3

yz

f2

x
00
01
11
10

0
1
1

1
00
01
11
10

1
1

f4

1
1

yz

00
01
11
10

0
1
1

1
1

4.23: ) f1, f2, f3 f4

) PLA

4.

181

. p.

.
.
()
,
.
, ,
x z.
xz f1 f2.
PLA ROM,
PLA o FPLA
o . FPLA
2np mp .
p , n
m .
4.23
p(2n+m)=4(6+4)=40. 40 16
.
PLA ,
. ,
82S100 n=16, m=8 p=48.
PLA,
. ,

,
. ,
2n+m.

.
.

182

(Programmed Array
Logic).
ROM
(2n).
. PLA

. PLA


.
PLA
, .

.
.
.

,
.
.
,
.
(PAL). PAL Advanced
Micro Devices.
PAL 2np, n , p
. , PAL16L8
16 8 .
PAL PLA.
4.24 PAL 6 .
12 212=4096 .
4.24
16 ,
.
, .

4.

183

4 ,
4 2 .
, 1
, 0
.
2x12x16=384,
2 0 % PLA
. PLA ,
PAL PLA.


1
2
3
4
5
6
7 x1 x2 x5 x7 x11x12
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

1 2

10

11

12

6
1
1
1
1

1
1
1 0

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

4.24: PAL

184

4.7
4.8: -
) (, , )
)
) .
)
-
4.25.
A
B
S
P
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
4.25: -


S:

A
0

0
1

P:
1
1

A
0

0
1

1
1

S = A B = AB + AB
P = AB

- ,
4.26.

S = AB + AB
= AB + AB + AA + BB
= ( A + B) A + ( A + B) B
= AB A + AB B
= ( AB A)( AB B )

4.

185

4.26: -
(, )

P = AB
= AB
= AB AB .

-. 4.27.

4.27: -
)

S = AB + AB
= AB + AB + AA + BB

186

= ( A + B) A + ( A + B) B
= ( A + B )( A + B )
= ( A + B )( A + B )

= A+ B+ A+ B
= A+ A+ B+ B+ A+ B
,
P = AB
= AB
= A+ B
= A+ A+ B + B.
. 4.28.

4.28: -

4.9:
) -
) .
3 A, B C, C
. S ,
P .
4.29.

S = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

= C ( AB + AB ) + C ( AB + AB )

4.

187

= C ( AB + AB ) + C ( AB + AB )
= C ( AB + AB ) + C ( AB AB )

= C ( AB + AB ) + C ( AB + AB )

= CS1 + CS1

S1 - B.

P = ABC + ABC + AB C + ABC

= C ( AB + AB ) + AB
= CS1 + P1
P1 - B.
B C S P
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1

4.29:
)
4.30, PS .

4.30: -

188

) 4.8

.
4.31.

4.31:
4.10: 3 23
.
S P , A,
B C
:

S = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

P = ABC + ABC + AB C + ABC .

( 4.29). 3 8 2
4.32.

4.32: 3 8

4.

189

4.11:
. 8 xi 3 zi.
1.
xk=1.
4.33.
x0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

x1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

x2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

x3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

x4
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0

x5
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0

x6
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0

x7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

z0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

z1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

z2
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

4.33:


z0 = x4 + x5 + x6 + x7
z1 = x2 + x3 + x6 + x7
z2 = x1 + x3 + x5 + x7

4.34.

4.34:

190

4.12:
z1, z2
z3:

MP , CD , DP
.

:

y = x1 x2 I0 + x1x2 I1 + x1 x2 I2 + x1x2 I3
MP1

y1 = x1x2 + x1 x2 = x1 x2
MP2

y2 = x3 x4 + x3 x4 = x3 x4 .

4.35.
C0
0
1
0
0
0

C1
0
0
1
0
0

C2
0
0
0
1
0

C3
0
0
0
0
1

v1
0
0
0
1
1

v2
0
0
1
0
1

4.35: 4

w
0
1
1
1
1

4.

191

v1 = C2 + C3 v2 = C1 + C3 w = C0 + C1 + C2 + C3.
,

C0 = x2 x4 C1 = y1 = x1 x2 C2 = x1x3 C3 = y2 = x3 x4 .
:

v1 = C2 + C3 = x1x3 + x3 x4 v2 = C1 + C3 = x1 x2 + x3 x4 .

:
F0 = x1 x2 I F1 = x1x2 I F2 = x1 x2 I F3 = x1x2 I .
I = v1 z2 z3 :

z2 = F1 = x1x2v1 = x1x2 ( x1x3 + x3 x4 )

z3 = F3 = x1x2v1 = x1x2 ( x1x3 + x3 x4 ) .

z1, z2 z3
.
:

z1 = v2 = x1 x2 + x3 x4
= x1 x2 + x1x2 + x3 x4 + x3 x4 .

1:
z1 (1) = {10 XX , 01 XX , XX 11, XX 00}
:

x1x2

00
01
11
10

00
1
1
1
1

x3x4
01
11
1
1
1
1
1
1

10
1
1

192

z1 = x1 x2 + x1x2 + x3 x4 + x3 x4

. , z2

z2 = x1x2 ( x1x3 + x3 x4 )
= x1x2 ( x1x3 + x3 x4 + x3 x4 )
= x1x2 x3 x4 + x1x2 x1x3
.
.
z3

z3 = x1x2 ( x1x3 + x3 + x4 )
= x1x2 ( x3 x4 + x3 x4 + x1x3 )
= x1x2 x3 x4 + x1x2 x3 x4 + x1x2 x3 .

