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Chapter 7 - Periodic Table
Chapter 7 - Periodic Table
PERIODIC TABLE
1. Matter in our universe is made of about 100 chemical elements. The periodic
Tables make the study of chemistry of these elements easier.
2. Scientists are thankful to Dobereiner, Newlands, Meyer, Mendeleev and Moseley
who made great contributions to the development of the Periodic Table.
3. The Periodic Table contains elements that arranged with their proton numbers in
increasing order.
4. The horizontal of the periodic table (columns) is known as a group and the
ventricle (rows) of the periodic table is known as a periods.
5. There is 18 groups and elements are grouping by identified the electron
valence. The same electron valence is in the same group.
6. Elements in the same groups have same chemical properties.
7. Atoms in groups 1, 2 and 3 have 1, 2 and 3 electron in the outermost electron
valence. All the elements are metals. Atoms in groups 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 are
non-metals.
8. All metals are on the left side and non-metals are on the right side of the periodic
table.
9. Elements in the same group have the same number of outermost electrons and
similar chemical properties.
10. There are 7 period in periodic table. All elements in the same periods have the
same orbits of electron valence. Periods 1, 2 and 3 have 1, 2 and 3 orbit of
electron valence.
11. The proton numbers increase across the period and atomic size decrease.
12. The elements in group 3 to group 12 are called transition elements.
13. The elements in the first row are called lanthanoids (the old name is lanthanides).
The elements in the second row are called the actinoids (the old name is
actinides).
PERIODIC TABLE
1
H
13
14
15
16 17
18
He
Li
Be
Ne
Al
Si
Cl Ar
Na Mg
K
Transition elements
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Ca
Sc
Ti
Rb Sr
Zr
Nb Mo Tc
Cs
Ba
Lu Hf Ta
Fr
Ra
Lr
Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In
Sn
Sb Te I
Pb
Bi
Re
Os Ir
Rf Db Sg
Bh
Hs Mt
Pt
Au Hg Ti
Xe
Po At Rn
Exercise: Complete the table below with the Chemical Symbols of the elements.
Group
1
2
17
18
Name
Alkali metal
Alkali earth metal
Halogen
Noble gas
14. There is a number written above the chemical symbol of the element in each box.
It starts with number 1, increases by one unit as we move to the right, and ends
with number 112.
15. This number used to be called atomic number. It is now called proton number.
Proton number is the number of protons in an atom of an element. For
example, the proton number for oxygen is 8. It means that oxygen atom has eight
protons.
16. The proton number also indicates the number of electrons in an atom of an
element. This information and the position of the elements in the Periodic Table
enable us to write the electron configuration of the elements.
Proton
number
8
O
16.00
A. Electron configuration
electrons
nucleus
XX
X
1. An atom is made of a very small nucleus in the centre and one or more electrons
outside the nucleus
2. An electron configuration indicates how the electrons are arranged outside the
nucleus
3. The first shell has a maximum of 2 electrons. The second shell and the rest of
shells has a maximum of eight electrons
4. The electron configuration of an element indicates its group and period. Group 1
has 1 electron in their outermost.
5. Examples:
Proton
number
Electron
configuration
3
Li
2.1
Chemical
symbol
(a) The electron configuration of lithium (chemical symbol, Li) is 2.1. It is made
up of two numbers separated by a dot. The two numbers indicate that the
element is in Period 2. The last number is 1, indicate that the elements is in
Group 1. The sum of all the numbers is 3, which is the proton number of
lithium.
(b) The electron configuration of chlorine (chemical symbol, Cl) is 2.8.7. It is
made up of three numbers separated by two dots. The three numbers indicate
that the element is in Period 3. The last number is 7, indicating that the
element is in Group 17. The sum of all the numbers is 17, which is the proton
number of chlorine.
(c) the last number in the electron configurations is the same for all the elements
placed in the same group and the proton number increases by one as we move
from one element to the next, that is from left to right
Activity 7.2: Electron configuration
Part of the Periodic Table below shows elements with proton numbers 1 to 20 only. These
elements are in Group 1, Group 2, Group 13 to Group 18, and in Period 4. The number or
numbers written below the chemical symbol of selected elements are the electron
configuration of the element. Study them and then write the electron configurations for
the other elements.
