Journal of Animal Consciousness Issue 1 Vol 1 Febuary 2015

Journal
Of
Animal
Consciousness
Inaugural Issue
Welcome to the inaugural Journal

of Animal Consciousness!
Consciousness is a
contentious subject in
scientific circles.
Indeed,
p h i l o s o p h i c a l l y
consciousness is considered
the hard problem.
It is
subjective thus relegated to
the phenomenological and is
rather difficult to isolate and
m e a s u r e s c i e n t i f i c a l l y.
Nevertheless, it is the
cornerstone of existence and
ontologically speaking it
informs the creative

endeavor. Lacking a universal
definition makes it all the
more elusive. Recent events
have begun to change the
materialist world view of
animals and consciousness.
Launching the Journal of
Animal Consciousness is the
dawn of a new era. One that
embraces the integration of
ontology and epistemology.
The Society for Animal

Consciousness
2015
Chiara Marrapodi
Issue 1, Vol 1
Table of Contents:
Editors Note
Introductory Comment Dr Thomas G. Brophy, PhD
Why Animal Consciousness? Chiara Marrapodi
Animal Emotions, do animals

think and feel? - Dr Marc Bekoff,
PhD

Consciousness and the Equine

Mind - Susan Gordan
Do Probiotic Bacteria have Subjectivity Chiara Marrapodi

9
The Journal of Animal Consciousness is edited and produced by Chiara Marrapodi Founder of
The Society for Animal Consciousness.
The Journal of Animal Consciousness is produced free to the community. It is the first Journal of
its kind and incorporates an integral approach. Providing a blend of scientific and philosophical
theses on Animal Consciousness and related topics.
www.societyforanimalconsciousness.org
Issue 1, Vol 1, February 2015.
Introductory Comments - Dr Thomas G. Brophy, PhD

The mystery of consciousness, how sentience exists at all, is the central unsolved issue of the
biological sciences. That it is an unresolved problem should make it worthy of more attention, not
less, to scientists and philosophers. And given the unsettled nature of even the existence of
consciousness, we would be well served to investigate more carefully certain commonly presumed
but little examined notions about the various manifestations of consciousness. As we may be poised
during this century to make progress on the central mystery of consciousness, investigations and
clarifying discussions of the phenomenal appearances of consciousness will become of increasing
interest.
Animal consciousness and the relation and differences of animal and human
consciousness is one such field of fruitful endeavor, and as such it is well-served by the efforts of this
newJournal of Animal Consciousness.
-Thomas G. Brophy, PhD
Why Animal Consciousness?

Humans and animals are indelibly
intertwined.
Animals provide a great
service to human society whether they are
domesticated or wild. They are a fabric of
the Natural World that has fascinated
humans throughout the ages. Educational
departments and human careers have
arisen from the exploration of natural
habitats and the flora and fauna therein.
The domestication of animals has resulted
in practices of animal husbandry for
companionship and as sustenance. We
are deeply connected to Nature despite
the illusive separation we have created
intellectually and physically.
And yet
philosophically and scientifically humans
have not been able to shed light on the
most pragmatic and yet elusive aspect of
life - consciousness.
Consciousness a
state, an experience that is so common
and yet intangible in the physical world.
Consciousness that directly informs the
scientific endeavor and the myriad of
creations in contemporary society. Why
you may ask is the pursuit of
understanding animal consciousness of
any consequence?
Implications
The idea that humans are the only beings
on the planet with the potential to
experience, feel and even think beyond
instinctual driving forces has been flatly

dismissed until very recently.
The
compartmentalization of scientific fields
lends itself to focus on target areas of
study.
This is indeed applaudable as
many breakthroughs and understandings
have resulted. Nonetheless, this reduces
the potential for casting a wider net of
understanding. The monist view is the
belief that one true pattern exists in
nature. Does it though? The Natural
World is a complex of web-like
interconnections and interpenetrations,
how then can a uni-dimensional view
capture its true essence? The Earth is
not flat is it?
Hence, a multi-faceted
approach accepts the notion that more
expanded, less hierarchical explanations
may pave the way to make sense of what
are unknown artifacts of science. The
spookiness so to speak! Thus a pluralist
approach marrying the epistemological
and ontological aspects of consciousness
may lead to essential findings beyond the
current reductionist model.
Such an
expanded worldview necessitates a
refreshed observation of what
consciousness may be, embracing
anecdotal and current scientific
knowledge. This Journal and The Society
for Animal Consciousness is the inception
of such a worldview.
Chiara Marrapodi
Chiara Marrapodi, BSc Psych, MA

Integral Health Candidate California
Institute for Human Sciences.
Revisiting the animal

consciousness debate.
Consciousness
2015
2
Animal
Emotions
- do
animals
think and
feel?
Photographic Credit and copyright

www.freedigitalphotos.net Ia
Dr Marc Bekoff, PhD

Didn't we already know this? Yes, we did.
Every now and again I receive an email message I ignore after reading the
Proclamation of the Cambridge
Declaration on Consciousness in Non-
subject line. I know I'm not alone in following this rule of thumb, but today I
Human Animals at the Francis Crick
broke down and opened a message the subject line of which read "Scientists
Memorial Conference, Churchill
Declare: Nonhuman Animals Are Conscious". I honestly thought it was a joke,
College, University of Cambridge
likely from one of my favorite newspapers,The Onion. However, it wasn't.
University, Cambridge 7 July 2012,

watch video below.
My colleague Michael Mountain published a summary of a recent meeting held

in Cambridge, England at which "Science leaders have reached a critical
consensus: Humans are not the only conscious beings; other animals,
specifically mammals and birds, are indeed conscious, too." At this gathering,
called The Francis Crick Memorial Conference, a number of scientists
presented evidence that led to this self-obvious conclusion. It's difficult to
Source: http://fcmconference.org/#talks
believe that those who have shared their homes with companion animals didn't
already know this. And, of course, many renowned and award-winning field
researchers had reached the same conclusion years ago.

Consciousness
2015
Michael Mountain was as incredulous as I and many others about something

we already knew. It's interesting to note that of the 15 notables who spoke at
this conference only one has actually done studies of wild animals. It would
have been nice to hear from researchers who have conducted long-term
studies of wild animals, including great apes, other nonhuman primates, social
carnivores, cetaceans, rodents, and birds, for example, to add to the database.
Be that as it may, I applaud their not so surprising conclusion and now I hope it
will be used to protect animals from being treated abusively and inhumanely.
3
Some might say we didn't really know that other animals
supporting sentience and consciousness is also
were conscious but this is an incredibly naive view given
compelling.
what we know about the neurobiology and cognitive and

emotional lives of other animals. Indeed, it was appeals to
these very data that led to the conclusions of this group of
scientists. But did we really need a group of internationally
recognized scientists to tell us that the data are really
okay? Yes and no, but let's thank them for doing this.
I agree with Michael Mountain that "Its a really important
statement that will be used as evidence by those who are
pushing for scientists to develop a more humane
relationship with animals. Its harder, for example, to justify
experiments on nonhumans when you know that they are
conscious beings and not just biological machines. Some
of the conclusions reached in this declaration are the
product of scientists who, to this day, still conduct
experiments on animals in captivity, including dolphins,
who are among the most intelligent species on Earth. Their
own declaration will now be used as evidence that its time
to stop using these animals in captivity and start finding
new ways of making a living."
The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
So, what are we going to do with what we know (and

have known)?
It's fair to ask what are these scientists and others going to
do now that they agree that consciousness is widespread
in the animal kingdom. We know, for example, that mice,
rats, and chickens display empathy but this knowledge
hasn't been factored into the Federal Animal Welfare Act in
the United States.
I'm frankly astounded that these data and many other
findings about animal cognition and animal emotions have
been ignored by those who decide on regulations about
the use and abuse of other animals. However, the Treaty
of Lisbon, passed by member states of the European
Union that went into force on December 1, 2009,
recognizes that "In formulating and implementing the
Union's agriculture, fisheries, transport, internal market,
research and technological development and space
policies, the Union and the Member States shall, since
animals are sentient beings, pay full regard to the welfare
requirements of animals, while respecting the legislative or
The scientists went as far as to write up what's calledThe
administrative provisions and customs of the Member
Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness that basically
States relating in particular to religious rites, cultural
declares that this prominent international group of
traditions and regional heritage."
scientists agree that "Convergent evidence indicates that

non-human animals have the neuroanatomical,
neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of
conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit
intentional behaviors. Consequently, the weight of
evidence indicates that humans are not unique in
possessing the neurological substrates that generate
consciousness. Non-human animals, including all
mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including
octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates."
They could also have included fish, for whomthe evidence
Let's applaud The Cambridge Declaration on

Consciousness and The Treaty of Lisbon and work hard to
get animals the protection from invasive research and
other forms of abuse, in many cases horrifically inhumane,
they deserve.
Some recent essays I've written point out that there still
are some people who feel comfortable killing individuals
who they call "unneeded" or "surplus" animalsand at least
one animal welfarist, Oxford University's Marian Dawkins,
continued as of a few months ago to claim we still don't
know if other animals are conscious and that we should
4
"remain skeptical and agnostic [about consciousness] ...
Guggenheim Fellowship. Marc has published more than
Militantly agnostic if necessary, because this keeps alive
1000 essays (popular, scientific, and book chapters), 30
the possibility that a large number of species have some
books, and has edited three encyclopedias. His books
sort of conscious experiences ... For all we know, many
include the Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal
animals, not just the clever ones and not just the overtly
Welfare, The Ten Trusts (with Jane Goodall), the
emotional ones, also have conscious experiences."
Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, the Encyclopedia of