1
z3 (1) = {1100,1111,111 X }
:

x1x2

00
01
11
10

00

x3x4
01
11

10

: z3 = x1x2 x4 + x1x2 x3 .

4.13:
.
n- ,
. 4.36
- B:

4.

A
0
0
1
1

B
0
1
0
1

193

f1
f2
f3
A<B A>B A=B
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

4.36: -

f1, f2 f3

f1 = AB
f 2 = AB
f 3 = AB + AB = AB + AB = AB + AB .

4.37.

4.37: -
4-
4.38. 1
0 .

194

4.38: 4-
4.14: f = yz + xy + x yz
4 1.
4 1
3 .
f = s1 s0 D0 + s1s0 D1 + s1 s0 D2 + s1s0 D3 .

. s1 = x s0 = y .
f z

f ( x , y , z ) = x y f ( 0, 0, z ) + xyf ( 0,1, z ) + x y f (1, 0, z ) + xyf (1,1, z ) .

i {0,1}

f (i1 , i2 , z ) j
z 0, 1,
z z .
23-1 1 x y
, f (i1 , i2 , z )
Dj j i1i2.

D0 = 0, D1 = 1, D2 = z D3 = z .

4.

195

4.39 4 1

f = yz + xy + x yz x y
.

D0

D1

D2

D3

MUX
4x1

4.39: f = yz + xy + x yz 4 x 1
, x y

y z,
x,

f ( x , y , z ) = yz f ( x , 0, 0) + yzf ( x , 0,1) + yz f ( x ,1, 0) + yzf ( x ,1,1) .

D0 = x , D1 = 0, D2 = x D3 = 1.
f = yz + xy + x yz y z

D0

D1

D2

D3

MUX
4x1

4.40: f = yz + xy + x yz 4 x 1
, y z

196

4.15: 4 1
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = x1 + x2 + x3 x4 + x3 x4 .

x3 x4,
x1 x2

f = x3 x4 f ( x1 , x2 , 0, 0) + x3 x4 f ( x1 , x2 , 0,1) + x3 x4 f ( x1 , x2 ,1, 0) + x3 x4 f ( x1 , x2 ,1,1)

D0 = D3 = x1 + x2
= x1 ( x2 + x2 ) + x2 ( x1 + x1 )
= x1 x2 + x1x2 + x1 x2
D1 = D2 = x1 + x2 + 1 = 1

.
x1 x2,

x1 x2 + x1x2 + x1 x2 . 4
1 4.41.

4.41:

f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = x1 + x2 + x3 x4 + x3 x4

4 x 1
4.16: )
f. DC , MP1 MP2
.
) f
4 2 .

4.

x3

x3

x1

x1

MP1

x1

x1

x2

x3

x4

197

2/4
DC

x3

MP2

x1

x2

) :
MP1: a = x1 x3 x3 + x1 x3 x3 + x1 x3 x1 + x1 x3 x1 = x1 x3
MP2:
b = x 1 x 2 x1 + x1 x 2 x 2 + x1 x 2 x3 + x1 x 2 x 4 = x 1 x 2 + x1 x 2 + x1 x 2 x3 + x1 x 2 x 4
: I 0 = ab I 1 = ab I 2 = ab I 3 = ab
f :
f = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = ab + ab + ab = b(a + a ) + ab = b + ab = a + b

f = x1 x3 + x1 x 2 + x1 x 2 + x1 x 2 x3 + x1 x 2 x 4
= x1 x3 + x1 + x1 x 2 x 4
= x1 + x3 + x1 x 2 x 4
= x1 + x3 + x 2 x 4
) f = x1 + x3 + x 2 x 4

x3 x4

f = x3 x4 f ( x1 , x2 ,0,0) + x3 x4 f ( x1 , x2 ,0,1) + x3 x4 f ( x1 , x2 ,1,0)

D0

D1

+ x3 x4 f ( x1 , x2 ,1,1)

D3

D0 = x1 D1 = x1 + x 2

D2 = D3 = 1

D2

198

x1 = x1 ( x 2 + x 2 ) = x1 x 2 + x1 x 2 0 1 x1

x1 + x 2 = x1 ( x 2 + x 2 ) + x 2 ( x1 + x1 ) = x1 x 2 + x1 x 2 + x1 x 2
0, 1 3 x1 + x 2 .
E
1
1
0
0

0
1
2
3

X1

MP1

X1

D0
D1
D2
D3

X2
1
1

E
CD

E
1
1
0
1

0
1
2
3

MP2

X3

X4

X1 + X2

X1

X2

4.17: )
z1 z2. DC , DP ,
MP1 MP2 .
) z1 z2
4 2 .
0

x3

DC
x4

MP1

x2

x3

DP

x1

x2

x3

MP2

x2

z1

x3

z2

4.

a) DC:
DP:

D0 = x 3 x 4

D1 = x3 x 4

F0 = x1 x 2 x3

D2 = x 3 x 4

F1 = x1 x 2 x3

D3 = x3 x 4

F2 = x1 x 2 x3

F3 = x1 x 2 x3

MP1: z1 = x 2 x3 D0 + 0 + x 2 x3 F0 + x 2 x3 D2

= x 2 x3 x3 x 4 + x 2 x3 x1 x 2 x3 + x 2 x3 x3 x 4
= x 2 x3 x 4 + x 2 x3 x 4
MP2: z 2 = x 2 x3 D1 + x 2 x3 F1 + x 2 x3 F3 + x 2 x3 D3

