The aim of the manual is to help students learn ways of overcoming

the grammatical difficulties that arise while English original texts

translating .
This manual provides training exercises and coherent text, and is
intended for students of foreign languages institutes and departments.

Author - compiler

M. Gorashchenco

Table of Contents
1.The Ways of Translating the Formal Subject in the Sentence........................3
2.Personification................................................................................................4
3. The Peculiarities of Translating the Verb to be.......................................5
be
4. The Peculiarities of Translating the Verb to have.....................................9
5. Transitive and intransitive verbs................................................................15
6. The Passive Voice......................................................................................19
7.The Infinitive...............................................................................................22
8. The Gerund..................................................................................................28
9. The Participle.............................................................................................36
Appendix 1......................................................................................................47

1.The Ways of Translating the Formal Subject in the Sentence

Ex.1 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Formal
Subjects.
1. It appeared that Mrs. Bradley was a widow with three children. 2. You
could not move for the crowds. 3. It will freeze hard in most parts of the
country, they say. 4. You cant trust him an inch. 5. I was having a wash
before starting out to go to the luncheon Elliott had invited me to, when they
rang up from the desk to say that he was below. 6. You cannot blow bridges
close to where you live. 7. I knew a small hotel where one ate tolerably and
we went straight there. 8. There was an unspeakable beauty about mornings,
the great sun from the sea. 9. Then finally she burst into laughter that made
the other two want to go on and for ever. And there were the three of them,
shaking, watery-eyed, helpless. 10. There is the fear that our civilization may
be completely destroyed by the new weapons of destruction that scientists
have placed in the hands of their rulers. 11. The lines of roses were out of
sight now below the hill, and between the towering beeches there was only
visible the blue and white swiftly moving sky. 12. Below and beyond there
stretched toward the invisible sea the flat pale green expanse of Romney
Marsh. 13. Its nicer where it isnt so crowded. 14. There seemed to be no end
to our troubles. 15. There was Tory fury in the House of Commons over the
decision.
Ex. 2. Translate the text. Pay attention to the subjects in the sentences
The development of rubber.

Here is the story of rubber. From the earliest time it was common
knowledge to the Peruvians that when a cut was made in the outside skin of a

rubber tree, a white liquid like milk came out, and that from this a sticky mass
rubber might be made. This rubber is soft and waxlike when warm, so that it
is possible to give it any form. The Peruvians made the discovery that it was
very good for keeping out the wet. Then in the early part of the eighteenth
century, the Americans made use of it for the first time. First they made
overshoes to keep their feet dry. Then came a certain Mr. Mackintosh, who
made coats of cloth covered with natural rubber. From that day to this our
raincoats are still named after him.
But these first rubber overshoes and raincoats were all soft and sticky in
summer, and hard and inelastic in the winter when it was cold. The rubber we
have today is not sticky, but soft and elastic, though very strong even in the
warmest summer and the coldest winter. There would be no automobiles such
as we have today without it. A lot of attempts to make rubber hard and strong
came to nothing. First came the discovery that nitric acid (HNO 3) made the
rubber much better. Then came the idea that rubber could be made hard and
strong if mixed with sulphur and put in the sun. Now it is common knowledge
that the way to make rubber hard and strong to vulcanize it, as we say is by
heating it with sulphur.

2.Personification

Ex. 3 State what Target Language sentences retain Source Language

personification and translate the following sentences
1.

Another night, deep in the summer, the heat of my room sent me out

into the streets. 2. The open shops displayed wares that arrested my foreign
eyes. 3. The last drenching night in the tree-house had left me with a bad cold.
4. His mistake had wasted precious seconds. 5. If there was no competition,

the railways could charge what they liked. 6. He was about to take his leave
when the door to the living-room, which had remained ajar, opened fully. It
framed the Duke of Croydon. 7. Modern research tends to emphasize the role
of the liver in maintaining blood sugar levels. 8. The same report found that
$2 billion worth of property was stolen that year from community residents
and small businessmen. 9. My throat was so dry that I could hardly speak. 10.
His eyes mocked the fear in her face. 11. Youre quite sure you want a twostorey house and not a bungalow? 12. I want some one to amuse Fleur; shes
restive. 13. Recent years have seen the accumulation of new facts in this field.
14. The provincial newspapers give very full attention to local as well as
national affairs.

Ex. 4. Find the Formal Subjects and the Cases of

Personification

and Translate the

Text
The Fire
There was a bag of candy on the table in the parlor. He didnt want any of
it. The toys were in the parlor. He didnt want to blow any of the whistles or
shoot the marbles or wind up the toy machines and watch them work. He
didnt want anything. There wasnt anything. There wasnt one little bit of
anything. All he wanted was to be near the fire, as close to it as he could be,
just be there, just see the colours and be very near. What did he want with
toys? What good were toys? The whistles sounded sadder than crying and the
way the machines worked almost made him die of grief.

3. The Peculiarities of Translating the Verb to be

Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the verb

to be semantics
1.

Harris Boulton had been to school and university with Tom. 2. Stay

where you are. Dont move! 3. Her family had been in Gibbsville a lot longer
than the great majority of the people who lived in Lantenengo Street. 4. Since
it was Friday night, the beginning of a weekend, most were casually dressed,
though exceptions were half a dozen visitors from outside the community and
several press reporters. 5. The question is, shall I appear in it myself? 6. There
Riley left me with orders to stay put: He wouldnt be more than an hour. 7.
Where the hell she was on her knees poking under the bed. 8. The rest of
the afternoon we were east and west worming out of reluctant grocers cans of
peanut butter, a wartime scarcity. 9. She was through the doors before I
recognized her. 10. The words were hardly out of her mouth before he had
sprung upon her and snatched the revolver out of her hand. 11. He was the
first through the customs, and before the other passengers arrived, he could
arrange with the guard for a sleeping compartment to himself. 12. She was
almost to the corner when his voice stopped her. 13. He was conscious that
the watchful eyes of Prince Ali were upon him. 14. His hands were firmly on
the attache-case. 15. Suddenly Andrew heard his name called wildly and the
next instant Christines arms were about his neck.

Ex. 6. Give your variants of translating the to be + adj./ participle

1. I had forgotten you were so literal. 2. He was properly apologetic for
disturbing Rose. 3. If you were not so drunk and insulting, I would explain
everything. 4. Of course he was bitter at her long neglect, of course he was
mistrustful of her sudden love. 5. Joseph was insistent that his wishes were
carried out. 6. But she was hopeful that she might meet someone she knew. 7.
Theres one point Im not clear about. 8. At home, Natalie was understanding

and, as always, loving. 9. It was a job the clerks all hated because people
whom they called were invariably bad-tempered and frequently abusive. 10.
Customs men were aware that most returning travelers did a little smuggling,
and were often tolerant about it. 11. I had a notion that she was nervous. 12.
But Mr. Walters was quite unexpected. 13. Women were still hesitant about
taking on greater responsibility. 14. Verena had been very bitter over this. 15.
He was easy with his mone, he never minded paying a round of drinks for his
friends.

Ex. 7 Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the to be

followed by a noun

1. Were neither of us great letter-writers. 2. John is a strong believer in

fresh air.3. Dr. Saunders was an early riser. 4. Mr. Harrington was an
after-dinner speaker and had read all the best books on speaking in
public. 5. My son could not afford to marry a penniless girl, but hes not
a fortune-hunter and he loves your daughter. 6. He had all the accepted
characteristics of the politician back-slapper, baby-kisser and
shoulder-hugger. 7. Over the years he has become not merely a
handshaker. He is also an accomplished back-slapper, elbow-squeezer
and shoulder-thumper. 8. In a very short while she knew all her fellowpassengers. She was a good mixer. 9. No sooner had I arrived than I sent
her a letter to say that I was the bearer of a gift from her cousin. 10.
After waiting a few minutes in case Miss Knight should return for a
shopping bag, or a handkerchief (she was a great forgetter and returner),
Miss Marple rose briskly to her feet and strode purposefully across the
room and into the hall.

Ex. 8. Translate the text. Pay attention to the phrasal verbs.