Human-Animal Relationships, Minding Animals, Animal
Perhaps what I call "Dawkins' Dangerous Idea" will now

finally be shelved given the conclusions of the Cambridge
gathering.I frankly don't see how anyone who has worked
closely with any of a wide array of animals or who lives
with a companion animal(s) could remain uncertain and
agnostic about whether they are conscious.
It's said that repetition is boring conversation but there's
now a wealth of scientific data that makes skepticism, and
surely agnosticism, to be anti-science and harmful to
animals. Now, at last, the prestigious Cambridge group
shows this to be so. Bravo for them! So, let's all work
together to use this information to stop the abuse of
millions upon millions of conscious animals in the name of
science, education, food, amusement and entertainment,
and clothing. We really owe it to them to use what we
know on their behalf and to factor compassion and
empathy into our treatment of these amazing beings.
P a s s i o n s a n d B e a s t l y Vi r t u e s : R e fl e c t i o n s o n
Redecorating Nature, The Emotional Lives of Animals,
Animals Matter, Animals at Play: Rules of the Game (a
children's book), Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals
(with Jessica Pierce), The Animal Manifesto: Six Reasons
For Increasing Our Compassion Footprint, Ignoring
Nature No More: The Case For Compassionate
Conservation, Jasper's Story: Saving Moon Bears (with
Jill Robinson), Why Dogs Hump and Bees Get
Depressed: The Fascinating Science of Animal
Intelligence, Emotions, Friendship, and Conservation,
and Rewilding Our Hearts: Building Pathways of
Compassion and Coexistence. In 2005 Marc was
presented with The Bank One Faculty Community Service
Award for the work he has done with children, senior
citizens, and prisoners. In 2009 he was presented with the
St. Francis of Assisi Award by the New Zealand SPCA.
His homepage is marcbekoff.com and with Jane
Goodallhttp://www.ethologicalethics.org/. Twitter.
About the Author

Mark Bekoff, PhD
Marc Bekoff, Ph.D.,is a former Professor of Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology at the University of Colorado,
Boulder, and co-founder with Jane Goodall of Ethologists
for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. He has won many
awards for his scientific research including the Exemplar
Award from the Animal Behavior Society and a

Consciousness
2015
Consciousness

www.freedigitalphotos.net bk images
and the
Equine Mind
Susan A. Gordon
There are 1000 pounds underneath me. For the sport I am
horse, listening to the even footfalls of her cadence,
competing in, it is necessary. It, however, is not an it. It
carefully scanning the distances between fences and
is not a machine or an inanimate object. It is a she. She
noting where we will make the tight turns to ensure a fast
has a brain and a heart, and is made of flesh and blood,
round. There is no more time to think. We just do. As my
and a set of chemicals, just like I am. She has a name, Ali.
eyes focus on the next jump, Ali also focuses, takes a hold
She does not speak my language though, so we
of the reins and pulls, telling me she will indeed get us
communicate by feel. I cannot see her facial expressions
both off the ground.
when I am on her back, so I watch her ears, and feel for
other is a fragile thing. She trusts me to keep my hands
her bodily responses not only to my signals, but also what
soft and give them forwards over the fence so she can use
she is conveying to me about her perceptions of the
her neck and back to leap safely. I must balance my body
immediate environment. We are each required to make
so as not to disturb her balance. I trust her to pick all four
split-second decisions for the next few minutes of our ride,
legs up high enough so as not to get us tangled in the rails
and one mistake or mistimed cue could spell disaster for
of the jump, and then land on one foot, as jumpers do,
both of us. We have to rely on our finely honed
keep her balance, and continue on to the next obstacle.
relationship in order to survive this test of bravery,
I am counting the strides between fences. One, two, three,
strength, and stamina.
four, five jump! Trying to remember to breathe. If I did
Our trust and confidence in each
not breathe in a rhythm, it would upset Ali, as she is that

The starting bell rings and before I can apply the leg aids
sensitive. I am working every muscle in my body in
to switch from trot to canter, my chestnut ex-racehorse
coordination with that of my horse. Beyond the physical
surges into the faster gait. Her powerful muscles ripple
sensations are the set of subconscious responses that are
underneath my seat. She has an awareness of the task
the result of years of training and eons of sensory
ahead. The eyes of hundreds of people are on us, as it is
evolution of sentient beings. We gallop to fence after
the jump-off for a gold medal in this regional
fence, clearing the rails, the water obstacle, the
championship. I shut out the audience and tune into my
combinations, and we coordinate as one force with two

6
minds working in sync. We cross the finish line and race
that they could not. Throughout my life from junior to
through the timers with a clear round. Ali settles back into
amateur to professional, I have continued this two-way
a trot, then a walk, and I can drop the reins and give her a
conversation with horses, refining the process to an
good scratch on her withers as she now knows we are
extremely subtle, non-verbal level. Thanks to pioneers in
finished the jumping phase. We are both hot and sweaty,
herd dynamics, such as Mary Ann Simonds
breathing hard, and very tired. We have won the gold.
(www.maryannsimonds.com), there are numerous

teachers and programs introducing people from all walks
I have never failed to marvel at the process. Not only does
of life to the benefits of that silent equine language. Now
a prey animal with herd instincts allow me to sit on her
we are approaching an era in which quantum computing
back and give her directions by squeezing and releasing
will likely become a reality
pressure with my hands and legs, she does something
convergence point at which consciousness is understood
completely against her nature by running at big, colorful
at the subatomic level, and perhaps leading to a
obstacles, lifting both of us off the ground at high speed,
quantifiable definition for interspecies communication.
3.
There may even be a
time after time. Did Ali want to jump? Did she enjoy it?
How did she feel about this kind of athletic intensity? It is
The simple act of touching a horse with love and
far beyond what a horse would have to do to go about its
compassion, quietly listening to their body language as
basic existence in the wild.
they subtly study ours, can be an extremely awakening

process for some people. There is a precognitive process
What do horses think? Do they reason and thereby exhibit
that takes place in the moments before the actual physical
intellectual abilities? Or do they simply react based on
contact occurs, if the human is able to sufficiently calm
fear and other instinctive behaviors with an inclination to
their busy mind state and slow down to a level at which
run away from perceived danger? Science is beginning to
the horse can communicate without tension. In this
supply us with answers as to the mechanisms of
collaborative moment, a kind of bonding can possibly
consciousness in animals and their remarkable capability
occur, opening the door for further interactions, such as
for communicating with us in ways we never thought
compassionate training and riding that further enhances
possible.
the bond and the physical, athletic capabilities of both

horse and rider. However, riding without placing undue
Not that long ago the explanation for this kind of
stress on the animal requires years of study, practice, and
communication with an animal would have been more
working with masters of equitation. Trust is easily lost with
esoteric. The Cambridge Declaration on consciousness
a horse if they are ridden while in pain or otherwise
has opened the doors for serious studies that are using
traumatized. The neuroplasticity of the brain works in both
modern technologies to confirm even more sensitivity and
directions. That is, if a human creates pain in the horse,
awareness in animals than previously thought, largely due
those memories will remain, as will the more pleasant
to similar brain chemistry and structure 2.
residual memories. We find many similarities between

traumatized people and traumatized animals.
I was drawn to horses from the time I was five years old...
almost 50 years ago. I spoke to them as though they
I believe we are on the cusp of an entirely new frontier in
could understand me, because it never occurred to me
recognizing and responding to the sentience of all
animals. What is unique about horses is that they are the
About the Author
one animal we connect with by riding on its back and
Susan A. Gordon
relaying directional instructions strictly through feel. As the

economy continues to improve and some wealth is
Susan Gordon is an author and
regenerated among an aging population, it appears

blogger with over 25 years of
horses are returning to favor in both the recreational and

sport aspects. As Dr. Schoen and I have written in The
professional horse training
Compassionate Equestrian, it is our wish that all those
experience. After many years of
who are newcomers or returning to equestrian activities

apprenticing with top show
receive a thorough and correct education by first of all,

acknowledging the sentience of all beings and putting
compassion at the base of their equine training and
jumping, eventing, and dressage trainers, she became a

specialist in evaluating and re-schooling difficult horses,
handling. There are many paths to take insofar as

equestrian education is concerned, especially nowadays
thanks to social media and entertainment venues
involving horses. Unfortunately there is also a lot of
including many off-track thoroughbreds and horses that

presented with challenging resistances. After retiring from
full-time riding in 2002, Susan concentrated on further
misinformation and incomplete techniques leading

unsuspecting horse lovers astray from methods that are
most conducive to correct training and riding that produce
sound, healthy and safe horses. We highly recommend
development of her methods including aspects of

mindfulness, energy medicine and holistic practices,
inspiring riders of all ages to find joy and accomplishment
learning through formal programs provided by governing

bodies such as Equine Canada, the United States
Equestrian Federation and British Horse Society, and
working with trainers certified through those organizations
with their horses, whether they were interested in hunters,

equitation, jumpers, dressage, eventing, or recreational
riding.
and their affiliates. All of these organizations have specific

protocols for equine welfare in place to ensure the highest
regard for horse care in stables and at shows.
Susan is also an avid runner and consistent agegroup and series winner at the 5K, 8K, 10K, and halfmarathon distances. She is currently ranked 2nd in
With the most productive combination of love, compassion,

common sense, good education, and appropriate
responses to the consciousness of all beings, we could
potentially be headed for the greatest advancements
Canada in her age group at 8K and 10K for 2014.

