CVFD2D Slides 2up

The Control-Volume Finite-Dierence
Approximation to the Diusion Equation

ME 448/548 Notes
Gerald Recktenwald
Portland State University
Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering
gerry@pdx.edu
21 January 2014
ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation
Motivation
Numerical solution of the 2D Poisson equation is the next step in developing our
knowledge of CFD technique.
Introduce the Finite Volume Method

. Naturally deal with material discontinuity
. Can naturally enforce conservation of mass and energy
. Core idea in many (not all) commercial CFD codes
Extend analysis to two spatial dimensions
. More interesting practical applications
. More complex data structures
. More complex procedures to solve the Ax = b problem
Overview
Goals for this unit
Introduce the Poisson equation

. A model of steady heat conduction with a source term
. Form of the pressure equation for incompressible flow
. Precursor to the generalized advection diusion equation
Use the finite volume method to obtain discrete equations

Allow for non-uniform mesh, diusion coefficient, and source term.
Introduce a set of Matlab codes for 2D Control Volume Finite Dierence (CVFD)
Demonstrate solutions for three model problems.
Measure truncation error for a model problem with a simple solution
Apply to fully-developed flow in rectangular ducts
Model Problem
The two dimensional diusion equation in Cartesian coordinates is
@
@
@
@
+
+S =0
@x
@x
@y
@y
where
is the scalar field,
(1)
is the diusion coefficient, and S is the source term.
Example: Heat conduction in a rectangular domain
= k, thermal conductivity or
k
=
cp
S = volumetric heat source
2D Cartesian Finite Volume Mesh

"$%&'()(*
"$%!".&'
"%+'
"$%+'
#-%!#.&'
!#
!"(!#
#%,'
#-%,'
Interior node
Boundary node
j=0
i=0
!"+1
!"+2
Ambiguous corner node

!"
#-%&'()(*
!"
Finite Volume Mesh: Compass Point Notation

Nodes are labelled with their position
relative to the typical point P.
N
y
x
Capital letters designate node locations.

N, S, E, W are the names of north,
south, east and west neighbors.
at
N , S , E , W are the values of
the north, south, east and west neighbor
nodes.
Use of compass point names simplifies
the algebra. For example the value of
at point N is N or i,j+1, but N is
simpler to write.
Compass point notation is an historic
convention that does not extend to
unstructured meshes.
Finite Volume Mesh

Detailed notation for a typical 2D control
volume
xw
xe and xw are the x coordinates of the

east and west faces of the control
volume around P
xe
N
yn
yn
P
E
y
ys
ys
xw
Lowercase letters designate the interface

between the nodes.
xe
yn and ys are the y coordinates of the

north and south faces of the control
volume around P
Similarly, n, s, e, w are the values
of at the north, south, east and west
control volume interfaces.
Finite Volume Mesh

volume
xw
xe
Regardless of whether the control

volumes sizes are uniform, node P is
always located in the geometric center
of each control volume.
Thus,
N
yn
xP
xw
xe
yP
ys
yn
yn
P
E
y
x
2
y
yP =
2
xP =
for uniform or non-uniform meshes
ys
ys
xw
xe
S
Finite Volume Mesh

volume
xw
In contrast, the distances between the

nodes is not assumed to be uniform
x e = xE
xP 6= xw = xP
y n = yN
yP 6= ys = yP
xe
xW
yS
N
yn
yn
P
x e = xE
xP
6=
x w = xP
y n = yN
yP
6=
y s = yP
y
ys
yS
Note the use of upper and lower case

subscripts: Upper case refers to nodes;
lower case refers to interfaces.
ys
xw
xW
xe
S
Convert the Dierential Equation to a Discrete Equation

Integrate over the control volume
yn
ys
xe
xw
@
@x
@
@x
yn
ys
@
@x
dx dy
xe
@
@x
xe
yn
@
@x
E
e
xw
@
@x
E
y
dy
ys
ys
xw
xe
P
w
yn
xw
The final step is obtained by using central dierence approximations for the derivatives at
the interfaces.

Integrate the source term
xe
xw
yn
ys
S dy dx SP
(2)
Note: The Control Volume Finite Dierence (CVFD) method treats the source term and
diusion coefficients as piecewise constants. This is a rather crude approximation, say,
compared to allowing the source term and diusion coefficient to vary linearly within the
control volume.
However, piecewise constant profiles of S and allow the method to be conservative,
i.e., conserving mass or energy, automatically. The conservative nature of the CVFD
method is one of its primary strengths.
10