What a Language!
What a language English is! a Frenchman exclaimed in despair. I
once called on an English friend and the maid who came to the door said,
Hes not up yet. Come back in half an hour.
When I came again, she was setting the table for breakfast and said,
Hes not down yet.
I asked: If hes not up and hes not down, where is he?
She said, Hes still in bed. When I say Hes not up, I mean he has not
yet got up; when I say, Hes not down, I mean he has not yet come
downstairs!

Ex. 9 Translate the newspaper article paying attention to different

functions of the verb to be
By Alice Rawsthorn
Paris opera chiefs entry barred.
Mr. Myung Wung Chung, the Korean conductor who is fighting his
dismissal as artistic director of Opera de Paris, yesterday was physically
barred from entering the Bastille opera house by Mr. Jean-Paul Cluzel, the
director. Opera de Paris fired Mr. Chung two weeks ago after fruitless
negotiations over his contract. However Mr. Chung won an important battle
in his legal campaign against his dismissal on Monday when a Paris judge

ruled that he should be reinstated until his case had been heard. The Judge
also ruled that Opera de Paris would not be directed by Mr. Chung. The
Opera de Paris management refused to reinstate Mr. Chung and to admit
him when he arrived at the Bastille yesterday for a rehearsal of Verdis
Simon Boccanegra, which is due to open the Bastilles autumn season on
September 19. Members of the orchestra said they would strike in protest if
Simon Boccanegra went ahead without Mr. Chung. (Alice Rawsthorn,
Paris.)

4. The Peculiarities of Translating the Verb to have

Ex.10. Translate the following sentences using different equivalents of

the verb to have
1.

There were two saucers only. And all the rest to match: seven large

brown teapots, of which five had broken spouts. 2. His face had that small
subtle smile that was characteristic of him. 3. I wont have you all starve,
simply because Ive thrown myself at your head. 4. He came to her swiftly,
and in a moment had her in his arms. 5. Jack whipped his coat off and went to
the shed for wood and coal, and soon had a lavish fire in the open hearth. 6. I
cannot have my clients disturbed in the middle of the night. 7. I had a feeling
that at last she had made up her mind. 8. But he had a feeling that a
suggestion floated in the air that a clever writer, could do his country a good
turn. 9. You can have every confidence in me, said Ashenden. 10. He had an
uneasy suspicion, that they read too much of his thoughts.

Ex. 11 Translate the sentences paying attention to different meanings of the

verb to have .
1. You have no other way out. 2. Perhaps she had asked him only because she
had had a sudden yearning, she the exile of so many years, to die with
someone of her own people. 3. He knew that R. Had a great belief in
waiters; they had the chance of seeing so much and could so easily get
into places where information was lying about to be picked up. 4. After
twenty years of a French wife Soames had still little sympathy with her
language.

Ex. 12 Translate the sentences with the Verbs to be and to have

as Modal and Auxiliary Verbs
1. Voting, which began at 8 a.m. and was to last eight hours, was extended by
one or two hours in a number of cities, including Tehran. 2. The talks aimed at
ending the civil war in Colombia are to establish an agenda and location for
full-scale negotiations later this year. 3. If either or anything is to survive,
they must find a way to create an indissoluble partnership. 4. Italy needs to
get a firmer hold on this corner of the market if its dominance of the fashion
industry is not to be threatened. 5. He realized early that France had to
collaborate with other European countries if it was to complete with the
American aviation giants. 6. But it is savings and investment, as well as goods
and chattels,that Egypt needs if it is to reach the magic growth figure. 7. It
was to have been the biggest merger in corporate history, creating a colossus
with a market capitalization of $ 205 billion, second only to that of General
Electric. 8. Their initial goal is to end three years of budget deficits and
inflation by the end of this year. 9. The probability that many more innocent
people would also be executed would have to be weighed against the benefits
of deterrence. 10. Motorists will have to prove they have scrapped their car in

10

an environmentally friendly way to get an authorized Certificate of

destruction. 11. Most EU countries have yet to pass the domestic laws needed
to implement the directive, so it is difficult to say how it will work in practice.
12.Unless the Bill passes through all its stages in the Commons and the Lords
before the session ends it will have to be started all over again in the new
session in November. 13. The Chancellor of the Exchequer told Labour MPs
on Tuesday night that public spending will have to be cut to avoid a tough
Budget next year. 14. Diplomats said Canada and other nations eager to have
the deadlock broken had been outmaneuvered by the United States. 15. A
university student who wrote his graduation paper in Sardinian had it turned
down.

Ex. 13 Translate the text. Analyze the possible variants of translating

the verbs to be and to have , formal subject and cases of
personification.
The Financial Plan.
Any retailer must concentrate on the desired financial plan once he or she has
decided to establish a store. This problem is every bit as complex and
important as is location. As a matter of fact, the most important single factor
to be considered after selecting the exact site is the terms of occupancy. That
is to say, a decision must be made as to whether, or not the store is to be
owned outright or whether the site or building is to be leased. Each approach
has advantages and limitations.
Ownership of the Store Site and Building.
A major advantage of ownership of the site and the buildings thereon is the
independence that accrues to the owner of a business property. In particular,
the store owner need not worry about the renewal of the lease at its expiration.
The decision to continue the business on the site rests solely with the owner

11

and not with an absentee landlord. You have perhaps seen signs on retailers
windows stating, Lost our lease. Going out of business. Of course, simply
losing a lease does not necessarily mean that the merchant goes out of
business, because he or she may find another location that is equal or superior
in every respect.
When a merchant owns the property and building, it may be altered or
repaired at the owners discretion, provided repairs are consonant with local
building codes. When a building is leased, the terms of repair and alteration
are spelled out; the merchant may not be able to carry out his or her own
wishes.
Another advantage of site ownership is that any increase in its dollar value
goes to the owner, in this case the retailer. It is also possible for the owner to
lease a portion of the property to someone else, and the net profits of the
merchant may be swelled by the rents earned in this way. Many a merchant
who owns a building with space for other stores actually has become a
landlord as well as fulfilling the role of merchant in this or her own store.
Department stores commonly rent space to independent merchants on a fixed
monthly rental or percentage of sales basis. The leasee may operate on optical
goods department, a jewelry department, or a photo department without the
customers awareness of the relationship. The leasee may use the stores
advertising, credit department, personnel department, and delivery service,
and as far as customer can tell it is simply another part of the department
stores operation. The advantages of ownership can be summed up by stating
that the owner has the independence to decide his or her own destiny and
need not be subjected to a veto by a landlord.

Ex. 14. Translate the newspaper article paying attention to using the
verbs to be and to have in different functions

12

BRITAIN OF TODAY IS WEALTHIER BUT MORE

MISERABLE
By Michael Dynes
The British are a nation of video addicts, obsessed with driving their cars on
congested motorways, who have forsaken the traditional diet of beef and beer
in favour of chicken and lager.
The official handbook Britain 1995, published today, says that over the 50
years since the end of the Second World War Britons have become more
miserable. British complacency, moreover, has given way to increasing selfcriticism and doubt, as the threat of unemployment continues to permeate the
entire social spectrum.
Compiled by the Central Office of Information, the executive agency
responsible for government information and publicity, the handbook
highlights the myriad economic and social changes that have transformed
Britain and its inhabitants since the guide was first published in 1945. During
that time, patterned pinafores, rationing and peasoupers have given way to
mini-skirts, consumer durables and tropospheric ozone.
When the handbook was first published, almost half the population worked
in manufacturing industries. Now there are 17 deep mines, compared with
850 when coal was king. In 1950, service industries provided half Britains
gross domestic product. By 1993, they accounted for more than two thirds.
Government economists tell us that since 1971 disposable income has
increased by nearly 80 per cent, even allowing for inflation. We are, therefore,
almost twice as well off as we in the early 1970s.
An introduction by John Humphrys, the BBC broadcaster, also highlights
the changes in population attitudes that have forever altered the social fabric.