B. Naturally-occurring, radioactive and synthetic elements
1. Some of elements are radioactive. Radioactive elements emit harmful radiations,
such as gamma rays and X-rays. The last elements in several groups and all
actionoids are radioactive. Some examples are francium, Fr; astatine, At; radon,
Rn; and uranium, U.
Exercise 7.1
1. How many elements is (a) in Group 14? (b) In Period 4?
2. Write the chemical symbol of the alkaline earth metal in Period 3 and the first
transition metal in Period 5.
3. The electron configuration of the element with proton number 9 is
________________
4. The electron configuration of an element x is 2.8.8.2. Element X is in Group ___ and
Period ___. Its proton number is _______ and its chemical symbol is ______.
5. The proton number increases across a period and down a group. [True/False].
6. Element X (electron configuration 2.2) and element Y (electron configuration 2.8.8.2)
are in the same group. [True/False]
7. Element Q (electron configuration 2.3) and element R (electron configuration 2.8) are
in the same period. [True/False].
GROUP 1 (SOFT METALS)
1. There are six elements in Group 1. The elements are lithium, Li; sodium, Na;
potassium, K; rubidium, Rb; caesium, Cs; and francium, Fr. Notice that their
names have the ending ium. This is because these elements are metals.
Elements
Lithium
Sodium
Pottasium
Electron configuration
Outermost electrons
2,1
(two orbit with one electron in the
outermost)
2,8,1
( three orbit with one electron in the
outermost)
2,8,8,1
( four orbit with one electron in the
outermost)
Rubidium
2,8,8,8,1
(five orbit with one electron in the
outermost)
Caesium
2,8,8,8,8,1
( six orbit with one electron in the
outermost)
Chemical properties
Donate an electron to form
ionic atoms.
Na - e
Na+
Reactivity of elements in
group 1 is increase down the
4
groups.
Element
2M + 2H2O
Metal Water
2MOH +
H2
Metal
Hydrogen
hydroxide
2Li + 2H2O
Lithium Water
2LiOH + H2
Lithium Hydrogen
Hydroxide
2 NaOH + H2
2Na + 2H2O
180 Li
150
120
90 Na
K Rb
60
Cs
30
Fr
0
20 Table
40 60
C. The position of hydrogen in the Periodic
80 100
Proton number
of melting
proton
1. The electron configurationAofgraph
hydrogen
is 1.point
Thisversus
suggests
that the element should
number
for
group
1
elements.
be in Period 1 and Group 1. Some Periodic Table shows that hydrogen in Period 1
Actual
Physical state
Density/g cm-3
Melting
point/oC
Reaction with
water
Gas
8.9 x 10-5
-259
Expected if in
Group 1
Solid
No reaction
electron configuration
outermost electrons
2,7
( two orbit with seven electron in the
outermost)
2,8,7
( three orbit with seven electron in the
outermost)
Bromine Br
2,8,8,7
( four orbit with seven electron in the
outermost)
Iodine I
2,8,8,8,7
( five orbit with seven electron in the
outermost)
Astantine As
2,8,8,8,8,7
( six orbit with seven electron in the
outermost)
71
Gas
Pale
yellow
1.66
-34.0
Br2
160
Liquid
Dark
redbrown
3.19
59.5
I2
254
Solid
Black
3.96
185.2
3X2 + 2Fe
2FeX3
Astatine
More reactive/less
reactive* than
Chemical formula
Physical state
Colour
Density
Boiling point
Products from the reaction with NaOH
(aq)
Reaction equation for the reaction
with Na
Relative reactivity
iodine
*highlight the correct answer
Exercise 7.3
1. In Group 17, the chemical symbol of the elements larger than bromine is ________,
and the most reactive element is ________.
2. write an equation for the reaction of astatine with:
a) H2O
b) NaOH
c) Na
d) Fe
3. Fluorine is a colourless gas. [True/False].
4. The products formed from the reaction of Br2 with NaOH are NaBr and NaOBr.
[True/False].