Her first book, The Compassionate Equestrian
(coauthored with Dr. Allen Schoen, DVM), will be released
mankind has ever known in regards to interspecies

communication. And it is a great thing to be able to look
forward to a happy future for all horses and their humans!
April 15, 2015, by Trafalgar Square Books. She may be

reached via e-mail at susan.greenpony@gmail.com, at
The Compassionate Equestrian on Facebook, and on the
blog at http://www.thecompassionateequestrian.net.
Do probiotic

www.freedigitalphotos.net cuteimage.
bacteria have
subjectivity?
Chiara Marrapodi & Dr
Thomas Brophy
Abstract
The phenomenon of light transduction influences a myriad of biological systems, upon which entire ecosystems depend
(Farquhar, Von Caemmere & Berry, 2001). Indeed, all organisms emit light and these quanta packets of light are called
photons (Popp, 2003).
The biochemical theory posits that biological organisms emit biophotons during metabolic
processes at the cellular level (Popp, 2003). Chemical reactions require a photon from the surrounding electromagnetic
field to excite the transition state complex after which it returns to equilibrium (Cilento,1982). Popp (2003) postulates that
photons are implicated not only in regulation but also cellular communication.
Additionally, biophotons have a high
degree of order (coherence) which is required for clear communications to be effected (Popp, 1999, 2003, 2006). This
research aims to ascertain whether probiotic organisms show coherence. Furthermore, it investigates the potential for
microbial subjectivity by exposing two different samples to the intentions of love, gratitude and hate measured by
biophoton radiance intensity. To further corroborate findings probiotics are exposed to sound (classical and heavy metal)
to ascertain whether music affects biological organisms, causing more or less stress. Findings suggest QuantaBiotica
showed signs of coherence and potential subjectivity at source baseline and during intention exposure. However, sound
exposure yielded conflicting results in both samples.
This preliminary study highlights the potential for microbial
subjectivity and the effects of emotional states on stress levels (QuantaBiotica). The implications relating to the bodymind complex are emphasized as the human physical form is composed of more microbial cells (90%) than human cells
(10%). Indeed, it suggests host emotional states potentially affect enteric microbial colonies. Further research is required
to investigate these preliminary findings that may elucidate important aspects of consciousness in the future (Romjin,
2002).
Keywords:
Awareness, biophoton, probiotics, sound, intention, consciousness, effects of intention on microbes, subjectivity,
interiority.
9
Introduction
(Ryer, 1998).
Optical radiation is found between radio
Light is universal. Indeed, as Popp (2001) suggests we
waves and x-rays on the spectrum, each possessing an
are swimming in an ocean of light (Popp, 2006). It is the
array of properties ranging from wave to particle, including
giver of information, knowledge and life (Popp, 2003; Yip &
quantum aspects (Figure 1. Ryer, 1998). As highlighted in
Madl, 2007). The windows through which one views the
Figure 1, the x-ray portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
world are designed to absorb light; as photons are
yields shorter wavelengths and are more particle-like in
absorbed by photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye a
nature (Dyer, 1998).
cascade of reactions occur, providing the basis of the
longer and are more like waves (Dyer, 1998).
visual sense (Popp, 2003). Conscious evaluation of this
Interestingly, in the visible area of the electromagnetic
visible electromagnetic radiation is a result of the primary
spectrum, between 260-800nm range (Figure 2), quanta
visual cortex found in the occipital lobe (Schacter, Gilbert &
packets of light are found with wave-particle duality
Wegner, 2009). Thus the phenomenon of light is crucial
properties (Dyer, 1998; Popp, 2001).
for understanding ones external world and ultimately for
packets, according to Popp (2001), emit a low intensity of
survival (Schacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2009). In the natural
light, and are called photons.
world, for example, birds attract their mates based on the
means light and was coined by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1926
vibrance of their plumage, ensuring species propagation
(Dyer, 1998; Popp, 2001). Photons are singular units of an
and survival (Bennett, Cuthill, Patridge & Lunau, 1997).
electromagnetic field and are not to be confused with
Therefore light is used to create the external world and is
bioluminescence which requires a chemical reaction
the interface between organisms and their environment
involving a luciferin/luciferace enzymatic catalyst (Popp,
(Schacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2009; Popp, 2006). Indeed
2001).
Conversely, radio waves are much
These quanta
Etymologically, photon
plants, for example, are an integral part of the life cycle

and are iconic examples of light transduction
(photosynthesis) (Farquhar, Von Caemmere & Berry,
2001). They convert light into chemical energy providing
sustenance for a myriad of biological systems, upon which
entire ecosystems depend (Farquhar et al.,
2001).
Photosynthesis is not isolated to plants alone, however,

many other forms of life use a similar process with slight
variations due to molecular structure (Roose, 2014).
Cynobacteria, for example, although structurally different
Figure 1.
The visible (optical) part of the electromagnetic
spectrum
Source: http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html
from the plant, have a double outer membrane and a

separate internal thylakoid membrane system for
photosynthesis (Roose, 2014).
Therefore light is the
center of planetary existence, indeed, when natural

sunlight is not available humans have developed artificial
versions to continue their activities (Popp, 2001).
"
From a scientific perspective, the phenomenon of
light is described as electromagnetic radiation. According

to electromagnetic wave theory, visible light is one portion
of the variety of electromagnetic waves in the cosmos
Figure 2. Electromagnetic Spectrum of light and measurements.

Source: http://9-4fordham.wikispaces.com/Electro+Magnetic+Spectrum+and+light
10
Indeed, photons are said to move at c (the speed of light in
(Cilento, 1982; Popp, 1999, 2003; 2006). Consequently,
a vacuum), are massless and can be created and
one photon is able to trigger approximately 109 reactions
destroyed through interactions with each other, however
per second (Popp, 2003).
they do not decay (Popp, 2001, 2003).
2003, 2006) postulates that a relatively low photon
"
Biophotons relate to the emission of photons from
intensity is required, therefore cell reactions appear to be
biological systems (Popp, 2003). The word biophoton is
much faster than those observed under thermal
derived from the Greek equivalents meaning life and light
equilibrium conditions (Popp, 1999, 2003, p.4; 2006).
(Popp, 2003). It is believed that all biological systems emit
Indeed, when electrons move between energy states
biophotons (Popp, 2003).
during chemical reactions, photons are either absorbed or
Measurements suggest that
Furthermore, Popp (1999,
emission rates range from a few to hundreds of photons
emitted (Creath & Schwartz, 2005).
per surface area centimeter squared within the spectral
catabolic reactions (breaking down of larger molecules into
range from 260nm to 800nm (Popp, 2003).
smaller ones) result in chemical by-products and photon
Biophotons
Studies show that
occur as ultra-weak bioluminescence, sometimes referred
emission;
whilst, anabolic (smaller molecules to larger)
to as dark luminenscence and are non-thermal in origin
reactions show the opposite effect (Creath & Schwartz,
(Popp, 2003). Gurwitsch is well-known for his discovery of
2005).
mitogenetic radiation (Popp, 2003 p. 391) demonstrating
scrambles biophotonic function at the cellular level
that cell division rates increased significantly in onion roots
resulting in organism stress (Slawinski, Ezzahir,
when they were placed perpendicular to each other (Popp,
Godlewski, Kwiecinska, Rajfur, Sitko, & Wierzuchowska,
2003; Yip & Madle, 2007). This was only observed when
1992).
quartz glass was placed between the onion roots (quartz
drought are all examples of stress inducing environmental
glass is transparent to UV light ranging approximately
stimuli (Creath & Schwartz, 2005).
260nm) (Popp, 2003, p. 391; Yip & Madl, 2007). Scientific
environmental stimuli are associated with increased
theories relating to biology and photons are rather
cellular oxidative stress and higher photon radiance
controversial (Popp, 2003, 2006).
Indeed, there is little
(Creath & Schwartz, 2005; Bokkon, Salari, Tuszynski &
consensus in mainstream circles relating to the role light
Antal, 2010). The importance of the BCT theory as it ties
plays in biological systems (Popp, 2003, 2006).
into conventional scientific understanding is crucial,
Nevertheless, biophoton emission is viewed from two
however, another theory may elucidate an alternative view.
broad theoretical perspectives; the biochemical and the
"
coherence theories (Popp, 2003). The biochemical theory
of low intensity light displays sub-Poissonian photocount
(BCT) states that biophoton emission is merely the result
statistics and provides the means for communication in
of metabolic wastes being released by the cell (Popp,
optically dense biological systems (Popp, 1999, p. 3).
2003). The metabolic activity of a cell is understood to be
Controversy surrounds the CT as it is difficult to ascertain
105
reactions per second, this means that 100 000
whether emissions are coherent or chaotic in nature
reactions per second occur at the cellular level (Popp,
(Popp, 2003). Coherence is defined as electromagnetic
2003; 2006). Cilento (1982) demonstrated that chemical
waves maintaining a fixed or predictable phase
reactions require a photon from the surrounding
relationship with each other over a period of
electromagnetic field, it excites the transition state
time (Dictionary.com, 2014). Inherently, the signature of
complex after which equilibrium is returned. As photons
coherence is stability and predictability and the ability to
do not decay it can be reused for the subsequent reactions
exhibit interference (Popp,1999, 2003; 2006; Mayburov,
According to Popp (1999, 2003; 2006) toxicity
Indeed, wounding, chilling/freezing or salt and
Exposure to such
The coherence theory (CT) suggests the release
11
2012). Inteference, with reference to light waves, means
more than 110 subjects photon emission decreased (Popp,
that two or more light waves are added together resulting
2003). This therefore suggests that total intensity reduces
in a new wave pattern (Popp,1999, 2003; 2006; Mayburov,
due to active photon absorption by the biological system
2012). According to Popp, (1999, 2003, 2006) biophotons
involved (Popp, 2003). Accordingly, research shows that
have a high degree of order (coherence) which is required
high density populations of bacteria stimulates
for clear communications within the cell.
intercommunications between them (known as quorum
Popp (1999,
2003, 2006) further postulates the presence of less
sensing) (Yip & Madl, 2007).
Interestingly, this is
coherence results in weak communication.
More
corroborated in photo research by Yip & Madl (2007) who
specifically, he suggests that coherent fields result in
found two separate colonies of luminescent dinoflagellate
destructive and constructive interference and are the basis
Gonyanlax polyedra (marine organisms) synchronized light
of regulation and communication (Popp, 2003). He further
flashing when in optical contact (Yip & Madl, 2007). This
explains that based on the law of energy conservation
suggests that when in optical proximity organisms work
areas of destruction are compensated by areas of
synergistically and synchronously (Popp, 2003; Yip &
construction.
Madl, 2007; Yanick, 2009; 2012). Indeed, according to Yip