= x 2 x3 x3 x 4 + x 2 x3 x1 x 2 x3 + x 2 x3 x1 x 2 x3 + x 2 x3 x3 x 4
= x 2 x3 x 4 + x 2 x3 x 4
) z1 = x 2 x3 x 4 + x 2 x3 x 4

I0

I3

I 0 = I 3 = x 4 = x1 x 4 1 + x1 x 4 0 + x1 x 4 1 + x1 x 4 0
1
0

x4

z1

MUX

MUX

x1

x4

x2

x3

z 2 = x 2 x3
x 4 + x 2 x3
x4
I0

I3

I 0 = I 3 = x 4 = x1 x 4 0 + x1 x 4 1 + x1 x 4 0 + x1 x 4 1
0
1

x4

z2

MUX

MUX

x1

x4

x2

x3

199

200

4.18: 4 x1x0y1y0

3 . , 0111
3, 011.
) ROM ) PLA.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

x1x0y1y0
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

z1z2z3
000
001
001
010
001
010
010
011
001
010
010
011
010
011
011
100

ROM:
0
1
2
3
4

x1
x0
y1
y0

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

z1

z2

z3

4.

z1
00
x1x0

y1y0
01
11

00
01
11
10

z2
10

00
x1x0

00
01
11
10

y1y0
01
11
1
1
1
1
1
1

z3

y1y0
00
01
11
10
00
1
1
x1x0 01
1
1
11
1
1
10
1
1
PLA:
x1 x 0 y 1 y0
x1 x0 y1 y 0
x1 x0 y1 y 0
x 1 x0 y1 y 0
x1 x 0 y1 y0
x1 x 0 y1 y0
x1 x0 y1 y0
x1 x0 y1 y0
x1 x0 y1
x1 x0 y1
x1 x0 y0
x1 y 1 y 0
x1 x0 y0
x 0 y1 y 0
x1 x0 y1 y0

x1

x0

y1

y0

z1

z2

z3

201

10
1
1
1

202

z1 = x1 x0 y1 y 0
z 2 = x0 y1 y 0 + x1 x0 y 0 + x1 y1 y 0 + x1 x0 y 0 + x1 x0 y1 + x1 x0 y1

z3 = x1 x0 y1 y0 + x1 x0 y1 y0 + x1 x0 y1 y0 + x1 x0 y1 y0 +
x1 x0 y1 y0 + x1 x0 y1 y0 + x1 x0 y1 y0 + x1 x0 y1 y0
4.19:
2 x1x0 y1y0
. , 01 10
3, 011. )
ROM ) PLA.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

x1x0y1y0
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

z2z1z0
000
001
010
011
001
010
011
100
010
011
100
101
011
100
101
110

ROM
z2, z1 z0.
ROM:

4.

203

0
1
2
3
4

x1

5
6
7
8

x0
y1

9
10

y0

11
12
13
14
15

z2

z1

z0

) PLA
:
z2
y1y0
z1
y1y0
00
01
11
10
00
01
11
10
00
00
1
1
x1x0 01
x1x0 01
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
11
1
1
10
1
1
10
1
1

z 2 = x1 y1 + x1 x0 y 0 + x0 y1 y 0
z1 = y 1 y 0 x1 + y 1 x1 x 0 + y1 x 1 x 0 + y1 y 0 x 1 + x 1 x0 y 1 y 0 + x1 x0 y1 y 0
z0
00
x1x0

z 0 = x 0 y 0 + y 0 x0

00
01
11
10

y1y0
01
11
1
1

1
1

10
1
1

204

PLA:
x0 y 0
x0 y 0
y1y0x1x0
y1y0x1x0
y 1 y0 x 1
y 1 x1 x 0
y 1 x1 x 0
y 1 y0 x 1
x 0 y1 y 0
x1 x0 y 0
x1 y 1

x1

x0

y1

y0

z2

z1

z0

4.

4.20: 4/16 16/4

NBCD .

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

a
b
c
d

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

0000
0001
0011
0010
0110
0111
0101
0100
1100
1101
1111
1110
1010
1011
1001
1000

0
1

0
1

205

0
1
3
2
6
7
5
4
12
13
15
14
10
11
9
8

7
8

7
8

10

10

11

11

12

12

13
14

13
14

15

15

206

4.8
1.

)
) .

f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) =

( 0, 4 , 6, 7 )

3 x 8

2.

f ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x1 x3 + x1 x2 + x1 x2 x3 + x1x2 x3

3 8 .
3.
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = ( 3, 4 , 7 , 8,11,13)b ( 0, 5)
2 4 .

4.
f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = ( 3, 4 , 6, 8, 9 )b (10,11,15)
) 4 16
) 2 4 .

5. 2 x1x0 y1 y0 , .
:
) ROM 24 4
) PLA 8 .
6. 2 x1x0 y1 y0 ,
.. PLA.
7.
) 3- NBCD
) 4- NBCD .

.

4.

207

8. f

MP , DP .
9. ROM
:

f1 ( w, x , y , z ) = wx yz + wxyz + wxyz + wx yz
f 2 ( w, x , y , z ) = wxyz + wxyz + wx yz
f 3 ( w, x , y , z ) = wxyz + wx yz .
10. PAL

x
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

y
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

z
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

w
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

f1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1

f2
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0

208

f1 1 1, f2 1
1 0.
11. PLA
f1 = ( 3, 5, 6, 7 )

f2 =

(1, 2, 4, 7) .