13

For much of the post-war period, the male labour force believed it had a right
to a job for life. Such attitudes no longer exist.
In the old days, recessions were different, Mr. Humphrys writes. Before the
advent of the computer, recessions were followed by booms and the jobs
would always return. Now they do not. Concern about job security now
effects everyone from mandarin to road sweeper.
Britain has changed in more subtle ways as well. Holidays in Bournemouth
and Bognor have been replaced by package tours; the popular adage fog
across the Channel Continent cut off has been rendered meaningless by the
Channel Tunnel; and when someone talks about drugs, they are not referring
to aspirin.
Cities are no longer clogged by the smoke from millions of coal fires. But
the ten-fold increase in cars since 1952 has created new environmental health
hazards. In 1950, Britain had no motor- ways; now it has a 1,800-mile
network.
Prosperity, and the growth in higher education, have done much to
dismantle the rigid class structure of the pre-war years. Fewer people talk
about the wireless these days and television has been a great leveler, watched
by duke and dustman alike.
The average size of households has fallen from more than four people in
1911 to three in 1961 and 2.4 in 1992, and with it has come a transformation
in the economic and domestic lives of women, the handbook says. A big
factor has been the rise in the number of women, particularly married women,
at work. Women now make up almost half of the workforce, with more than
740,000 of them running their own businesses.
Our eating habits have also changed markedly. Consumption of beef, lamb,
pork, sugar and fat has declined dramatically while consumption of poultry
and lettuce is at its highest. Lager accounts for half of all beer sales. Life

14

expectancy for men is 73 and 78 for women, up from 49 and 52 respectively

since 1901.
Some things, however, never change. As Mr. Humphrys says, the
inhabitants of these islands still believe that: Britain is the worst country in
the world to live in except. Of course, for all the others.

5. Transitive and intransitive verbs

Ex. 15 Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the
predicates.
1.The points is, though, she went on hastily, Ive suddenly decided to to
run this troupe I mean concert party. That horrid woman decided me. 2.
Wasnt that enough to decide him that life wasnt worth living? 3. I offered to
walk her home. 4. Robert Jordan could walk well enough himself and he
knew from following him since before daylight that the old man could walk
him to death. 5. Mammy hurried Scarlett up the stairs. 6. And Soames hurried,
ever constitutionally uneasy beneath his cousins glance. 7. I have no money
to waste on such trifles. 8. What a lot of time that wastes! 9. The evening
papers sell well because they print, throughout the day, the latest sports
results. 10. My father sells vegetables from a wagon. 11. The magazines was
attacked on all sides. It sold very poorly. 12. They farmed their own land and
worked it themselves. 13. The control sector which Keith regularly worked
comprised a segment of the Pittsburgh-Baltimore area. 14. You cant possibly
work here. 15. He had worked the elevator in the house all afternoon. 16. She
sat down beside him deep in thought. 17. He took me by the arm and sat me
down at a table. 18. Theres no time to lose. 19. I suppose she lost me the job.

15

20. Arriving at the Gallery off Cork Street, however, he paid his shilling,
picked up a catalogue, and entered.

Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences paying attention to different

meanings of transitive and intransitive verbs
1. Dixon waved him to silence. 2. Calvin shrugged that away. 3. He told
himself that he was unreasonable, he tried to laugh himself out of such pathos.
4. A man could gamble himself to poverty and still be a gentleman, but a
professional gambler could never be anything but an outcast. 5. But she
shrugged off her momentary annoyance. 6. She would serve tea and delicious
sandwiches and leisurely gossip the hours away. 7. She smiled a welcome. 8.
Dr. Czinner put his hand under Corals elbow and insinuated her out of the
compartment. 9. She stepped to the ground and smiled her thanks to John
Wilkes. 10. Im going to drink myself to death. 11 She let him hold her so for
a minute, and then shrugged him off. 12. The Swanns had departed on
holiday. She had waved them off. 13. At home somebody would be laughed
out of such childish conduct. 14. And she too wanted to rise in greater anger
and cry him down. 15. She revenged herself by screaming the place down and
by telling the neighbours what a brute he was.

Ex. 17 Translate the sentences paying attention to the conversion used

in translation
1. She was proud to think that with her as a model he had made his first real
success. 2. He was relieved to see that the first of the two extra trucks had
arrived. 3. I was taken aback to find Ednas secretary at her desk. 4. The artist
had been quick to see that there was something modern and amusing in her
proportions. 5. I was startled to hear him speak quite loudly. 6. She was
impatient now to make the next call. 7. For long, ever since he had regained

16

his health, Gray had been impatient to go back to America and get to work
again. 8. Dorothy, like a good many bad-tempered people, was quick to
forgive affronts, so that she could start giving and receiving them again. 9.
Maisie was careful not to reopen debatable matters, and they returned to
London joyously. 10. She noticed that he was looking disturbed, and was
careful not to speak to him. 11. But he was shocked to find, now that it was
suddenly released, how much sheer animosity he had in him against his young
mistress. 12. Perhaps Douglas had been right to say that goodness was a state
of unconsciousness. 13. She was frightened and a little shocked to find herself
think in this way. 14. Ann was surprised to find how hard it was to bring
herself to do so. 15. He was sorry to have seen his father ineffectual,
frightened, resigned.

Ex. 18 Find Active and Passive predicates and State their types.
Translate the Text.

Yahoo! Hit by new resignation

By pail Abrahams in San Francisco and James Harding in London
Yahoo!, the worlds leading internet portal, has suffered another defection
from its top management, raising further doubts about the credibility of its
international strategy.
The head of Yahoo!s Canadian operations, Mark Rubinstein, has offered
his resignation and will leave shortly.
The departure of Mr. Rubinstein, who was managing director of Yahoo!
Canada for little more than a year, follows the loss during the past month of
the heads of Yahoo!s European and Asian operations, as well as its top
manager in South Korea.

17

Yahoo!, based in Santa Clara, California, has invested heavily in foreign

markets but struggled to achieve short-term returns. Investors have expressed
concern that Yahoo! generates 40 per cent of its page views outside the US
but only 16 per cent of revenues.
Some of Yahoo!s retention problems may have been caused by the
collapse of its share price. The shares have tumbled 88 per cent from their
peak of $205 last year. Yesterday, at midday, they were trading down 1.5 per
cent at $23.56, valuing the company at $12.9 bn.
Last month Fabiola Arredondo quit as Yahoo!s European head. That was
followed by the departure of Savio Chow, vice president of Yahoo! in Asia,
excluding South Korea and Japan.
Jin Youm, chief executive of Yahoo! in South Korea, also left, although that
is understood to be related to family illness.
Tim Koogle, chairman and chief executive, insisted the groups strategy
remained sound.
We already have a global footprint and are in a really strong position to
grow, said Mr. Koogle. You should not read too much into these
resignations. These are lifestyle choices by the particular individuals
involved.
In the US market, Yahoo! has been hit by a sharp decline in dotcom-related
advertising. Its efforts to increase advertising sales from more traditional
companies have stumbled because of the US economic slowdown.
The group has warned its profits this year will fall.
6. The Passive Voice
Ex.19. Translate the following sentences giving different ways of
Passive Voice translation.

18

1.The statistical theory has been developed quite recently. 2. The result of the
experiment is shown in Fig. 11. 3. Objects with negative stability are called
unstable. 4. Thermal and other forms of diffusion were discarded. 5. A supply
of hydrogen must be kept in darkness. 6. A similar explanation can be offered
for the melting of a solid. 7. At these frequencies oscillation can be prevented.
8. It was found that the substance was radioactive. 9. It has been shown that a
number of species produce amino acids. 10. It is assumed that the derivative
has a constant value. 11. It was thought that the cells passed two main phases
during their growth. 12. Numerous classifications have been used. 13. A more
careful approach is needed. 14. The large disagreement between the various
published data is discussed. 15. Information on the volume of reservoir is
required.

Ex. 20. Translate the following sentences giving different ways of

Passive Voice translation
1.Nobody has been refused a hearing at the conference. 2. We were informed
that a new idea had been advanced at the closing session. 3. The attraction
between the molecules is being neglected. 4. The positive particle in the
nucleus of the atom was given the name of proton. 5. Some pressing
problems will be discussed at the symposium. 6. Recent discoveries have
been greatly assisted by the development of the research technique. 7. This
date will be insisted on. 8. Many materials now in common use were not even
thought of thirty years ago. 9. The quality of the instruments used can be
safely relied upon. 10. Old traditions cannot be easily done away with. 11.
The new discovery is being much spoken about. 12. The terms were agreed
upon. 13. The changes taking place are not easily accounted for. 14. For more
detailed report the reader is referred to the preliminary notes on this subject.