5. NaOCl changes the colour of the universal indicator from green to initially red and
finally colourless. [True/False].
GROUP 18 ( INERT GASES )
1. Known as inert gas or noble gases.
2. The elements in this group are in stable situation because their
outermost electron are octet ( count of 8 ).
3. The elements is Helium He, Neon Ne, Argon Ar, Krypton Kr,
Xenon Xe and Radon Rn.
4. There are radioactive, unreactive gases and used as
Radon
Neon
Argon
Kripton
xenon
Helium
He
Ne
Cancer therapy.
Used in advertisement lights.
Used in incandescent lights bulb.
Argon gas is mixed with nitrogen gas in incandescent light
bulbs to prevent the tungsten filament from burning.
Used in traffic light and flash camera.
Used as laser.
Used in weather balloons.
Combine with oxygen as a diving tank gases.
Ar
Kr
Xe
Chemical
symbol
He
Density
/gcm-3
0.00017
Rn
Boiling
point/oC
-268.9
10
Neon
Argon
Krypton
Xenon
Radon
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
0.00084
0.00166
0.00346
0.00545
-
-245.9
-185.7
-152.9
-106.9
-
iv.
v.
Group 17
Li
2.1
Na
2.8.1
K
2.8.8.1
Rb
2.8.18.8.1
Cs
2.8.18.18.8.1
Fr
2.8.18.18.32.8.1
F
2.7
Cl
2.8.7
Br
2.8.18.7
I
2.8.18.18.7
At
2.8.18.18.32.7
Group 18
He
2
Ne
2.8
Ar
2.8.8
Kr
2.8.18.8
Xe
2.8.18.18.8
Rn
2.8.18.18.32.8
11
1. The element in Group 18 that has the lowest boiling point is ___________, the
smallest atom is ____________, and less dense than air is ___________.
2. The Van der Waals forces in Helium(He) is stronger/weaker than in Neon(Ne).
3. The atoms of Group 18 elements have either a duplet or an octet of outermost
electrons. [True/False]
4. Liquid helium is used as a coolant because it has a very low boiling point.
[True/False]
5. Radon is used to kill cancer cells because it is radioactive. [True/False]
PERIOD 3
Group
Proton number
Symbol
Physical
characteristic
1
2
3
11
12
13
Na
Mg Al
metal
Solid conductor
14
14
Si
metalloid
Solid
semiconductor
15
16
17
15
17
17
P
S
Cl
Non-metal
Solid or gas insulator
18
18
Ar
A. Atomic size
1. Proton number increases across the period. The proton number indicates the
number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
2. Thus, it is able to attract the outermost negatively-charged electrons closer to
it. This reduces the size of the atom
B. Acid-base properties
1. The physical characteristic of the elements changes from metal (sodium,
magnesium, aluminum) to metalloid (silicon) to non-metal (phosphorus, sulphur,
chlorine and argon).
2. Mg reacts with O2 to form MgO. Magnesium oxide is only slightly soluble in
water. Metal oxide reacts with acid to form salt and water. This means that
magnesium oxide is a base. In general, metallic oxides are bases.
2Mg + O
MgO + 2HCl
2 MgO
MgCl2 + H2O
Na2SiO3 + H2O
4. Sulphur burn in air to form sulphur dioxide SO2. The gas react with water to form
acid rain.
12
S + O2
SO2 +H2O
SO2
H2SO3
C. Uses of metalloids
Uses of silicon in daily life
Silicon is the second element in Group 14. It is a metalloid. This means
that it is an insulator at room temperature and a conductor when
heated. However, this characteristic is not suitable in electrical devices
as its electrical conductivity would depend on temperature.
The electrical conductivity of silicon at room temperature is
increased by adding a small amount of an element from Group 13 to
Group 15. For example, adding boron (a Group 13 element) produces a
p-type semiconductor while adding arsenic (a Group 15 element)
produces an n-type semiconductor.