12. .
0, 1, 2 3 1
, 4, 5, 6 7 1
. PLA.
13. 4-
4- NBCD .
.
14. :

f1(w,x,y,z)= (0,2,10,12,13)
f2(w,x,y,z)= (1,2,6,10,14)
f3(w,x,y,z)= (0,1,6,12,13,14)

) ROM 24 4
) PLA 7 .
15.) f

) f 2 4
.

5.

210

:

.
,
,
.
,
. n
2n .

.

.
,
,
, .
5.1 .

5.1:

5.

211

.

.


.
, , 5.1
k . m
2m .

(finite state machine).
j:
(Mealy) (Moore) .
5.2.
:

. ,
,

.

)
5.2: ) )

212

.

.

.
. ( 5.3)
( 0 1) (
1 0).

5.3:

.
,
.

5.1 -

.
.
SR
SR (Set-Reset)
. 5.4 SR
, 5.5 .
0
1, 1 0 ( 5.1).

5.

213

SR ( 5.4) S(Set) R(Reset).

S 1, R 0. S
1 Q 0.
T 5.1:

x+y

x+y

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

0
1
1
1

1
0
0
0

SR Q Q
, Q 1.

( 5.4).

)
S

1
0
0
0
1

0
0
1
0
1

1
1
0
0
-

0
0
1
1
-

S=1 R=0
S=0 R=1
)

5.4: ) SR
) )
S 1 0 .
Q 1 1,

214

Q 0.
R Q 0 Q 1.
.
, S=1 R=0
S=0 R=0.
R 1 Q
0. S 0,
0. , Q 1.
.
S=1 R=1
. Q Q
0
.
SR
. S=1
Q 1, R=1
Q 1.
0.
1.
5.4 SR .
SR (
5.5). 0 1
1 0 ( 5.2).
T 5.2:
x

xy

xy

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

0
0
0
1

1
1
1
0

SR
. 0
. Q Q
1

5.

215

. S 1
R 0 Q 1
0. S Q
1, Q 0. R 0
1 Q 1 Q 0.
0 Q 0. ,
S=0 R=1 Q =1
Q =0. 5.5 SR
.

)
S

1
1
0
1
0

0
1
1
1
0

0
0
1
1
-

1
1
0
0
-

S=1 R=0
S=0 R=1

)
)
5.5: ) SR )
)

,
.
. 5.6 SR
.

216

5.6: SR
S R C
(Control) . C 0
1
. C 1,
S R .
SR 5.7.

5.7: SR
5.8.
SR
.

. 5.8 S=0 R=0
, Qt+1=Qt. S=1 R=1
. S=1 Q =1,
R=1 Q =1. 5.8.

SR
5.9.

Qt +1 = S + RQt .

5.

Qt
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

S
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

R
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
)

Qt+1
0
0
1
1
0
1
-

S
0
0
1
1

R
0
1
0
1

217

Qt+1
Qt
0
1
-

5.8: ) SR
)

00
Qt

0
1

SR
01
11
b
b

10
1
1

Qt +1 = S + RQt
5.9: SR
D
SR
S R 1.

.
S ,
R . D
(Delay) . C. D
C e 0. C e 1
D.
5.10 D .
S D,
R D.

218

C=0 SR 1
D.

5.10: D
C=1 D . D=1
Q 1, D=0 Q 0.
5.11 D ,
5.12 .

5.11: D

5.12: D

5.13.
D
. ,
5.13.

5.

Qt
0
0
1
1

D
0
1
0
1

Qt+1
0
1
0
1

D
0
1

219

Qt+1
0
1

5.13: ) D
)
D
Qt+1=D.
5.14.
SR D
.

.
D
0
Qt

0
1

1
1
1

Qt+1=D
5.14: D
, D Q D
C=1. Q

.
Q .

.
(flip-flop).

220

-

Qt+1
.
Qt X.
-
C

. -

.
-
(level sensitive), -
, (edge
triggering) . 5.15,
C=1, t1-t2,
.
t3-t4.
t1

t2

t1
D

1
0

t3

t4

t3

5.15:
C=0 .
, .
-
(t1-t2)
(t3-t4)
.
C=1,

5.

221

C=0.
.
( 5.16)
( 5.17). 5.15, 5.16 5.17
-
> .
t1

t2

t1
D

1
0

t3

t4

5.16: -
t1

t2

t1
D

1
0

t3

t4

5.17: -
-
-: master-slave -
. master-slave -
C=1,
C=0. -

222

,
1
0 0 1.
aster-slave - .
5.18 SR master-slave -
. master slave. Slave
master . C=0 slave
SR
( Q1 Q1 ), master
.

5.18: SR master-slave -
Master SR C=1.
S1 R1 Q1 Q1 . slave
, Q1 Q1
Q2 Q2 .
JK -
JK - master-slave -
- . -
SR
S R 1 ( 5.8).
(
5.19). JK master-slave .

5.

223

5.19: JK master-slave -
1
( 5.20).
Qt
0
0
0
0

J
0
0
1
1

1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1

K
0
1
0
1

Qt+1
0
0
1
1

JK

-
J
0
0
1
1

K
0
1
0
1

Qt+1
Qt
0
1

Qt

0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
)
)
5.20: ) JK - )

J S, K R. , J=1
Q 1, R=1 Q 0. 5.20
.
JK -
( 5.21) D -
, .