Putting pieces back into the model equation gives the discrete system of equations
aS
aW
+ aP
aE
aN
(3)
=b
where
aE =
x xe
aW =
x xw
aN =
y yn
aP = aE + aW + aN + aS
b = SP
aS =
y ys
(4)
(5)
This is not a tridiagonal system of equations.
11
Non-uniform
Continuity of fluxes at the interface requires
P
@
@x
xe
@
@x
xe +
material 1
@
@x
xe
material 2
Use central dierence approximations

E
e
xe
E
(6)
xe
xe-
xe
xe
(7)
xe+
xe+
12
Non-uniform
Equations 6 and 7 can be rearranged as
e
xe
xe
xe+
xe
material 1
(8)
P)
material 2
(9)
P)
Add Equation 8 and Equation 9

xe-
xe
Cancel the factor of (

e
xe
P)
P)
xe
P
xe
xe+
xe
and solve for
xe+
xe+
e/
xe to get
xe
+ xe+
.
P
13
Non-uniform
Thus, the diusion coefficient at the interface that results in flux continuity is
e
=
E
where
+ (1
xe
xe
=
xe
xE
An analogous derivation gives formulas for
w,
n,
(10)
P
xP
xP
and
(11)
s.
14
Solving the System of Equations

Regardless of uniform or variable , the discrete equation has a five-point stencil, and the
discrete equation for any interior node can be written.
aS
aW
+ aP
aE
aN
=b
(12)
To set up the matrix for this system of equations, we need to re-number the unknowns.
Important: i and j subscripts for the mesh are not the same as the row and
column indices in the system Ax = b.
15

Order the nodes:
"$%&'()(*
"$%!".&'
"%+'
n = i + (j
"$%+'
1)nx
#-%!#.&'
!#
n is the node number (row number)

in Ax = b. i and j are the mesh
indices corresponding to xi and yj .
!"(!#
#%,'
#-%,'
Interior node
Boundary node
With natural ordering the neighbors

in the compass point notation have
these indices
np = i + (j-1)*nx
ne = np + 1
nw = np - 1
nn = np + nx
ns = np - nx
!"+1
!"+2
j=0
i=0
Ambiguous corner node

!"
#-%&'()(*
!"
16

This leads to a vector of unknowns
0
1
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
@
1,1
2,1
...
nx,1
1,2
2,2
...
i,j
...
nx,ny
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
A
()
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
@
1
2
...
nx
nx+1
nx+2
...
...
1
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
A
(13)
17

The coefficient matrix has 5 non-zero diagonals
A=
aS
a W ap
aE
aN
18
Algorithm for obtaining the numerical solution

1. Define physical parameters: Lx, Ly ,
2.
3.
4.
5.
(x, y) and boundary conditions

Define the mesh: nx and ny if uniform
Compute the coefficient matrix
Solve the system of equations A = b, where is the vector of unknowns.
Post-process to visualize the solution
The Poisson equation is steady. Each step is performed only once.
19
Structured Mesh
The CVFD Matlab codes use structured meshes. in size.
The cells in the domain are topologically equivalent to a rectangular array

The cells need not be uniform in size.
Each cell not on a boundary touches four other cells
Each row has the same number of cells
Each column has the same number of cells
Block-Uniform Mesh
Uniform Mesh
Ly3, ny3
y
Ly2, ny2
Ly1, ny1
y
Lx1, nx1
Lx2, nx2
20
Boundary Conditions (part 1)

Boundary
type
Boundary
Condition
Post-processing in fvpost
Specified T
Compute q 00 from discrete approximation to Fouriers law.

T
Ti
00
q =k b
xb xi
where Ti and Tb are interior and boundary temperatures, respectively.
Specified q 00
Compute Tb from discrete approximation to Fouriers law.

xi
00 xb
Tb = Ti + q
k
where Ti and Tb are interior and boundary temperatures, respectively.
21
Boundary Conditions (part 2)

Boundary Boundary
type
Condition
3
Convection
Post-processing in fvpost
From specified h and T1 , compute boundary temperature and heat flux
through the cell face on the boundary. Continuity of heat flux requires
T
k b
xb
Ti
= h(Tb
xi
Tamb )
which can be solved for Tb to give
Tb =
where xe = xb
4
Symmetry
hTamb + (k/ xe )Ti

h + (k/ xe )
xi
q 00 = 0. Set boundary Tb equal to adjacent interior Ti .
22
Matlab codes for obtaining the numerical solution

A set of general purpose codes has been written to facilitate experimentation with the
CVFD method.
Algorithm Tasks
Core Routines
Define the mesh
fvUniformMesh or
fvUniBlockMesh
Define boundary conditions

Compute finite-volume coefficients for interior cells
fvcoef
Adjust coefficients for boundary conditions
fvbc
Solve system of equations

Assemble coefficient matrix
fvAmatrix
Solve
Compute boundary values and/or fluxes
fvpost
Plot results
23
Model Problem 1
Choose a source term that may be physically unrealistic, but one that gives an exact
solution that is easy to evaluate
" 2 2#