19

15. The presence of slight traces of hydrogen peroxide in the atmosphere is

accounted for by the action of ultraviolet light upon the moist oxygen.

Ex.21. Translate these sentences paying attention on peculiar usage of

the Passive Voice.
1. Gold is not affected by moisture. 2. Character is influenced by heredity and
environment.3. The rate of a reaction is influenced by many factors. 4. Many
interesting questions can be answered without a detailed knowledge of the
process. 5. The problem of pollution was not even touched on some fifty
years ago. 6. For the list of compounds a student in chemistry is referred to
the last section of the book. 7. Special attention has been called to the
research work. 8. Use made of a simple model of a molecule. 9. Account
should be taken of the low melting point of this substance. 10. Care is taken
not to heat this substance. 11. An attempt was made to measure samples by
immediately raising the temperature. 12. The importance of water to living
things is so evident, that it need not be insisted on here. 13. The method
described above is the most accurate and should be followed. 14. Care must
be taken in handling radioactive materials as painful and even dangerous
burning may result from prolonged exposure to the rays. 15. Steps are taken
to increase the production of our plants.

Ex. 22. Translate the sentences paying attention to the prepositions

used after the Passive Predicates.
1.

Magnetism is referred to in the oldest writings of man. 2. Analysis is

naturally followed by synthesis. 3. A mechanical method was substituted for

by an electric one. 4. Many materials now commonly used were not even
thought of thirty years ago. 5. The positive particle in the nucleus of the atom
was given the name of proton. 6. The question now arises as to how the

20

behaviour of metals is affected by the changes in temperature. 7. The main

reports were preceded by some introductory remarks. 8. The charge of an
atom is not affected by the number of neutrons present but depends on the
balance between electrons and protons. 9. The region surrounding a magnet,
in which appreciable magnetic forces exist, is referred to as the magnetic
field. 10. Chemical methods of purifying water are given much attention to by
our scientists. 11. In practice the solidification of pure metals is influenced to
a great extent by what may be generally described as external conditions.
When solidification is not influenced by temperature gradients arising from
the method of cooling all crystals in the solid metal exhibit a marked
similarity in size and shape. 12. In many southern ports passengers are not
allowed to land before being examined by a quarantine doctor. 13. It is
known, as a matter of fact, that the Russian symbolists were strongly
influenced by their French contemporaries. 14. In The Sisters (by Al.
Tolstoy) we are shown Petersburg as it was, in its intellectual circles in 1914,
on the eve of the war, and later. 15. The only difficulty of the Chinese spoken
language, of no matter what dialect, lies in the tones (different intonations
of one and the same sound which produce different meanings). But for these
tones, the colloquial of China would be very easy.

Ex.23. Translate the sentences with the Passive predicates.

Much of the European Commissions activity is carried out at a technical
level in Committees, and the Commission is with some justification accused
of excessive secrecy. 2. The EU Commission, which is responsible for
proposing and enforcing European legislation, is disliked by many in Europe
as a federalizing agency and is often misunderstood because of the complex
and bureaucratic nature of its work. 3. Those killed at the weekend were
trying to collect leaking fuel when they were caught in the blast, apparently

21

caused by a spark of a cigarette. 4. The changes were denounced by

opposition politicians and labour leaders as likely to further deflate the
already limp British economy and push unemployment even higher. 5. Only
when agreement is reached on the role and power of the second chamber does
it make sense to consider its composition (Britain). 6. One day the world will
learn of the intrigues and provocations that were resorted to in pushing the
country into this suicidal policy. 7. The preeminence given to military
industry and technology over the last three decades, has had a delayed but
serious impact upon the civilian industrial economy. In stark contrast to the
enormous sums allotted over the years to military technology, civilian
technology has been starved for capital and thus for talent. 8. Investing in oil
is done mainly through futures contracts. These involve obligations to buy or
sell a fixed amount of oil at a fixed date. 9. He is survived by two sons. 10.
Mama, cars dont behave. They are behaved upon,- the son in Driving
Miss Daisy tells his mother when she tries to blame her Packard for an
accident.

7.The Infinitive

Ex. 24. State the functions of the Infinitive and translate the
sentences
1. The condenser is a device to store electric charges. 2. Amber, glass and
sealing-wax are among the substances to be easily electrified by rubbing. 3.
The first mathematician to consider the nature of the resistance of solids to
rupture was Galilei. 4. The problem to be solved at this stage is an entirely
geometric one. 5. The Chinese have been the first to use loadstones as
compasses. 6. The first of the British overseas territories to be given a self

22

government, Canada, is now also the most highly developed. 7. Object are
said to be warm, hot, cool, or cold compared with the temperature of the
human body. 8. Solid materials are said to possess a definite melting point at
atmospheric pressures. 9. The nuclei of all atoms are known to be made up of
protons and neutrons. 10. Water was considered to be an element. 11. This
problem could be shown to have a unique solution. 12. India appears to have
been acquainted with iron and steel from an early age. 13. Television is likely
to become commonplace within the next few years. 14. The moment a flame
comes near the gas in the mines, the gas is sure to explode. If it does explode,
it will kill every one in that part of the mine. 15. A formal treatment of the
results in terms of the dissociation of the compounds assumed to be present in
liquid slag enabled to calculate values for this slag. 16. The period of the
highest civilization of ancient Egypt seems to have been that of the Middle
Empire. 17. Germany seems likely to remain an important market for Greek
and Turkish, as well as Bulgarian tobacco. 18. The genre of detective fiction
does not appear to have taken strong root in Russian literature and had
produced no Russian classics of its kind.

Ex. 25. State Complex Object with the Infinitive, For

Constructions,

Perfect Infinitive after Modal Verbs and translate the following sentences.
1.

We know the first central electric power-stations to have been built for

the supply of electric light. 2. The ancients thought the Earth to be flat. 3. As
in liquids, the atmospheric pressure at any given point is equal in all
directions but we know it to decrease as altitude increases. 4. Some kinds of
paint allow the metal to stay under water for several years without being
repainted. 5. In Europe the twelfth century saw the first canals cut by the
Dutch, but it was not till the fourteenth century that the invention of locks in
Italy made inland navigation possible on any large scale. 6. What we want is

23

for you to understand the matter clearly. 7. For a system to be correct it must
only use well-established components. 8. The time necessary for the sun to
move a complete circle around the galactic center is some 200 million years.
9. In China of the XIII century on the death of the father it is not at all
uncommon for the mother to take up reins though it is more usual for the
eldest son to take his place. 10. For a country to be capable of independence,
it must possess economic autonomy, and for this it is essential that the
economic system should be largely in native hands. 11. The foreign matter
such as sulphur and iron, which are found in coals to a varying degree, may
have been due to the presence of minerals containing these elements in their
neighbourhood. 12. The discussion of the previous section must have made it
clear that in order to understand the problem of life in general, we must look
for the solution in the structure and properties of the living cells. 13. The
study of the motion of stars in general, and in particular the relative motion of
double and triple stellar systems, as well as that of the more complicated
stellar groups known as galactic clusters, leads astronomers to the conclusion
that such configurations could not have existed for a longer time than several
billion years. 14. A dress quite common in our days would have seemed very
unnatural to a Greek or a Roman of the past.

Ex. 26. Define the functions of the Infinitive and translate the
following sentences.
1.