224

5.21: JK -
5.22
JK -. Qt +1 = J Qt + KQt .
JK
00
01
11
10
Qt
0
1
1
1
1
1

Qt +1 = J Qt + KQt
5.22: JK -
D -
D -
D master, SR slave ( 5.23).
master-slave ,
.
C=0 D master .
SR slave
.

5.23: D -

5.

225

0 1,
, master ,
slave . , slave
master . master

.
C 1 0,
, master ,
slave . master
D, slave
.
, D -
D ( 5.24).

5.24: D - ,
D
T -
-
JK - ( 5.25). ,
D - ( 5.26).
- ,
JK D -.

5.25: - JK -

226

- (trigger toggle).
=1
- , =0 -
.

5.26: - D -
-
5.27.
Qt
0
0

0
1

Qt+1
0
1

1
1

0
1

1
0

0
1

Qt+1
Qt

Qt

)
)
5.27: ) - )

- Qt +1 = T Qt + Qt T
5.28.
T
0
Qt

0
1

1
1

Qt +1 = T Qt + Qt T
5.28: -
- 5.29.

5.

227

5.29: -
-

. 5.30 SR,
JK, D T -.
Qt
0
0
1
1

Qt+1
0
1
0
1
Qt
0
0
1
1

Qt+1
0
1
0
1

S
0
1
0
b

R
b
0
1
0
D
0
1
0
1

Qt
0
0
1
1

Qt+1
0
1
0
1
Qt
0
0
1
1

Qt+1
0
1
0
1

J
0
1
b
b

K
b
b
1
0
T
0
1
1
0

5.30: SR, JK, D T -

-.
b
-.

228

5.2

, .
.

.
5.31 SR
- .
x1 x2, z Q1 Q2.

. , .
n 2n. , 4
(00, 01, 10 11).
.

5.31:

-. :
S1 = x2Q2 , R1 = x1Q1 SR - S2 = x2 Q1 + x1Q1,
R2 = x2 + x1 SR -. z

z = x2Q1 Q2 .

5.

229

SR -: Qt +1 = S + RQt .
S R Qt.

Qt
Q, Qt+1 Q+.

Q1+ Q2+:

Q1+ = x2Q2 + x1Q1Q1

= x2Q2 + ( x1 + Q1 ) Q1
= x2Q2 + x1Q1
+
Q2 = x2 Q1 + x1Q1 + ( x2 + x1 ) Q2
= x2 Q1 + x1Q1 + x1 x2Q2 .

Q1+ Q2+
.
,
/
.

5.32.

Q1Q2
00
01
11
10

x1x2
x1x2
x1x2
x1x2
01
10
11
00
00,0
01,0
00,0
01,0
01,0
11,0
00,0
11,0
11,0
10,0
01,0
11,0
10,0
10,1
11,0
11,1
(Q1+Q2+), (z)
)
Q1Q2
x1x2=00
x1x2=01
x1x2=10
x1x2=11
A
A,0
B,0
A,0
B,0
B
B,0
C,0
A,0
C,0
C
C,0
D,0
B,0
C,0
D
D,0
D,1
C,0
C,1
)
5.32: 5.31

230

m
2m. 2 4
.

.
00, 01, 11 10
A, B, C D, ( 5.32).
(state diagram, state
transition graph)
,
. .
, B 01/0
01
B 0.
5.33.

5.33:
5.31
5.33 .

. ,
,
.

5.

231

. .

. o 5.1
.
5.34
5.1.
5.35,
5.36.
,
. B A
B A 0, 01.
.
m 2m+1,
.

5.34: 5.1
5.1:
:
J1 = xQ2 K = xQ
z1 = Q1 Q2
1

J2 = x
K2 = x Q2 z2 = 1 Q2 = Q2
JK -.
z1 z2 ,
.
+

JK - Q = J Q + KQ .
Q1+ Q2+:
+

Q1 = xQ2 Q1 + xQ2 Q1 = xQ1 Q2 + xQ1 + Q2Q1

232

Q2 = xQ2 + x Q2Q2 = xQ2 + ( xQ2 + xQ2 ) Q2 = xQ2 + ( xQ2 + xQ2 )Q2

= xQ2 + xQ2 = x .

Q1Q2
00
01
11
10

x =0
x =1
00
11
00
01
10
01
10
11
(Q1+Q2+)

z1z2
01
10
00
11
(z1z2)

5.35: 5.1

5.35 5.36.
.

Q1Q2
A
B
C
D

x =0
A
A
D
D

x =1
C
B
B
C

z1z2
01
10
00
11

5.36:
5.1,

5.3

.
.
, .

.

.
-.
JK D -.
-

5.

233

-.
.

.
5.2:
x z
1101.
z=1, z=0.

.
,
.
A. 0
0, 1
B 0.

B 0 ,
1 C.

, C 1
. D
0.

D A
0 B 1 .

234

1101 B
.
( 5.37)
1101.

5.37:
1101

5.38.
.

.

A
B
C
D

x =0
A,0
A,0
D,0
A,0

x =1
B,0
C,0
C,0
B,1

5.38:
1101

5.4


.

.

,

5.

235

.

,
. ,
.
B 1.
D.
D B 1.
5.1:
i
, - i.

, i, ,
, .

.
, ,
,
.
5.2: i

.

.
, ,
.
5.3: i

i .
, .
5.4: -, .
5.5:
- .

236

5.39.