and Madle (2007, p. 1) the coherent property of the
biophotonic field [the electromagnetic field] is a
communicative tool without which the state of each cell
both in single cellular and multicellular organisms could not
communicate [with] its surroundings.
They add that
biophotons are indeed, the key ingredients to inter and

intra specific cooperation and are essential for the order of
life (Yip & Madl, 2007).
Microbiota
"
Figure 3. Constructive and deconstructive interference.
Source: Popp, F.A. (2003). Properties of biophotons and their theoretical implications. Indian Journal of
Microbiota found in the human gastrointestinal
tract consists of gut bacteria in varying ratios known to
Experimental Biology, 41 pp. 396..
contribute to host well-being (Collins & Gibson 1999; De
This is explained in more detail by Dicke (1954)
Vrese & Schrezenmeir, 2008; Yanick, 2009; 2012). Of the
suggesting a propensity for constructive interference
microbiota that have been identified via fecal, and in-vitro
(super-radiance) in the initial phase of interaction between
investigation probiotics are well recognized (Collins &
radiation and non-randomly oriented matter, while
Gibson, 1999). However, the full spectrum of microbiota
destructive interference (sub-radiance) is the tendency
making up the totality of the human gut and/or body are
after longer periods of time (Popp, 2003, p. 396). Studies
hitherto unknown (Yanick, 2009; 2012).
using Daphnia magna Strauss (freshwater flea)
human body is composed of ninety percent microbial and
corroborate this idea with tendencies towards destructive
ten percent human cells, therefore attention to microbial
interference resulting in a lower intensity than expected
health is synergistically critical to host and bacteria alike
(Popp, 2003).
Indeed, ontologically a linear increase is
(Yanick, 2009, 2012). Probiotics are defined as viable
expected, that is, an increase in freshwater fleas would
microorganisms in amounts sufficient enough to exert
result in increased photon intensity, however, this was not
positive health effects in the gastrointestinal tract (De
the case (Popp, 2003). After increasing flea numbers to
Vrese & Schrezenmeir, 2008).
Indeed, the
They are live microbial

12
additions to food substrates most notably fermented milks
significantly influence a well-designed target experiment in
(Gibson, 2002).
Some of the commonest probiotics are
physical reality. Indeed, Tillers (2009b) research shows
Lactobacillus and Bafidobacterium (Gibson, 2002). By
that the alkalinity/acidity balance (pH) of water can be
comparison, a prebiotic is described as a selectively
changed with intention.
fermented ingredient that allows specific changes, both in
investigating the effects of intention and sound on bacterial
the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal
organisms as related to photon radiance. Additionally, few
microflora that confers benefits upon host well-being and
linkages have been drawn between potential bacterial
health (De Vrese & Schrezenmeir, 2008, p. 1). For the
awareness and biophoton radiance (Romjin, 2002).
purposes of clarity and completeness, prebiotics are
Therefore the purpose of this preliminary study is to
known to stimulate the growth and activity of bacteria in
investigate whether intention (love, gratitude and hate) and
the colon, whilst, synergistic combinations of pro and
sound (specifically classical music and heavy metal music)
prebiotics are called synbiotics (De vrese &
affects bacterial organisms (probiotics).
Schrezenemeir, 2008; Gibson, 2002). According to Yanick
biophotonic radiance will be used to assess whether
(2009; 2012) human beings are a composite of species, a
organisms exhibit less or more stress as a result of the
symbiotic ecosystem of commensal and human cells.
various exposures (see attached hypotheses and aims for
Microbial cells that work in synergy with the host are often
more detail) (Slawinski et al., 1992).
referred to as commensal cells (Yanick, 2009; 2012).
Definitions
According to Yanick (2009; 2012) commensal cells perform
For the purpose of this study the word subjectivity relates
indispensable functions, for example, they assist in food
to the phenomenon of experience and awareness
digestion, in the production of vitamins and other nutrients
(Merriam-webster, 2014).
that have immune modulating effects (Gibson, 2002;
For the purpose of this study the word intention refers to
Yanick 2009, 2012). For this study only probiotics will be
directing oneself to a state of mind (love and gratitude or
used in all conditions.
hate) (Merriam-webster, 2014).
Study Rationale
Reference to noise signal relates to photon detection
"
Notwithstanding various studies linking
without the presence of a subject or object whilst source
biophotonic radiance with physiological processes, few
signal refers to photon emission from an object or subject.
There is a paucity of research
Furthermore,
have investigated the effects of intention on biological

organisms and its relation to biophoton radiance. Romjin
Hypotheses and Specific Aims
(2002) posits that photons are elementary carriers of
To carry out this study the following hypotheses and aims
awareness.
are outlined:-
Epistemologically, investigating whether
biophotons are related to awareness poses some difficulty

as the mechanics and phenomenological aspects of
1. A high probability compared to chance that the Q pill

shows more coherence than the O pill.
awareness are yet to be fully defined (Romjin, 2002).
2. A high probability compared to chance that exposure to
Acceptance of a universal awareness also implies that
the intention of Love and Gratitude will reduce
living creatures with ever complex holonic structures
biophoton radiance in both the Q pill and O pill,
(single cell to more complex cells i.e., organs and
respectively.
systems) are capable of subjective experiences
(panpsychism) (Romjin, 2002). According to Tiller (2009,
the intention of Hate will increase biophoton radiance in
p. 5) consciousness, intention, emotion, mind or spirit can
both the Q and O pills, respectively.

13
salivarius, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casel,
classical music (J.S. Bach, Overture 3: Air) will reduce
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifodobacterium breve,
biophoton radiance in both the Q and O pills,
Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum and
respectively.
Lactobacillus plantarum and SPT energized Psyillum
5. Finally, a high probability compared to chance that
Husks (Plantago psyillum). The probiotics are housed in a
exposure to heavy metal music (Metallica, Hate Train)
white plastic container within individual vegetable capsules
will increase biophoton radiance in both the Q and O
totaling 30. The number of cells per serving was disclosed
pills, respectively.
by the manufacturer as 60 billion.