Efforts to attract investment by selling Ireland abroad also have a long

history. 2. India and Pakistan are racing to put warheads on fast-flying

missiles, set on a hair trigger, to be launched at first warning or lost to an
incoming strike. 3. Information comes in floods now, but we haven't installed
a way to use the brains with the capacity to filter and distill it. 4. There are
lessons to be learnt from the cold war, but the inevitability of a peaceful

24

outcome is not one of them. 5. The said tax increases to reduce government
borrowing would do little to help recession hit industry or reduce
unemployment. 6. The United States used the UN inspection team to send a
US spy into Baghdad to install a highly sophisticated electronic
eavesdropping system. 7. The discussion is expected to focus on four broad
subjects: raw materials and world trade, food supplies and agriculture,
prospection, production and consumption of energy, and international
financial and monetary problems. 8. The US trade representatives is said to
have reported, in detail, on the latest developments to the EU trade
commissioner who plans to visit Beijing for talks on its WTO application next
month. 9. True, the euro-group is likely to grow relatively strongly next year.
But European financial markets have already been badly buffeted. 10. The
prime minister says that he wants Britain to emerge from the fringes and play
a leading role in the European Union. 11. An Atomic Energy Authority
spokesman said it was not unusual for one or two reactors to be shut down at
weekends under normal conditions. But in view of possible staff shortages it
had been decided to close down three. 12. For Europe to drive forward it
needs leadership. 13. Some Western officials expected the toughest
negotiations on distribution of powers to be left until the very end of the talks.
14. The warnings are now shown to have been fully justified: thousands of
workers will get the sack. 15. Classification of political systems allows for
qualitative judgements to be made in relation to political structures and
governmental forms.

Ex. 27. Translate the text paying attention to the predicates, formal
subjects, cases of personification and the Infinitive usage.
UP FROM DESPERATION.

25

A wine-producing former Soviet republic is getting high marks for its

political and economic reforms.

By Sally B. Donnely, Chisinau

The tree-lined streets of Chisinau, capital of the former Soviet republic of
Moldova, have an unnatural Western air about them. Its not glitzy shops or
bright billboards in English: there are none. Its the cops. Moldovas finest
have swapped their Soviet-era uniforms for black jeans and shirts with
sheriff-style badges, and they ride around in gas-guzzling, American-made
sedans painted black and white. But the effect is spoiled by hats more
reminiscent of Charlie Chaplin than Clint Eastwood.
Thats a pity, because these days Moldova, more than any other country in
the Russian-dominated Commonwealth of Independent States, is displaying
true grit in its determination to play by Western rules. Few people would have
given much for Moldovas chances when it declared independence four years
ago and alienated its large native-Russian population by cozying up to
neighboring Romania. But a nationwide civil war was narrowly averted, and
although tensions remain, Moldova appears to be establishing itself as a
model of economic and political reform among the former Soviet republics.
The numbers are impressive. Inflation has fallen from 2,000% in 1992 to
less than 10% this year. The economy some 60% of which has been
transferred to private ownership will expand as much as 1,5% this year,
according to the International Monetary Fund, making Moldova the first
C.I.S. country to register positive growth. Coupled with this has been steady
progress toward multiparty democracy, which has won Moldova admission to
the Council of Europe at a time when other former Soviet republics appear to
be backsliding into authoritarianism.

26

Moldovas economic and political deliverance is the happy by-product of

near disaster. At independence, the countrys economy relied heavily on
exports that accounted for fully one-third of the U.S.S.R.s production of
wine, fruit and tobacco. But the economic collapse that accompanied the
Soviet breakup caused that market to dry up almost overnight, and back home
a series of natural disasters, including drought and floods, played further
havoc with the countrys predominantly agricultural economy. Those setbacks
were compounded by a political crisis triggered by fears among Moldovas
ethnic Russian minority living in the Transdniester region that the country
would seek union with Romania-a crisis during which hundreds died before
Russian troops restored order.
The desperate situation helped forge a consensus in favor of radical
economic and political reform, and this had the side effect of attracting much
needed external funds to help underpin the economic-stabilization program.
The IMF in 1993 provided a $52 million standby loan, which has been
supplemented by other aid, including $30 million from the World Bank,
which is helping Moldova rebuild its exports. They jumped from $174 million
in 1993 to $630 million last year.
The Western assistance organizations are looking to make Moldova a
model of what can be done. Its a test case of sorts, says Onno Ruhl, country
officer for Moldova at the World Bank.
If that is the goal, much remains to be done before Moldova can breathe
easily and its population of 4,4 million look forward to a more prosperous
future. The average wage remains only $30 a month, and store shelves on the
capitals main street are stocked with second-rate consumer goods and rotting
vegetables. In Chisinaus central market, where choices are largely limited to
a motley selection of peppers, herbs and onions, prosperity appears to be
distant.

27

I dont see things getting any better, says Olga, standing at her
stall. Were all getting by, but its hard to see who is doing well. Last
week thousands of protesters took to the streets to complain about marketoriented government policies calling for higher wages and salaries.
To prosper, Moldova must attract private investment, and while a
convertible currency and the most progressive foreign-investment laws of any
C.I.S. country have set the scene for outside investors, few have so far
stepped forward. Moldovas small size, devastated infrastructure and
continued dependence on agriculture have prevented all but the most
adventurous prospectors from setting up business in the nation. Indeed, any
country that promotes soil as its major asset and depends mainly on farm
exports for its livelihood will have a hard time competing in an international
marketplace characterized by high levels of protection for agricultural
commodities.
But as the Russian economy begins to improve, Moldovas traditional links
with that market are causing investors to look again

at

the

countrys

potential. A Spanish shoe manufacturer is spending $30 million on a

production facility, and the French water bottler Perrier is helping build a
wine-bottling Factory. Moldova does not have the resources to make it rich
overnight, says the World Banks Ruhl. But that has only made people here
realize they cant waste time in opening the economy.
Moldovans seem to understand. They may not have got the police hats
right, but they are working hard to make their frontier hospitable.

8. The Gerund
Ex. 28. State the Gerund in the functions of the subject and object.

28

1.

Falling is a case of` motion at constant acceleration. 2. Measuring

resistance is necessary in many experiments. 3. Heating copper wire from 0

to 100 increases its resistance about 40%. 4. It is worth while discussing this
phenomenon. 5. There is one more point worth mentioning. 6. It is no use
searching for another approach. 7. It is no good arguing about this issue. 8.
The motor went on running. 9. We cannot help acknowledging the importance
of this statement. 10. Would you mind answering one more question? 11. In
spite of his words I could not help feeling excited. 12. It seems to me the case
is not worth mentioning. 13. Go on demonstrating your slides. 14. Avoid
mixing these two substances. 15. This paper is worth reading. 16. I cant
help regretting it. 17. He had to give up experimenting. 18. A phosphorescent
material is able to continue glowing in the dark. 19. Hardness is the ability to
withstand being dented or stretched. 20. The ability of a solid to resist being
altered in shape is termed rigidity.

Ex. 29. State different functions of the Gerund and translate the
sentences
1. Catalysts aid in accelerating reactions. 2. I think of trying another
approach. 3. The droplets are capable of being photographed. 4. He succeeded
in obtaining reliable results. 5. The book aims at acquainting the readers with
modern achievements in astrophysics. 6. Calcium and sodium are alike in
being very soft. 7. A metal in reacting is often oxidized. 8. The expansive
force of water in freezing is enormous. 9. On standing for some weeks the
uranium solution gradually regains its initial activity. 10. Upon being heated
to a high temperature many metallic compounds are decomposed. 11. The
device has the merit of being suitable for many purposes. 12. There is no
necessity of making any corrections. 13. Our purpose is to calculate the
chance of the electron passing over the distance x. 14. The independent

29

particle model has the advantage of possessing a high degree of physical

visuality. 15. The observed intensity of the radiation thus emitted depends on
the probability of there being an electron in the upper level of the transition.

Ex. 30. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the

Predicative Constructions with the Gerund and to the ways of their
translation

1.

The molecules of a polar substance because of their being reactive

combine with one another. 2. Combustion may be incomplete owing to

insufficient oxygen being present. 3. Thomson investigated the possibility of
these cathode rays being charged particles. 4. Mme Curies having discovered
radium enabled her to isolate other radioactive elements. 5. The inability of
phosphorus atoms, because of their large radius, to establish triple bonds
among themselves results in the phosphorus molecule having a very different
structure from the nitrogen molecule. 6. Besides being important for industry
oxygen is also important for medicine. 7. In addition to depending upon the
acceleration, force also depends upon the mass of the object. 8. All alkali
metals resemble each other in having low melting points. 9. The regular array
of atoms in the lattice results in there being certain sets of parallel and equally
spaced planes in the crystal which will contain large numbers of atoms. 10. In
spite of not having any university education, Faraday made his great
discoveries.