A
B
C
D

A
B
C
D
E

x =0
B,0
C,1
C,0
A,0
a)

x =1
D,1
D,1
A,0
C,1

x =0
B,0
C,1
E,0
A,0
B,0

x =1
D,1
D,1
A,1
C,1
D,1

)
5.39:

D
( 1 0) . , D
1-. 2,
00, 01,
D 00. D 2-.

, .
5.39
A D.

. A D .
5.39 A, D E 1-.
A E .
, , A ,
.
A E .

5.

237

.
1, 1-.
,
. .
5.3:
:

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

x =0
B,0
B,1
F,1
B,0
F,1
F,0
E,0
E,0

x =1
G,0
H,1
D,0
H,0
D,0
C,1
A,0
A,0

.
1-,
. ,
4 a, b, c d,
P1={ADGH, B, CE, F}:

x =0
x =1
A
B,0
G,0
D
B,0
H,0
a
G
E,0
A,0
H
E,0
A,0
b
B
B,1
H,1
C
F,1
D,0
c
E
F,1
D,0
d
F
F,0
C,1
.

.

238

a
b
c
d

A
D
G
H
B
C
E
F

x =0
b,0
b,0
c,0
c,0
b,1
d,1
d,1
d,0

x =1
a,0
a,0
a,0
a,0
a,1
a,0
a,0
c,1

G
H
A D.
.

.

P2={AD,GH, B, CE, F}.

b
c
d

A
D
G
H
B
C
E
F

x =0
b,0
b,0
c,0
c,0
b,1
d,1
d,1
d,0

x =1
,0
,0
a,0
a,0
,1
a,0
a,0
c,1

.
.

5.

a
e
b
c
d

239

x =0
b,0
c,0
b,1
d,1
d,0

x =1
,0
a,0
,1
a,0
c,1

5.5

.
-
. S
- n
.

-.
.
.
.
5.4:
x z. z=1 0110 z=0.
) JK - ) D .
.
0110

( 5.40).

240

5.40:
0110

. ( 5.40)
5.41.

A
B
C
D

x =0
,0
,0
,1
,0

x =1
B,0
C,0
D,0
D,0

5.41:
0110
A, B, C D
00, 01, 10 11, ,
5.42.
5.41 5.42,
5.44.

Q1Q2
00
01
11
10

x =0
x =1
Q1+Q2+,z Q1+Q2+,z
0 0,0
01,0
0 0,0
10,0
0 0,0
11,0
0 0,1
11,0

5.42:

5.

241

4 2 . JK -.
JK -
Qt
0
0
1
1

Qt+1
0
1
0
1

J
0
1
b
b

K
b
b
1
0

,
5.43.
- J1, K1, J2 K2
Q1Q2.
x =0
Q1Q2
00
01
11
10

J 1K 1
0b
0b
b1
b1

x =1
J2K2
0b
b1
b1
0b

J1K1
0b
1b
b0
b0

J2K2
1b
b1
b0
1b

5.43: 5.41
JK -
J1, K1, J2
K2 z .
5.44.


J1 = xQ2 , K1 = x , J2 = x , K2 = x + Q1 z = xQ1 Q2 .

5.45
JK -.

242

J1

Q1Q2

x
00
01
11
10

b
b

1
b
b

J2

Q1Q2

x
0

Q1Q2

K1

00
01
11
10

b
b

x
00
01
11
10

0
b
b
1
1

00
01
11
10

0
b
1
1
b

K2
1
1
b
b
1

Q1Q2

x
1
b
1
b

x
0

Q1Q2

1
b
b

00
01
11
10

5.44:

5.45:
5.41 JK -

5.

243

D -
D -.
D -
Qt
0
0
1
1

Qt+1
0
1
0
1

D
0
1
0
1

D -

Q1Q2
00
01
11
10

x =0
D1D2
00,0
00,0
00,0
00,1

x =1
D1D2
01,0
10,0
11,0
11,0

5.46: 5.41
D -

( 5.42) D . ( 5.47)

D1 = xQ1 + xQ2 , D2 = xQ1 + xQ2 z = xQ1 Q2 .

D -
5.48.

244

D1
0
Q1Q2

D2

x
00
01
11
10

1
1
1
1

Q1Q2

x
0

Q1Q2

00
01
11
10

00
01
11
10

1
1
1
1

5.47:

5.48:
5.41 D -

5.

245

5.6

(state assignment).
.
5.4,
0110, A,
B, C D 00, 01, 10 11, .
A:00, B:01, C:11 D:10
.
,

.
.
,
.
.
.

1.
:
)
) ,

) , .
2. ,
, .
.
3. .

246

5.5: 5.49
.
7 ,
3. 3

.

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

x =0
B,1
C,0
E,1
F,0
G,0
A,0
B,0

x =1
B,0
D,1
F,0
E,1
A,0
G,0
B,0

1a
1b
2
3

AG
CD EF
EF AG
CD,EF,AG
AC,BD

5.49:

000.
G. 3
3 . , G
100, 010 001.

.
G
. C, .

5.50. :000, G:001, C:010,
E:100, F:101, B:111 D:110.
Q1

Q2Q3

00
01
11
10

0
A
G
C

1
E
F
B
D

5.50:

5.

247

5.6: 5.51

.