Product 2 - Over the Counter Probiotics (O).
Methods
The over the counter Five Beneficial Strains Multi-Flora
Choice of Probiotics
Probiotic consists of Lactobacilus acidophilus (grown on
"
lactose milk) 4 billion cells per serving, Lactobacius lactis -
QuantaBiotica consists of an 8-strain commensal

Each dose or
500 million cells per serving, Lactobacilus reuteri - 500
capsule contains over 60 billion organisms that are gastri-
million cells per serving, Lactobacilus plantarum - 2 billion
resistant, lactic acid-bile salt tolerant thus maximizing
cells per serving and Bifidobacterium bifidum (grown on
enteric colonization (Yanick, 2014). These factors greatly
soy) - 1 billion cells per serving.
eliminate microbe-to-microbe competition that commonly
ingredients are Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus
occurs in other probiotic products.
Additionally, this
tuberosus), vegetable capsule (modified cellulose),
proprietary blend of probiotics is exposed to a mold-free
cellulose, medium chain triglycerides and water.
culturing process and uses select organisms (Yanick,
Probiotics are housed in a brown tinted glass container
2014). QuantaBiotica is a quorum fermented product
within individual vegetable capsules totaling 50.
using a novel fermentation process (Yanick, 2007). More
All probiotic pills were kept in their original containers in
specifically, Yanick (2007, p. 70) describes QuantaBiotica
the refrigerator between -3 and -6 degrees celsius.
as follows the combination of commensals with
Design
appropriate prebiotics produce powerful nutrient-dense
"
foods, rich in quorum fermented nutrients. These nutrients
were implemented to describe the data.
are pre-digested and reduced in weight from 60,000
events occurring due to random chance were assessed
daltons in whole foods to only 320 daltons.
using Poisson distributions. This information will provide
"
valuable information for potential future research.
microbial cell colonizer (Yanick, 2014).
Conversely, the alternative probiotic was
Other disclosed
As a preliminary study basic descriptive statistics

Probabilities of
purchased from a local grocery store and is a generic
experimentation was carried out by two experimenters.
over-the-counter product (Grocey Store Multi-Flora).
Conditions
No
further information is available regards production other
1. Baseline
than that available on the product label (see materials
2. Intention Exposure
section for details).
3. Sound Exposure
All
4. Microwave Exposure
Materials
Set Up and Apparatus
Product 1 - QuantaFoods QuantaBiotica (Q).
"
QuantaFoods QuantaBiotica consisting of an 8-strain

proprietary Quorum Fermented blend of Lactobacillus
The photomultiplier was housed in a custom made
faraday chamber at the California Institute for Human

Sciences (CIHS). The faraday chamber was housed in a
14
dedicated laboratory.
The laboratory was cooled to
temperatures between 66 - 68 degrees celsius.
The
and all black covers were recorded.
served to record levels of noise signal within the faraday
faraday chamber consisted of an independent, shielded,
chamber without samples.
copper reinforced chamber.
"
The photomultiplier was
These baselines
O1 was taken to the faraday chamber in a paper
placed on an independent wooden box shelf in the right
towel to prevent contamination. Using a ruler the probiotic
hand corner of the faraday chamber. Refer to Appendix A,
pill was placed 1.5cm from the edge of the sample stand
for a schematic of the materials set up in the faraday
directly in front of the photomultiplier. A paper towel was
chamber and the CIHS laboratory.
A black material
used for placement to ensure experimenter contamination
covered stand was placed directly in front of the
was reduced. Approximately 5 black towels and a velvet
photomultiplier upon which the samples were placed.
cover were placed over the detector and the sample. Two
"
Photomultiplier.
baseline readings were recorded.
"
A Fluke PM6690 Frequency Counter/Timer/
referred to a the standard procedure.
This method will be
Analyzer was used for this study. This photomultiplier is a
The standard procedure was repeated for the Q1 probiotic
period counter detecting the intervals between successive
pill.
pulses (T1, T2, T3,.....TN-1, TN) and calculates the
"
Trial 2.
frequency as follows:-
"
All readings were taken at 5 second intervals for a
a) Average period of the pulse intervals detected within
total of 200 seconds (40 events). O3 probiotic pill was
the Gate Time: Tavg= (t1+t2+T3+....+TN-1+tN)N (sec).

b) Frequency is calculated for the Gate Time T=FT=1/
Tavg(1/sec)
placed in paper towel and the experimenter focused their

intention of love and gratitude and the infusion of love and
gratitude into the O3 sample. The sample was cradled in
The Gate Time was set to long enough to have enough
towel held by the experimenters hands for two minutes.
large number of pulses. If this is not taken into account an
The O3 sample was placed 1.5cm from the edge of the
abnormal large number of counts/sec considered an
sample holder, all covers replaced (cap off) and 2 readings
extreme possible case will be obtained.
were recorded.
A 5 sec interval was selected, 40 trials for a total of 200
infusing hate in the probiotic O3 sample.
seconds per observation was used for all recordings.
were recorded.
Procedure
The above procedure (Trial 2) was repeated for Q3
"
Trial 1.
sample.
"
One refrigerated probiotic vegetable capsule was
Both O3 and Q3 were placed in steryfoam cup using a
taken from each of their respective containers (Q1 and O1,
paper towel and transported to the microwave. The cup
respectively). Each was placed in a paper plate, covered
was placed in the center of the microwave plate and the
with a paper towel and transported immediately to the
microwave was turned on at the highest wattage for 2
laboratory room.
They were kept at a temperature
minutes. It was noted the plate of the microwave was not
between 66-68 degrees celsius. All readings were taken
turning properly. On removal of the cup with both O3 and
at 5 second intervals for a total of 200 seconds (40
Q3 samples it was noted that O3 was completely burnt,
events).
In trial one, two baseline readings were taken
while Q3 remained intact. Both samples were placed in
with the photomultiplier cap on, all black covers on (5 black
the faraday chamber for two weeks. After two weeks they
material covers and 1 velvet cover) were recorded.
were placed on the sample stand individually (as per
This was repeated with the intention of

Two readings
Subsequently, two baseline readings without the cap on

15
above standard procedure) and two readings each were
1. Cap on covers on; cap off covers on.
recorded (O3 and Q3).
These were
repeated on all days the experiments were carried out.
"
Trial 3.
2. After music played cap off all covers on (Q7).
"
All readings were taken at 5 second intervals for a
3. After music trials cap off all covers on lights in
total of 200 seconds (40 events). The procedure

established for trial one was repeated with O3 and Q3
laboratory off (Q7).

4. After music trials cap on all covers on lights in
samples. A baseline signal from the source, O3 sample,

with cap off all covers on, is established all parameters
were maintained.
laboratory on (Q7).
5. After music trials cap off all covers on, after power
A MacBook Pro was placed in on the
holding shelf to the right of the photomultiplier.
Using
device turned off for 2 minutes (Q7).

6. After music trials cap off all covers on faraday
iTunes Overture no: 3 Air by J.S. Bach was selected and
chamber door slightly open for 1 minute (Q7).
played on repeat. A period of 4 minutes was observed to
7. Q7 no computer or music (Q7).
allow for the computer screen to engage sleep mode. It
8. Q7 with computer screen off. This was to ascertain the
was noted that the battery light flashed periodically in this
effects of the flashing battery light during power saving
mode.
mode as noted in Trial 2.
The faraday chamber door was closed and two
readings were recorded. After which all parameters were

maintained excepting the choice of song.
"
The second part of the experiment the song Hate Train by
control measure condition. Various baseline observations
Metallica was played and two readings were recorded.
inclusive of Q7 sample and computer were observed to
"
The above procedure (Trial 3) was repeated for
understand the impact of the computer, the computer
the Q3 sample. This trial was repeated twice with O4, O5
battery light at rest and whether the dimmed screen
and Q4 and Q5.
emitted high levels of photon radiation.
Due to an abnormally increased
Observations with Q7 sample were initiated as a
biophoton emission reading during Q5 exposure to Hate

Train by Metallica one additional reading (total of 3) was
Results
recorded. To ascertain whether the increased biophoton
Analysis Procedure
emission was due to exposure to Metallicas Hate train, the
"
music was switched back to Overture no: 3 Air by J. S.
multiplier tube and have an average signal noise of
Bach.
A further 3 readings were recorded from a new
between 10 and 14 counts per second, which necessitates
probiotic pill sample to immediately compare readings
background noise correction to obtain the properties of
(Q6). A variation of this trial was repeated using a new
source signal.
sample Q7 employing the same procedure as laid out
spontaneous signals by counting photons in 40 contiguous
above (Trial 3).
Q7 was also left for a period of thirty
intervals of 5 seconds intervals. The outcomes constitute
minutes enclosed in the faraday chamber with continuous
a series of integer photon counts (0,1,2,3...) for bin size of
exposure to Hate Train by Metallica.
5 secs.
"
"
Baseline Trials.
Biophoton signals are detected with a photo
Observations are performed by detecting
All collected data were converted for use in
Baseline trials were carried out to assess the variability of
Microsoft Excel 2011.
noise signal and signal from non-biological sources.
observation trial (at 5 second intervals, 40 events)
These were carried out using the standard procedure.
recorded the sum and mean was calculated.
"
data analysis the second observation in each trial was
"
Observed Baselines.
For each 200 second data
During all
16
used to reduce potential for extraneous signal inclusions
are expressed as photons per second from this point
(fluorescence for example).
A minimum of two baseline
forward). The average noise signal without source shows
measurements were made, with the exception of the 17th
considerable variation over the experimentation period
of July 2014 when only one was taken. The average of
from 14th of July 2014 to the 22nd of August 2014 (Figure
two baseline readings were taken for all other dates.
5). The average noise signal counts were in the ranges of
"
between 10 to 14 counts per second, respectively.
Individual readings in each trial were plotted on a
line graph for both O and Q samples.
Bar graphs were
On
average, the inter-day differences in noise signal is 1 count
also used to illustrate potential photon emission
per second.
differences between O and Q samples, respectively. Both
variability was greater, between 10 to 14 counts per
data frequency (x*bin) and poissonian frequencies were
second.
calculated (x, mean, cumulative, FALSE).
Conversely, overall intra-day noise signal
Poisson
distributions were normalized. Poissonian and frequency

distribution comparisons served to establish whether
Pill Size Adjustment Calculation