Ex. 31. State functions of the Gerund and define the ways

of its

translation. Translate the following sentences.

30

1. Before embarking on projects like DMU (a defence and military union),

the European Unions big job is to bring in new members from the East. That
will mean, among other things, more majority voting in the council. 2. A
spokesman for the British Foreign Office said the meeting provided useful
opportunity for consultations before departing for trips abroad. 3. After
spending most of the post-war era close to the nest, European women and
especially mothers are taking jobs in record numbers. 4. In regulating
family relations and sexual morality, political democracies may adopt
restrictive or permissive policies regarding, divorce, abortion, and
pornography. 5. The US President is able to increase support for his policy by
explaining it energetically. 6. By putting off the party elections, the Prime
Minister will effectively prevent dissidents in the party from mounting an
internal challenge to him before general elections. 7. The IMF keeps itself in
business by winkling money out of rich nations such as the US and handling
it out to poorer brethren, who usually are poor because of gross economic
mismanagement. 8. By agreeing to an Italian proposal that this question be
turned over to a committee of U.N. member states for study, the United States
lured a number of wavering countries way from the Canadian position. 9. Out
west, where a motorist may travel 100 miles without seeing another car, nine
states will immediately jump to at least 70 mph. 10. The United States,
seeking to ease the plight of the Cuban people without strengthening its
government, will allow a greatly expanded flow of cash donations to Cuba,
authorize food sales and permit easier travel to the Caribbean Island, the US
President announced Tuesday. 11. The Germans have grown sharply more
critical of the EU and its inefficiency since they started noticing that their $ 12
billion net contribution to the budget was paying many of the bills. 12. Far
from doing anything to reduce the number of jobless, the Government is
planning to throw more out of work with its rail and pit closures. 13. By and
large, Mr. Blair seems not merely to accept his economic inheritance, but to

31

welcome it. Indeed, far from wanting to turn back the clock, Mr. Blair says
that he wants to speed it up. Modernization is his motto. 14. Yet the way
men define their role has remained remarkably consistent. Surveys show that
being a good provider is at the top of the list. 15. In the large-scale political
democracy of nation state, or city, citizens participate in the political process
in many ways other than through voting, but voting is the central act in
influencing policy formation.

Ex. 32. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Predicative

Constructions with the Gerund
1. Despite much angry and sometimes ignorant talk about Japanese
burying their guilty secrets, there is a great deal of Japanese literature that
deals honestly with the war. 2. With consumer prices in the euro area only 1%
higher than they were a year ago, there is little risk of currency depreciation
causing a dangerous surge in inflation. 3. The next bad step will be to say that
the WTOs test is wrong: instead of the importer having to prove that a
product is dangerous, let the exporter show that it is safe. 4. France is the
largest contributor to the offensive after the US and is fully committed to
success. Yet at the same time politicians on both the left and right are
profoundly wary of France being so closely involved in a military venture that
is US dominated and orchestrated through NATO. 5. Jobs and living standards
depend on the industrial capacity of the nation being used to the full. 6. It is
not the critics of the Minister of Economy who are cynical. That is a word
which could be more accurately applied to a Minister who says he is for
prices being kept down, and then supports a Budget which puts them up. 7.
One hundred and thirty recruits have also joined the party since October
without any sort of recruiting campaign being needed. 8. What police
described as appalling weather conditions prevented the two helicopters

32

borrowed from the Army taking part in the search. 9. The whole system was
nothing but an alarm system designed to go off in case of raw materials being
illegally removed or utilized. 10. One contributor to a debate on the Internet
calls for Hong Kong to stop being treated as a diplomatic football or a finde-siecle floor-show.

Ex. 33. Find the Gerund and translate the text using different ways of
translation.
Storms ahead as Bush hints at restraint to fund tax cuts.
Congress may not like change in priorities, says Deborah McGregor

The size and scope of President George W. Bushs proposed tax cuts have
so far dominated the debate about the new administrations fiscal policy.
But when Mr. Bush makes his first address to a joint session of Congress
tonight, the focus will expand to a larger battleground. In an era of
unprecedented budget surpluses, Mr. Bush is expected to launch an appeal for
restraining federal spending an exercise that sounds deceptively tame, but is
potentially explosive.
For Mr. Bush, the coming battles offer an unprecedented opportunity to
show off his skills as an economic policy manager. They also present dangers
for a fledgling president about to embark on his first major test in Congress.
So far, Mr. Bush has offered few specifics about the spending part of his
fiscal equation. In recent days, officials have hinted strongly that they want to
hold the increase in overall discretionary spending to roughly 4 per cent,
down from the 6 per cent of the last three years. That would put government
programme growth slightly above inflation. But such restraint implies a

33

realignment of federal priorities, and that is what will stoke disputes with
Congress.
Mr. Bush has indicated he wants a hefty 11.5 per cent rise for Medicare, the
federal health insurance plan for the elderly. Both reflect campaign-trail
priorities.
That has left his budget officials scouring the 13 annual spending bills
Congress passed last year for signs of where future programme cuts may be
found. Aides are said to have found more than 6.000 ear-marks, or projects
lawmakers won for their home town districts, worth $15bn.
Mitch Daniels, the proudly penny-pinching new White House budget
director, recently said Mr. Bushs budget will assume that a healthy fraction
of those will not be repeated next year.
But in Congress, many can be expected to howl at the prospect of seeing
their own policy oxen gored by Mr. Bushs efforts to create room for his tax
cut. If anything, most budget analysts believe that Congress despite being
led by Mr. Bushs own party will aggressively seek to a loosen federal purse
strings after years of what many lawmakers view as unnecessarily tight caps
on federal spending.
The allure of future surpluses has definitely whetted appetites, said
Robert Reischauer, president of the non-partisan Urban Institute and former
director of the Congressional Budget Office. Its a case of the more you eat,
the hungrier you get.
Mr. Bushs main challenge will be to mount a credible case for his tax cut
and spending plans while maintaining his argument that there will still be
enough left over to pay down the federal debt.

34

His other challenge will be to reassure the people, who remain lukewarm
about his sweeping tax cut package, that the debt will not balloon further in
size.
By most independent estimates, the appropriate price tag on Mr. Bushs tax
cut originally estimated at $1,300bn over 10 years is about $2,100bn. That
reflects adjustments for additional interest costs associated with paying down
the debt more slowly, as well as tweaking an arcane provision in the tax code
to ensure those who are promised the benefits of the Bush plan actually
receive them.
Beyond all that is a long list of add-ons that can be expected from the
business community and individual members of Congress, whose pent-up
appetite for major tax reductions is unlikely to be damped by calls for
restraint from the White House.
In addition, the surplus projections upon which Mr. Bush's plan is based
continue to generate continue to generate considerable scepticism.
Stan Collender, a senior vice-president and budget analyst with FleishmanHillard, said the latest Congressional Budget Office numbers were based on a
laughably low assumed growth rate for domestic appropriations.
The $5,600bn, 10-year projected surplus presumes that discretionary
spending will grow by an average of only about 2.9 per cent a year, roughly
the rate of inflation, he observed.
Yet the actual experience of the past three years shows spending growing
by an average of 6,2 per cent more than twice the rate on which the current
surplus extrapolations are based.
Under more realistic assumptions, spending between 2002 and 2011 could
be expected to increase by almost $1,400bn, generating ever higher interest
costs.

35

In other words, much of the surplus projection increase that is burning a

hole in many Washington pockets these days may never be realised, Mr.
Collender suggested.

9. The Participle
Ex. 34. Define the ways of translating the Participle in the attributive
function and translate the sentences.
1.