A transistor is formed when n-type and p-type semiconductors
are joined in the following way: p-n-p or n-p-n. A transistor can control
the flow of electrons in circuits very accurately and requires very little
power to operate. A silicon chip, the size of a fingernail can hold more
than 4 million transistors in a single integrated circuit. Transistors are
components of modern solid-state electronic devices. Some electronic
devices that use transistors are televisions, calculators and high-speed
computers.
Another use of silicon is to make solar cells. Solar cells convert
sunlight into electricity. A solar cell may be made up of a thinner layer
of n-type semiconductor at the bottom. Solar cells are used in
calculators, watches, spacecrafts, communication satellites, and as a
source of electricity in remote areas such as on islands or jungles.
Exercise 7.5
1. In Period 3 of the Periodic Table, the elements _____________ are metals,
____________ is a metalloid and ____________ are non-metals.
2. Metalloids are conductors/semiconductors/insulators.
3. Name two elements in Period 3 that react with oxygen to form basic oxides.
4. Silicon dioxide reacts with HCl/NaOH.
5. The elements that are added to silicon to improve its conductivity are from Group
13 and Group ________.
TRANSITION ELEMENTS OF PERIOD 4
13
K
Sc
0.86 3.00
64
vi.
Ti
4.50
V
6.10
Cr
7.20
Mn
7.44
Fe
7.86
Co
8.86
Ni
8.90
Cu
8.92
Zn
7.14
1539 1675 1900 1890 1244 1535 1495 1453 1083 419
Conductor in electricity and heat.
Elements
Copper and silver
Titanium (lV) oxide
uses
Making wayer and water pipe .
Making paint, papers and plastic in
white in color.
Chromium,
nickel, Making decorative materials and
silver,
gold
and jewellery.
platinum
Titanium
Coloring hair yellowish
Coloring hair
14
Alloy
Insulators
Exercise 7.6
1. Name the chemical symbol of this transition element, K4[Fe(CN)6].
2. Copper (Cu) has lower/higher density than bromine (Br2) and lower/higher melting
point than potassium (K).
3. List two uses of transition elements and their compounds.
Exercise 7.7
1. The gases argon, Ar; nitrogen, N2 and oxygen, O2 are examples of elements /
compounds.
2. The liquids water, H2O and ethanol, CH3CH2OH are examples elements / compounds.
3. The chemical formula of sulphuric acid is H2SO4. The elements in sulphuric acid are
____________, ____________ and _____________.
4. How many different elements are in copper (II) nitrates, Cu(NO3)2?
QUESTIONS:
1. State the principal of elements arranged in the Periodic Table.
2. Explain the electron configuration of elements in groups of Periodic Table.
3. List six elements of Group 1.State their atomic number and their electron
configuration.
Elements
Atomic number
Electron configuration
4. State the physical properties and chemical properties of Group 1 decrease the group.
15
5. List six elements of Group 17.State their atomic number and their electron
configuration.
Elements
Atomic number
Electron configuration
6. State the physical properties and chemical properties of Group 17 decrease the group.
7. State two elements of Group 18 and explain their used.
Elements
The uses
8. State two elements of Period 3 and Period 4 and explain their uses.
Elements
The uses
Period 3
Period 4
Review Question
Section A
1. Which of the following statements about the Periodic Table is correct?
A. The elements are arranged in eight groups.
B. The inert gases are in Period 1 to Period 7.
C. There are ten transition elements in Period 4.
D. The actinoids are synthetic elements.
2. The electron configuration of element X is 2.8.5. Elements X is
A. in Period 5.
B. in Group 5.
C. a non-metal.
D. a transition element.
16
B.
D.
II and IV
I, II, III and IV
17
A. I and II
C. I, II and IV
B.
D.
II and IV
I, II, III and IV
I, II and III
I and II
II and III
I, II, III and IV
Section B:
1
(b)
(c)
Draw a dot and cross diagram for a compound formed between element X
and oxygen.
(d)
(e)
Sodium chloride, NaCl and carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 are common laboratory
chemicals.
(a)
Draw the dot and cross diagrams for the formation of NaCl and CCl4.
(b)
(c)
(d)
18
19