Due to pill size discrepancies between the O and Q
samples a mathematical adjustment was carried out as
follows:"
Measurements.
Q pill length = 2.40cm

Q pill width = 0.90cm
Photons Counts Per Second
source signal varied considerably from probability.
O2 & Q2 Comparison
O2
Q2
30.00
22.50
15.00
7.50
0
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40
Number of Trials
O pill length = 2.00cm
Figure 4. Actual source signal observations showing
O pill width = 0.70cm
photon counts per second in the baseline condition for

Q2 and O2.
The surface area for each pill was calculated as follows:Q pill = 2.40cm x 0.90cm = 2.16cm2
O pill = 2.00cm x 0.70cm = 1.4cm2
The ratio of the surface areas were factored for all signal
calculations to adjust for the O sample as follows:Surface area Q Pill/surface area of O pill = 1.54
All O sample source signals were factored by 1.54 to
account for pill size difference.
Baselines
"
Actual source signal baseline observations as
graphed in Figure 4, show photon counts per second for

Q2 and O2 (40 trials, 200 seconds). Ontologically, this line
graphs shows the difference between biophoton emissions
from each sample, respectively (m = 17.56 photons per
second and m = 15.66 photons per second, all averages
Intention
"
O3 and Q3 samples were individually exposed to
the focused intention of love and gratitude and hate for a

two minute period (respectively).
Actual source signal
observations as graphed in Figure 7 and 8 (love and

gratitude intention), show photon counts per second for Q3
and O3 (40 trials, 200 seconds).
Ontologically, this line
graphs shows the difference between photon emissions

from each sample, respectively (m
= 16.02 and m =
16.52, respectively). A summary of the average photon

counts during exposure are graphed in Figure 6.
Noise
baseline is set at m = 10.77. The data show, on average

the O3 pill radiated more photons per second when
exposed to love and gratitude (m = 16.52) as compared to
Q3 (m = 16.02). Furthermore, during the love & gratitude
exposure trial, on average, O3 seemed to produce slightly
17
less photon radiance than at baseline (baseline m = 17.56,
As predicted, ontological comparisons between the Q3 data
trial m = 16.52).
frequency and the poisson distribution for love and gratitude

exposure show the likelihood of the observing Q3 source
Baselines%4%14%July%14%to%22%August%14%
photon radiance by chance (Figure 7).
These comparisons
show that it is improbable these observations would be a
16.00#
result of chance alone, thus suggesting that exposure of Q3 to

14.00#
the intention of love and gratitude produced an observable

effect.
Mean%Photon%Counts%Per%Second%
12.00#
The comparison between O3 data frequency and
poisson shows that in the love and gratitude trial O3 photon

emission is plausibly consistent with poisson. However, there
10.00#
are too few data points to provide definitive evidence (Figure

8.00#
8).
"
6.00#
Q3 Love & Gratitude 22 July 2014
4.00#
Number Density
2.00#
0.00#
Figure 5. Average baselines (Mean SEM) from the 14th of

August 2014 to the 22nd of August 2014. Bar 1, is baseline cap
off and all covers on 14 July 2014 (m = 10.77), bar 2 is baseline
cap off and all covers on 7 August 2014 (m = 12.32), bar 3 is
baseline cap off and all covers on 7 August 2014 (m = 11.96), bar
4 is cap on all covers on observations 1 - 19 august 2014 (m =
13.71), bar 5 is cap off all covers on observations 2 - 19 August
2014 (m = 12.95), bar 6 is baseline cap off all covers on
observation 1 - 22 August 2014 (m = 13.16) and bar 7 is baseline
cap off all covers on observation 2 - 22 August 2014 (m = 14.00).
The values are SEM (n = 40).
7.00
--- Frequency
5.25
--- Poisson Normalized
3.50
1.75
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Counts Per Second
"
Figure 7. Comparison between data frequency distribution and

poisson distribution for Q3 exposure to the intention of love and
gratitude - 22 July 2014.
O3 Love & Gratitude 22 July 2014
Average&Photon&Count&For&Inten5on&Exposure&
Photon&Counts&Per&Second&
25.00#
20.00#
15.00#
10.00#
5.00#
0.00#
Average#baseline# Average#O2#2nd# Average#Q2#2nd# Average#O3#Love#Average#Q3#love# Average#O3#hate#Average#Q3#hate# Average#O3#
Average#Q3#
with#cap#o#and# reading#July#14# reading#July#14# and#GraCtude# and#graCtude# 2nd#reading#July# second#reading# microwave#2nd# microwave#2nd#
covered#July#14#
2nd#reading#July# 2nd#reading#July#
14#
July#14#
reading#July#14# reading#July#14#
14#
14#
Number Density
30.00#
8.00
--- Frequency
6.00
4.00
2.00
0
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Counts Per Second

Figure 6. This bar graph shows the average observations for Q and
O pill exposure to the intention of love and gratitude and hate,
respectively. Baseline averages show noise to source signal data
observations. Included are also baseline data for Q and O pills,
respectively. Data points for the microwave condition is included for
completeness and to offer observational comparison only.
Figure 8. Comparison between data frequency distribution and poisson

distribution for O3 exposure to the intention of love and gratitude - 22
July 2014.
18
Actual source signal observations as graphed in Figure 9
Additionally, ontological comparisons between O3 data
(hate intention trial), show photon counts per second for
frequency and poisson distributions show that the
Q3 and O3 (40 trials, 200 seconds). Ontologically, the line
observed O3 photon radiance occurring by chance was
graphs shows the difference between photon emissions
improbable, therefore this suggests a potentially
from each sample, respectively (Q3 m = 20.20 and O3 m =
observable effect (Figure 11).
16.00, respectively).
As expected, ontological
surprise photon radiation observation in the opposing
comparisons between Q3 data frequency and poisson
direction to hypothesis; photon radiance reduced in
distributions show the improbability that observed Q3
intensity during the hate condition.
photon radiance when exposed to hate is due to chance
However, O3 produced a surprise photon radiation
(Figure 10).
observation in the opposing direction to hypothesis; photon
However, O3 produced a
O3 & Q3 Comparison - Hate
O3 Hate 22 July 2014
30.00
22.50
--- O3
15.00
--- Q3
Number Density
Photon Counts Per Second
radiance reduced in intensity during the hate condition.
7.50
0
15.00
--- Frequency
11.25
7.50
3.75
0
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Number of Trials
Counts Per Second
Figure 9. Actual source signal observations showing

photon counts per second in the hate condition for Q3
and O3.
Figure 11. Comparison between data

frequency distribution and poisson distribution
for O3 exposure to the intention of hate - 22
July 2014.
"
Further observations of the data suggest, when
exposed to the intention of hate, on average, O3 produced
Number Density
Q3 Hate 22 July 2014

9.00
6.75
slightly more photon radiance (m = 16.00) compared to

baseline (m = 15.66). On the other hand, Q3 seemed to
--- Frequency
produce less photon radiance when exposed to love and
gratitude (m = 16.02) and produced more photon radiance
4.50
when exposed to hate (m = 20.20). Additionally, compared
2.25
to baseline (m = 21.41) Q3 produced less photon radiance
when exposed to love and gratitude (m = 16.02) as

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Counts Per Second
Figure 10. Comparison between data frequency distribution

and poisson distribution for Q3 exposure to the intention of
hate - 22 July 2014.
compared to hate (m = 20.20).

Sound Exposure
"
From the 7th of August 2014 to the 22nd of August
2014, several O and Q samples were exposed to classical

music (J.S. Bach, Overture Number: 3 Air) and heavy
metal music (Metallicas Hate Train), respectively.
A
19
summary of the ontological comparisons between noise
expectations.
Ontological comparisons to Q5 during the
signal baseline (7 August 2014, m = 12.14; 19 August
same exposure to Hate Train are unadvisable given the
2014, m = 13.35) and average photon radiance readings is
anomalous observations.
provided in Figure 12. The bar graph shows variability in