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

x =0
B,0
D,0
F,0
H,0
H,0
H,1
H,1
A,0

x =1
C,0
E,0
G,0
H,1
H,1
H,0
H,0
A,0

1a
2
3

DE,DF,DG
EF,EG,FG
FG,BC,DE
DE,FG

5.51:

5.52
.
Q1

Q2Q3

00
01
11
10

0
A
B
G
F

1
H
C
E
D

A
B
G
F
H
C
E
D

000
001
011
010
100
101
111
110

5.52:

248

5.7:
5.49. JK
-.
5.49
5.5.
5.53.

x =0
x =1
Q1Q2Q3
Q1+Q2+Q3+,z Q1+Q2+Q3+,z
A
000
1 1 1,1
1 1 1,0
G
001
1 1 1,0
1 1 1,0
011
C
010
1 0 0,1
1 0 1,0
E
100
0 0 1,0
0 0 0,0
F
101
0 0 0,0
0 0 1,0
B
111
0 1 0,0
1 1 0,1
D
110
1 0 1,0
1 0 0,1
5.53: 5.7


5.54.
5.55.

.

Q1Q2Q3
000
001
011
010
100
101
111
110

Q1Q1
01
01
001
10
10
10
11

x=0
Q2Q2+
01
01
110
00
00
11
10

Q3Q3
01
11
100
01
10
10
01

Q1Q1+
01
01
001
10
10
11
11

x=1
Q2Q2+
01
01
110
00
00
11
10

Q3Q3+
01
11
101
00
11
10
00

5.54:

5.

Q1Q2Q3
000
001
011
010
100
101
111
110

X=0
J2K2
1b
1b
bb
b1
0b
0b
b0
b1

J1K1
1 1b
1b
bb
1b
2 b1
b1
b1
b0

J3K3
1b
b0
bb
0b
1b
b1
b1
1b

x=1
J2K2
1b
1b
bb
b1
0b
0b
b0
b1

J1K1
4 1b
1b
bb
1b
3 b1
b1
b0
b0

249

J3K3
1b
b0
bb
1b
0b
b0
b1
0b

5.55: 5.7
5.55
J1 ( 5.56).
.

( 5.56) :
J1 = 1,

K1 = Q2 + xQ3 ,

J2 = Q1 ,

K2 = Q3 ,

J3 = ( x + Q1 )( Q2 + x + Q1 ) ,

K3 = ( x + Q2 ) Q1 z = xQ1 Q3 + xQ1Q2 .
1

J1
Q2Q3

00
01
11
10

00
1
1
b
1

K1
Q2Q3

00
01
11
10

00
b
b
b
b

3
4
xQ1
01
11
10
b
b
1
b
b
1
b
b
b
b
b
1
xQ1
01
11
1
1
1
1
1

10
b
b
b
b

5.56: ()

250

J2
Q2Q3

00
01
11
10

00
1
1
b
b

00
01
11
10

00
b
b
b
1

00
01
11
10

00
1
b
b
0

00
01
11
10

00
b
0
b
b

xQ1
01
11

b
b

b
b

01
b
b

xQ1
11
b
b

10
b
b
b
1

xQ1
01
11
1
0
b
b
b
b
1
0

10
1
b
b
1

K2
Q2Q3

J3
Q2Q3

K3
Q2Q3

Q2Q3

00
01
11
10

00
1
b
1

10
1
1
b
b

01
b

xQ1
11
b
0

10
b
0
b
b

xQ1
01
11

10

1
1

5.56:

5.

251

5.57
.

5.57:

5.7

. ,
.
,
.

. ,

,
.

252

.
,
. (register
file)
. RAM (Random Access Memory)
.
(shift registers)
.
(counters)
.
.

- .
n n .
5.58 4 D .
D0, D1, D2 D3 4-
.

. ,
Preset Clear (
1) ( 0)
.
Preset/Clear - 5.58
set/reset -.

5.58: 4

5.

253

Load Enable.
Load 5.59.
. -
2 1 . Load
Ii Qi
- Di (i=0,1, 3).

5.59:

Load
-.

-. , -

254

- .
5.60 D .

5.60:
-
5.60 2 1
(
5.61). Shift , , 0
, 1
- I, -.
2 1 -
4 1
.

5.61:
,
5.8 ,

5.

255

5.9
.
5.8:
x z, z=1 4
z=0 .
3 .
1 0 3
. , 3
-. 1

0000

1111,

z = xQ1Q2Q3 + xQ1 Q2 Q3 .
5.62.
.

5.62:
5.8
5.9:
x z. x=1
2 ,
x=0 3
.
3 .
3 . x=1 Q2, x=0
Q3, z = xQ2 + xQ3 .

256

5.63.

5.63: 5.9

.

.
-.
.
,
- single-mode
.
,
- multimode .

(modulo number). -

. n -

.

.
1 .

- .

5.

257

-
. ..
(creeping) . , creeping
5.64.
creeping
(ring counters).
(hang-up),
.


b,
. , b
.

000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111

000
001
011
010
110
111
101
100

creeping
0000
1000
1100
1110
1111
0111
0011
0001

5.64: , (creeping)
ripple ().
- ,
ripple -
-.
5.65 4- ripple JK
-. -
C -. J K
1.
0000,
1.
1111
.

258

5.66 .
Q0
. Q1 Q0
1 0. , Q2 Q1 1 0,
Q3 Q2 1 0.

5.65: 4- ripple
Q3Q2Q1Q0
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
5.66: 4-
ripple ,
,
-
C -.

5.

259

ripple
-.

- .

10 5.65.
1001 1010
0 -,
0. 10
5.67.

5.67: 4- 10
5.10 .

.
.
5.10: 4
x . x=1
, x=0 .
D - .
multimode x.

. x=0 , x=1
.
5.68.