The technique employed uses a single probe. 2. Hydrogen is the lightest

element known. 3. The quantity of electricity flowing is directly related to the

amounts of material transformed at the electrodes. 4. Everything depends on
the proportion of the two substances being distilled. 5. The rate of a reaction
depends on the specific nature of the substances involved. 6. The complexity
of the technique involved increased considerably. 7. This half life is a
characteristic only of the particular nucleus concerned. 8. For further details
the reader is referred to the paper presented by Brown. 9. We are going to
study mechanisms underlying photosynthesis. 10. Simultaneous translation
provided at the conference was excellent. 11. The knowledge gained on the
subject during the past decade is rather important. 12. We are now to deal
with different kinds of solids than those usually implied by the term normal.
13. Fresh discoveries may be made throwing a valuable light on the true
forms of molecules. 14. Evidence was found indicating that there were large
potential irregularities in the energy level throughout the crystal. 15. A theory
is presented taking into account the angular distribution of the scattered light.
Ex.35. Compare the ways of translating Participle I and Participle II
in the attributive function. State the Prepositions with ing and ed.
Translate the sentences.

36

1.

Every body located on earth is pulled downwards by the earth. 2. The

temperature if the liquid obtained remained constant. 3. The nucleus formed

by the emission of the gamma-ray may be unstable. 4. All the isotopes now
produced by reactors can also be made in a cyclotron. 5. Our attention will be
focused on comparative methods applied by different sciences. 6. The terms
insisted upon are difficult to fulfill. 7. The laboratory joined by Dr. Brown
was then engaged in space research. 8. Roentgen chanced to observe some
rays uninfluenced by any magnetic field. 9. The problem attacked by the
laboratory of physical chemistry in 1981 is solved. 10. The data referred to in
this paper are quite reliable. 11. Substances attacked by moisture should be
kept dry. 12. Here we shall outline the basic approach followed in each of
these formulations. 13. Still other arguments have already been produced in
studies following quite a different line. 14. The period following Fennels
death was characterized by the gradual triumph of his ideas. 15. Galileo,
following Copernicus, believed the Earth to move round the Sun and rotate
round its axis. 16. Young, followed by Fresnel, showed that under these
conditions light does in fact present phenomena of interference. 17.
Following these early discoveries, a great many alloys have been discovered.

Ex. 36. State the Participle in the adverbial function and translate
them paying attention to the ways of their translation.
1.

Having been warmed to 0 (zero) ice began to melt. 2. Having given an

indication of the methods used in this type of analysis we must now mention
some of the earlier results. 3. Reacting with a base an acid gives rise to a salt
and water. 4. Having evaluated the data we shall next turn to their
interpretation. 5. Mercury (Hg) is used in barometers, having a great specific
gravity. 6. Water is the most efficient agent, having a high heat transfer
coefficient and a high heat capacity. 7. Given the weight and the specific

37

gravity of a body, you can calculate its volume. 8. Seen in this context, the
ranges of applicability and reliability of the method may be assessed. 9. When
calculating the weight of a body we have to multiply its specific gravity by its
volume. 10. The acceleration of a body when falling is constant. 11. When
falling the more massive bodies have more inertia to overcome. 12. If
represented by arrows the forces can be easily computed. 13. Metals do not
melt until heated to a definite temperature. 14. Except where otherwise
indicated, we take an ideal gas. 15. Unless otherwise specified, the condition
is as follows. 16. Unless otherwise stated the values used are taken in the
decimal system. 17. For the voltage considered, the experiments support the
conclusions and model of Dowson and Winn as opposed to the model of
Wright. 18. Water, when very pure, conducts the electric current only very
feebly. 19. Atoms give off light when in a sufficiently energized state. 20. Gas
molecules are a form of matter and possess mass, so if in motion must have a
definite kinetic energy.
Ex.37. State the Absolute Participial Constructions and translate them.
1.

Silver being very expensive, we only rarely use it as a conductor. 2.

Radioactivity discovered, we made great progress in atomic physics. 3. Acids

react with oxides of all the metals, a salt and water being formed. 4. Hydrogen
consists of discrete particles, called molecules, each one made up of 2
hydrogen atoms. 5. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot
measure it by ordinary methods. 6. Other liquids being too light, a barometer
uses mercury. 7. Other thing being equal, the efficiency is less in irreversible
cyclic processes. 8. Hydrogen atoms are lighter than those of any other
elements; those of the rare gas helium are the next, each of them weighing
about four times as much as a hydrogen atom. 9. As the wavelength of such
waves decreases they become more penetrating, gamma-rays being able to
travel through as much as one foot of iron. 10. The atoms break up in a
perfectly ordered fashion, independent of imposed conditions so far as is

38

known, each atom yielding a new atom, with the emission of the energy
difference between the new state and the old.

Ex. 38. Translate the following sentences paying attention to different

ways of the Participial Constructions translation.
1.

The beams, passing as they do through a narrow slit, are diffracted. 2.

Giving as they did so much information about the behaviour of planets, these
experiments can be hardly overestimated. 3. Certain reactions such as rapid
oxidation, occurring as it does only at high temperatures, may take place at
very low temperatures in the organism. 4. The explanations given is by no
means exhaustive, ignoring as it does the social factor. 5. As mentioned
previously sodium tarnishes when exposed to air. 6. As emphasized above
these elements are strongly radioactive when isolated in a pure state. 7.
Roughly speaking, collisions hardly alter electrons energies. 8. As pointed
out in the previous chapter astronomers are by no means of one mind as to
this phenomenon. 9. Turning to propagation, the most notable difference
between light and radiowaves so far utilized is the ability of radiowaves to
penetrate clouds. 10. The quantum of energy is largest, generally speaking,
when it refers to light particles.

Ex. 39. State the Participle as a predicative and translate the sentences
paying attention to the word order of the sentence.
1. Shown near the bottom of the drawing are the two right ascension worms
and gears. 2. Hanging from this stick are several little pendulums. 3. Inserted
in the circuit thus created is an instrument called a galvanometer. 4. Included
in this table are currents calculated on the supposition that the entire effect is
due to ionization by collision of negative ions only. 5. Allied to the conception
of the atom is the idea of atomic weight. 6. Surrounding this nucleus are

39

electrons, the total number depending upon the atom being considered. 7.
Following these displacement laws, the location of any radioactive element in
the Periodic Table can be determined. 8. Following out this scheme,
replacement of the two remaining chlorine atoms gives rise to positively
charged ion complexes.

Ex. 40. Translate the sentences paying attention to the ways of

translating the Objective Participial Constructions and Subjective
Participial Constructions
1.

Under these conditions, we may treat the corpuscle as consisting of a

group of waves having nearly identical frequencies. 2. At the date too remote
to be fixed with any certainty we find the Egyptians well acquainted with the
manufacture of glass. 3. We consider each hydrogen atom as having a unit
positive charge (except in metallic hydrides). 4. Counting the net charges on
each atom of the two compounds, reckoning an electron which is shared
between two atoms as contributing half of its charge to each, the following
scheme is obtained. 5. All matter should be regarded as built up of atoms. 6.
Mendeleeff should be regarded as having discovered the law of periodicity of
the chemical elements. 7. The problem appeared solved when parallel
discoveries were made. 8. There is a broad area of non-thermal radiation, and
this is inferred as coming from the halo of the Galaxy. 9. The predominance
of viscosity is outwardly shown by Reynolds number being very small for
steady flow.

Ex. 41. Define the functions of the Participle and the ways of its
translation. Translate the sentences.
1.

A lawsuit charging Merrill Lynch & Co with job discrimination on the

basis of sex will include 900 women plaintiffs. 2. Commission staff, having

40

finally recognised that labour laws tend to increase rather than reduce
unemployment, stress how mild these measures are compared with those once
envisaged. 3. Under the proposed tax, each of the European Union member
countries would be required to impose a 20% withholding tax on all interest
payments made to an individual who resides in another EU state... 4. A false
sense of security has been added to the dangers faced by Asias new nuclear
powers and their neighbours. 5. Barring further sharp increases in the price of
crude oil a development which seems highly unlikely in the short run
there is room to believe that the Japanese economy will soon emerge from its
current doldrums. 6. He said that the strike movement may turn into a national
strike bringing about the downfall of the dictatorship. 7. Being monopoly
dominated the most powerful of all industrial countries, the United States
pushed inevitably ahead for world mastery with every available means at its
command. 8. Taken in the early stages, these drugs prevent infirmity. Used
systematically, they slowly but surely lead, to cure. 9. These criminal steps
would be a menace to the British security, they would be preparation for
aggression, which, if not halted, could only bring disaster. 10. Almost daily,
The Washington Post and other newspapers have their advertising revenues
increased by full-page ads in which one corporation or another is telling
Congress to quit dallying and pass the program.