Music&Exposure&7&Aug&2014&to&22&Aug&2014&
the photon radiance between Q4 (m = 14.42 on repeat and
120"
m = 15.02 no repeat), Q5 (m = 19.17) and Q6 (m = 14.96)
100"
More
exposed to J.S. Bach, Overture Number: 3 Air.
specifically, Q4 shows a slight variation in photon emission

between inconsistent exposure to classical music (m =
15.02) compared to continued exposure for a period of 200
seconds per trial (m = 14.42). Observations suggest that
Overture Number: 3 Air repeatedly (m = 14.96).
The
ontological differences between Q4 observations are

minimal, conversely, the difference between Q4 and Q6 is
approximately less than 1 photon count per second. Q6
acted as a control to test the validity of the Q5
40"
0"
Q4"Bach""Air""
Q4"Bach""Air""Repeat" O5"Bach"Air"Rpeat" Q5"Bach"Air"repeat" O5"Hate"Train"Repeat"Q5"Hate"Train"Repeat" Q5"Bach"Air"ABer" Q6"Bach"Air"Repeat"
Reading"2"no"repeat9""
7"Aug"14"
Reading"3""19"Aug"14" Reading"3""19"Aug"14" Reading"3""19"Aug"14" Reading"3""19"Aug"14" Hate"train"Repeat" Reading"3""19"Aug"14"
7"Aug"14""
Reading"6""19"Aug"14"
However, the lowest observation
recorded was when Q6 was exposed to J.S. Bach,
60"
20"
Q4s continued exposure resulted in a reduction of photon

emission for that trial.
80"
Figure 12. Bar graph showing the observed photon radiance for pills
O4, Q4, O5, Q5 and Q6 and exposure to classical music (J. S. Bach
Overture Number 3: Air and Metallica Hate Train) for the period 7
August 2014 to 19 August 2014, respectively.
*Note all blue bars are representative of noise signal baseline (m =
12.14 7 August 2014; m = 13.35 19 August 2014). Other colors are
source signal observations as marked (O is orange and Q is green).
observations to Hate Train. Q6 average photon radiance
"
was found to be slightly lower than averages of both Q4
"
and Q5 (m = 14.42; m = 19.17, respectively).
difference (approximately 1.24 photon counts per second)
"
Interestingly, when Q5 was exposed to heavy
in photon radiance between Q7 second and third baseline
metal music (Metallica, Hate Train) repeatedly anomalous
observations (reading two and Q7 no computer, no music
photon emission was observed. Indeed, the graph shows
22 August 2014) (m = 17.36 and m = 16.15, respectively).
exponentially high photon radiance above expected (m =
However, the addition of the computer with dimmed screen
113.15), despite all conditions in the trial being kept
resulted in a slightly elevated photon radiance (m = 16.91)
constant. Although this follows expected hypotheses, the
with only slight increases with repeated exposure to
unusually high photon radiance is questionable.
It was
classical (J. S. Bach Overture Number: 3 Air) and heavy
noted that, on average, Q5 photon emission (m = 19.17)
metal music (Metallica Hate Train; m = 17.03 and m =
was slightly higher than both Q4 exposed to J. S. Bach,
17.00, respectively). Finally, Q7 was exposed to Metallica
Overture Number: 3 Air on repeat (m = 14.42) and Q6 (m
Hate Train or a period of thirty minutes, photon radiance
= 14.96).
reduced by approximately by 0.76 photon counts per
"
second (m = 17.00 and m = 16.24, respectively).
By contrast, on average O5 shows slightly higher
As highlighted in Figure 13 there was a slight
photon emission (m = 17.19) when exposed to J. S. Bach,

Overture Number: 3 Air compared to Q5 in the same
condition.
Furthermore, a reduction in photon radiance
was observed during exposure to Metallicas Hate Train,

both of these observations directly oppose the stated
20
life, indeed research shows the human body is a delicate
Q7&Counts&Music&Exposure&&
ecosystem of microbial organisms working synergistically
20.00#
18.00#
16.00#
14.00#
12.00#
10.00#
8.00#
6.00#
4.00#
2.00#
0.00#
towards a unified whole (the body) (Yanick, 2007, 2009,

2012). Current biophoton research focuses on
investigating the mechanics of photon radiance from
Baseline#Cap#o# Q7#Baseline#
Q7#No#
Q7#with#
Q7#Bach#Air#on# Q7#Hate#Train# Q7#hate#train#on#
all#covers#on# Reading#2#:#22# computer#or#
Computer# Repeat#Reading# on#Repeat# repeat#for#half#
Reading#2#:#22#
Aug#14#
music#baseline#:# Screen#o#:#22# 2#:#22#aug#14# Reading#3#:#22# an#hour#Reading#
Aug#
22#Aug#14#
Aug#14#
Aug#14#
2##:#22#Aug#14#
Figure 13. Bar graph showing Q7 data following exposure to J.

S. Bach, Overture Number: 3 Air and Metallica Hate Train
repeated over differing time frames. Baselines were included
with computer and source present in differing scenarios.
biological systems, however, few have considered

evaluating whether biological organisms sense and are
affected by directed intention (Popp, 1999). More
specifically, whether microbial organisms, such as
probiotics, experience subjectivity (Romjin, 2002).
Thus
Microwave
this preliminary study initiates research relating to potential
"
effects of intention on non-human biological organisms
O3 and Q3 samples were exposed to microwave

As
(probiotics). Furthermore, the potential effects of sound
shown in Figure 14, average photon radiance is
exposure on microbial organisms (probiotics) is also
remarkably higher in Q3 (m = 28.42) compared to O3 (m =
evaluated.
27.36) (average noise signal baseline (m = 14.90)).
Baselines
However, Q3 showed slightly higher photon radiance
"
compared to O3. Observations of both samples after two
intra-day noise signal variability.
weeks of rest show a considerable drop in photon
signal before subject placement is continually fluctuating.
radiance, with Q3 demonstrating a slightly lower emission
Indeed, if the actual noise signal at baseline was constant
rate, on average (Q3 m = 14.90; O3 m = 15.77).
all source observations would reflect true source signal
radiation for two minutes on the 22nd of July 2014.
data.
The array of baseline observations show high

This means that noise
This variability increases noise to source signal
uncertainty and limits interpretation and comparisons

Average'Counts'for'Microwave'Exposure'
(Mayburov, 2012). The potential reasons for these intraday fluctuations are multiple. The sensitivity of the device,
30.00#
25.00#
instrument noise, thermal radiation from the device itself
20.00#
and perhaps the fluctuations in laboratory temporal
15.00#
conditions may all contribute (Popp, 1999, 2003;
10.00#
5.00#
Mayburov, 2012). Finally, shot noise may also be
0.00#
Average#Baseline#1#7#Aug#14#
Average#O3#2nd#reading#
Microwave#22#July#14##
Average#Q3#2nd#Reading#
microwave##22#July#14##
Average#O3#Retake#Reading#2##C#7# Average#Q3#Retake#Reading#1#C#7#
Aug#14#
Aug#14##
Figure 14. Bar graph showing average photon counts for O3

and Q3 after exposure to microwave radiation for 2 minutes
and repeated observations two weeks later (O3 and Q3 were
covered and housed in the faraday cage in relative darkness
for two weeks before the repeated measure in August 2014.
Discussion
implicated, this type of noise originates from the particle