260

Q1Q2
00
01
11
10

x =0
D1D2
10
00
01
11

x =1
D1D2
01
11
10
00

5.68: 10
.
5.69 ,
.

5.69: 5.10

5.70.
: D1 = Q2 x + Q2 x = Q2 x D2 = xQ1 + xQ1 = Q1 x .
D1

Q1Q2

x
00
01
11
10

0
1

D2
1
1
1

x
0

Q1Q2

00
01
11
10

1
1
1

1
1

5.70: 5.10
5.71.
- .

5.

261

-
.

5.71: 4

262

5.8
1. LG -.
) .
) LG ,
Q+ L G
Q.
) -
.
L
G
Q
Q+
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
)
L
G
Q+
0
0
Q
0
1
0
1
0
Q
1
1
1
)
GQ
00
01
11
10
L
0
1
1
1
1
1

Q + = GQ + LG
)
L
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

G
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

Q
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

Q+
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1

T
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0

5.

00
L

0
1

GQ
01
11
1

263

10
1

T = LGQ + LG Q
L

G
Q

2. LM .
) .
) LM ,
Q+ L M
Q.
) D -
.
L
M
Q
Q+
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
a)
L
M
Q+
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
Q
)

0
1

00

MQ
01
11

10

264

Q + = L M + LQ
)
L
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

M
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

Q+
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0

Q
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

D
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0

00

MQ
01
11

10

0
1

D = L M + LQ
L
Q

D
M

3. 16
9.
Q0

J0

Q0

Q1

Q1

J1

Q2

Q2

J2

Q3

J3

Takt
K0 R
1

K1

K2

K3 R

Q3

5.

265

4. D -
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 0, 2 ...
Q1Q2Q3Q4
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
D1
00
Q1Q2

00
01
11
10

1
1

Q3Q4
01 11
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b

D2
10
1
1

D3
Q1Q2

00
01
11
10

Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4+
0 0 1 0
b b b b
0 1 0 0
b b b b
0 1 1 0
b b b b
1 0 0 0
b b b b
1 0 1 0
b b b b
1 1 0 0
b b b b
1 1 1 0
b b b b
0 0 0 0
b b b b

00
1
1
1
1

00
Q1Q2

00
01
11
10

Q3Q4
01
11
b
b
b
b
b
b
B
b

1
1

Q3Q4
01 11
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b

10

D1 = Q1Q2 Q3 + Q1 Q3 + Q1 Q2

D2 = Q2 Q3 + Q2 Q3

D3 = Q3

D4 = 0

10
1

266

5. D -
0, 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 0, 1, ...
Q3Q2Q1Q0
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
D3
00
Q1Q2

00
01
11
10

b
1
b

Q3Q4
01 11
b
b
b
1
1
1

D3 = Q3 Q1 + Q3 Q2 + Q1 Q0
D1
00
Q1Q2

00
01
11
10

b
b

Q3Q4
01 11
1
b
b
b
1
1

D1 = Q1Q0 + Q3 Q1 Q0

Q3+Q2+Q1+Q0+
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
b b b b
b b b b
b b b b
b b b b
b b b b
b b b b
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
D2

10
1
b
1
1

00
Q1Q2

00
01
11
10

b
1
b

Q3Q4
01 11
b
b
b
1
1

10
b
1

D2 = Q2 Q1 + Q3 Q2 Q0 + Q2 Q1Q0
D0
10
b
1
1

D0 = Q0

Q1Q2

00
01
11
10

00
1
b
1
b

Q3Q4
01 11
b
b
b

10
1
b
1
1

5.

267

6. 4/16 16/4 3
(1,2,4,6) .

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

a
b
c
d

3
abcd
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100

(1,2,4,6)
xyzw
0000
1000
0100
1100
0010
1010
0001
1001
0101
1101

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
1

0
1

0
8
4
12
2
10
1
9
5
13

7
8

7
8

10

10

11

11

12

12

13
14

13
14

15

15

7.
, 1, 4
3.
4/16, D -
.

268

MSB

x
D1

Q1

Q1

LSB
D2

Q2

D3

D4

Q3

Q2

Q4

Q3

Q4

15 14 13 12 11 10 9

8 7 6

2 1

5.

269

5.9
1.

2.

3.
. =1
3
=0 .

270

4.

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

x =0
A,0
D,1
F,0
E,1
G,1
C,0
B,1
H,0

x =1
C,0
A,0
F,0
B,0
G,0
C,0
H,0
C,0

5. x1 x2
z, :
Q1Q2
00
01
10
11

x1x2,z
00
1 0,0
1 0,1
0 0,0
0 0,1

01
1 1,0
1 1,0
0 1,1
0 1,0

10
0 0,1
0 0,1
0 0,1
0 0,1

11
1 1,0
1 1,1
0 1,0
0 1,1

JK -.
6. D -
: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ...
7. D -
6 1 x=0, 1
x=1.
8. D -

:
J1 = xQ2 , K1 = xQ2 , J2 = ( x + Q1 )( x + Q1 ) , K2 = ( x + Q1 )( x + Q1 )
z1 = Q2 z2 = Q1 .

9. LM .
) LM .
) SR .

5.

L
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

M
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

Q
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

271

Q+
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0

10. -
x1 x2 z1 z2,

Q1Q2
00
01
10
11

x1x2,z1z2
00
00,00
01,00
10,11
11,10

01
01,00
01,00
01,11
01,10

10
11,00
11,00
11,10
11,10

11
00,00
01,00
10,10
11,10


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