Ex. 42. State the Absolute Participial Constructions and translate the
sentences paying attention to the ways of their translation.
1.

With the economy booming and incomes finally beginning to climb for

those on the middle and lower rungs of the ladder, a national culture of
upscale spending has emerged. 2. Their worst fears about the national
election realized, leaders of the trade union movement now expect an assault
against many of organized labors most cherished programs and interests. 3.

41

Its economy crumbling, America struggled to escape the global Depression

and find its place in a violently changing world. 4. The European Parliament
is coming under sharp criticism with allegations made by members of inflated
expenses too much money spent on overseas trips, expensive quarters, and
office cleaners. 5. The Italian media have carried reports of tragedy as
makeshift boats capsize, with many would-be immigrants from North Africa,
Asia and Albania drowning before they can reach shore. 6. He is likely,
though not yet certain, to continue as prime minister, with Finland continuing
on its course of gradual liberalisation on the economic front and faster
integration into the rest of Europe in foreign affairs. 7. England emerged from
the war only a formal victor, its economy shaken and entering a period of
permanent stagnation and decline. 8. Government can be understood to
include any mechanism through which ordered rule is maintained, its central
features being the ability to make collective decisions and the capacity to
enforce them. 9. Polands ruling coalition has run into trouble over health
service reforms, with parties both inside and outside the coalition calling for
the health minister to resign.

Ex. 43. Analyze the conjunctions and prepositions expressed by ing

forms and translate the sentences.

1.

Today most people in rich societies assume that, provided they obey the

law, they have a right to enjoy privacy whenever it suits them. 2. Objections
to this plan, supposing there are any, should be reported to the committee at
once. 3. It cannot be denied that, granting the difficulty of the undertaking,
she has done her work with great skill. 4. Failing agreement by the United
States to steps of this kind, serious consideration should be given to the
possibilities and scope for concerted action by the industrialized countries of

42

Western Europe to maintain high levels of output and trade in the

international economy outside the United States. 5. Prospects are bright for a
big expansion of trade between these two countries, following the singing of a
new three-year trade agreement. 6. Brazil will allow the real (its currency) to
trade freely, following last weeks failed attempt at a limited devaluation. The
currency has lost nearly a third of its value since that move. 7. The decision
this month, according to the sources, was to postpone any such changes
pending a large police review regarding relations with China and Taiwan.

Ex. 44. Translate the text paying attention to the ways of translating
Formal Subjects, cases of Personification, the Verbs to Be and to
Have, transitive and intransitive verbs, Passive Predicates, the
Infinitive, the Gerund and the Participle
Schooling and the New Illiteracy.
Recent developments in higher education have progressively diluted its
content and reproduced, at a higher level, the conditions that prevail in the
public schools. The collapse of general education; the abolition of any serious
effort to instruct students in foreign languages; the introduction of many
programs in black studies, womens studies, and other forms of consciousness
raising for no other purpose than to head off political discontent; the
ubiquitous inflation of grades all have lowered the value of a university
education at the same time that rising tuitions place it beyond reach of all but
the affluent
What precipitated the crisis of the sixties was not simply the pressure of
unprecedented numbers of students (many of whom would gladly have spent
their youth elsewhere) but a fatal conjuncture of historical changes: the
emergence of a new social conscience among students activated by the moral
rhetoric of the New Frontier and by the civil rights movement, and the

43

simultaneous collapse3 of the universitys claims to moral and intellectual

legitimacy. Instead of offering a rounded program of humane learning, the
university now frankly served as a cafeteria from which students had to select
so many credits. Instead of diffusing peace and enlightenment, it allied
itself with the war machine. Eventually, eve its claim to provide better jobs
became suspect
At the same time, the student movement embodied a militant antiintellectualism of its own, which corrupted and eventually absorbed it.
Demand for the abolition of grades, although defended on grounds of high
pedagogical principle, turned out in practice as revealed by experiments
with ungraded courses and pass-fail options to reflect a desire for less work
and a wish to avoid judgment on its quality. The demand for more relevant
courses often boiled down to a desire for an intellectually undemanding
curriculum, in which students could win academic credits for political
activism, self-expression, transcendental meditation, encounter therapy, and
the study and practice of witchcraft. Even when seriously advanced in
opposition to sterile academic pedantry, the slogan of relevance embodied an
underlying antagonism to education itself -an inability to take an interest in
anything beyond immediate experience
In the seventies, the most common criticism of higher education
revolves around the charge of cultural elitism Two contributors to a
Carnegie Commission report on education condemn the idea that there are
certain works that should be familiar to all educated men as inherently an
elitist notion. The Carnegie Commission contributors argue that since
the United States is a pluralist society, adherence exclusively to the
doctrines of any one school would cause higher education to be in great
dissonance with society.

44

Given the prevalence of these attitudes among teachers and educators, it is

not surprising that students at all levels of the educational system have so
little knowledge of the classics of world literature
Those who teach college today see at first hand the effect of these practices,
not merely in the students reduced ability to read and write but in the
diminished store of their knowledge about the cultural traditions they are
supposed to inherit. With the collapse of religion, biblical references, which
formerly

penetrated

deep

into

everyday

awareness,

have

become

incomprehensible, and the same thing is now happening to the literature and
mythology of antiquity indeed, to the entire literary tradition of the West,
which has always drawn so heavily on biblical and classical sources. In the
space of two or three generations, enormous stretches of the Judeo-Christian
tradition, so often invoked by educators but so seldom taught in any form,
have passed into oblivion. The effective loss of cultural traditions on such a
scale makes talk of a new Dark Age far from frivolous. Yet this loss coincides
with an information glut, with the recovery of the past by specialists, and with
an unprecedented explosion of knowledge none of which, however,
impinges on everyday experience or shapes popular culture.
The resulting split between general knowledge and the specialized
knowledge of the experts, embedded in obscure journals and written in
language or mathematical symbols unintelligible to the layman, has given rise
to a growing body of criticism and exhortation. The ideal of general education
in the university, however, has suffered the same fate as basic education in the
lower schools. Even those college teachers who praise general education in
theory find that its practice drains energy from their specialized research and
thus interferes with academic advancement. Administrators have little use for
general education, since it does not attract foundation grants and large-scale
government support. Students object to the reintroduction of requirements in

45

general education because the work demands too much of them and seldom
leads to lucrative employment.
Under these conditions, the university remains a diffuse, shapeless, and
permissive institution that has absorbed the major currents of cultural
modernism and reduced them to a watery blend, a mind- emptying ideology
of cultural revolution, personal fulfillment, and alienation.

46

Appendix 1

.
, , ,

.
.
it, one, they, you, we.

1. .

1.

, . 2. . 3.

, . 4.
. 5. . 6. ,
. 7. . 8.
, . 9. . 10.
.

,
, .

to be + adjective. ( .)

47

 , ,
.
. : The roads will be slippery.
.
,

,
,
.

2. ,
.

1. . 2.

3.

. 4. ,
. 5.
.

to be.
to be
. ,
, :
1) ;
2) ;
3) , ;

48

4) , ;
5) ;
6) , ;
7) , .

to be
.

3. , to
be .
1. . 2. ? 3.
. 4. . 5.
. 6. . 7.
. 8. . 9. .
10. , .
to have
to have there is.
: Some houses had quite wide grass round them. = There was quite
wide grass round some houses.
to have a talk; to have a quarrel; to have a rest

.
to have , ,
.
4.
, to have.

49

1. . 2.
. 3. . 4. ,
. 5. .

,
.

. ,

()

: ,
.

, . ,
to listen to, to look for etc.

:
to watch --
to follow --
to listen to (-)
to look for (-)

.
( ).
To sell

He sells the books.

The book sells well.

To open

She opened the door. The door opens easily.

50

 ,

- - (to laugh smb. out of the room
- , ).

51