Professional Documents
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6 - Stimpac
6 - Stimpac
1 EA
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2 EA
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3 EA
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Undamaged well
Damaged well
5 EA
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6 EA
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STIMPAC
Annular Pack
Fracture Pack
8 EA
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Percentage of Completions
60
50
40
30
FP
HRWP
SP
20
10
0
<0
0-5
5-10
10-20
Skin Factor
9 EA
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20-30
30-50
50+
1 2 0
Frac Pack
HRWP
GP
1 00
8 0
Probability
Percentage of Completions
90
6 0
4 0
2 0
FP
HRWP
GP
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
Skin
10 EA
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40
50
Skin <5
Skin <0
Reservoir Stimulation
1 .6
L f = 2 5 ft
1 .5
s in g le p h a s e flo w
Completion Efficiency
k f w = 8 0 0 0 m d *ft
1 .4
1 .3
1 .2
k f w = 4 0 0 0 m d *ft
1 .1
1
100
1000
R e s e r v o ir P e r m e a b ility (m d )
10000
Production Comparison
2000
F r a c -P a c k
HRW P
S lu r r y P a c k
1800
s FR A C = + 3
1600
1400
s HRW P = + 8
1200
1000
s SP = + 1 2
800
600
400
200
k = 2 5 0 m d , h = 5 0 ft, p = 2 5 0 p s i
0
0
12 EA
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10
20
30
T im e (d a y s )
40
50
60
Cost Comparisons
Relative Cost
2.5
2
Gravel Pack
HRWP
Frac Pac
1.5
1
0.5
0
Pumping $
13 EA
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AFE $
Pressure (psi)
2600
2550
2500
Lower Velocity
Near the Wellbore
2450
x pressure,radial
y pressure, radial
x pressure, fracture
y pressure, fracture
2400
2350
0
20
40
60
80
14 EA
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100
Drawdown Effects
rw
P = 50 PSI
P = 800PSI
Pr = 3,600 psi
Pb = 2,500 psi
P = 1,000 psi
(Abandonment)
Drawdown Effects
rw
Pr = 3,000 psi
Pb = 2,500 psi
P = 1,000 psi
(Abandonment)
Radial Flow Path
16 EA
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Drawdown Effects
rw
Pr = 2,800 psi
Pb = 2,500 psi
P = 1,000 psi
(Abandonment)
Radial Flow Path
17 EA
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Drawdown Effects
rw
Abandoned
Pr = 2,600 psi
Pb = 2,500 psi
P = 1,000 psi
(Abandonment)
Radial Flow Path
18 EA
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Drawdown Effects
rw
Abandoned
Pr = 2,600 psi
Pb = 2,500 psi
P = 1,000 psi
(Abandonment)
Radial Flow Path
19 EA
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Cum Production
3 ,0 00
Low Skin
Well
2 ,5 00
2 ,0 00
1 ,5 00
1 ,0 00
High Skin
Well
5 00
Z e ro S k in
TIME
Fines Migration
Fines are Mobilized by .