2
x
2y
S=
+
sin
sin
Lx
Ly
Lx
Ly
The exact solution is
= sin
x
Lx
sin
2y
Ly
Main code to solve this problem is in demoModel1.m
24
Model Problem 1
The exact solution is
2
= sin
x
Lx
sin
2y
Ly
1.5
0.5
0
1
0.5
0
x
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
25
Solutions to Model Problem 1 Show Correct Truncation Error

The local truncation error at each node is
ei O( x2).
Since the exact solution is known we can
compute
e2i
Measured
Theoretical error ~ ( x)3
10
10
Measured error
kek2
=
N
qP
10
N e2
e
=p .
N
N
10
10
10
10
where N = nxny is the total number of

interior nodes in the domain, and e is the
average truncation error per node.
Since ei O( x2), N n2x, and
10
10
10
10
10
x = Lx/(nx + 1), we can estimate
O L2x/(nx + 1)2
kek2
e
O( x2)
p =
=
O
N
nx
nx
N
1
nx
= O( x ).
26
Model Problem 2
Uniform source term: S = 1.

0.08
Analytical solution is an infinite

series
Code in demoModel2.m
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
1
0.5
0
x
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
27
Model Problem 3
Heat conduction in a rectangle consisting of
two material regions.
Inner rectangle with high conductivity

Outer rectangle with low conductivity
Inner region has uniform heat source
0.5Ly
Ly
2 = 1
1 = 1
S2 = 1000
S1 = 0
0.25Ly
0.5Lx
0.25Lx
Lx
The discontinuity and dierence in material properties can be used to stress the solution
algorithm.
2
The analytical solution does not exist. Code in demoModel3.m
28
Model Problem 3
Solution with = 100

35
Ly
0.5Ly
2 = 1
1 = 1
S2 = 1000
S1 = 0
30
25
0.25Ly
20
0.25Lx
0.5Lx
15
Lx
10
5
0
1
0.5
0
x
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
29
Model Problem 4: Fully Developed Flow in a Rectangular Duct
For simple fully-developed flow the governing equation for the axial velocity w is
"
#
@ 2w
@ 2w
dp
+
=0
2
2
@x
@y
dz
This corresponds to the generic model equation with
= (= constant),
= w,
S=
dp
.
dz
30

The symmetry in the problem allows alternative ways of defining the numerical model
Full Duct
Quarter Duct
Ly
Ly
y
x
y
Lx
x
Lx
For the full duct simulation depicted on the left hand side, the boundary conditions are no
slip conditions on all four walls.
w(x, 0) = w(x, Ly ) = w(0, y) = w(Lx, y) = 0.
(full duct)
31

The symmetry in the problem allows alternative ways of defining the numerical model
Full Duct
Quarter Duct
Ly
Ly
y
x
y
Lx
x
Lx
For the quarter duct simulation depicted on the right hand side, the boundary conditions
are no slip conditions on the solid walls (x = Lx and y = Ly )
w(Ly , y) = w(x, Lx) = 0
(quarter duct)
and symmetry conditions on the other two planes
@u
@x
=
x=0
@u
@y
= 0.
y=0
32

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The Control-Volume Finite-Dierence

Approximation to the Diusion Equation

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

Introduce the Finite Volume Method

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

Introduce the Poisson equation

Use the finite volume method to obtain discrete equations

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

is the scalar field,

is the diusion coefficient, and S is the source term.

Example: Heat conduction in a rectangular domain

S = volumetric heat source

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

2D Cartesian Finite Volume Mesh

Ambiguous corner node

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

Finite Volume Mesh: Compass Point Notation

Capital letters designate node locations.

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

Finite Volume Mesh

xe and xw are the x coordinates of the

Lowercase letters designate the interface

yn and ys are the y coordinates of the

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

Finite Volume Mesh

Detailed notation for a typical 2D control

Regardless of whether the control

for uniform or non-uniform meshes

Finite Volume Mesh

Detailed notation for a typical 2D control

In contrast, the distances between the

Note the use of upper and lower case

Convert the Dierential Equation to a Discrete Equation

Convert the Dierential Equation to a Discrete Equation

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

Convert the Dierential Equation to a Discrete Equation

This is not a tridiagonal system of equations.

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

Use central dierence approximations

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

Add Equation 8 and Equation 9

Cancel the factor of (

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

and solve for

An analogous derivation gives formulas for

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

Solving the System of Equations

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

Solving the System of Equations

n is the node number (row number)

With natural ordering the neighbors

Ambiguous corner node

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

Solving the System of Equations

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

Solving the System of Equations

ME 448/548: 2D Diusion Equation

Algorithm for obtaining the numerical solution