nature of light.
Intention Exposure
"
According to these findings the first stated
hypothesis may have validity suggesting that Q sample
Biophoton research is considered to be rather
may exhibit more coherent behavior than the O sample in
controversial (Popp, 1999). The photon phenomenon has
both the source baseline and intention conditions.
initiated a myriad of philosophical and scientific questions
Nonetheless, the assumption that Q sample is more
some of which oppose current assumptions about nature
coherent is speculatory at best, for more certainty it would
(Popp, 1999). The natural world is awash with microbial
require the ability to maintain and measure a biological
"
21
system in a stationary state (Popp, 1999). Nonetheless,
suggested that perhaps the Q sample is more coherent in
Popp (1999, p. 6) suggests all living systems display
nature than the O sample.
hyperbolic relaxations of dynamics rather than an
2012) suggests that the ratio of bacteria in the
exponential one......there is already proof of the coherence
manufactured probiotic is crucial for gut colonization,
of biphotonic emission. A closer investigation relating to
furthermore, the fermentation process requires specificity.
the probiotic cell cycle would yield more understanding
Additionally, the quorum fermentation process purportedly
and validity (Yip & Madl, 2007).
results in a mold free product reducing the potential for
"
Overall, the results show that Q sample probiotics
extraneous organisms (Yanick, 2007, 2009, 2012).
are sensitive to positive and negative intentions, more
Although the exact fermentation method used has not
specifically in this study, love, gratitude and hate.
been divulged, perhaps quorum fermentation results in
Throughout the intention exposure condition Q sample
more coherence (Yanick, 2007, 2009, 2012)?
performed as expected with lower photon emission during
inclusion of only Pysllium husk and no other additives to
the love and gratitude trial compared to the hate trial.
the probiotic ensemble (Q) may also reflect the observed
Additionally, comparisons between the data frequency and
variation in the O probiotic samples. Finally, an unusually
poisson distributions show it is highly unlikely these
large background noise effect may have also affected
findings are due to chance.
results.
These results provide a
Indeed, Yanick (2007, 2009,
The
persuasive argument in favor of biological organisms,
Sound Exposure
more specifically, probiotics potentially exhibiting
"
subjectivity (Romjin, 2002). Furthermore, they corroborate
interesting findings. Overall, when initially exposed to J. S.
Popps (1999, 2006) findings suggesting more photons are
Bach Overture Number: 3 Air photon emission reduced
released from stressed biological systems with the
(compared to signal baseline), however, when exposed to
opposite being found when in a relaxed state.
Metallica Hate Train unusually high photon radiance was
Furthermore, these findings have implications relating to
recorded. Although these findings support hypotheses the
the body/mind connection (Tiller, 2009, 2009b). Indeed, if
extraordinary photon intensity suggests extraneous factors
intention and thoughts affect the photon radiance in
were at play. No changes were made during the trial and
bacteria and ninety percent of the human body is
conditions were kept constant, therefore there is no known
composed of microbes, the question arises as to whether
reasons for this exception.
the microbial ecosystem is affected by the hosts state of
recorded with additional Q samples testing for
mind? More specifically, does it affect microbial efficiency,
repeatability, however, this extraordinary intensity was not
longevity and productivity?
found.
"
Despite the aforementioned favorable findings
recordings of a subsequent sample (Q7) which did not
these were not corroborated by probiotic sample O. The
yield the same results when exposed to Metallicas Hate
observed results in both conditions for this sample (love
Train over thirty minutes.
and gratitude and hate) did not satisfy the posited
reduced over that time period suggesting that music does
hypotheses and aims.
not have a significant effect on probiotics based on photon
opposite; that is
Rather findings showed the
exposure to the intention of love and
The sound exposure condition Q yielded some
intensity.
Various baselines were
Interestingly, this conclusion is corroborated by
Indeed, photon emissions
Furthermore, organism light absorption is an
gratitude resulted in an increased photon emission, whilst
aspect that has not been corrected for adequately and
exposure to the intention of hate decreased photon
may have affected results.
emission.
This presents a veritable conundrum.
It is
22
"
The O sample, on the other hand, displayed
materials/devices used in experimentation should be
similar unusual results as those in the intention condition.
performed at the outset to establish intra-day noise signal
Photon emission was more intense when exposed to
variability.
Metallicas Hate Train compared to J.S. Bach Overture
to source signal uncertainty and limits interpretation and
Number: 3 Air. It is reasonable to suggest that reduced
comparisons.
O sample coherence may have influenced results.
crucial for photon detection and recording, therefore it is
Microwave
suggested the device be calibrated before research
"
Both samples (O and Q) showed increased
initiation (Popp, 2003). Furthermore, it is suggested the
intensity of photon emission following exposure to
device be powered off and cooled at regular intervals to
microwave radiation. Notwithstanding, these results may
reduce thermal interference.
have been confounded by the increased thermal
minimize instrument noise should also be tested and
emission following exposure to high microwave radiation
calibrated to ensure efficiency.
as this was not accounted for.
analysis would permit a more in depth understanding of
Recommendations
actual sample components and microbial densities thus
"
reducing potential extraneous factors influencing
A more rigorous methodological design is
recommended.
More specifically, a repeated measures
Intra-day baseline variability increases noise
outcomes.
The efficiency of the photomultiplier is
The filter installed to
Microbial and chemical
Moreover, organism light absorption is
design with pre-post conditions is suggested. The use of
another known phenomenon that has not been evaluated
a rigorous procedure is crucial to eliminate potential
adequately and may have affected results (Popp, 2003).
confounding factors, therefore some changes in the
Finally, additional analysis such as biophotonic imaging
procedure are advised. Namely, using gloves to handle
would provide added validity to findings of photon
all specimens, the use of quartz cuvettes in the place of
radiance (Creath & Schwartz, 2005).
vegetarian pillules ensuring the number of organisms
Future Research
used is equal in each condition, thus reducing the use of
"
mathematical adjustment for pill size.
Repeatability is
the potential for microbial subjectivity (Romjin, 2002).
one of the foundations of the scientific paradigm, it is
This discovery elucidates the potential for further
therefore recommended that multiple samples from each
considerations relating to the body-mind complex.
probiotic batch be used in succession to quantify genuine
particular, whether quorum sensing is mediated by the
significance. Furthermore, the use of a significance test,
hosts emotional state and whether different samples of
either the C-test or E-test, is suggested. This will provide
bacteria are affected when in optical proximity. This may
a more solid understanding of significant differences
be extended to investigate the effects of distal intention
between probiotic subjects and their biophoton radiance
on bacteria.
in each condition.
Given the current results,
analysis the potential of toxins such as heavy metals and
experimenter intention should be taken into account
chemical contaminants may yield a better understanding
ensuring all those present clear their thought processes
of the effects of these substances on photon intensity.
to mitigate any potential experimenter effects (Tiller,
Furthermore, it may provide invaluable knowledge about
2009, 2009b).
gut microbial efficiency, productivity and longevity.
Fluctuations in temperature may have
Despite the mixed findings this research shows
In
Finally, with more chemical substance
contributed to the variations in noise signal differences,
Summary
therefore consistent temporal conditions are in the
"
laboratory are imperative. All baselines related to
results in all conditions the O sample trials did not support
Despite some curious findings, given the overall
23
hypotheses related to intention and sound exposure.
Creath, K., & Schwartz, G. E. (2005). What Biophoton
However, O sample trial results suggest hypotheses
Images of Plants Can Tell Us "
related to its reduced coherence may be supported.
Healing. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 19(4),
Conversely, Q samples supported the hypotheses
531-550."
suggesting this sample is more coherent and is affected
De Vrese, M., & Schrezenmeir, J. (2008).
by the intentions of love, gratitude and hate.
prebiotics and synbiotics. Advanced Biochemistry,
These
a b o u t B i o fi e l d s a n d
Probiotics,
findings have noteworthy implications relating to
Engineering and Biotechnology, 111, 1-66.
awareness and questions about microbial subjectivity
Dicke, R. H. (1954). Coherence in spontaneous radiation
(Romjin, 2002). Indeed, further research may begin to
processes. Physiological Review, 99, pp. 99.
s c i e n t i fi c a l l y d i s e n t a n g l e t h e e l u s i v e w e b o f
Dictionary.com. (2014). Retrieved 10 September 2014.
consciousness and alter the way humans see themselves
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/coherence?s=t.
and connect to the ecosystem within their own physical
Farquhar, G. D., Von Caemmere, S., & Berry, J. A.
form (Romjin, 2002).
(2001).
After all one of the greatest
Models of Photosynthesis, Plant Physiology,
scientists of all time, stated look deep into nature, and
125(1), 42-45.
then you will understand everything better, Einstein.
Gibson, G. R.. (2002) (Eds.
Hart, A. L., Stagg, A. J.,
Graffner, H., Glise, H., Falk, P., & Kamm, M. A.) Gut
Acknowledgements: Thanks to the California Institute for
Ecology. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd, a member of the
Human Science for the use of the biophoton machine and
Taylor & Francis Group.
experimental lab.
Merriam-Webster. (2014). Retrieved 10 September 2014.

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intention.
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watchv=trycaZzwMeo&index=4&list=PLNHyuB3oUlV94G
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24
Romjin, H. (2002). Are Virtual Photons the Elementary

Carriers of Consciousness? "
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2015
25
Journal
Of
Animal
Consciousness
A Journal for a paradigm shift from a uni-dimensional perspective to a

multi-faceted approach about the natural world and consciousness.
What is consciousness and do animals and plants have it?
Think you have an article that adds value to understanding consciousness?
Then send it to chiara@societyforanimalconsciousness.org!

Consciousness
2015
The Journal of Animal Consciousness is edited and produced by Chiara Marrapodi Founder of
The Society for Animal Consciousness.
The Journal of Animal Consciousness is produced free to the community. It is the first Journal of
its kind and incorporates an integral approach. Providing a blend of scientific and philosophical
theses on Animal Consciousness and related topics.
www.societyforanimalconsciousness.org
Issue 1, Vol 1, February 2015.

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Journal

Welcome to the inaugural Journal

informs the creative

The Society for Animal

Introductory Comment Dr Thomas G. Brophy, PhD

Why Animal Consciousness? Chiara Marrapodi

Animal Emotions, do animals

Consciousness and the Equine

Do Probiotic Bacteria have Subjectivity Chiara Marrapodi

Issue 1, Vol 1, February 2015.

Introductory Comments - Dr Thomas G. Brophy, PhD

Why Animal Consciousness?

instinctual driving forces has been flatly

Chiara Marrapodi, BSc Psych, MA

Revisiting the animal

Photographic Credit and copyright

Dr Marc Bekoff, PhD

Human Animals at the Francis Crick

Memorial Conference, Churchill

Declare: Nonhuman Animals Are Conscious". I honestly thought it was a joke,

College, University of Cambridge

likely from one of my favorite newspapers,The Onion. However, it wasn't.

University, Cambridge 7 July 2012,

My colleague Michael Mountain published a summary of a recent meeting held

Revisiting the animal

Michael Mountain was as incredulous as I and many others about something

Some might say we didn't really know that other animals

supporting sentience and consciousness is also

were conscious but this is an incredibly naive view given

what we know about the neurobiology and cognitive and

So, what are we going to do with what we know (and

The scientists went as far as to write up what's calledThe

administrative provisions and customs of the Member

Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness that basically

States relating in particular to religious rites, cultural

declares that this prominent international group of

traditions and regional heritage."

scientists agree that "Convergent evidence indicates that

Let's applaud The Cambridge Declaration on

"remain skeptical and agnostic [about consciousness] ...

Guggenheim Fellowship. Marc has published more than

Militantly agnostic if necessary, because this keeps alive

1000 essays (popular, scientific, and book chapters), 30

the possibility that a large number of species have some

books, and has edited three encyclopedias. His books

sort of conscious experiences ... For all we know, many

include the Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal

Welfare, The Ten Trusts (with Jane Goodall), the

emotional ones, also have conscious experiences."

Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, the Encyclopedia of

Perhaps what I call "Dawkins' Dangerous Idea" will now

About the Author

Revisiting the animal

Photographic Credit and copyright

There are 1000 pounds underneath me. For the sport I am

horse, listening to the even footfalls of her cadence,

competing in, it is necessary. It, however, is not an it. It

carefully scanning the distances between fences and

is not a machine or an inanimate object. It is a she. She