Velocity
Viscosity
Multi Phase Flow
Water Breakthrough
21 EA
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Reduction of Drawdown
Reduction of Velocity
Increase PI
Reduce near wellbore pressure drop
22 EA
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Pressure (psi)
2600
2550
FRACTURED WELLS
Minimal Drawdown
in Near Wellbore
Area
2500
NON Fractured
Co mpletion
Drawdown
k = 1 0 0 m d , h= 2 5 ft, r w = 0 .3 ft
x f = 2 5 ft, k f w = 5 0 0 0 m d *ft
q = 5 0 0 b p d , t= 3 0 d a ys
2450
2400
x
y
x
y
p re s s ure ,ra d ia l
p re s s ure , ra d ia l
p re s s ure , fra c ture
p re s s ure , fra c ture
2350
0
20
40
60
80
D is ta n c e fr o m c e n te r o f w e llb o r e (ft)
s vp 1 2 /9 5
23 EA
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100
24 EA
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Hydraulic Fracture
W
3 ft Half
Length Frac
20 ft Half
Length Frac
600 ft2
130 ft2
4,000 ft2
H = 50
Rw = 0.4
25 EA
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FRAC PACK
Xf = 3 ft
Sand-Face
Area
4,000 ft2
600 Ft2
26 EA
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H = 50
ft
9 7/8 OH X 50 ft = 130
ft2
Xf = 20 ft
4,000Ft2
Fracture Flow
Fracture flow depends on
27 EA
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Production Estimation
rw
xf
29 EA
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Fracture Conductivity
Fcd definition: Dimensionless conductivity
30 EA
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Kf
K
xf
H
wf
31 EA
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of the transversal
K .w .H
Fcd = f f
K. x . H
f
Fracture Conductivity
Objective : Get the best Fcd
The greater the Fcd value is, the more the production potential
increases
One can vary:
Kf : Fracture permeability :
wf : Fracture width :
t, time (hr)
, porosity (fraction)
viscosity (cp)
Ct,, total compressibility (psi-1 )
Xf, fracture half length (ft)
K, reservoir permeability (md)
tDxf, dimensionless time (approximately two).
33 EA
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Equivalent Wellbore
rw' = rw
s
e
rw
xf
34 EA
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rw '
xf
0.1
0.01
0.1
10
CfD
35 EA
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100
Equivalent Wellbore
For Fcd values less than 10, production will be a function of fracture length
and conductivity, and rw will be a function of the dimensionless conductivity.
The effective propped length is noticeably restricted for Fcd values less than
1.6. At very low Fcd values (<0.2, that is, in high permeability reservoirs)
production will be independent of fracture length and a function of fracture
conductivity and formation permeability only. The effective wellbore radius
will vary linearly with the ratio of fracture conductivity to formation
permeability, and may be approximated by rw = 0.28 kfw / k or rw= 0.28 Fcd Xf.
36 EA
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Equivalent Wellbore
As the reservoir permeability increases, the effective
37 EA
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38 EA
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ln re r + Skin
w
The for a fluid that does not build a filter cake, the rate required to create a
fracture can be calculated from Darcys law.
The main factors that control what this fracturing rate will be are:
Kh product
Injection Fluid Viscosity
Fracturing Pressure
Reservoir Pressure
Of these factors, only the Injected fluid viscosity can be controlled unless we
use a wall building fluid loss agent. A wall building fluid loss agent would
have the effect of reducing the Kh product.
39 EA
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2 cP
5 cP
10 cP
50 cP
100 cP 200 cP
BHP Frac
Pressure
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1
5
Rate (BPM)
10
15
50
Desired Traits
Good proppant transport
properties (Usually
obtained by high viscosity)
Controlled leakoff
Low friction
Non-damaging (Complete
and easy break)
41 EA
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Fluids in Use
Crosslinked systems
20 - 50 ppt loading
Oxidizers
Enzymes
42 EA
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Breakers include
Oxidizers
Enzymes
Fluids in Use
Viscoelastic surfactant systems
43 EA
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Proppants in Use
Sizing based on conductivity contrast
Increasing size range 20/40 vs 40/60
Increasing size range has had limited downside
potential
Ceramic
Sphericity
Strength
44 EA
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Fracture Optimization
Fracture optimization depends on the goals to reach
45 EA
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2100
c
b
Pwf (psig)
1400
1
2
3
4
700
0
0
2000
=
=
=
=
-2.000
0.000
5.000
15.000
4000
Production (B O PD )
46 EA
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S kin
S kin
S kin
S kin
6000
8000
Candidate Selection
47 EA
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Candidate Selection
48 EA
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Candidate Selection
49 EA
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1992
31%
40%
5%
23%
Slurry Packs
55%
46%
Frac Packs
From 1994
1993
64%
Water Packs
7%
29%
50 EA
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98%
2%
Technology Trends
More Effective Carrier Fluids
Shunt Tube Screen Technology
Perforate and Pack in one run
51 EA
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